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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorgey, I've got a space ethics dilemma for you.

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Speaker 1: Oh I am definitely not qualified for that, but glad

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Speaker 1: all right. So imagine that aliens come and they insist

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Speaker 1: on destroying one planet in the Solar System, and they

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Speaker 1: make you choose which planet are you going to sacrifice?

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Speaker 1: That's not a dilemma, really, you already have a least

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Speaker 1: favorite planet picked out. Oh yeah, I'm totally happy to

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Speaker 1: lose Uranus. It does nothing for us except, you know,

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Speaker 1: make things a little uncomfortable. Wow, I thought you were

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Speaker 1: going to drop Pluto. But Pluto is not technically a planet,

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Speaker 1: and I imagine the aliens are smart enough to know that.

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Speaker 1: I guess there are benefits to being demoted from planetary status.

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Speaker 1: Maybe it could be an oderb for them, or you know,

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Speaker 1: just an upper teeth and the moves alien. Hi am

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Speaker 1: or handy cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi.

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Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I would never

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Speaker 1: give up any planets in our Solar System. We are

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Speaker 1: all one, really, you love them all. I just feel

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Speaker 1: like it's a slippery slope, and you know, first you

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Speaker 1: give up Ranus and then you go up Neptune. Then

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Speaker 1: what are you going to say to protect Saturn in Jupiter?

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Speaker 1: What about the asteroids? Do you feel fondly about the

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Speaker 1: asteroids to We're all part of one gravitational disc man.

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Speaker 1: I see, So if aliens came and wanted to eat

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Speaker 1: something in our solar sysm, you'd be like, no, We're

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Speaker 1: gonna fight eat to the death. I'd be like, can

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Speaker 1: we just talk about it and you know, get some

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Speaker 1: answers to physics questions first? There you know I would

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Speaker 1: trade Saturn for some physics cancers. Oh really, so you

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Speaker 1: would give up a planet to be eaten. I'm not

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Speaker 1: giving up. I'm trading I'm getting something invaluable in turn

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Speaker 1: for the human species. I see, what did they say,

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Speaker 1: If we don't need lamp tune will eat Earth? Then

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Speaker 1: you're you're trading something there. I don't negotiate with terrorists,

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Speaker 1: even aliens, especially hungry aliens. But welcome to our podcast.

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radio in which we imagine all of the crazy

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Speaker 1: scenarios out there in the universe. We prepare you for

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Speaker 1: crazy legal, ethical diallemmas, and we also prepare you for

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Speaker 1: what we might learn about the universe. We take you

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Speaker 1: on a ride to the very edge of scientific understanding,

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Speaker 1: and we invite you to speculate, to ask questions, to

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Speaker 1: think about what the answers might be to the biggest, deepest,

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Speaker 1: most fun most consequential questions in the entire universe. That's

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Speaker 1: right because there is a lot to discover out there,

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Speaker 1: a lot of answers to find. It's a big universe,

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Speaker 1: and we are here to talk about the answers and

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Speaker 1: the questions. Would you that's right because those questions are

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Speaker 1: really what drives science forward. Science wouldn't happen if, as

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Speaker 1: a species, we weren't all collectively curious. If we all

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Speaker 1: just really deeply and desperately want to know the answers

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Speaker 1: to questions about how the universe started and where it's

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Speaker 1: going and how it all works. It's not just scientists

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Speaker 1: being curious. It's all of us. It's all of humanity

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Speaker 1: collectively wondering about the nature of the universe. And that

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Speaker 1: includes you. Yeah, because that is how our search for

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Speaker 1: knowledge begins. It It starts with questions, right, Daniel, Physics

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Speaker 1: doesn't start with statements. You're not big on statements. Physics

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Speaker 1: usually starts with coffee. Actually, look at well, that's kind

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Speaker 1: of a statement that caffeine is the most important kind

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Speaker 1: of matter in the universe. No, it's a question which

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Speaker 1: kind of coffee would you like today? No, but you're right,

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Speaker 1: we do. We start with questions because science is all

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Speaker 1: about those questions. It's about wondering how things work. It's

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Speaker 1: about trying to unravel the greatest mystery in the history

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Speaker 1: of humanity. Yeah, and sometimes, Daniel, you even have questions

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Speaker 1: about your questions that you have nested questions or even

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Speaker 1: question your questions like are these good questions? Is to

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Speaker 1: ask why do we ask so many questions? Meta questions?

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Speaker 1: And it's not just physicists and scientists who ask questions,

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Speaker 1: it's everybody. It's an inherent part of being human to

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Speaker 1: wonder about the universe, to think about and ask yourself

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Speaker 1: how it all works. That's right, and that's what we're

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Speaker 1: hoping to do with this podcast, not just to give

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Speaker 1: you the answers to questions people are wondering about, but

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Speaker 1: to inspire your questions, to get you to think about

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Speaker 1: what it is that you want to know about the universe,

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Speaker 1: because in the end, science is personal. It's not a

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Speaker 1: big institution somewhere where everybody's wearing lab coats and eye protection.

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Speaker 1: It's just people, people wondering about the universe, people just

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Speaker 1: like you. Well, you actually wear eye protection was second

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Speaker 1: to stop the high energy particles that might be coming

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Speaker 1: at your face. I'm wearing eye protection right now to

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Speaker 1: protect me from bad jokes that come across the audio.

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Speaker 1: Nothing can protect you, Daniel. I got two or three

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Speaker 1: pairs on right now. They're coming for you, dad. Joke

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Speaker 1: proof eye protection, you were lead glasses with that help you?

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Speaker 1: You've seen new three nos maybe, but you know they

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Speaker 1: might not help you read. The best defense is a

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Speaker 1: good offense and go after the power things. That's right,

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Speaker 1: here's some antimatter of them. Maybe. But we do like questions,

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Speaker 1: and we like to listen to questions from people like you,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes in our podcast we like to feature these

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Speaker 1: questions and try to answer them or at least talk

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Speaker 1: about them live in front of an audience, like, for example,

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Speaker 1: this great question we got from Hugo, who is five

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Speaker 1: years old. Hello, my name is Hugo. How big the

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Speaker 1: black hole has to be to suck me up? And? Oh,

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Speaker 1: so great question? How big does a black hole need

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Speaker 1: to be to suck you up. I feel like I

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Speaker 1: wonder if he's concerned about that. I don't know. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: do you think he's like planning a visit to black

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Speaker 1: holes and he's wondering, like what size the black hole

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Speaker 1: he should visit in order to be safe? And he's

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Speaker 1: trying to get one as a pet, and he's wondering,

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Speaker 1: like should I get a big one or a small one?

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Speaker 1: What are the d us? Maybe he wants a black

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Speaker 1: hole to suck up his sister and he's like, you know,

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Speaker 1: really he's asking about that. Now, that is a mystery

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Speaker 1: that would be make for an interesting novel there. But

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Speaker 1: what's the answer, Daniel? How big does a black hole

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Speaker 1: need to be to suck a small five year old child?

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Speaker 1: There is no minimum size to a black hole that

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Speaker 1: could eat Hugo. Like any black hole, no matter how small,

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Speaker 1: would successfully eat up a five year old child. Really,

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Speaker 1: even like a microscopic black hole would work. Even a

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Speaker 1: microscopic black hole. The issues here are that really small

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Speaker 1: black holes tend to evaporate because black holes evaporate more

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Speaker 1: quickly as they get smaller, which is why, for example,

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Speaker 1: we're not too worried about maybe making black holes at

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Speaker 1: the large Hadron collider because they would evaporate really quickly.

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Speaker 1: But if you made a really small black hole and

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Speaker 1: you put it near a small child really quickly before

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Speaker 1: it evaporated, it would eat parts of that child, and

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Speaker 1: then it would grow and that would protect it. And

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Speaker 1: so a very small black hole would grow quickly if

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Speaker 1: you fed it, and it would get bigger and bigger

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Speaker 1: and eat a child, and then that child sister, and

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Speaker 1: then the entire apartment block and eventually even us. Oh

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Speaker 1: man here, please please don't do it. So it wouldn't

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Speaker 1: evaporate like faster than it could maybe absorb some of

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Speaker 1: the mass from Hugo. It depends on how quickly you

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Speaker 1: start feeding it. If you create the black hole and

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Speaker 1: immediately start feeding it, it doesn't matter how small it is.

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Speaker 1: It will just grow. If you create the black hole

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Speaker 1: and leave it by itself for a little while before

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Speaker 1: you feed it, then it might evaporate before you get

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Speaker 1: back to it. See, don't you need to feed it

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Speaker 1: at a faster rate than it's evaporating at. Yeah, you do.

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Speaker 1: But you know, if you put it right next to

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Speaker 1: a small child, it's gonna gobble that energy pretty quickly.

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Speaker 1: Let's not imagine this scenario too much. It makes me

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Speaker 1: a little uncomfortable. There might be some laws against this.

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Speaker 1: But let's you say to Hugo that it's very unlikely

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Speaker 1: you will ever visit a black hole, and if somebody

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Speaker 1: is trying to sell you a black hole online, it's

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Speaker 1: not a real one. So don't worry. That's right. And

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Speaker 1: it's easier just to make up with your sister and

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Speaker 1: you know, appreciate them because in later years they will

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Speaker 1: be your best friends. That's right. You don't want your

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Speaker 1: siblings to avo operate over to be eaten by a

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Speaker 1: black hole or by anything I guess in general. But anyways,

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Speaker 1: we love questions like this one from Hugo and so

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Speaker 1: to be on the podcast will be tackling listener questions

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Speaker 1: Number sixteen. This is our sixteenth episode in which we

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Speaker 1: do and talk about listener questions. That's right, which means

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Speaker 1: we're getting up on almost answering fifty of these things,

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Speaker 1: which is pretty awesome. And I want to encourage anybody

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Speaker 1: out there who has a question about the universe, something

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Speaker 1: they'd like to hear us explain, or something they can't

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Speaker 1: quite figure out just by googling to write to us

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Speaker 1: with their questions two questions at Daniel ian Jorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: We answer every email, we respond to every tweet. We

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Speaker 1: might even put your question on the podcast. That's right,

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Speaker 1: this is our Sweet sixteen episode. It's almost ready to drive.

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Speaker 1: It can get a driver's permit, then what does it

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Speaker 1: need us for anymore? Can just take itself around the

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Speaker 1: country or pilot a spaceship? Maybe? Do they do? They

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Speaker 1: give permits for that? Not it? But Amazon is selling

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Speaker 1: them for a billion dollars each. I think, really, do

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Speaker 1: you think to let you drive the spaceship if you

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Speaker 1: pay a billion dollars? I think everything is for sale

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Speaker 1: at Amazon or for a billion dollars. So yeah, So

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Speaker 1: we have three amazing questions here from our listeners, and

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Speaker 1: they have to do with space photography, about antimatter stars

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Speaker 1: and what would happen if you ate a giant planet? Again?

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Speaker 1: Do you think these are practical questions, Daniel, or maybe

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Speaker 1: just born out of curiosity? I'm gonna go with born

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Speaker 1: out of curiosity because I'm really hoping that there are

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Speaker 1: no evil villains in their layers. They're typing out questions

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Speaker 1: to us. I don't want to be a part of

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Speaker 1: anybody's plans to eat Neptune or even to sell Jupiter

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Speaker 1: to the aliens. You don't want to be a villain enabler.

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Speaker 1: I do not want to be a scientist working for

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Speaker 1: an evil villain, or a scientists working on some kind

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Speaker 1: of particle collider then might create small black holes that,

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Speaker 1: if put into contact with children, might be bad. Or

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Speaker 1: a scientist helping a five year old child plot the

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Speaker 1: demise of his sister. Let's focus on the positive here, absolutely.

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Speaker 1: So we have three questions, and so do They will

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Speaker 1: be tackling those, and we'll start with this one first

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Speaker 1: from Simon from England, and he has a question about

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Speaker 1: taking photos and speace. It's Simon from Nottingham, England. My

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Speaker 1: question is one that's bothered me for some time. On Earth,

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Speaker 1: of course, we can look at the sky at night

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Speaker 1: and see starlight during a clear day, some particularly bright stars,

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Speaker 1: these celestial bodies of Venus visitor the naked eye too,

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Speaker 1: and also telescopes on Earth pick the stars up as well. Uh,

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Speaker 1: and the incredible deep space images by by the whole telescope.

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Speaker 1: But what I don't understand is how the critical footage

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Speaker 1: captured joining the Apollo missions and later space missions don't

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Speaker 1: show any starlight. Examples being Apollo eleven docking footage and

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Speaker 1: the images of the Earth and the Moon. I'll just

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Speaker 1: imagine that being in space without atmosphere, stars will be

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Speaker 1: even brighter instead of inky blackness. Sure it was a

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Speaker 1: simple answer, but I would love to know what that is.

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Speaker 1: From you. Thank you. It's a brilliant loving every episode.

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Speaker 1: Thank you, all right, thank you. Simon. His question is

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Speaker 1: why don't we see stars in space pictures, and specifically

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Speaker 1: he mentioned the ones from the Apollo mission to the Moon.

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Speaker 1: Do you think he's maybe thinking there's a conspiracy going on.

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Speaker 1: There's definitely a conspiracy theory about how people didn't actually

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Speaker 1: land on the Moon and how these pictures were taken

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Speaker 1: at a sound stage in Burbank. Of course that's all nonsense, right,

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Speaker 1: It was in Hollywood, obviously, or Glendale. They do a

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Speaker 1: lot of filming in Glendale. You can tell by the humidity.

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Speaker 1: And one thing that people often quote when they say

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Speaker 1: these ridiculous things is that you can't see any stars

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Speaker 1: in the backgrounds of those pictures. And that's true when

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Speaker 1: you look at these photographs of astronauts on the moon.

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Speaker 1: You see the Moon, you see the astronauts, you can

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Speaker 1: see the Earth sometimes in the background, but you don't

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Speaker 1: see the stars out in space. I guess even today

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Speaker 1: when they show pictures of the International Space Station or

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Speaker 1: a picture of the Earth from space, like, you don't

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Speaker 1: see the trillions and trillions of stars and we know

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Speaker 1: are out there in space. I mean, technically we should

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Speaker 1: see like the whole sky lit up with light from

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Speaker 1: stars because there are, you know, bazillions of them. That's

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Speaker 1: true for most photographs because of the way those photographs

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Speaker 1: are taken, and we'll dig into that in a moment,

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Speaker 1: But there are times that you can see the Earth

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Speaker 1: in a field of stars, like the famous pale blue

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Speaker 1: dot picture is a picture taken from Jupiter of the

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Speaker 1: Earth and you can see the Earth is just one

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Speaker 1: of many dots in that picture. Yeah, I guess you know,

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Speaker 1: it makes sense when we're here on Earth, Like if

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Speaker 1: we're here on Earth covered with an atmosphere which is

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Speaker 1: blocking a level light, that would make sense why we

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Speaker 1: wouldn't see the trillions of stars that are out there.

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Speaker 1: But I guess this question is like if you're out

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Speaker 1: in space going to the moon and you look out

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Speaker 1: into space, why can't you just see all the maybe

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Speaker 1: infinite number of stars that are out there. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: the answer doesn't really have to do with atmosphere. The

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Speaker 1: atmosphere does absorb some light. It's not infinitely transparent, but

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Speaker 1: that's not really an issue. That doesn't really stop us

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Speaker 1: from seeing stars. And the reasons we have telescopes out

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Speaker 1: in space, it's not because the atmosphere absorbs light. It's

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Speaker 1: because it makes the pictures fuzzier. It just sort of

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Speaker 1: like shuffles everything around, so we can get crisper pictures

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Speaker 1: out in space then we can down here on Earth.

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Speaker 1: The real issue is not one of the atmosphere. It's

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Speaker 1: the issue of the sun. It's the issue of having

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Speaker 1: other sources of light that are really really bright. Like

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Speaker 1: you can see the stars just fine from down here

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Speaker 1: on Earth as long as the Sun is not blinding you,

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Speaker 1: long as the Sun is on the other side of

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Speaker 1: the Earth. So you're saying, like, the reason I can't

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Speaker 1: see more stars with my eyeballs, it's the sun. It's

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Speaker 1: the sun. Like if you go outside right now and

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Speaker 1: it's daytime and you look up at the sky, there

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Speaker 1: are stars there. There are photons coming through space, through

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere and hitting your eyeball from stars. You just

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Speaker 1: can't see them because the sun is there and it's

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Speaker 1: overwhelming everything. You know. It's like trying to hear a

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Speaker 1: really quiet noise while you're at a super loud rock concert.

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Speaker 1: You can't even tell that it's there. You're saying, the

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Speaker 1: light actually is hitting my eyeballs, and maybe is hitting

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Speaker 1: my you know, photoreceptors and and sensors in the back

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Speaker 1: of my eyeball, but they're getting so much more light

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Speaker 1: from the sun that basically doesn't register. Or maybe my

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Speaker 1: eyes have calibrated not to notice these small things. Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 1: It's about the range and your eyes respond. During the day, right,

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Speaker 1: if you look up at the sky and it's bright out,

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Speaker 1: then your pupils will close a little bit. Right, the

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Speaker 1: little hole in your eyeball that lets in the light

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Speaker 1: will shrink because it's very bright and you don't want

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Speaker 1: to damage the very sensitive stuff on the back of

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Speaker 1: your eyeball. So during the day that shrinks, and so

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Speaker 1: you're actually less sensitive to really dim objects. And then

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Speaker 1: if you go into a dark room, it takes a

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Speaker 1: little while over your eyes to adjust, they relax, and

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Speaker 1: they open up and they let in basically every single photon.

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Speaker 1: That's why you can see dimmer things at night because

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Speaker 1: your eyes have opened up to let in more photons.

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Speaker 1: So it is actually harder to see those stars during

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Speaker 1: the day because your eyes are protecting you from the sun.

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Speaker 1: If you looked up at the sky in the middle

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Speaker 1: of the day with your eyes on like night vision mode,

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Speaker 1: you could damage the back of your eyeballs. Yeah, don't

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Speaker 1: look at the sun, people, please. This is not an

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Speaker 1: experiment suggestion here. So it's all about relative intensity. Right.

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Speaker 1: The stars are there, they're just very dim relatives to

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Speaker 1: the other things you're seeing during the day, namely sunlight. Right,

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Speaker 1: but what about during the night, Like, if I look

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Speaker 1: up at the sky at night, why can't I see

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Speaker 1: the trillions of stars that have been we know are

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Speaker 1: out there. You can see the trillions of stars that

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Speaker 1: we know are out there. You can see lots of stars.

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Speaker 1: It depends a little bit on where you are. If

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Speaker 1: you're near a city, then you're seeing a lot of

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Speaker 1: light pollution that's washing out a lot of those stars.

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Speaker 1: If you go to the very very dark woods or

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Speaker 1: a place where they protect the night sky. Then you

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Speaker 1: can see an incredible number of stars. It's really amazing.

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Speaker 1: So for those of you who have always lived in

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Speaker 1: the city and never been camping, find a way to

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Speaker 1: go out into the woods at night and look up,

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Speaker 1: and you can see an incredible number of stars. They

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Speaker 1: really are out there. You just mostly don't see them, right.

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Speaker 1: You just need a telescope and some bear scrape and

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Speaker 1: if you want to see even more, you just need

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Speaker 1: to accumulate more light. Like the more distant ones, the

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Speaker 1: ones that are hardest to see, they are dim because

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Speaker 1: they are not sending you as many photons per second

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Speaker 1: right there further away, so fewer of their photons are

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Speaker 1: coming to Earth. But if you set up a camera

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Speaker 1: and you leave it out there for hours at a

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Speaker 1: time so it can accumulate those photons, it can see

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Speaker 1: things that you can't see with your eye because it

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Speaker 1: can take like an eight hour exposure, and so then

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Speaker 1: you can see incredible stuff. You can see Andromeda, the

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Speaker 1: neighboring galaxy. You can see very very distant objects. Right.

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Speaker 1: I think maybe that's the key to all of this

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Speaker 1: and to this question, is this idea of aperture and

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Speaker 1: like how much time your sensor is out there receiving photons.

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Speaker 1: Because maybe something that people don't think about is that

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Speaker 1: when something is dim, like a light is dim, it

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Speaker 1: doesn't mean that the photons are somehow less powerful. It

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Speaker 1: just means that they're less frequent. Right, that's right, because

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Speaker 1: light is broken up into pieces, and every photon travels

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Speaker 1: at the speed of light, and an object that is

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Speaker 1: dim just means fewer photons per second, right, not less

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Speaker 1: energy per photon. The energy per photon tells you the

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Speaker 1: color the frequency of the photon. But if something is dim,

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Speaker 1: it just means you're not getting as many photons. The

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Speaker 1: way I think about it is like imagine some star

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Speaker 1: out there. It's pumping out a huge number of photons

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Speaker 1: every second, but as you get further and further away,

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Speaker 1: you have a smaller and smaller slice of this big

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Speaker 1: sphere that surrounds that star. So you get a smaller

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Speaker 1: fraction of those photons. And the further way you are,

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Speaker 1: the fewer photons are going to come and hit your eyeball.

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Speaker 1: Mostly they're gonna go to the left or to the

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Speaker 1: right of the earth. And so ye dimness comes from

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Speaker 1: smaller number of photons, And so that's also the answer

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Speaker 1: to what's going on with the pictures taken in space. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because the camera sort have worked like your eyeballs, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: cameras work just like your eyeballs. And when you're in space,

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Speaker 1: most of those photographs are basically the equivalent of taking

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Speaker 1: a photograph during the daytime, because it's hard to hide

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Speaker 1: from the sun in space, right. The Earth is not

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Speaker 1: usually between you and space. So most of those photographs,

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Speaker 1: like the ones in Apollo eleven, are taken when the

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Speaker 1: sun is beaming down with its full brightness on the Moon,

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Speaker 1: and so the stars are there, but you just can't

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Speaker 1: see them the same way you can't see the stars

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Speaker 1: when you take a picture in full sunlight here on Earth, right,

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Speaker 1: because the film and the camera sort of adjusted to

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Speaker 1: get the light from that's bouncing off the Moon. It's not,

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Speaker 1: you know, a set up to kind of be sensitive

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Speaker 1: to the light that's coming from the background in the stars. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: And if you did that, if you open the aperture

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Speaker 1: wide and took a long exposure, then you would be

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Speaker 1: totally washed out by the sunlight. You just get a

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Speaker 1: huge white blob, the same way you did if you

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Speaker 1: took a picture here on Earth and you left your

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Speaker 1: camera shutter open for too long, it would just get

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Speaker 1: all washed out. If you're on the part of the

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Speaker 1: Moon where the sun isn't shining right, then it would

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Speaker 1: be dark, and you could take a night sky photograph

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Speaker 1: from the Moon and it would be clearer than the

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Speaker 1: one you take on Earth because there wouldn't be any

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Speaker 1: atmosphere fuzzing it up. Right, you can take a picture

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Speaker 1: where the sun don't shine and you might see a

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Speaker 1: lot of interesting things, and it might even be p

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Speaker 1: g rated. And you can actually see these because the

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Speaker 1: International Space Station right orbits the Earth, and so sometimes

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Speaker 1: it's in the shadow of the Earth. And so if

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Speaker 1: you google these, you can see photos from the International

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Speaker 1: Space Station that do show stars. They really are there,

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Speaker 1: right right. I guess you don't need to be in

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Speaker 1: a shadowy or dark place. Can you just point your

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Speaker 1: camera away from the Sun or not in the direction

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Speaker 1: of the Sun or anything like the Moon or Earth

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Speaker 1: bouncing light? Yeah, there's definitely an advantage to being in

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Speaker 1: space because you don't have the atmosphere bouncing off the

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Speaker 1: light everywhere like here on Earth. You can't do that

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Speaker 1: because the Sun's light is hitting the atmosphere and then

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Speaker 1: coming down to your camera basically from every angle out

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Speaker 1: in space. You're right, it's only direct sunlight. But the

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Speaker 1: moon itself is bright, right, the moon is reflecting. The

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Speaker 1: reason we see the moon down here on Earth is

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Speaker 1: that the Sun's light bounces off the Moon and then

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Speaker 1: comes back down to the Earth, so you don't have

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere messing up your photograph. But still there's ambient

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Speaker 1: light from lots of other places, like the moon itself

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Speaker 1: is basically reflecting the Sun. I guess the main answer

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Speaker 1: is just that you know, light from far away stars

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Speaker 1: is very rare. The photos are rare. They might not

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Speaker 1: becoming directly at your camera or your eyeball. If you

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Speaker 1: want to see them, you need to leave your eyes

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Speaker 1: open for a very long time or your camera shutter

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Speaker 1: open for a very long time, which usually doesn't quite

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Speaker 1: work exactly. To see those stars, you need to avoid

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Speaker 1: any other bright source of light so that you can

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Speaker 1: effectively make out very dim sources. Great. So, hopefully that

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Speaker 1: answers Simon's questions and um may puts away another conspiracy

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Speaker 1: theory about the Apollo program. All right, let's get into

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Speaker 1: these other questions about antimatter stars and eating Jupiter. But first,

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Speaker 1: let's take a quick break. All right, we're answering listener questions,

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Speaker 1: and we just answered one about space pictures, and now

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Speaker 1: we also have a new question here from Petrie, who

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Speaker 1: has a question about anti matter stars. Daniel Hory, my

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Speaker 1: name is Petrie, and I have some questions about antimatter stars.

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Speaker 1: I recently read an article which described possible observations of

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Speaker 1: antimatter stars by an instrument aboard the International Space Station.

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Speaker 1: I wonder how likely is it that antimatter stars exist?

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Speaker 1: If they do exist, what would happen if two galaxies

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Speaker 1: collided and one of those galaxies contained antimatter of stars?

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Speaker 1: Would we be able to tell I know that during

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Speaker 1: galactic collisions, the odds of two stars colliding is small,

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Speaker 1: but what about the interstellar dust? Would non antimatter interstellar

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Speaker 1: dust annihilate when interacting with an antimatter star? And could

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Speaker 1: we detect this? Thanks for all the great podcasts and

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00:21:35,920 --> 00:21:41,119
Speaker 1: keep up with good work. That's definitely a supervillain network

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Speaker 1: right there, plotting a way thinking about antimatter, like how

429
00:21:45,560 --> 00:21:48,280
Speaker 1: can I create the biggest exclusion a whole galaxy of

430
00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:50,560
Speaker 1: antimatter that does sound pretty dramatic. I'm gonna pop some

431
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:53,760
Speaker 1: popcorn when you make that happen if you used antimatter

432
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:56,280
Speaker 1: of colonels that they would pop X for fluffy gut here.

433
00:21:56,840 --> 00:21:59,000
Speaker 1: But thank you Petrey for this question. And this is

434
00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:01,320
Speaker 1: a pretty interesting question. I guess this question is are

435
00:22:01,359 --> 00:22:06,679
Speaker 1: there antimatter stars? Like, we know that antimatter might exist,

436
00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:08,879
Speaker 1: and we know that there are stars, and so can

437
00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:10,439
Speaker 1: you put the two together and can you make a

438
00:22:10,480 --> 00:22:13,920
Speaker 1: star out of antimatter? Yeah, it's a really fun question.

439
00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:16,920
Speaker 1: And I love these combination questions, you know, like let's

440
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,080
Speaker 1: combine too crazy things and make a crazy thing squared?

441
00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:24,119
Speaker 1: Can I make an antimatter black hole? Daniel, It's like

442
00:22:24,160 --> 00:22:26,840
Speaker 1: an anti question. I'm not against it. So the cool

443
00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:29,760
Speaker 1: thing about antimatter is that it's basically exactly the same

444
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:33,480
Speaker 1: as matter, except it has all of its quantum numbers flipped.

445
00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:36,919
Speaker 1: By quantum numbers we mean like electric charge and the

446
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:41,159
Speaker 1: other kinds of charges like weak hypercharge and color charge,

447
00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:43,480
Speaker 1: all the charges that have to do with forces. But

448
00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,200
Speaker 1: as far as we know otherwise, it's the same, which

449
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:49,160
Speaker 1: means that you should be able to build things out

450
00:22:49,160 --> 00:22:51,560
Speaker 1: of antimatter the same way you can build things out

451
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:53,720
Speaker 1: of matter, like you should be able to take an

452
00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:56,919
Speaker 1: anti proton and combine it with an anti electron to

453
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,520
Speaker 1: make anti hydrogen. And we've done that, and we've seen

454
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:04,560
Speaker 1: that anti hydrogen behaves exactly the same way as hydrogen.

455
00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:07,920
Speaker 1: It has the same energy levels as all the same physics,

456
00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,160
Speaker 1: and so we suspect that antimatter works really the same

457
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,919
Speaker 1: way as matter, And there's no reason why you couldn't

458
00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:18,040
Speaker 1: build elements and molecules and all sorts of complex stuff,

459
00:23:18,080 --> 00:23:21,720
Speaker 1: even up to stars out of antimatter. You can make

460
00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:26,520
Speaker 1: anti people perhaps or anti antifa's. So it's not theoretical,

461
00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:28,600
Speaker 1: it's like an actual I mean, it's it started out

462
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,159
Speaker 1: as a theory, but you've been able to make it

463
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,080
Speaker 1: in particle colliders. But I think maybe you haven't been

464
00:23:34,119 --> 00:23:37,239
Speaker 1: able to study it quite that thoroughly, right, because it's

465
00:23:37,280 --> 00:23:39,280
Speaker 1: kind of hard to make and it's really hard to handle,

466
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,000
Speaker 1: so you can't sort of test it the way you

467
00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:44,440
Speaker 1: can normal matter. Yeah, it's not easy to make anti matter.

468
00:23:44,640 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 1: You've got to smash particles and other particles are really

469
00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:50,800
Speaker 1: high energy to make heavy, unstable particles which then sometimes

470
00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:54,399
Speaker 1: decay into antimatter. So we sometimes can make it, and

471
00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:57,280
Speaker 1: we have produced it at CERN, but it's like pico

472
00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,679
Speaker 1: grams of antimatter. It's very, very difficult to make large quantities,

473
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:04,119
Speaker 1: and as you say, it's difficult to deal with because

474
00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:07,520
Speaker 1: it comes into contact with normal matter and boom, it annihilates.

475
00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,919
Speaker 1: Like if an electron meets and anti electron, they like

476
00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:13,600
Speaker 1: to interact, and they interact and turn into a photon.

477
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:16,400
Speaker 1: So that's turning all the mass of those particles directly

478
00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:19,960
Speaker 1: into energy. By e equals mc squared. And because C

479
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:23,399
Speaker 1: squared is a big number, when you're multiplied by mass,

480
00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,639
Speaker 1: you've got a big energy. So combining matter and antimatter

481
00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:29,640
Speaker 1: into energy releases a huge amount of energy. So yeah,

482
00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,160
Speaker 1: it's difficult to handle and it's difficult to do big

483
00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:36,160
Speaker 1: experiments on, Like we've never made enough antimatter to do

484
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:40,680
Speaker 1: even simple tests like does antimatter feel gravity the same

485
00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,480
Speaker 1: way matter does? We don't know because we've never made

486
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:45,600
Speaker 1: enough of it. Right, Like you could maybe make a

487
00:24:45,640 --> 00:24:48,320
Speaker 1: ball of antimatter and find that it floats or something right,

488
00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:51,159
Speaker 1: or like have feels anti gravity and so we shoot

489
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,760
Speaker 1: off into space, I know, and that seems ridiculous, but

490
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:57,160
Speaker 1: we just don't know, and stranger things have been true

491
00:24:57,280 --> 00:25:02,000
Speaker 1: in the universe, So it's possible that antimatter feels anti gravity.

492
00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:03,640
Speaker 1: You know. It's just the kind of thing we've got

493
00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:05,800
Speaker 1: to go out and check. But it's difficult to do

494
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 1: because the universe seems to be made almost entirely of matter.

495
00:25:10,119 --> 00:25:12,240
Speaker 1: As far as we know, everything in the Solar System

496
00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:13,800
Speaker 1: is made out of matter, as far as we know,

497
00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:16,720
Speaker 1: everything in our galaxy is made out of matter, though

498
00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:20,280
Speaker 1: we're not right. So it's sort of like regular matter,

499
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:21,719
Speaker 1: and that it sort of looks the same like an

500
00:25:21,720 --> 00:25:24,520
Speaker 1: anti electron looks like an electron. It just has a

501
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:28,120
Speaker 1: lot of these quantum numbers flipped, and so you don't

502
00:25:28,119 --> 00:25:30,000
Speaker 1: know everything about it, but you do know that it

503
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:34,480
Speaker 1: it could probably and it has formed atoms with antimatter, yeah,

504
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,480
Speaker 1: and we have constructed those atoms, like they've done these

505
00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,480
Speaker 1: experiments at certain where they put an anti proton together

506
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:41,960
Speaker 1: with an anti electron and they made anti hydrogen and

507
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:43,960
Speaker 1: it survived for a while and they studied it. So

508
00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:47,560
Speaker 1: that's not theoretical, that is real. And we see antimatter

509
00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,200
Speaker 1: all the time also in cosmic rays, like it's produced

510
00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:54,920
Speaker 1: when stuff hits the atmosphere. Creates these big showers. These

511
00:25:55,280 --> 00:25:58,040
Speaker 1: one really high energy particle bumps into a bit of

512
00:25:58,040 --> 00:26:01,000
Speaker 1: the atmosphere and creates two part goals with half the energy,

513
00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:03,960
Speaker 1: which then creates four particles with the quarter of the energy, etcetera.

514
00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:05,800
Speaker 1: And you get this big shower of particles, and a

515
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:08,840
Speaker 1: lot of those have antimatter particles in them that don't

516
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:11,639
Speaker 1: last very long. They pretty quickly annihilate with stuff in

517
00:26:11,640 --> 00:26:13,800
Speaker 1: the atmosphere. So most of the universe is made out

518
00:26:13,800 --> 00:26:16,080
Speaker 1: of matter, but antimatter is something that we can create,

519
00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:18,640
Speaker 1: and we can also find it occasionally in nature. Right,

520
00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,199
Speaker 1: And so if it feels gravity the same way that

521
00:26:21,359 --> 00:26:24,000
Speaker 1: matter feels gravity, then it is technically possible to make

522
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:27,399
Speaker 1: like hydrogen antimatter, and then a bunch of those up

523
00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:30,639
Speaker 1: to make an antimatter star, right, Like it would be

524
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,679
Speaker 1: fusing at the core just like a regular star wood,

525
00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:36,600
Speaker 1: but it would all be antimatter. Yeah, And there's a

526
00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:39,360
Speaker 1: little bit of subtlety there, like, if it feels gravity

527
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:42,720
Speaker 1: the same way that our matter feels gravity, then yes,

528
00:26:43,040 --> 00:26:46,679
Speaker 1: it would accumulate. If it feels anti gravity, then it

529
00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:49,399
Speaker 1: would depend on exactly the kind of anti gravity, like

530
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,320
Speaker 1: it might be that it feels attractive gravity with other antimatter,

531
00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:57,040
Speaker 1: but repulsive gravity with matter, in which case it could

532
00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:00,639
Speaker 1: still again accumulate into a star. But if it feels

533
00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:03,520
Speaker 1: some sort of weird anti gravity where it repels any

534
00:27:03,560 --> 00:27:05,960
Speaker 1: other kind of mass, then you wouldn't be able to

535
00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,119
Speaker 1: gather it together. It would always like repel itself. But

536
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:11,800
Speaker 1: if it feels any kind of accumulative gravity where it

537
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,560
Speaker 1: pulls itself together, then in principle you could pull it

538
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:16,639
Speaker 1: together and you could accumulate a lot of it, and

539
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:18,720
Speaker 1: you could make a star. Because we think that the

540
00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:21,399
Speaker 1: strong force and the weak force and all these things

541
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,440
Speaker 1: treat matter and antimatter very similarly, So the fundamental processes

542
00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:28,280
Speaker 1: that go on inside a star should also work for

543
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,359
Speaker 1: antimatter fusion. For example, you should be able to fuse

544
00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:35,200
Speaker 1: anti hydrogen together to get anti helium. Interesting, and would

545
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,040
Speaker 1: it give out the same kind of light as our

546
00:27:37,119 --> 00:27:39,400
Speaker 1: sun or would it give some sort of like anti

547
00:27:39,520 --> 00:27:41,879
Speaker 1: version of light. Yeah. The cool thing about light is

548
00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,960
Speaker 1: that it is its own anti version, Like the anti

549
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,160
Speaker 1: photon is just the photon. The photon is its own

550
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:50,639
Speaker 1: anti particle. And that has to be the case because

551
00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:54,200
Speaker 1: what happens when antimatter meets matter, it gives off a photon,

552
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:58,800
Speaker 1: right that one particle. The photon unifies matter and antimatter.

553
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:01,040
Speaker 1: It's like the gateway between them, so it has to

554
00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:03,440
Speaker 1: be the same particle. And so we think that if

555
00:28:03,440 --> 00:28:06,719
Speaker 1: there are antimatter stars out there, they should shine in

556
00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:09,880
Speaker 1: real light the same way normal stars do. So just

557
00:28:09,960 --> 00:28:12,000
Speaker 1: by looking at a star, it would be hard to

558
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:15,840
Speaker 1: know if it's an antimatter star. But stars don't just

559
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:19,040
Speaker 1: create light, they also create particles, like our star creates

560
00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:23,040
Speaker 1: the solar wind, and the solar wind is mostly matters, protons,

561
00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:26,480
Speaker 1: and electrons, So an antimatter star would have an antimatter

562
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:30,520
Speaker 1: solar wind, which consists mostly of antiparticles and like many

563
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:34,240
Speaker 1: more anti new trinos than new trinos. So there are

564
00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:36,520
Speaker 1: ways to tell if a star is a matter star

565
00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:39,520
Speaker 1: or an antimatter star. Oh, you could get wind of

566
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:42,920
Speaker 1: its matterness or on its pocisition on matter. You know

567
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:48,880
Speaker 1: what happens if anti wind blows into uranus. I wanted

568
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:50,960
Speaker 1: on the record that it was a physicist who made

569
00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 1: that joke, not the cartoonists. Even I wouldn't go to that.

570
00:28:55,040 --> 00:28:56,880
Speaker 1: You walked me to the ledge, man, You walked me

571
00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,680
Speaker 1: to the ledge and then I nudged you. I see,

572
00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:03,000
Speaker 1: I blew some antimatter windland you and it puts you over. Well.

573
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:04,680
Speaker 1: I guess I'm a little disappointed because I would have

574
00:29:04,680 --> 00:29:07,000
Speaker 1: thought maybe like an antimatter star would I don't know,

575
00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:08,760
Speaker 1: to the opposite of light, like it would suck in

576
00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:15,160
Speaker 1: life or something. That's a black hole. Man, that's our

577
00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:18,880
Speaker 1: black holes antimatter stars, Daniel, let's misinformed the public know.

578
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,360
Speaker 1: The cool thing about antimatter is that it could have

579
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,880
Speaker 1: been matter. Right, as far as we can tell, there

580
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:26,480
Speaker 1: really aren't many differences between matter and antimatter, and so

581
00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:29,800
Speaker 1: one of the deepest questions in physics is why is

582
00:29:29,840 --> 00:29:31,840
Speaker 1: our universe made out of this kind of matter and

583
00:29:31,880 --> 00:29:34,200
Speaker 1: not the other one? Obviously, if it had been made

584
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:36,080
Speaker 1: out of antimatter, we would have called it matter and

585
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:38,200
Speaker 1: the other one antimatters. There really the question is like,

586
00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:42,120
Speaker 1: why are there two kinds and why did one get

587
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,600
Speaker 1: left over? Because we think that in the very beginning

588
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:47,000
Speaker 1: in the Big Bang, there were equal amounts of matter

589
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:50,320
Speaker 1: and antimatter made, but now there's only matter left because

590
00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:52,600
Speaker 1: a lot of the matter and antimatter annihilated itself and

591
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:57,360
Speaker 1: disappeared in two photons. But why is matter preferentially left over?

592
00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:00,080
Speaker 1: Was there a little bit more antimatter made in the

593
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:02,760
Speaker 1: the universe? Or is there something out there that prefers

594
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,000
Speaker 1: to go to matter instead of antimatter. It's not a

595
00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:07,959
Speaker 1: question we know the answer to, and it really like

596
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 1: sets the stage for everything. It's it's like, why are

597
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:13,480
Speaker 1: we even here? Right? And I think that was part

598
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:15,640
Speaker 1: of Petrie's question, which is like, if there was an

599
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:18,280
Speaker 1: antimatter star out there, would we be able to tell

600
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:20,240
Speaker 1: the difference? Or like if there was a whole galaxy

601
00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:22,720
Speaker 1: made out of antimatter, would we be able to tell

602
00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:24,920
Speaker 1: that it is an antimatter galaxy? And so I guess

603
00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:26,640
Speaker 1: maybe a follow up question is like how do you

604
00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:29,120
Speaker 1: know there isn't more antimatter in the universe? Like, how

605
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:30,800
Speaker 1: do we know the galaxies we see in the night

606
00:30:30,840 --> 00:30:33,240
Speaker 1: s guy aren't made out of antimatter? Yeah, it's a

607
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:36,440
Speaker 1: great question, we're not. We have two ways to look

608
00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:39,280
Speaker 1: for it. One is that we expect if there are

609
00:30:39,360 --> 00:30:43,800
Speaker 1: antimatter stars out there, or antimatter galaxies or antimatter regions

610
00:30:43,920 --> 00:30:47,800
Speaker 1: of the universe, that they will be putting out antimatter radiation.

611
00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:51,640
Speaker 1: And when that antimatter radiation hits the radiation from the

612
00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:54,800
Speaker 1: matter parts of the universe, it will annihilate. So like

613
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:58,920
Speaker 1: halfway between a star and an antimatter star, or between

614
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:01,520
Speaker 1: a galaxy and an to matter galaxy, you should see

615
00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:03,680
Speaker 1: like a whole wall where particles are hitting each other

616
00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:07,240
Speaker 1: annihilating and turning into photons. So these like flashes of

617
00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:10,200
Speaker 1: light in the middle of space. And so we've looked

618
00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:12,640
Speaker 1: for these kinds of flashes, and we even know like

619
00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,800
Speaker 1: what energy they should be at, but we don't see them.

620
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:19,040
Speaker 1: We don't see those anywhere, and that rules out there

621
00:31:19,080 --> 00:31:22,360
Speaker 1: being like significant antimatter stars in our galaxy or in

622
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:25,920
Speaker 1: our galaxy cluster, and probably even further than that. That

623
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:28,200
Speaker 1: it gets difficult because now you're looking for like low

624
00:31:28,280 --> 00:31:32,080
Speaker 1: energy photons from pretty far away. So we can't, for example,

625
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,120
Speaker 1: rule out there being a huge antimatter region of the

626
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,400
Speaker 1: universe out beyond the observable universe because we just can't

627
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:40,640
Speaker 1: see it. But we can pretty much rule out there

628
00:31:40,680 --> 00:31:43,880
Speaker 1: being big antimatter regions of the universe because of these

629
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:46,480
Speaker 1: photon flashes that we would see if they were there.

630
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:48,840
Speaker 1: I guess maybe if the universe does have a matter

631
00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:53,360
Speaker 1: preference over antimatter. Maybe it couldn't those antimatter particles turn

632
00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:55,840
Speaker 1: into matter by the time they get to other galaxies. Well,

633
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:59,040
Speaker 1: there is a conservation of electric charge, and so for example,

634
00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:03,400
Speaker 1: a positron anti electron can't just turn into an electron, right,

635
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,960
Speaker 1: you have to conserve electric charge. And so these things

636
00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:09,600
Speaker 1: are pretty persistent. And that's the other way we look

637
00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:12,960
Speaker 1: for antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies is that we look

638
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:16,760
Speaker 1: for those antimatter particles coming from them. So Petri mentioned

639
00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 1: this really cool experiment on the space station. It's called

640
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,200
Speaker 1: a MS and it's on the space station. It's basically

641
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:25,400
Speaker 1: a big magnet with a particle detector and it takes

642
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,560
Speaker 1: particles that shoot through it and it bends them so

643
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,800
Speaker 1: we can tell are you positively charged or negatively charged?

644
00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,200
Speaker 1: And it measures their mass and stuff. And the really

645
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,960
Speaker 1: cool thing is that they think they have seen to

646
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:40,400
Speaker 1: anti helium particles coming through in the last few years.

647
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,600
Speaker 1: What do you mean they you can actually detect that

648
00:32:43,680 --> 00:32:46,200
Speaker 1: it's anti helium. Yeah, you can detect that it's anti

649
00:32:46,240 --> 00:32:49,320
Speaker 1: helium because you measure it's charge and you measure its mass.

650
00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:51,520
Speaker 1: You can do all sorts of studies on it. Now

651
00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:53,920
Speaker 1: it's not exactly conclusive. It's not like they trapped and

652
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,600
Speaker 1: took pictures and probed it, so it just passes through

653
00:32:56,640 --> 00:32:59,000
Speaker 1: their detector. So there's a chance that what they've seen

654
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:01,480
Speaker 1: is actually something else. But it looks a lot like

655
00:33:01,760 --> 00:33:05,760
Speaker 1: anti helium, and that's pretty amazing because anti helium is

656
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:08,640
Speaker 1: not just something you expect to be around, like we

657
00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:12,960
Speaker 1: see anti protons occasionally in cosmic rays, we see anti electrons,

658
00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:15,280
Speaker 1: but anti helium that's the kind of thing that would

659
00:33:15,320 --> 00:33:18,560
Speaker 1: be made in the heart of an antimatter star. And

660
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:21,800
Speaker 1: so seeing one you could shrug that off. Seeing two

661
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:25,720
Speaker 1: that's pretty weird and interesting. So we don't know if

662
00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:27,840
Speaker 1: this means that this is like a messenger from an

663
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:32,160
Speaker 1: anti matter star somewhere in the milky Way. Whoa, it's

664
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:35,560
Speaker 1: just from an anti balloon that it escape. But I

665
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:37,640
Speaker 1: guess how do you catch an anti helium? Wouldn't it

666
00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:40,200
Speaker 1: annihilate with the stuff that you're trying to detect it

667
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,640
Speaker 1: with when it didn't create any an explosion? Yeah, but

668
00:33:42,720 --> 00:33:45,280
Speaker 1: that's what we do with particles, was that we explode them,

669
00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:47,520
Speaker 1: right the way we detect particles as we destroy them,

670
00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:49,960
Speaker 1: you know, we have them interact with stuff and deposit

671
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,920
Speaker 1: their energy. And so the way MS works has a

672
00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:55,160
Speaker 1: big magnet and it sucks stuff in and it bends

673
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,160
Speaker 1: it and then it gets it to interact with the

674
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: matter of that detector. And it doesn't like blow up

675
00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:02,360
Speaker 1: the detector because we're talking about tiny little particles, so

676
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:04,920
Speaker 1: it's not like a bomb or anything. You know. We

677
00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:07,120
Speaker 1: create anti matter all the time. It's a large hadron

678
00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:10,120
Speaker 1: collider and it flies through our detector and interacts you know,

679
00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:13,480
Speaker 1: positrons and anti muans and stuff. We detect them the

680
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:15,440
Speaker 1: same way did we detect other stuff, just by getting

681
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:18,280
Speaker 1: them to interact with our matter. Cool. Well, I guess

682
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:20,160
Speaker 1: my question now is if you if you breathe in

683
00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:22,520
Speaker 1: anti helium from a balloon, will it make your voice

684
00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:26,960
Speaker 1: deeper or higher pitch like regular helium. Nobody knows the

685
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,360
Speaker 1: answer to that question. Hey, And that's the first experiment

686
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:33,279
Speaker 1: will do when we make enough anti helium. All right,

687
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:36,319
Speaker 1: all right, I'll put my name on the waiting list there.

688
00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:37,920
Speaker 1: But there was one more little part to his question,

689
00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:41,040
Speaker 1: which was what would happen if we collided a galaxy

690
00:34:41,120 --> 00:34:44,919
Speaker 1: with an anti galaxy. I'm guessing um a lot would happen. Yes,

691
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:47,719
Speaker 1: a lot would happen, big explosion. Yeah, because, as he says,

692
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:51,160
Speaker 1: stars are pretty diffused and so they wouldn't necessarily collide

693
00:34:51,160 --> 00:34:53,319
Speaker 1: with each other, but they're also pumping out a lot

694
00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:55,680
Speaker 1: of stuff, and the dust and the gas would also

695
00:34:55,719 --> 00:34:58,480
Speaker 1: be antimatter, so there would be a lot of collisions,

696
00:34:58,520 --> 00:35:00,319
Speaker 1: just sort of like with the Bullet cluster. When we

697
00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:03,239
Speaker 1: saw those two collisions. The stars mostly passed through each other,

698
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:05,040
Speaker 1: but the rest of the stuff, that gas in the

699
00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:08,839
Speaker 1: dust definitely collided. So it would be pretty dramatic, right,

700
00:35:08,880 --> 00:35:11,759
Speaker 1: I guess galaxies are pretty sparse, and so it's like

701
00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:14,200
Speaker 1: throwing a bunch of sand at another bunch of sand,

702
00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:16,960
Speaker 1: and most of them would just go through itself. Yeah,

703
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,960
Speaker 1: most of the stars would, but the gas in the

704
00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:21,399
Speaker 1: dust would definitely interact. And you're saying, we haven't seen

705
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,880
Speaker 1: that kind of you know, event, So maybe that's kind

706
00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:28,680
Speaker 1: of evidence that there aren't antimatter galaxies or antimatter stars. Yeah,

707
00:35:28,760 --> 00:35:31,560
Speaker 1: but we can't really explain this result from a MS

708
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,200
Speaker 1: like two anti helium particles. There is a lot more

709
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,440
Speaker 1: than you expect to see if there are no antimatter stars.

710
00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:40,200
Speaker 1: On the other hand, it's preliminary, so it could just

711
00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:43,080
Speaker 1: be a fluke, could be a mistake. We're not exactly sure,

712
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,080
Speaker 1: but it's a tantalizing clue. All right. Well, then, to

713
00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:50,000
Speaker 1: answer Petrie's question, are there antimatter stars? Um, we don't

714
00:35:50,120 --> 00:35:53,560
Speaker 1: quite know, right. I mean, it's theoretically possible from what

715
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,080
Speaker 1: we know about antimatter, but we don't see a lot

716
00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:58,520
Speaker 1: of evidence for antimatter stuff out there in the universe,

717
00:35:58,640 --> 00:36:01,960
Speaker 1: except for maybe these two anti helium particles that the

718
00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:04,799
Speaker 1: space station just found. All right, well, let's get into

719
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,879
Speaker 1: our last question of the day, and this one it's

720
00:36:07,920 --> 00:36:12,040
Speaker 1: about aliens eating Jupiter, which hopefully hasn't happened. I don't think,

721
00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:13,960
Speaker 1: but let's get into it. But first let's take a

722
00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:29,640
Speaker 1: quick break. All right. Listen to question number three for

723
00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:33,240
Speaker 1: the day, comes from Joe, who has a question about

724
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:38,360
Speaker 1: hungry aliens. Hi. I wanted to ask a science fiction question.

725
00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:42,680
Speaker 1: I was wondered if aliens were, for some reason just

726
00:36:42,719 --> 00:36:45,319
Speaker 1: to make a pit stop on our solar system and

727
00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:49,160
Speaker 1: steal off all our gas giants too U to use

728
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:53,799
Speaker 1: this fuel, would that affect our orbit at all? Would

729
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:56,600
Speaker 1: Earth's climate be affected by that? I have a follow

730
00:36:56,719 --> 00:36:59,920
Speaker 1: up question as well, Um, if they were to remove

731
00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:04,520
Speaker 1: those gas planets. Would that also have any kind of

732
00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:07,080
Speaker 1: effect on our ability to leave the Solar system? Would

733
00:37:07,080 --> 00:37:10,680
Speaker 1: that take our ability to fuel some kind of warp

734
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:13,840
Speaker 1: drives or whatever away from us? All right, interesting question

735
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:17,520
Speaker 1: from Joe and his baby. I'm guessing it's the one

736
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,640
Speaker 1: feeding him the questions and was really impatient to hear

737
00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:23,000
Speaker 1: the answer. I don't know, but apparently asking us these

738
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,399
Speaker 1: questions is more important than whatever his baby needed. Well,

739
00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:30,040
Speaker 1: maybe the question is somehow related to the baby. Maybe

740
00:37:30,040 --> 00:37:32,760
Speaker 1: the baby is the alien and the baby is really hungry,

741
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:35,600
Speaker 1: so he's like, what if I feeded Jupiter would stop

742
00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:38,960
Speaker 1: crying for the rest of his life? Uhh, And when

743
00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:41,280
Speaker 1: the mom gets back, what did you feed our baby

744
00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:46,440
Speaker 1: a lot of gas? Or maybe he's just thinking about

745
00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:49,439
Speaker 1: the future that this baby will inherit and wondering how

746
00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:52,359
Speaker 1: we will deal with the inevitable galactic empire that's going

747
00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:55,160
Speaker 1: to come and visit us and pose us these difficult questions. Yeah,

748
00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:57,279
Speaker 1: I noticed he had a follow up question, which I think,

749
00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:59,759
Speaker 1: you know, tells me that he's he's thought of this through,

750
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:02,200
Speaker 1: like he's thought about it and he thought about the

751
00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:04,920
Speaker 1: implications of it. All right, So well, the question is

752
00:38:04,960 --> 00:38:07,239
Speaker 1: what if aliens aide Jupiter, And I think he means

753
00:38:07,239 --> 00:38:10,120
Speaker 1: more like, what if Jupiter suddenly disappeared, Like what would

754
00:38:10,160 --> 00:38:14,160
Speaker 1: be the consequences with it throw our Solar system into chaos?

755
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:16,799
Speaker 1: And his follow up question was, will it sort of

756
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 1: take away a huge source of possible fuel for us

757
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,880
Speaker 1: to go see the stars? Yeah, it's really cool to

758
00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:26,719
Speaker 1: think about Jupiter versus the Earth, and it gives you

759
00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:29,280
Speaker 1: a sense of like the scale of these objects because remember,

760
00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:32,120
Speaker 1: Jupiter is like much much bigger than the Earth. They

761
00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:36,040
Speaker 1: like dwarfs the Earth. On the other hand, Jupiter itself

762
00:38:36,160 --> 00:38:38,880
Speaker 1: is dwarfed by the Sun. Right. The Sun is like

763
00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:42,680
Speaker 1: points something per cent of all the mass in the

764
00:38:42,680 --> 00:38:46,640
Speaker 1: Solar System. Jupiter is like the rest of it. But

765
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:51,160
Speaker 1: the Sun is like a thousand times more massive than Jupiter.

766
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:54,120
Speaker 1: So when you're doing like gravitational calculations to ask like

767
00:38:54,280 --> 00:38:57,520
Speaker 1: what's tugging on the Earth. What's important for the Earth,

768
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:01,000
Speaker 1: it's mostly the Sun. Everything else you can ignore because

769
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:04,279
Speaker 1: not just is the Sun more massive than Jupiter, it's

770
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:08,160
Speaker 1: also closer to us than Jupiter. Like Jupiter, it's pretty

771
00:39:08,239 --> 00:39:12,239
Speaker 1: far out there, and so the gravitational force on the

772
00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:16,040
Speaker 1: Earth from the Sun is twenty five thousand times more

773
00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:19,800
Speaker 1: powerful than the gravitational force on the Earth from Jupiter.

774
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:23,520
Speaker 1: You're saying, Jupiter is big, but it's far away, and

775
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:27,160
Speaker 1: it pales in comparison to the Sun. Now at one

776
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:30,160
Speaker 1: and twenty five thousand seems like very little, But I

777
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,560
Speaker 1: don't know. Maybe in space, these small differences make a

778
00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:35,760
Speaker 1: huge difference. It does definitely affect the trajectory of the Earth.

779
00:39:35,880 --> 00:39:38,160
Speaker 1: So if you've got rid of Jupiter, it would have

780
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:41,000
Speaker 1: a small effect on Earth trajectory. You know, it would

781
00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:43,719
Speaker 1: change like the elliptical nature a little bit, but we

782
00:39:43,760 --> 00:39:46,600
Speaker 1: would still have a stable orbit and it wouldn't affect

783
00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:48,480
Speaker 1: us in a way that we could measure, like, it

784
00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:51,960
Speaker 1: wouldn't affect the radiation we're getting from the Sun, etcetera.

785
00:39:51,960 --> 00:39:54,080
Speaker 1: All right, so it would maybe change or weather a

786
00:39:54,120 --> 00:39:56,520
Speaker 1: little bit, but it wouldn't like throws off of the

787
00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:00,120
Speaker 1: Solar system. Yeah exactly. We would still be stable. And

788
00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,760
Speaker 1: you know, people have done these calculations and it depends

789
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,000
Speaker 1: a little bit on where Earth lands. But if you

790
00:40:05,120 --> 00:40:08,239
Speaker 1: just like delete Jupiter, you definitely get a stable orbit

791
00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:11,480
Speaker 1: and most of the times it's almost essentially unchanged from

792
00:40:11,480 --> 00:40:14,520
Speaker 1: its current orbit. Whoa people have done these calculations, like

793
00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:18,800
Speaker 1: people are planning for this, somehow we're expecting this. I

794
00:40:18,840 --> 00:40:21,040
Speaker 1: actually assigned this as a problem in one of my

795
00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:24,320
Speaker 1: programming classes to do like numerical simulations of the Solar

796
00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:26,680
Speaker 1: System and consider what would happen if a new planet

797
00:40:26,760 --> 00:40:29,280
Speaker 1: came in or if you deleted a planet. It's pretty

798
00:40:29,320 --> 00:40:32,680
Speaker 1: fun to see, like the chaotic events that transpire when

799
00:40:32,719 --> 00:40:35,040
Speaker 1: you mess with the Solar System. So interesting. I see

800
00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:38,480
Speaker 1: you've been outsourcing your villainy to your students. I've been

801
00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:44,600
Speaker 1: inviting young scientists to participate in these intellectual explorations in

802
00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:48,279
Speaker 1: your intellectual villany. Yes, that's what I'm saying now, I'm

803
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:50,719
Speaker 1: just kidding. So it would have a small effect on Earth,

804
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:52,719
Speaker 1: but maybe would it have a ripple effect on the

805
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:55,600
Speaker 1: rest of the Solar System. Like you know, one thousand

806
00:40:55,640 --> 00:40:58,440
Speaker 1: seems small, but if you added up to all the

807
00:40:58,480 --> 00:41:01,279
Speaker 1: other things happening in the Solar System could throw it

808
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:03,640
Speaker 1: into chaos. It definitely would affect the rest of the

809
00:41:03,680 --> 00:41:06,280
Speaker 1: Solar System because there's stuff out there that's much closer

810
00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:09,160
Speaker 1: to Jupiter, and that is where Jupiter is basically the

811
00:41:09,239 --> 00:41:13,840
Speaker 1: dominant gravitational effect, like the asteroid belt is huge collection

812
00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:17,120
Speaker 1: of rocks. Some of them are between Mars and Jupiter,

813
00:41:17,239 --> 00:41:20,359
Speaker 1: and they're very very strongly affected by jupiter gravity, and

814
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:23,160
Speaker 1: some of them are actually in orbit with Jupiter. They're

815
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:26,200
Speaker 1: like part of Jupiter's orbit. They're like co orbiting. So

816
00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:28,880
Speaker 1: Jupiter is the big boy out there and it is

817
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:30,719
Speaker 1: definitely in charge of what's going on. And if you

818
00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:33,960
Speaker 1: deleted Jubiter, then it would totally disrupt the asteroid belt.

819
00:41:33,960 --> 00:41:36,399
Speaker 1: They would would become chaotic very quickly, and they would

820
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:39,320
Speaker 1: get all new trajectories, right, and maybe that could disrupt

821
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,719
Speaker 1: things and maybe throw on asteroid our way, right, it

822
00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:44,239
Speaker 1: could maybe spelled doom for us that way. Yeah, because

823
00:41:44,239 --> 00:41:46,960
Speaker 1: what Joe didn't specify also is what would happen to

824
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:50,200
Speaker 1: the moons of Jupiter. Like if they just delete Jupiter

825
00:41:50,239 --> 00:41:53,360
Speaker 1: and leave its moons, then those moons are suddenly flying

826
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,000
Speaker 1: through space without the gravitational force needed for their orbits.

827
00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:59,960
Speaker 1: So depending on their angles, like they could plummet into

828
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:02,680
Speaker 1: the Sun, they could shoot out of the Solar System,

829
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:05,680
Speaker 1: or they could like start orbiting the Sun on their own.

830
00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:07,880
Speaker 1: And you know, some of those things are pretty big,

831
00:42:08,239 --> 00:42:10,719
Speaker 1: Like they're bigger than mercury and so we'd have like

832
00:42:10,719 --> 00:42:12,879
Speaker 1: a new planet. You know, Io could be a new

833
00:42:12,920 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: planet if you deleted Jupiter. Whoa, that would be the

834
00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:19,960
Speaker 1: ultimate poking the eye for Pluto. If like a moon

835
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:23,719
Speaker 1: got upgraded, well it got downgraded, yeah, I know, talk

836
00:42:23,760 --> 00:42:26,200
Speaker 1: about promotion or you know, one of them could plow

837
00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:29,160
Speaker 1: through into the inner Solar System, disrupting the asteroid belt,

838
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:31,480
Speaker 1: and that would not be great for the Earth because

839
00:42:31,520 --> 00:42:33,920
Speaker 1: a lot of those things could end up hitting the Earth.

840
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:36,440
Speaker 1: You know, most of those are in stable orbits and

841
00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:38,480
Speaker 1: NASA is monitoring them and we don't think any of

842
00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:41,080
Speaker 1: them are on trajectory to hit the Earth anytime soon,

843
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:43,840
Speaker 1: but a big charac event like that could definitely shake

844
00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:46,560
Speaker 1: that up. Alright, well, I guess the answer to the

845
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:48,640
Speaker 1: first part of the question is that it wouldn't affect

846
00:42:48,719 --> 00:42:52,640
Speaker 1: us that much gravitationally, but it might who knows, trigger

847
00:42:52,719 --> 00:42:54,839
Speaker 1: some kind of a random fluke event that could kill

848
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:59,560
Speaker 1: us potentially. So if the aliens come and you offer

849
00:42:59,640 --> 00:43:02,319
Speaker 1: them to better, remember that still has consequences for the

850
00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:06,000
Speaker 1: Earth because we're all one solar system. Man. Yeah, maybe

851
00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:09,120
Speaker 1: point them to the nearest solar system and get them

852
00:43:09,160 --> 00:43:12,280
Speaker 1: to eat those over there. We hear that Alpha Centauri

853
00:43:12,480 --> 00:43:15,000
Speaker 1: is really really nice and chewy this time of year. Yeah,

854
00:43:15,040 --> 00:43:19,400
Speaker 1: they have a better buffet. Ye have better desserts. What

855
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:21,600
Speaker 1: about the second part of his question though, like would

856
00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:26,279
Speaker 1: it rob us of potential fuel for space exploration, Like

857
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:28,919
Speaker 1: we know Jupiter is full of you know, gas that

858
00:43:29,040 --> 00:43:31,640
Speaker 1: we could maybe use for some sort of fusion power

859
00:43:32,040 --> 00:43:34,600
Speaker 1: space engine. Right, it's true, and if the Aliens are

860
00:43:34,640 --> 00:43:37,480
Speaker 1: coming because they want to fuel up, then it's definitely

861
00:43:37,480 --> 00:43:40,040
Speaker 1: a resource and it would suck to lose it. But

862
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,319
Speaker 1: you know, space is filled with these resources, Like there

863
00:43:43,480 --> 00:43:47,120
Speaker 1: is water and hydrogen and all sorts of elements all

864
00:43:47,120 --> 00:43:49,520
Speaker 1: over the Solar System. A lot of the things that

865
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,160
Speaker 1: seem rare and difficult to find on Earth are difficult

866
00:43:52,160 --> 00:43:54,560
Speaker 1: to find only because you're on the surface of the Earth.

867
00:43:54,920 --> 00:43:57,839
Speaker 1: You know, there's like asteroids that are huge chunks of platinum.

868
00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:00,440
Speaker 1: So whatever you really need out there in the the system,

869
00:44:00,480 --> 00:44:03,480
Speaker 1: you can pretty much find it even if you lost Jupiter.

870
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:06,160
Speaker 1: So I'm not too worried about that, But there are

871
00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:09,920
Speaker 1: some consequences of losing Jupiter, Like we use Jupiter and

872
00:44:09,960 --> 00:44:13,560
Speaker 1: Saturn the big planets right now, is like gravitational slingshots.

873
00:44:13,840 --> 00:44:15,960
Speaker 1: You want to get out to Pluto, for example, one

874
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:18,520
Speaker 1: good way to do it is to aim at Jupiter

875
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:20,960
Speaker 1: and swoosh around it and have Jupiter like sling you

876
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:23,640
Speaker 1: out into the outer Solar system. And so we do

877
00:44:23,680 --> 00:44:25,880
Speaker 1: these maneuvers. I think we had a whole podcast episode

878
00:44:25,880 --> 00:44:28,719
Speaker 1: about how they work, and that's pretty helpful. So you'd

879
00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:31,200
Speaker 1: be bummer to lose Jupiter for that reason. Also, Yeah,

880
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:33,919
Speaker 1: like you aim at Jupiter and then let Jupiter pull

881
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:36,080
Speaker 1: you out to where it is, and then once it

882
00:44:36,120 --> 00:44:39,120
Speaker 1: pulls you in, you swing around and use that momentum

883
00:44:39,160 --> 00:44:42,279
Speaker 1: to shoot off into the stars. Yeah, exactly. So it's

884
00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:45,640
Speaker 1: a way without burning any fuel to gain some speed

885
00:44:45,680 --> 00:44:48,160
Speaker 1: because you're stealing a little bit from Jupiter, and also

886
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:51,760
Speaker 1: to change direction. Ie, we wouldn't lose any important fuel

887
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,000
Speaker 1: because this solar system has other resources, but we would

888
00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:57,319
Speaker 1: lose kind of like a nice step in stone to

889
00:44:57,440 --> 00:44:59,719
Speaker 1: get out of this solar system. Yeah, could you use

890
00:44:59,760 --> 00:45:02,760
Speaker 1: our a new moon io, I mean the new planet

891
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:07,520
Speaker 1: io instead. I suppose you could, but it doesn't have

892
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:10,799
Speaker 1: nearly the power gravitationally that Jupiter has. All right, Well,

893
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:13,080
Speaker 1: that answers the question for Joe, what if alian's a

894
00:45:13,239 --> 00:45:16,560
Speaker 1: Jupiter not much, at least for now. So either way,

895
00:45:16,560 --> 00:45:19,160
Speaker 1: aliens is what you're saying, Daniel, That's what I'm saying.

896
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:23,799
Speaker 1: Give us physics and then you're dig in. All right. Well,

897
00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:27,239
Speaker 1: that answers are three amazing questions from our awesome listeners.

898
00:45:27,239 --> 00:45:30,600
Speaker 1: Thanks again to Simon, Petrie and Joe for submitting their

899
00:45:30,680 --> 00:45:33,239
Speaker 1: questions and recording them. If you have questions, at least

900
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:36,560
Speaker 1: email Daniel. That's right, and thank you everybody for using

901
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:40,400
Speaker 1: your curiosity to power this podcast and all of science.

902
00:45:40,719 --> 00:45:42,560
Speaker 1: The reason that we're doing this stuff, the reason we

903
00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:45,200
Speaker 1: are looking for answers to questions about the universe, is

904
00:45:45,239 --> 00:45:47,759
Speaker 1: because we want to know, and we know that you

905
00:45:47,840 --> 00:45:50,080
Speaker 1: want to know, Yeah, and we are happy to give

906
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 1: you answers and also anti answers, which sort of behave

907
00:45:53,080 --> 00:45:55,960
Speaker 1: the same way as answers to right until they collide

908
00:45:55,960 --> 00:45:59,280
Speaker 1: with answers, right, and then they annihilate into pure mental energy.

909
00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:02,080
Speaker 1: All right, Well, thanks for listening. We hope you enjoyed that.

910
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:13,799
Speaker 1: See you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that

911
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,640
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explained the Universe is a production of

912
00:46:16,760 --> 00:46:20,120
Speaker 1: I Heart Radio or more podcast from my heart Radio.

913
00:46:20,280 --> 00:46:23,840
Speaker 1: Visit the I Heart Radio app Apple podcasts, or wherever

914
00:46:23,960 --> 00:46:25,640
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.