1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member FDIC,

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,680 --> 00:01:02,040
Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four I

20
00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:03,680
Speaker 2: Heart Radio Music Festival.

21
00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:05,440
Speaker 1: We should invite Capital.

22
00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,520
Speaker 3: On the biggest headliners in live music will be taking

23
00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:10,480
Speaker 3: over to Mobile Arena, Las.

24
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,080
Speaker 4: Vegas lost some special surprises in moments you are not

25
00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:16,520
Speaker 4: going to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu, Ihart

26
00:01:16,600 --> 00:01:18,600
Speaker 4: Radio Music Festival.

27
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:22,760
Speaker 5: And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events

28
00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:24,320
Speaker 5: of the.

29
00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:27,480
Speaker 6: Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern,

30
00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:28,640
Speaker 6: seven thirty Pacific.

31
00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:38,400
Speaker 7: Everything that we know about in the universe, all the stars, galaxies,

32
00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:43,319
Speaker 7: gas and dust. Out there you me, hamsters, hamsters, flamingos.

33
00:01:43,640 --> 00:01:47,400
Speaker 7: It's help me out. It's just three things. Yeah, that's crazy.

34
00:01:47,680 --> 00:01:50,880
Speaker 1: We have all this complexity, not because the world itself

35
00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:52,920
Speaker 1: is complex, but the world is made out of a

36
00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:55,800
Speaker 1: small number of simple things, and it's the arrangement of

37
00:01:55,840 --> 00:01:57,280
Speaker 1: that stuff that gives the complexity.

38
00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:11,440
Speaker 7: It's just three things arranged in a bazillion different ways. Hi,

39
00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,280
Speaker 7: I am Jorge and I'm Daniel, and this is Daniel

40
00:02:14,320 --> 00:02:17,880
Speaker 7: and Jorgey Explain the Universe. Our podcast about the universe

41
00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:19,480
Speaker 7: and everything in it.

42
00:02:19,400 --> 00:02:21,680
Speaker 1: In which we try to take the whole universe, break

43
00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:24,200
Speaker 1: it into tiny pieces and insert them one at a

44
00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:25,840
Speaker 1: time into your brain.

45
00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:28,240
Speaker 7: Bit by bit. Do they own the program we're gonna

46
00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:34,000
Speaker 7: ask question, what is the universe made out of? Right?

47
00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:36,520
Speaker 1: Sort of like can you take the universe and break

48
00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:38,840
Speaker 1: that into tiny bits? And how far can you go?

49
00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:41,200
Speaker 1: And why do we even think that's possible? And why

50
00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:41,799
Speaker 1: is it like that?

51
00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:43,400
Speaker 7: And what are those tiny little bits?

52
00:02:43,600 --> 00:02:47,000
Speaker 1: And why do they have such silly names? And something

53
00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,120
Speaker 1: I like to think about is how long have people

54
00:02:49,160 --> 00:02:50,160
Speaker 1: been asking this question?

55
00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:50,840
Speaker 7: Yeah?

56
00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:53,440
Speaker 1: And clearly the Greeks thought about it. They wrote about it.

57
00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:56,280
Speaker 1: You know, they had crazy ideas that were totally off base,

58
00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:58,280
Speaker 1: but yeah, they thought about it. To them, it was

59
00:02:58,320 --> 00:02:59,239
Speaker 1: an important question.

60
00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,240
Speaker 7: Yeah, even before that, I was reading you know, it's

61
00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:05,040
Speaker 7: ancient cultures, even before the Greeks had this question and

62
00:03:05,080 --> 00:03:07,760
Speaker 7: they had ideas about what the things were made out of.

63
00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:10,160
Speaker 1: Well, I wonder, you know, like the folks, for example,

64
00:03:10,160 --> 00:03:12,720
Speaker 1: who did those cave paintings in France thirty five thousand

65
00:03:12,760 --> 00:03:15,560
Speaker 1: years ago? They were capable of symbolic thinking, probably logic,

66
00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:19,040
Speaker 1: definitely music. Did they have these deep questions about this

67
00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:21,919
Speaker 1: world they found themselves in that made little sense to them?

68
00:03:22,160 --> 00:03:24,720
Speaker 7: Yeah? Well, I think it's crazy just to think about

69
00:03:24,919 --> 00:03:27,760
Speaker 7: why even ask the question, like what makes us think

70
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:31,080
Speaker 7: that the universe is made out of stuff, you know, Like,

71
00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:32,840
Speaker 7: what does it mean to even ask that question?

72
00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,480
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think it comes from a desire to organize.

73
00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:39,320
Speaker 1: Like you see stuff around you, right, I mean you

74
00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:42,920
Speaker 1: see logs and water and air and people, and you

75
00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,200
Speaker 1: noticed all this stuff, and then you might wonder like, well,

76
00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:48,280
Speaker 1: this stuff is kind of like that other stuff, and

77
00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:50,200
Speaker 1: is there some way I can organize it? Right?

78
00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:50,600
Speaker 7: Yeah?

79
00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:53,680
Speaker 1: I think the first principle there is like looking for patterns,

80
00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:57,480
Speaker 1: looking for for for reasons, the why you can understand

81
00:03:57,560 --> 00:03:58,600
Speaker 1: why this stuff is here.

82
00:03:58,840 --> 00:04:00,960
Speaker 7: Yeah, And can I like take some of this and

83
00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:02,839
Speaker 7: mix it with some of that and get something new

84
00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:03,840
Speaker 7: or something different.

85
00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:05,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a sort of a natural idea.

86
00:04:06,280 --> 00:04:08,440
Speaker 7: But as usual, we went out into the street and

87
00:04:08,480 --> 00:04:11,520
Speaker 7: we asked you. We asked you, what do you think

88
00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:12,840
Speaker 7: the universe is made out.

89
00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,119
Speaker 1: Of the deepest level of matter so far?

90
00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:16,440
Speaker 7: Here's what you had to say.

91
00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:20,880
Speaker 1: What is everything made out of at the smallest scale?

92
00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:26,040
Speaker 7: On the smallest scale, I think electrons are the smallest

93
00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:26,720
Speaker 7: that I know of.

94
00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:30,280
Speaker 1: I haven't taken physics since like junior.

95
00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,760
Speaker 7: Year from well, I guess from my classes it would

96
00:04:32,839 --> 00:04:36,120
Speaker 7: be like the atoms atoms?

97
00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:37,240
Speaker 1: Is it atoms?

98
00:04:38,400 --> 00:04:42,440
Speaker 7: It's made out of quarks and stuff, right, the quarks freak.

99
00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:44,640
Speaker 7: I feel like I should know this. I'm a keem major.

100
00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:46,880
Speaker 7: All right, I think we got an answer. I think

101
00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:47,960
Speaker 7: we're done with this podcast.

102
00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:52,120
Speaker 1: It's atoms, basically Adams and maybe something else. Yeah, everybody

103
00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:53,400
Speaker 1: seems to know about the atom.

104
00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:56,960
Speaker 7: I think basically everyone's physics education stops at high school

105
00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,480
Speaker 7: basically most people, unless you go on to study physics.

106
00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:03,000
Speaker 7: It's like high school physics, what you remember is atoms.

107
00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:06,600
Speaker 1: But that's not even physics, man, that's chemistry. Atoms are chemistry,

108
00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:08,800
Speaker 1: how they interact and stuff. But it's fascinating that one

109
00:05:08,839 --> 00:05:11,400
Speaker 1: of the deepest questions in physics, right, what is the

110
00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:15,080
Speaker 1: universe made out of? Is mostly answered so far by chemistry.

111
00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:17,839
Speaker 1: Like most of the progress we've made is chemistry.

112
00:05:17,920 --> 00:05:20,359
Speaker 7: Well, chemistry used to be kind of physics, right, I

113
00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:23,240
Speaker 7: mean it used to all just be natural sciences, right,

114
00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:25,760
Speaker 7: Like these distinctions are kind of recent.

115
00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:27,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean it all used to be philosophy, right,

116
00:05:27,880 --> 00:05:29,280
Speaker 1: all of it grew out of philosophy.

117
00:05:30,040 --> 00:05:34,200
Speaker 7: It all just used to be thinking. That's you know,

118
00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:35,680
Speaker 7: like love of thinking.

119
00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:37,599
Speaker 1: What's your job, dad? Oh, I'm a thinker.

120
00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:39,760
Speaker 7: I'm a lover of think all day.

121
00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:43,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, so, but I think that's it's interesting that, you know,

122
00:05:43,120 --> 00:05:45,760
Speaker 1: a huge part of the answer this question what is

123
00:05:45,800 --> 00:05:48,120
Speaker 1: the world made out of? Is answered by what people

124
00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:50,520
Speaker 1: said atoms. You know that you can even take the

125
00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:53,360
Speaker 1: stuff around you and break it into a fairly small

126
00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:55,320
Speaker 1: number of bits then explain all of it.

127
00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:57,760
Speaker 7: Right, And this idea kind of, like you said, goes

128
00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:00,919
Speaker 7: back to the Greeks, Like the Greeks positive they wondered,

129
00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:03,040
Speaker 7: like is everything made out of tiny little bits?

130
00:06:03,320 --> 00:06:05,640
Speaker 1: Yeah? I think that gives the Greeks way too much credit.

131
00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:08,640
Speaker 1: I mean, I think there was a Greek Democratis who

132
00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:12,040
Speaker 1: had a lot of ideas, one of which was this one,

133
00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,599
Speaker 1: which happened to be correct. I think he had a

134
00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:16,680
Speaker 1: lot of other crazy ideas which were not correct. And

135
00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:18,800
Speaker 1: it's not like this idea was, you know, took the

136
00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:21,800
Speaker 1: Greeks by storm and had a lot of consensus. You know,

137
00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:26,240
Speaker 1: sort of like if a thousand monkeys are typing on typewriters,

138
00:06:26,279 --> 00:06:28,520
Speaker 1: one of them will predict a correct theory of physics,

139
00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:30,159
Speaker 1: and you could look back later and say, Wow, this

140
00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:31,440
Speaker 1: monkey was a genius.

141
00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:33,839
Speaker 7: But that doesn't make all monkeys geniuses.

142
00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:35,919
Speaker 1: I would saying that kind of sprayed a lot of

143
00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,400
Speaker 1: intellectual ideas of the board there, you know, and yeah,

144
00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:40,200
Speaker 1: one of them stuck and turned out to be sort

145
00:06:40,240 --> 00:06:42,240
Speaker 1: of true. But doesn't mean they necessarily need to get

146
00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:42,800
Speaker 1: credit for it.

147
00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,479
Speaker 7: But they sort of try to categorize these little bits, right,

148
00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,400
Speaker 7: Like they had ideas that there were five or four

149
00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:51,520
Speaker 7: kinds of stuff that the rest of the stuff was

150
00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:55,280
Speaker 7: made of, right, like earth, air, water, fire.

151
00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:58,160
Speaker 1: I think that those were really two separate ideas that

152
00:06:58,240 --> 00:07:00,200
Speaker 1: now we've kind of combined. I mean, one idea, it

153
00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:04,320
Speaker 1: was there's a few basic kinds of stuff and everything

154
00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:07,440
Speaker 1: is made out of those, right, That's a really fascinating idea.

155
00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:11,600
Speaker 1: The other idea that everything is made out of small pieces,

156
00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:14,960
Speaker 1: you know, atoms, bits of stuff. That's a totally different idea.

157
00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,600
Speaker 7: Like stuff can be made out of a small number

158
00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:20,600
Speaker 7: of other stuff like earth, fire, wind, but those things

159
00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:22,120
Speaker 7: don't necessarily need to be in little bits.

160
00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:24,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, they could be you know, earth and fire and

161
00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,480
Speaker 1: water could be elemental, you know, on their own. They

162
00:07:28,520 --> 00:07:30,920
Speaker 1: could It can't be divided into little pieces. They could

163
00:07:30,960 --> 00:07:34,320
Speaker 1: be like perfectly smooth no matter how much you zoom in,

164
00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,320
Speaker 1: they could always just be themselves. Right, there's this other

165
00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:39,080
Speaker 1: idea that if you zoom in on stuff, it turns

166
00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:41,520
Speaker 1: out it's made out of little building blocks. That's a

167
00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:44,720
Speaker 1: different idea. And now we have kind of both of them, right,

168
00:07:44,880 --> 00:07:46,360
Speaker 1: we have both of them, where like, oh, it turns

169
00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:48,520
Speaker 1: out stuff it's made out of little building blocks, and

170
00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:49,920
Speaker 1: there's a few kinds of them.

171
00:07:50,320 --> 00:07:52,560
Speaker 7: Right, But I guess the question is what is that

172
00:07:52,640 --> 00:07:55,960
Speaker 7: building block? Our thinking? Is a species as involved in that, right,

173
00:07:56,040 --> 00:07:57,720
Speaker 7: Like maybe we used to think we were made out

174
00:07:57,760 --> 00:08:00,440
Speaker 7: of little bits of dust, and then we got smaller

175
00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:03,640
Speaker 7: into atoms, and we've been getting smaller and smaller.

176
00:08:03,360 --> 00:08:07,560
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, absolutely, And I think it's incredible, as I

177
00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:09,440
Speaker 1: was saying earlier, and I can't stop talking about this

178
00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:12,040
Speaker 1: because I think it's underrated as a sort of human

179
00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:16,440
Speaker 1: intellectual achievement that you can boil down everything you've ever

180
00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,560
Speaker 1: eaten or sat on or tripped over or any humans

181
00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,840
Speaker 1: ever interacted with in terms of just the atoms, right,

182
00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:24,880
Speaker 1: the hundred basic building blocks. I mean, you go from

183
00:08:24,880 --> 00:08:28,640
Speaker 1: like almost infinite complexity down to just one hundred things.

184
00:08:28,440 --> 00:08:31,160
Speaker 1: It blows my mind that that's even possible, Like why

185
00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:32,640
Speaker 1: does the universe work that way? Right?

186
00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:33,120
Speaker 5: Right?

187
00:08:33,640 --> 00:08:36,600
Speaker 7: And if you need a reminder of your high school physics. So,

188
00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,480
Speaker 7: atoms are the ones in the periodic table of elements

189
00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:44,320
Speaker 7: like carbon, iron, oxygen, those are atoms. Yeah, and not

190
00:08:44,400 --> 00:08:48,000
Speaker 7: that long ago people thought that that's the universe. Everything

191
00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:51,520
Speaker 7: you see is made out of these hundred little things.

192
00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:54,440
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, And as impressive as that was, right, I

193
00:08:54,440 --> 00:08:59,079
Speaker 1: think some people were wondering, why are there these patterns? Right, like, yeah,

194
00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:01,400
Speaker 1: you have these hundred bas things and maybe that's it,

195
00:09:01,720 --> 00:09:04,240
Speaker 1: but maybe there are things inside those, like maybe those

196
00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:07,559
Speaker 1: things are made out of even smaller things. And the

197
00:09:07,600 --> 00:09:09,640
Speaker 1: clues we had there is that if you look at

198
00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:11,760
Speaker 1: the periodic table of the elements, it's not just one

199
00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:14,080
Speaker 1: hundred different things that are totally separate from each other.

200
00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:17,400
Speaker 1: There are patterns like things near each other in the

201
00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:21,640
Speaker 1: periodic table act in similar ways, which suggest that they're

202
00:09:21,679 --> 00:09:24,440
Speaker 1: made out of some smaller bits, and that small changes

203
00:09:24,480 --> 00:09:26,599
Speaker 1: in how you assemble them make different atoms.

204
00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:27,120
Speaker 8: Right.

205
00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:29,240
Speaker 7: It's like they had all these different elements and then

206
00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:33,000
Speaker 7: they started to characterize their properties. They started to like

207
00:09:33,040 --> 00:09:35,439
Speaker 7: measure how they reacted to different things and how much

208
00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:38,280
Speaker 7: they weighed, and it turned out, to their surprise that

209
00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:40,880
Speaker 7: you can put them on a table you can order

210
00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:41,800
Speaker 7: them in a certain way.

211
00:09:42,160 --> 00:09:44,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I love when a huge advance in science

212
00:09:44,760 --> 00:09:47,120
Speaker 1: comes from something that's basic, as like how you write

213
00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:49,120
Speaker 1: it on a piece of paper. The first person to

214
00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,280
Speaker 1: make the periodic tables, like, let's organize our knowledge in

215
00:09:52,320 --> 00:09:55,439
Speaker 1: this way. Oh my gosh, that makes this obvious that

216
00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,560
Speaker 1: there's a gap here, there's a pattern here. Right. Yeah,

217
00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:01,280
Speaker 1: Sometimes notation or just the way you write things can

218
00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:04,280
Speaker 1: lead to huge advances, right, And I think that's just

219
00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:06,240
Speaker 1: an extension of what we were talking about earlier. Right.

220
00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:08,720
Speaker 1: You know, why did people even ever wonder how the

221
00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:11,360
Speaker 1: universe was made? It's because they looked at stuff and

222
00:10:11,400 --> 00:10:14,000
Speaker 1: they wanted to understand it, and they look for patterns,

223
00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:16,160
Speaker 1: and they organized it, and then they wondered, you know,

224
00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,800
Speaker 1: these things are similar. It's the same logic that you

225
00:10:18,920 --> 00:10:21,559
Speaker 1: just described applied to the periodic table. You know, these

226
00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:23,600
Speaker 1: things are gases and they're active, and these things are

227
00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,480
Speaker 1: really inactive, and these guys are metallic and all that stuff.

228
00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:28,720
Speaker 1: Why are there those patterns? Why are these things similar

229
00:10:28,760 --> 00:10:30,080
Speaker 1: to each other and different from others?

230
00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:34,440
Speaker 7: Because patterns tell you that there are rules, right, Like

231
00:10:34,520 --> 00:10:36,880
Speaker 7: there's some kind of underlying order.

232
00:10:37,400 --> 00:10:41,040
Speaker 1: We certainly hope so otherwise physics would be impossible. And yeah,

233
00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:43,480
Speaker 1: patterns are the clues, right you, So like why is

234
00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:45,600
Speaker 1: this like this? It could have been different, So why

235
00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:47,160
Speaker 1: is it in this way? Why are these things all

236
00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:49,680
Speaker 1: similar and they're all different from those things or the

237
00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:53,240
Speaker 1: opposite of those things, right, And they use those patterns

238
00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:56,520
Speaker 1: as clues as hints to say, you know, what could

239
00:10:56,559 --> 00:10:57,280
Speaker 1: be inside here?

240
00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:00,840
Speaker 7: What's making these things act in this way? Like that's

241
00:11:00,880 --> 00:11:02,440
Speaker 7: the goal of science, right.

242
00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:05,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And it could just be there is no answer.

243
00:11:05,640 --> 00:11:08,760
Speaker 1: It is just the way it is, right, That's that's possible.

244
00:11:08,960 --> 00:11:09,160
Speaker 2: You know.

245
00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:11,319
Speaker 1: At some point we could run up against the wall

246
00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:13,079
Speaker 1: we said, like the universe is this way and there

247
00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:16,040
Speaker 1: is no explanation, and some people like that. I think

248
00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:17,160
Speaker 1: that's a cop out, Like we.

249
00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:19,200
Speaker 7: Could have stopped the periodic ta once be like, Okay,

250
00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:22,000
Speaker 7: that's it. The universe is made out of these hundred

251
00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:23,760
Speaker 7: things and that's all we know.

252
00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:27,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and nobody ask any more questions. Shh, yeah, exactly.

253
00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:31,599
Speaker 1: That doesn't seem to be very scientific. You know, I

254
00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,920
Speaker 1: don't know if you know about the anthropic principle, but

255
00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:36,280
Speaker 1: that's the kind of argument behind the anthropic principle. You

256
00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:38,240
Speaker 1: know that the universe is the way it is, and

257
00:11:38,280 --> 00:11:42,200
Speaker 1: some things are just randomly set, and there's no point

258
00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,080
Speaker 1: in asking any more questions, So go away, please slam. Oh,

259
00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:47,240
Speaker 1: I see, but I feel like, what's the point of science.

260
00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:50,000
Speaker 1: It's to look for explanations, So never give up, right,

261
00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:53,400
Speaker 1: just keep looking and eventually you're going to find the reason.

262
00:11:53,440 --> 00:11:55,480
Speaker 1: And we did that, and turns out everything in the

263
00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:58,800
Speaker 1: periodic table is made out of smaller bits and not

264
00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:02,520
Speaker 1: just that. But then complexity goes down. Right, you can

265
00:12:02,559 --> 00:12:05,040
Speaker 1: explain all the crazy stuff in your environment, the huge

266
00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:07,600
Speaker 1: numbers of things in terms of just one hundred building blocks.

267
00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:10,120
Speaker 1: You can explain those hundred building blocks in terms of

268
00:12:10,160 --> 00:12:13,520
Speaker 1: a smaller number of smaller particles, not a larger number.

269
00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,880
Speaker 7: But that wasn't necessarily the case, right, Like what helped

270
00:12:16,880 --> 00:12:19,160
Speaker 7: scientists at the time think that there were such a

271
00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:22,640
Speaker 7: thing as atoms, Like that there was a minimal bit

272
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:24,240
Speaker 7: of the stuff we call carbon.

273
00:12:24,480 --> 00:12:27,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question, and again the answer is chemistry.

274
00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:30,760
Speaker 1: People were noticing, oh, if you mix these things together,

275
00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:33,480
Speaker 1: you need equal proportions of this or this happens in

276
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,360
Speaker 1: ratios of three to two. And so it's a guy

277
00:12:36,440 --> 00:12:39,319
Speaker 1: named Dalton who came up with this idea. He's like, hm,

278
00:12:39,360 --> 00:12:42,440
Speaker 1: turns out that there are these exact ratios, and so

279
00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:45,080
Speaker 1: it made sense then that things were made out of

280
00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:48,080
Speaker 1: these tiny pieces that they were then reorganizing and fitting together.

281
00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:48,680
Speaker 7: Interesting.

282
00:12:48,720 --> 00:12:51,040
Speaker 1: So that was the first indirect piece of evidence.

283
00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:54,280
Speaker 7: Because like, if carbon was let's say, infinitely divisible, you

284
00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:58,000
Speaker 7: wouldn't have these kind of exact ratios in chemical reactions.

285
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:00,040
Speaker 1: Right, exactly, right, Yeah, you could mix it with some

286
00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:01,600
Speaker 1: thing else, so you just get a blend.

287
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:03,720
Speaker 7: Like you need the idea of a unit of this

288
00:13:03,840 --> 00:13:08,680
Speaker 7: stuff in order to explain these ratios and chemical reactions.

289
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, I about that. Yeah, So that was the

290
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:16,000
Speaker 1: first clue, and then people discovered the first particles. It

291
00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:19,440
Speaker 1: was actually with JJ Thompson he discovered the electron. He

292
00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:22,000
Speaker 1: was looking at cathode ray tubes, which at the time

293
00:13:22,160 --> 00:13:24,200
Speaker 1: was just this weird thing. Cathod ray tubes are what

294
00:13:24,320 --> 00:13:27,559
Speaker 1: used to be in televisions. They shoot these electrons from

295
00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:29,360
Speaker 1: one one side or the other and they would make

296
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:33,000
Speaker 1: these glowing like rays inside them, and at time it

297
00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:35,280
Speaker 1: was just like this weird effect. People would show inside

298
00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,960
Speaker 1: shows and you know, magic shows and stuff. Nobody understood it,

299
00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:39,880
Speaker 1: but he started looking into it and he discovered, oh,

300
00:13:39,880 --> 00:13:42,040
Speaker 1: these rays are actually made out of tiny little particles.

301
00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:44,320
Speaker 1: He called them. He didn't call them particles though, he

302
00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:48,040
Speaker 1: called them corpuscules. And I'm really glad that that name

303
00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:50,680
Speaker 1: did not stick because it's ugly and hard to say.

304
00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,000
Speaker 7: We should just go back to that. I mean, why

305
00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:57,839
Speaker 7: why why wouldn't you want to be a corp corpuscule.

306
00:13:57,240 --> 00:13:59,960
Speaker 1: Physically because you can't even say it, And that's exactly

307
00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:03,240
Speaker 1: why you see it's our mouth. One of my favorite

308
00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:05,200
Speaker 1: things about that discovery, though, is that he discovered this

309
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,720
Speaker 1: one particle and then immediately he thought maybe everything in

310
00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:11,040
Speaker 1: the world is built out of my corpus gules. He

311
00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:14,520
Speaker 1: like generalized to infinity. He's like, oh, I found one particle.

312
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:17,520
Speaker 1: This is the particle that answers all the questions, right,

313
00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:19,920
Speaker 1: And of course not everything is built out of electrons.

314
00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:22,320
Speaker 7: I guess why wouldn't he make that deep, right, like

315
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:24,640
Speaker 7: why would some things be made out of little things?

316
00:14:24,640 --> 00:14:26,640
Speaker 7: And why would some other things not be made out

317
00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:27,280
Speaker 7: of little things?

318
00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:29,600
Speaker 1: Yeah? Well, I guess he couldn't imagine that there might

319
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,120
Speaker 1: be other kinds of particles out there also, wow, And

320
00:14:32,160 --> 00:14:34,560
Speaker 1: he was hoping that his discovery was at the root

321
00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:36,960
Speaker 1: of all knowledge, right, which I guess is part of

322
00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:39,520
Speaker 1: the scientific fantasy for everybody, So we can forgive it.

323
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,480
Speaker 1: And you know, he is the first guy to discover

324
00:14:41,520 --> 00:14:43,800
Speaker 1: a particle, so you know, credit to him.

325
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:46,440
Speaker 7: So he thought, well, what if everything's made out of

326
00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:49,080
Speaker 7: little things? And then we had the periodic table, and

327
00:14:49,120 --> 00:14:51,520
Speaker 7: then we've ordered it and we got the table, and

328
00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:54,640
Speaker 7: then people started noticing patterns, and that's when people thought,

329
00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:56,840
Speaker 7: maybe these things are made out of something else.

330
00:14:57,120 --> 00:14:59,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, that started to be a pretty compelling idea because

331
00:15:00,080 --> 00:15:02,440
Speaker 1: you have all these elements of periodic table. They're organized

332
00:15:02,480 --> 00:15:04,960
Speaker 1: in that way. They nicely slot into the periodic table

333
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:08,640
Speaker 1: that way. And then people started busting the atoms open

334
00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:11,600
Speaker 1: to see what's inside. And it was Rutherford who first

335
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,440
Speaker 1: did that. He's like, let's shoot a beam of radiation

336
00:15:14,720 --> 00:15:17,920
Speaker 1: at some matter and see what comes out. And so

337
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:19,920
Speaker 1: he was the first one to really break the atom

338
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,880
Speaker 1: open and to see that there was that the atom.

339
00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:25,320
Speaker 1: It wasn't just like a continuous blob that had a

340
00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:29,120
Speaker 1: hard center, this nucleus of something inside of it.

341
00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:33,600
Speaker 7: Oh the what is it? The gold X ray experiment.

342
00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,840
Speaker 1: Gold foil gold shot radiation had a really thin sheet

343
00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:38,400
Speaker 1: of gold foil, and he figured it would just go

344
00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,360
Speaker 1: right through and he was going to measure, like, you know,

345
00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:42,960
Speaker 1: how much it got bent whatever. But occasionally when he

346
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,000
Speaker 1: shot it at the gold foil, some radiation would bounce

347
00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:49,600
Speaker 1: right back, directly back. And he said famously that it's

348
00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:52,520
Speaker 1: like shooting a bullet at a piece of tissue paper

349
00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:55,200
Speaker 1: and having it reflect back in your face. Right, made

350
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,560
Speaker 1: no sense if you thought of the tissue was just

351
00:15:57,640 --> 00:16:00,000
Speaker 1: like smooth and continuous. It made a lot more sense

352
00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:02,520
Speaker 1: if you thought of it is like a chain link fence, right,

353
00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:05,680
Speaker 1: a bunch of really condensed little points with big gaps

354
00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:08,160
Speaker 1: in between, and occasionally you hit one of those points.

355
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:12,480
Speaker 7: That's when we realized that matter is not continues like

356
00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,280
Speaker 7: a jelly, but actually like little thoughts that are kind

357
00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:16,480
Speaker 7: of arranged together.

358
00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,560
Speaker 1: Right, these little dots and the atom itself, it has

359
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,240
Speaker 1: this tiny little hardcore.

360
00:16:21,640 --> 00:16:23,400
Speaker 7: The nucleus atoms are hardcore.

361
00:16:25,680 --> 00:16:29,480
Speaker 1: I totally set you up without even realizing it. I'm

362
00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:31,440
Speaker 1: glad we don't live in a soft core world, you know.

363
00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:38,080
Speaker 7: No, no, we're veering into not safe for chemistry.

364
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:40,440
Speaker 1: Not safe for chemistry.

365
00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,080
Speaker 7: On that note, let's take a quick break.

366
00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:51,360
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what

367
00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:54,120
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

368
00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:57,200
Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With

369
00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,720
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

370
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,040
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

371
00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:05,880
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

372
00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:08,400
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

373
00:17:08,440 --> 00:17:10,880
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you, So say

374
00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:14,159
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

375
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,320
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

376
00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:19,879
Speaker 1: with any mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

377
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,280
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So ditch your overpriced wireless

378
00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:25,600
Speaker 1: with mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

379
00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:28,159
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

380
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:30,640
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

381
00:17:30,640 --> 00:17:32,640
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile

382
00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:36,159
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

383
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,159
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At

384
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,320
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment

385
00:17:41,359 --> 00:17:44,040
Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on

386
00:17:44,119 --> 00:17:46,960
Speaker 1: first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes

387
00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:49,440
Speaker 1: on unlimited plan. Additional taxi, s, fees, and restrictions apply.

388
00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:50,960
Speaker 1: See mint Mobile for details.

389
00:17:51,119 --> 00:17:54,120
Speaker 8: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

390
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,639
Speaker 8: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

391
00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:01,879
Speaker 8: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

392
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,840
Speaker 8: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

393
00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:08,000
Speaker 8: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

394
00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:10,359
Speaker 8: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

395
00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:15,840
Speaker 8: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

396
00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:20,760
Speaker 8: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

397
00:18:20,920 --> 00:18:23,280
Speaker 8: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

398
00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:27,240
Speaker 8: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

399
00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:30,400
Speaker 8: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

400
00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:32,639
Speaker 8: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

401
00:18:32,840 --> 00:18:35,200
Speaker 8: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

402
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:37,400
Speaker 8: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

403
00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:40,200
Speaker 8: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

404
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:44,119
Speaker 8: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic

405
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:49,679
Speaker 8: that's Oracle dot com. Slash Strategic Oracle dot Com Slash Strategic.

406
00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:52,879
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

407
00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:56,840
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

408
00:18:56,920 --> 00:18:59,879
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

409
00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:02,840
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings

410
00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,720
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the

411
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,080
Speaker 1: wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to

412
00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:12,560
Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings

413
00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:15,440
Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member

414
00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:24,920
Speaker 1: FDICE terms and more at applecard dot com.

415
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:26,960
Speaker 7: So that's kind of amazing that they came up with

416
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:31,480
Speaker 7: this idea of the atomic nuclears and protons and electrons

417
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:35,200
Speaker 7: without actually like seeing this stuff right, just from seeing

418
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:37,680
Speaker 7: the effects of it in experiments.

419
00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:39,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, but that was the last time you could really

420
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,400
Speaker 1: see things. I mean, when you're talking about like visualizing,

421
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:46,080
Speaker 1: these things are so tiny, so small that they're really

422
00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:48,760
Speaker 1: impossible to see directly in any sort of way. And

423
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,160
Speaker 1: the only kind of seeing you can do is indirect Right.

424
00:19:51,480 --> 00:19:53,679
Speaker 1: You're like an idea of what it looks like. You

425
00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:56,040
Speaker 1: do an experiment, You think about the result of the

426
00:19:56,080 --> 00:19:59,119
Speaker 1: experiment based if your idea is correct, and you see

427
00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,480
Speaker 1: the results. So even today, when we're smashing protons together

428
00:20:03,080 --> 00:20:05,879
Speaker 1: at the Large Hadron Collider, we have these huge detectors

429
00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:08,240
Speaker 1: that take pictures of the collisions. Well, we can't see

430
00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:11,400
Speaker 1: the particles directly, you know, they're too small and things

431
00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:14,639
Speaker 1: happen too fast, and so direct imaging is all but

432
00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:15,760
Speaker 1: impossible at this scale.

433
00:20:16,520 --> 00:20:18,680
Speaker 7: But these days we can see atoms, right.

434
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:22,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, but depends what you mean by seeing, right, you

435
00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:24,320
Speaker 1: need them to see an atom, you need to bounce

436
00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:26,440
Speaker 1: electrons off of it in order to see its shape.

437
00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:29,080
Speaker 1: And so that is that really seeing? I mean you're

438
00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:31,920
Speaker 1: again you're using your bouncing particles off of it, you're

439
00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:34,720
Speaker 1: making measurements, and you're translating that into an image later.

440
00:20:34,760 --> 00:20:36,280
Speaker 1: I don't know if you know if that really counts

441
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:39,320
Speaker 1: as scene. But that's a whole different philosophical discussion.

442
00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:42,639
Speaker 7: You're smaller than the wavelength of light, so you start

443
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:43,639
Speaker 7: to say you're seeing it.

444
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:46,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's reasonable to say you're seeing it,

445
00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:48,720
Speaker 1: but it requires you expand slightly your whole definition of

446
00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:50,080
Speaker 1: what it means to see something.

447
00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:52,479
Speaker 7: Okay, so well let's break it down for the listener then,

448
00:20:52,560 --> 00:20:55,359
Speaker 7: So everything around you, the universe that you can see

449
00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:58,280
Speaker 7: in touch and smells made out of atoms, and atoms

450
00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:02,880
Speaker 7: are made out of nuclei with electrons flying around it,

451
00:21:03,119 --> 00:21:05,960
Speaker 7: and then the nucleus is made out of more things, right.

452
00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:08,160
Speaker 1: Right, exactly, so, the atoms are made out of protons

453
00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:10,960
Speaker 1: and neutrons and electrons, protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

454
00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:15,000
Speaker 1: The electrons, we think so far, are just made of themselves.

455
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,399
Speaker 1: There's nothing inside the electron. The electrons are just tiny dots.

456
00:21:18,960 --> 00:21:20,879
Speaker 1: As far as we know. We could be wrong, we

457
00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:23,080
Speaker 1: probably are wrong, But as far as we know, electrons

458
00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:26,199
Speaker 1: are not made out of anything else inside the nucleus. However,

459
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,560
Speaker 1: the proton and the neutron, these we already know are

460
00:21:29,560 --> 00:21:32,600
Speaker 1: made out of tinier stuff. And so the proton and

461
00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,640
Speaker 1: the neutron are both made out of quarks. And there's

462
00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:37,520
Speaker 1: two kinds of quarks that you need to make the

463
00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:41,159
Speaker 1: proton and the neutron. There's the upcork and the down cork.

464
00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:44,000
Speaker 1: Take two upquarks in a down and you get a proton,

465
00:21:44,320 --> 00:21:46,680
Speaker 1: or two down quarks and up and you got a neutron.

466
00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:49,000
Speaker 7: How do we know electrons are not made out of

467
00:21:49,080 --> 00:21:52,920
Speaker 7: smaller things, maybe like electron quarks or something.

468
00:21:52,760 --> 00:21:55,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, little electronitos or something. Yeah, Well, we don't know.

469
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:58,280
Speaker 1: All we can say is that we've tried to look

470
00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,359
Speaker 1: inside them and we haven't seen anything yet.

471
00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:02,520
Speaker 7: I mean, like, how would you how would you even

472
00:22:02,520 --> 00:22:03,640
Speaker 7: look inside of an electron?

473
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:05,680
Speaker 1: The same way we looked inside the atom and saw

474
00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:07,399
Speaker 1: that it had a nucleus, right, we saw that it

475
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:10,320
Speaker 1: was made out of smaller pieces. You shoot particles at

476
00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:12,679
Speaker 1: it and you try to resolve some structure. You say, oh,

477
00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:14,800
Speaker 1: if I shoot at this part of the electron, it

478
00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:16,720
Speaker 1: bounces straight back, and if I shoot at this part,

479
00:22:16,720 --> 00:22:19,000
Speaker 1: it goes right through. So then you can tell if

480
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,320
Speaker 1: the electron has some structure to it, you like, poke it, Yeah,

481
00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:24,960
Speaker 1: But in order to see that structure, you have to

482
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,679
Speaker 1: poke it with a fine enough needle, which means a

483
00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:29,160
Speaker 1: high enough energy particle.

484
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,480
Speaker 7: And so far, so far.

485
00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:35,680
Speaker 1: Tune in next week for the final story of the electron. Right,

486
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:39,240
Speaker 1: so far, we haven't been able to break the electron

487
00:22:39,240 --> 00:22:42,520
Speaker 1: into pieces or to use a needle that's fine enough

488
00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:45,480
Speaker 1: to understand that there's more stuff here in the electron

489
00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:47,960
Speaker 1: than there. So far, it only looks like a point

490
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,879
Speaker 1: to us. You imagine you have you're looking at the

491
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:54,000
Speaker 1: Earth from space right using Google Earth. You know, can

492
00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:56,600
Speaker 1: you tell that town is made out of tiny houses? Well,

493
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:58,840
Speaker 1: you keep zooming in and zooming in, and as long

494
00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:00,840
Speaker 1: as you have more resolution, you can see, oh, the

495
00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:02,800
Speaker 1: town is made of houses, and houses made of rooms,

496
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:05,159
Speaker 1: and rooms are made of furniture. But that's only if

497
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,000
Speaker 1: you actually have that resolution. So for the electron, we've

498
00:23:08,040 --> 00:23:09,760
Speaker 1: zoomed in as far as we can and we can't

499
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,760
Speaker 1: see anything smaller. But we haven't zoomed in all the way, right,

500
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,560
Speaker 1: we can build bigger colliders and zoom in further, and

501
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:16,960
Speaker 1: maybe we'll find something.

502
00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:19,240
Speaker 7: Like you zoom in and it still acts like just

503
00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:22,280
Speaker 7: one thing, except there's no weirdness about the way it

504
00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:25,040
Speaker 7: acts at different scales, Like there's no texture there.

505
00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:27,560
Speaker 1: That's right. There's no texture to the electron so far,

506
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,880
Speaker 1: right exactly, But that's purely limited by how powerful our

507
00:23:31,880 --> 00:23:35,240
Speaker 1: microscopes are, how powerful our particle accelerators are, which are

508
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:36,679
Speaker 1: modern day microscopes.

509
00:23:36,840 --> 00:23:39,720
Speaker 7: But for the proton and the neutron, there is texture there,

510
00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:42,240
Speaker 7: like there's actually little bits inside of it that you

511
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:43,080
Speaker 7: can see.

512
00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:45,639
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and we can break them up and we

513
00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:47,960
Speaker 1: can interact with those little bits, and we can measure

514
00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:51,360
Speaker 1: them and study them. So those are upquarks and down quarks.

515
00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,080
Speaker 1: And we know that if you if you arrange upquarks

516
00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:56,000
Speaker 1: and down quirks in one way, you get a proton.

517
00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:58,639
Speaker 1: You arrange another way, you get a neutron. And so

518
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,359
Speaker 1: that means that everything in the periodic table can be

519
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,520
Speaker 1: made out of upquarks, down quarks, and electrons. Right, So

520
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:08,800
Speaker 1: mixtures of those three things make every atom, which makes

521
00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:12,840
Speaker 1: anything that anybody's ever eaten. It's to me, it's incredible

522
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,720
Speaker 1: that all this complexity of stuff around us can be

523
00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:17,639
Speaker 1: described in just three particles.

524
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,040
Speaker 7: So what do we even still talk about protons? I mean,

525
00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:22,399
Speaker 7: a proton is just you're saying, it's just the word

526
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:27,080
Speaker 7: for arrangement A of these two quarks, and a neutron

527
00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:29,960
Speaker 7: is just arrangement number B of the quarks.

528
00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:33,120
Speaker 1: You know. Yeah, Well, sometimes arrangements can be interesting. For example,

529
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:37,280
Speaker 1: Orge is a particular arrangement of protons and neutrons in Pasadena. Right,

530
00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,000
Speaker 1: I think you'd like to be referred to as Jorge

531
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:43,359
Speaker 1: and not individually. Talk to your protons, right, Yeah, don't

532
00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:45,679
Speaker 1: talk to my protons. Talk to me like I'm a person.

533
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:48,679
Speaker 7: Ey's up here, eyes up here, Daniel.

534
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:52,720
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, it turns out that the quarks are not

535
00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,400
Speaker 1: just like hanging out near each other and we call

536
00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:58,120
Speaker 1: it a proton. They are tightly bound together. They are

537
00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:02,000
Speaker 1: held really firmly together, move like a single thing. So

538
00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:04,320
Speaker 1: unless you have a huge amount of energy to look inside,

539
00:25:04,359 --> 00:25:06,600
Speaker 1: to zoom in to see that texture, to break it up,

540
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:08,720
Speaker 1: you're just going to see a proton as a proton.

541
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:10,520
Speaker 1: Even if it's made out of three quarks. It's like

542
00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:14,159
Speaker 1: three tiny lego pieces jam together so hard that you

543
00:25:14,240 --> 00:25:15,760
Speaker 1: need an expert to pry them apart.

544
00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:18,919
Speaker 7: Well, this is a perfect point to take a break.

545
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:25,639
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

546
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,880
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

547
00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:32,960
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

548
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,600
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

549
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:39,959
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

550
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,560
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty That's why they're working

551
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:44,960
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

552
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:49,200
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

553
00:25:49,240 --> 00:25:52,320
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

554
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:55,840
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

555
00:25:55,880 --> 00:25:58,720
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

556
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:02,480
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

557
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:06,440
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

558
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,520
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

559
00:26:08,560 --> 00:26:10,600
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

560
00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:13,320
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

561
00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:16,880
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

562
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:19,720
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

563
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,600
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

564
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:26,720
Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

565
00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:29,240
Speaker 2: Music Festival, preceded by Capital On.

566
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:32,880
Speaker 3: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over

567
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,000
Speaker 3: to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas.

568
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:37,440
Speaker 4: Lost sub special surprises of moments you are not going

569
00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:38,560
Speaker 4: to want to miss.

570
00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:40,280
Speaker 1: Stream only on Hulu.

571
00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:42,679
Speaker 4: The Irradio Music Festival.

572
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:44,800
Speaker 1: And listen on iHeartRadio.

573
00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,440
Speaker 4: The most anticipated live music events of the.

574
00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:51,160
Speaker 6: Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm

575
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:52,720
Speaker 6: Eastern seven thirty Pacific.

576
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:56,160
Speaker 9: Parents, Are you looking for a screen free, engaging way

577
00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:58,159
Speaker 9: to teach your kids the Bible, one that's easy to

578
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:02,640
Speaker 9: understand and enjoyable from all ages. Kids Bible Stories Podcast

579
00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,200
Speaker 9: is here to help. I created this for my own

580
00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:08,160
Speaker 9: children and it's now a favorite among thousands of families.

581
00:27:08,680 --> 00:27:12,200
Speaker 9: Kids love the vivid imagery, scriptures, and sound effects, while

582
00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:15,760
Speaker 9: parents appreciate the apply section for meaningful conversations. We have

583
00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:19,560
Speaker 9: hundreds and hundreds of beautiful episodes that bring the Bible

584
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,200
Speaker 9: to life when you simply press play. It's a sound

585
00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:26,680
Speaker 9: and practical resource that walks alongside you as you teach

586
00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:30,280
Speaker 9: your kids. We want kids to see how incredible God's

587
00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:34,040
Speaker 9: word is in an engaging and memorable way with Kids'

588
00:27:34,080 --> 00:27:38,320
Speaker 9: Bible Stories Podcast. Listen to Kids Bible Stories Podcast on

589
00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:42,320
Speaker 9: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

590
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,320
Speaker 7: But yeah, that's a really cool point you were making

591
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,240
Speaker 7: just now, which is that everything that we know about

592
00:27:54,359 --> 00:27:57,320
Speaker 7: in the universe is just three things to arrange in

593
00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:00,480
Speaker 7: a bazillion different ways. That's all we are. We're just

594
00:28:00,640 --> 00:28:03,639
Speaker 7: electrons up quarts, down quarks.

595
00:28:04,119 --> 00:28:06,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's all about the arrangements. And you know, there's

596
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:08,960
Speaker 1: a lot of information in the arrangements. You know, if

597
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,840
Speaker 1: I rearranged all of your particles into it just a

598
00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:13,959
Speaker 1: puddle on the floor, you would not be the same person.

599
00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:17,320
Speaker 1: So who you are is your arrangements, you know, It's

600
00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:19,560
Speaker 1: not just the elements that make you. You know, I

601
00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:21,560
Speaker 1: like to joke with my friends that if you ask

602
00:28:21,640 --> 00:28:23,959
Speaker 1: the particle physicist to write a cookbook, it will only

603
00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:27,080
Speaker 1: have three ingredients in every single recipe, right up quarks,

604
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,040
Speaker 1: down quarks, and electrons.

605
00:28:28,760 --> 00:28:31,040
Speaker 7: And every recipe would just say mix.

606
00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,600
Speaker 1: No, that's exactly the point, and all the hard work

607
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:37,960
Speaker 1: is in the arrangements. Right who you are is not

608
00:28:38,080 --> 00:28:41,280
Speaker 1: just upquarks, down quirks, and electrons. It's your particular arrangement

609
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:43,760
Speaker 1: of those and assembling those and into the particular thing

610
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,120
Speaker 1: that makes you you. Right. And so that's the answer,

611
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,040
Speaker 1: is that the things that we see around us in

612
00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:51,760
Speaker 1: the universe are not defined by the particles that make

613
00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:54,200
Speaker 1: them up, but by the arrangements of those particles. And

614
00:28:54,240 --> 00:28:57,360
Speaker 1: so if the whole goal of particle physics or asking

615
00:28:57,400 --> 00:28:59,960
Speaker 1: this question is to get some deep insight into the universe,

616
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,840
Speaker 1: then that's it. You know, that the universe, that the

617
00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:06,280
Speaker 1: complexity in the universe comes from arrangements. That's fascinating to me.

618
00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,760
Speaker 7: Well, I feel like this point is kind of maybe

619
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:12,200
Speaker 7: hard to grasp, So I was just thinking that maybe

620
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:14,600
Speaker 7: the way to really grasp it is that imagine if

621
00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 7: it wasn't just three particles. Let's say everything in the

622
00:29:17,720 --> 00:29:21,560
Speaker 7: universe was made out of just one particle, like particle

623
00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:27,280
Speaker 7: Bob and everything, you mean televisions, Like, imagine if it

624
00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:29,920
Speaker 7: was just one particle and everything you see around you

625
00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:32,800
Speaker 7: was just different arrangements of Bob, you know.

626
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:36,040
Speaker 1: And that might still be the case, right. We could

627
00:29:36,080 --> 00:29:38,640
Speaker 1: discover that the electron, the upcoork and the down cork

628
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,520
Speaker 1: and all the other particles, which by the way, we

629
00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:42,880
Speaker 1: haven't even talked about yet, are made out of one

630
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:45,600
Speaker 1: kind of tiniest little particle. That could be the answer.

631
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 7: Yeah, but it's not that different from three, right, Like

632
00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:52,080
Speaker 7: three still fascinating, Like it's not just Bob. It's like Bob,

633
00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:54,800
Speaker 7: Sue and Marry. Everything you know is just Bob, Sue

634
00:29:54,840 --> 00:29:58,760
Speaker 7: and Merry doing different things, and then you get this incredible,

635
00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:00,600
Speaker 7: amazing complexity.

636
00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:02,280
Speaker 1: Right Yeah, And as you say, it could have been different.

637
00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:03,800
Speaker 1: It could have been that everything is made out of

638
00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:06,120
Speaker 1: its own thing, and either that it was made out

639
00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:07,720
Speaker 1: of particles or not. You know, you could have a

640
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:10,600
Speaker 1: world where every kind of thing, every kind of person

641
00:30:10,680 --> 00:30:12,760
Speaker 1: is made out of a different kind of particles. You know,

642
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:17,120
Speaker 1: you have like tree particles and air particles and cat particles.

643
00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:18,120
Speaker 7: And that's why cats are so weird.

644
00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:22,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. That's a huge clue about the universe. You

645
00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:25,520
Speaker 1: know that the universe at its core is kind of simple,

646
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:27,480
Speaker 1: and to me, that gives me a lot of motivation.

647
00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:30,400
Speaker 1: It tells me we can understand it. It can be

648
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,880
Speaker 1: boiled down into a simple explanation. You'd be disappointing if,

649
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:36,360
Speaker 1: you know, if you said, oh, I want to understand

650
00:30:36,360 --> 00:30:38,560
Speaker 1: the whole universe, and the explanation for the universe was

651
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,760
Speaker 1: like a five million page long document. I had to

652
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:43,280
Speaker 1: describe all these complicated things.

653
00:30:43,480 --> 00:30:45,360
Speaker 7: It's just bopsu very mixed.

654
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's all sort of emergent phenomena, right, the

655
00:30:48,720 --> 00:30:52,160
Speaker 1: consequences of these small set of rules. It's like the

656
00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:55,480
Speaker 1: game Go right. I love that game because there's a

657
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:58,160
Speaker 1: very small number pieces, just black and white, and there's

658
00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:00,600
Speaker 1: a very small number of rules for how you play.

659
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:03,640
Speaker 1: But the number of games you can play is incredible.

660
00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:07,360
Speaker 1: It's much more complicated than chess, right, and all of

661
00:31:07,360 --> 00:31:10,800
Speaker 1: the gameplay, all the complexity arises from how you arrange

662
00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:13,040
Speaker 1: the pieces on the board, right, not from having like

663
00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:15,760
Speaker 1: a million different kinds of pieces and special rules and

664
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:16,640
Speaker 1: cards you can draw.

665
00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:19,200
Speaker 7: I think you should talk to all physicists, like the

666
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:23,200
Speaker 7: American Physical Society or the World Physics Congress and just

667
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:27,320
Speaker 7: convince them to rename the electron, the upcork, and the

668
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:30,480
Speaker 7: downcourt Bob, Sue and Marry. Like. I feel like that

669
00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:34,840
Speaker 7: would happen a tremendous impact on people's understanding.

670
00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:37,280
Speaker 1: The point you make is interesting because it seems like

671
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:40,280
Speaker 1: it hasn't seeped into everyday knowledge. Like the people we

672
00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:42,760
Speaker 1: talked to on the street, everybody knew about atoms. We

673
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:45,080
Speaker 1: all k know about atoms, but almost nobody could even

674
00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:47,280
Speaker 1: name the kind of particles that was inside the atom

675
00:31:47,360 --> 00:31:50,280
Speaker 1: or anything deeper than that. That's what I'm saying. Yes,

676
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:52,040
Speaker 1: you're saying it's a marketing failure.

677
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:55,320
Speaker 7: It's a branding problem, Bobs, you and Mary and I

678
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:57,360
Speaker 7: bet in three years you'd ask people on the street

679
00:31:57,360 --> 00:31:59,360
Speaker 7: what does the universe made off? And people would be like, Bob,

680
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:00,200
Speaker 7: Sue and Marry.

681
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:01,960
Speaker 1: Exactly, And then you would get a one cent royalty

682
00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:04,320
Speaker 1: every time that happened. Right, that's really your that's your

683
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,880
Speaker 1: secret plan here twenty eighteen. Everything is branding.

684
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,840
Speaker 7: So that's where we are as a human species. Right.

685
00:32:09,880 --> 00:32:11,560
Speaker 7: First we didn't know what thing for made up. Then

686
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:13,760
Speaker 7: we made up stuff like earth, fire and wind, and

687
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,200
Speaker 7: then we figured out atoms, electrons, protons, and that's what

688
00:32:17,240 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 7: we're down to. And you're saying there could be more.

689
00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:22,320
Speaker 7: We could still break things down, possibly even further.

690
00:32:22,560 --> 00:32:25,040
Speaker 1: That's right. And as far as we know, the upcork,

691
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:28,080
Speaker 1: the down cork, and the electron are not made of

692
00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:31,160
Speaker 1: anything smaller as far as we know. But that's only

693
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:33,920
Speaker 1: because we have limited capacity to look. You know, our

694
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,440
Speaker 1: little zoom in knob is maxed out and we haven't

695
00:32:36,480 --> 00:32:40,200
Speaker 1: seen anything yet, but we have lots of hints that

696
00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:43,720
Speaker 1: probably they are made out of something smaller. And those

697
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: hints are just like the hints we had we were

698
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,200
Speaker 1: looking at the periodic table one hundred years ago, or

699
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:50,520
Speaker 1: when people were just looking at stuff around them a

700
00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:51,440
Speaker 1: thousand years ago.

701
00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:54,880
Speaker 7: Oh, you mean like there's a pattern between Bopsu and Mary.

702
00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,880
Speaker 7: You're saying like there's suspiciously something going on there.

703
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:00,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a lot of unexplained patterns and phenomena that

704
00:33:00,880 --> 00:33:03,760
Speaker 1: we don't understand. And one of our greatest strategies for

705
00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:07,600
Speaker 1: figuring out what's inside upcork down cork an electron is

706
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:09,920
Speaker 1: expanding the table, is saying like, let's make a new

707
00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:13,120
Speaker 1: periodic table this time of the fundamental particles, because there

708
00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:15,320
Speaker 1: are other kinds of particles out there. It's not just

709
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,720
Speaker 1: the upcork the down cork in the electron. When we

710
00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:21,440
Speaker 1: smash particles together, sometimes we make other kinds of quarks

711
00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:23,280
Speaker 1: and other kinds of electrons.

712
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:26,160
Speaker 7: You mean, like sometimes a peter will pop out or

713
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:27,680
Speaker 7: a thread will pop.

714
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:29,560
Speaker 1: Out, yeah, or a fat albert or something like that

715
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,360
Speaker 1: exactly because some of these particles are big and heavy.

716
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:35,560
Speaker 7: Oh I see, But do you only need bops who'd

717
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,680
Speaker 7: married to make stuff? But there are other particles out there.

718
00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:41,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, So one question is what is the stuff around

719
00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:44,600
Speaker 1: us made out of? That's definitely you know, upcork, down

720
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:48,080
Speaker 1: cork electron. Another question is what kinds of stuff can

721
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:51,960
Speaker 1: there be? Right? Because remember we're fourteen billion years into

722
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:54,239
Speaker 1: the universe, when the universe is kind of cold and

723
00:33:54,320 --> 00:33:58,240
Speaker 1: dispersed and everything is spread out a lot earlier, you know,

724
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:00,000
Speaker 1: when things were hot and dense, it could have been

725
00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:02,000
Speaker 1: that other kinds of stuff was dominant, that there was

726
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:04,640
Speaker 1: enough energy to make heavier particles and they were flying

727
00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:07,200
Speaker 1: around all the time. And so we don't just want

728
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,760
Speaker 1: an answer for today, you know, we want an answer

729
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,239
Speaker 1: for a general answer when that tells us deep things

730
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:15,000
Speaker 1: about the universe itself, not just what is it like now.

731
00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:19,800
Speaker 7: You mean back then when things were more hardcore. Exactly

732
00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:22,920
Speaker 7: what you're saying is that right now, everything's made out

733
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:24,919
Speaker 7: of Bob, Sue and Mary. But maybe at some point

734
00:34:24,920 --> 00:34:28,200
Speaker 7: in the universe things were made out of other kinds

735
00:34:28,200 --> 00:34:28,840
Speaker 7: of particles.

736
00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:32,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe the particles upcork down cork, electron or Bob

737
00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:35,399
Speaker 1: Soo and Mary weren't as common, and more common were

738
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:39,360
Speaker 1: other particles that we can create now in particle colliders

739
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:41,120
Speaker 1: and study to get a clues to like what the

740
00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:42,160
Speaker 1: possibilities are.

741
00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:42,920
Speaker 7: Wow.

742
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:44,840
Speaker 1: And so that's the strategy, is like, let's try to

743
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:47,160
Speaker 1: make all the different kind of particles that are possible,

744
00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:49,760
Speaker 1: and that gives us a better handle on the patterns.

745
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:51,839
Speaker 1: You know, you can see more of the pattern You're

746
00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:53,920
Speaker 1: like putting together the weave and you get more and

747
00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:55,560
Speaker 1: more stitches and you get an idea for how it's

748
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,760
Speaker 1: fitting together, and that gives you more clues to figure

749
00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:00,839
Speaker 1: out like what could be underlying all.

750
00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:03,360
Speaker 7: Of that, meaning like maybe we'll find out that Bob's

751
00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:07,080
Speaker 7: who and Mary are made out of even smaller things

752
00:35:07,120 --> 00:35:10,400
Speaker 7: like Tito ari and and.

753
00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:15,600
Speaker 1: Then yeah, if you have to ask me, I'm almost

754
00:35:15,880 --> 00:35:19,320
Speaker 1: positive these particles we know of are made of smaller ones.

755
00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:20,840
Speaker 1: That this is not the final answer.

756
00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:23,879
Speaker 7: That's your bet, that's your that's what you think absolutely.

757
00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:26,000
Speaker 1: I mean, it's just at the limit of current resolution.

758
00:35:26,080 --> 00:35:28,480
Speaker 1: It's like, you know J. J. Thompson saying everything's made

759
00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:30,520
Speaker 1: out of what I know, everything's made out of the electron.

760
00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:33,400
Speaker 1: It's it's ridiculous. It's so much hubris to say we

761
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:35,799
Speaker 1: found the answer and we're probably done. Wow, there's so

762
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:38,239
Speaker 1: many unexplained patterns. And you know, we can get into

763
00:35:38,239 --> 00:35:40,799
Speaker 1: that in a whole other podcast episode about all these

764
00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:42,640
Speaker 1: hints in the new particles that might be out there.

765
00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:44,839
Speaker 1: But it just doesn't make sense to me. If this

766
00:35:44,880 --> 00:35:46,160
Speaker 1: is the final story.

767
00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:49,200
Speaker 7: Well, I guess we'll find out what physicists can do it,

768
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:51,239
Speaker 7: you know, if we'll find out what what kind of

769
00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:52,239
Speaker 7: stuff they're made out of?

770
00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:54,200
Speaker 1: Oh, physicists, we can do it.

771
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,000
Speaker 7: You're made out of the right stuff, that's right.

772
00:35:58,120 --> 00:36:00,799
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, So that's or are trying to tear these

773
00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:03,799
Speaker 1: particles apart to see even deeper. And you know, what

774
00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:06,080
Speaker 1: would it mean if the universe has made it one

775
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,120
Speaker 1: kind of thing? Well, that would tell you something really fundamental.

776
00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:11,640
Speaker 1: I would say, like, look, this is the basic element

777
00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:14,680
Speaker 1: of reality. Wow, and everything else that's around you, that's

778
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:17,280
Speaker 1: an emergent phenomenon. That's just like a way to organize

779
00:36:17,360 --> 00:36:20,600
Speaker 1: or arrange stuff. You know, it's like hurricanes and blenders.

780
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,440
Speaker 1: They're not basic elements of the universe. There just happen

781
00:36:23,560 --> 00:36:26,080
Speaker 1: to be arrangements of basic elements. And we want to

782
00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,480
Speaker 1: know what's at the core, you know, what defines the

783
00:36:28,560 --> 00:36:31,239
Speaker 1: nature of reality itself. And so that's the sort of

784
00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:33,840
Speaker 1: the long term journey we're on, and you know, we're

785
00:36:33,880 --> 00:36:36,360
Speaker 1: pretty far along it, but we have no idea what

786
00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:38,719
Speaker 1: fraction of the way we have yet to go. You know,

787
00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:41,560
Speaker 1: are there five more layers of particles? Are there a

788
00:36:41,560 --> 00:36:43,719
Speaker 1: thousand more layers of particles? Is there just one more

789
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:45,000
Speaker 1: layer of particle? We don't know.

790
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:47,879
Speaker 7: It would be amazing too, when day look at your

791
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,640
Speaker 7: neighbor you know, or people across the world and just

792
00:36:50,680 --> 00:36:53,200
Speaker 7: say to them like, hey, you and I were made

793
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:55,879
Speaker 7: of the same thing. We're made out of this one thing.

794
00:36:56,160 --> 00:36:59,440
Speaker 7: That's right, all right, Well, thank you very much, guys.

795
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:00,960
Speaker 7: I hope you enjoyed this podcast.

796
00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:03,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, thanks everyone for listening, and thanks to all the upquarks,

797
00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:05,440
Speaker 1: down quarks and electrons inside you.

798
00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:08,600
Speaker 7: And if you're called bops who are merry, We're sorry.

799
00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,000
Speaker 1: And we don't owe you any money, and or you're welcome.

800
00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:23,919
Speaker 1: Do you have a question you wish we would cover,

801
00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,520
Speaker 1: Send it to us. We'd love to hear from you.

802
00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:29,680
Speaker 1: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at

803
00:37:29,880 --> 00:37:33,680
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge one Word, or email us to feedback

804
00:37:33,719 --> 00:37:43,320
Speaker 1: at Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece of

805
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:45,719
Speaker 1: cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the

806
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:49,200
Speaker 1: environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are.

807
00:37:49,440 --> 00:37:51,920
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

808
00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:55,279
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

809
00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:59,440
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

810
00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:03,320
Speaker 1: Farms use anaerobic digesters to turn the methane from maneure

811
00:38:03,520 --> 00:38:07,840
Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.

812
00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,640
Speaker 1: Visit you Asdairy dot COM's last sustainability to learn more.

813
00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:16,360
Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

814
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:18,800
Speaker 2: Music Festival, preceded by Capitol On.

815
00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:22,479
Speaker 3: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over

816
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:24,600
Speaker 3: to Mobile Arena, Las Vegas.

817
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:27,000
Speaker 4: Lost some special surprises of moments you are not going

818
00:38:27,080 --> 00:38:30,520
Speaker 4: to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu the iHeartRadio

819
00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:32,279
Speaker 4: Music Festival.

820
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:36,400
Speaker 5: And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events

821
00:38:36,440 --> 00:38:37,000
Speaker 5: of the.

822
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:41,120
Speaker 6: Year this Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm Eastern,

823
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:42,280
Speaker 6: seven thirty Pacific.

824
00:38:42,880 --> 00:38:43,080
Speaker 7: Hi.

825
00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,800
Speaker 10: I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

826
00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:49,640
Speaker 10: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean

827
00:38:49,719 --> 00:38:53,400
Speaker 10: neuroscientists at Stanford and I've spent my career exploring the

828
00:38:53,480 --> 00:38:56,759
Speaker 10: three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly to

829
00:38:56,880 --> 00:38:58,880
Speaker 10: explore the relationship.

830
00:38:58,200 --> 00:38:59,879
Speaker 7: Between your brain and your life.

831
00:39:00,239 --> 00:39:03,280
Speaker 10: Because the more we know about what's running under the hood,

832
00:39:03,560 --> 00:39:07,120
Speaker 10: better we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos

833
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:10,480
Speaker 10: with David Eagelman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or

834
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:12,160
Speaker 10: wherever you get your podcasts.