1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,600
Speaker 2: Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting.

20
00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 2: To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's

21
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,920
Speaker 2: AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

22
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,039
Speaker 2: They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about,

23
00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 2: like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

24
00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,600
Speaker 2: With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone,

25
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,960
Speaker 2: any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z

26
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:23,680
Speaker 2: flip six.

27
00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:26,160
Speaker 3: It's so good, in fact, it will have.

28
00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,640
Speaker 2: You shouting from the rooftops. So get yourself down a

29
00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,360
Speaker 2: street level and learn how to snag the new Samsung

30
00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,880
Speaker 2: Galaxy Z flip six on AT and T and maybe

31
00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,320
Speaker 2: grab a ladder on the way home. AT and T

32
00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:44,119
Speaker 2: connecting changes everything requires trade in a Galaxy s Note

33
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:46,960
Speaker 2: or Z series smartphone. Limited time offer two hundred and

34
00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:49,880
Speaker 2: fifty six gigabytes for zero dollars. Additional fees, terms and

35
00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,360
Speaker 2: restrictions apply. See att dot com, slash Samsung or visit

36
00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:54,920
Speaker 2: an AT and T store for details.

37
00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,400
Speaker 4: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

38
00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:04,320
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

39
00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:06,960
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

40
00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:09,680
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

41
00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:13,079
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an explorer and seek out unforgettable places

42
00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:16,520
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

43
00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:20,600
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer,

44
00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:22,480
Speaker 4: subject to change terms apply.

45
00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:33,200
Speaker 3: Hey Daniel, how old are you?

46
00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:35,840
Speaker 1: Well? I'm turning forty seven pretty soon.

47
00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:38,160
Speaker 3: M does that feel old?

48
00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:38,679
Speaker 5: Pee?

49
00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:41,880
Speaker 1: Well, whenever I'm feeling old, I just decide to count

50
00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:43,000
Speaker 1: my age differently.

51
00:02:43,120 --> 00:02:45,640
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, like a different base number.

52
00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:47,840
Speaker 1: Know, Like how old would I be if I lived

53
00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:51,440
Speaker 1: in a different place, for example, because Mars is years longer,

54
00:02:51,639 --> 00:02:53,880
Speaker 1: I'd be in my early twenties if I was a Martian.

55
00:02:54,120 --> 00:02:57,040
Speaker 3: Uh, but you would die in like a few hours,

56
00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:58,799
Speaker 3: would any or a few minutes if you lift the

57
00:02:58,840 --> 00:02:59,680
Speaker 3: Mars right now.

58
00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:02,320
Speaker 1: Depending if Elon Musk has money left from his Twitter

59
00:03:02,320 --> 00:03:05,000
Speaker 1: purchased to fund our oxygen on Mars.

60
00:03:05,320 --> 00:03:07,600
Speaker 3: But I guess even if you're a Martian, you would

61
00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,720
Speaker 3: still live the same amount of time, so you'd be

62
00:03:09,880 --> 00:03:12,639
Speaker 3: just as old. It'd just be a different year unit.

63
00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,440
Speaker 1: That's right. But it's all about how the number feels.

64
00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:15,760
Speaker 6: Man.

65
00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:17,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, but also you have to take you through account

66
00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:21,680
Speaker 3: your life expectancy. That also gets changed on Mars, right.

67
00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:25,120
Speaker 1: Yep, on Mars we all die young anyway.

68
00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:26,680
Speaker 3: Or maybe not. Maybe the air there is so much

69
00:03:26,720 --> 00:03:44,720
Speaker 3: better that people would live longer, long enough to tweet forever. Hi.

70
00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:47,040
Speaker 3: I'm Horeham, made cartoonists and the co author of Frequently

71
00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:48,880
Speaker 3: Asked Questions about the Universe.

72
00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:52,480
Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

73
00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:55,880
Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I plan to teach until my

74
00:03:56,080 --> 00:03:57,160
Speaker 1: old old age.

75
00:03:57,560 --> 00:03:59,840
Speaker 3: Do you think you'll still have something to teach when

76
00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:00,560
Speaker 3: you're that at all?

77
00:04:00,720 --> 00:04:03,760
Speaker 1: I often teach freshman physics, which hasn't changed since Newton,

78
00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:07,480
Speaker 1: so I'm planning to teach it until I grade away.

79
00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:11,840
Speaker 3: What if you start forgetting things, even Newtonian physics?

80
00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:13,680
Speaker 1: I'm sorry, what'd you ask? I forgot the first part

81
00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:14,480
Speaker 1: of your question.

82
00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:18,880
Speaker 3: But anyways, Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain

83
00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:21,880
Speaker 3: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

84
00:04:21,279 --> 00:04:25,680
Speaker 1: In which we explore this incredibly old and incredibly young universe,

85
00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:29,200
Speaker 1: which has lived for billions of years and may survive

86
00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,400
Speaker 1: for trillions and trillions more. We explore all of the

87
00:04:32,560 --> 00:04:36,560
Speaker 1: fast moving and slow paced processes that grow and shape

88
00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:39,000
Speaker 1: and define our universe and make it the one that

89
00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:41,560
Speaker 1: we love. Our goal is not to be intimidated by

90
00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:44,280
Speaker 1: the age of the universe or the billions and trillions

91
00:04:44,279 --> 00:04:46,680
Speaker 1: of years that are to come, but to try to

92
00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:49,800
Speaker 1: understand the processes that shape it and to explain all

93
00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:50,760
Speaker 1: of them to you.

94
00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,640
Speaker 3: That's right, because we live in an amazing universe. It's

95
00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:57,480
Speaker 3: been around for fourteen billion years or maybe more, which

96
00:04:57,520 --> 00:04:59,520
Speaker 3: sounds like a long time, but who knows. We could

97
00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,680
Speaker 3: be maybe in the universe's infancy right now, and the

98
00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:06,200
Speaker 3: universe might live on for a long time, maybe even forever.

99
00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:08,279
Speaker 1: Imagine if you had lived in the universe in the

100
00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:11,200
Speaker 1: first few hundred thousand years, you might think, oh, this

101
00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:13,960
Speaker 1: is what the universe is like, not realizing that it

102
00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,080
Speaker 1: was but the first flash of the universe and that

103
00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:18,960
Speaker 1: it would live for billions of years with glowing stars.

104
00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:21,400
Speaker 1: And now we live in the starfield era of the universe.

105
00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:24,040
Speaker 1: But it might just be the first flash of a

106
00:05:24,120 --> 00:05:27,000
Speaker 1: universe that lasts for trillions of years and is mostly

107
00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:29,760
Speaker 1: filled with black holes. So this era of the universe

108
00:05:29,839 --> 00:05:32,320
Speaker 1: could be very short lived and very weird.

109
00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:35,800
Speaker 3: Weird, but also pretty cool. I think you know right,

110
00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:38,560
Speaker 3: Technically we are living in the cool years of the universe,

111
00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:41,840
Speaker 3: not the hot, crazy, insane years. And also not the

112
00:05:42,279 --> 00:05:43,719
Speaker 3: you know, super freezing years.

113
00:05:43,839 --> 00:05:46,479
Speaker 1: Well, because the universe is expanding, it's cooling, and so

114
00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:50,400
Speaker 1: technically it gets cooler every year, and not just because

115
00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:53,640
Speaker 1: they keep releasing more Marvel movies about more multiverses.

116
00:05:53,839 --> 00:05:55,599
Speaker 3: Yeah, but at some point you get I think it

117
00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:58,080
Speaker 3: is possible to be too cool, you know, like if

118
00:05:58,080 --> 00:06:00,919
Speaker 3: the entropy of the universe is the maximum and the

119
00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:05,040
Speaker 3: temperature is like zero out there, Kelvin, that's not cool.

120
00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:08,760
Speaker 1: Doctor Strange and the heat death of the universe coming soon.

121
00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:12,000
Speaker 3: I hear the last one is pretty dark, right, Everything's

122
00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:12,760
Speaker 3: getting darker.

123
00:06:13,480 --> 00:06:15,960
Speaker 1: Everything in the Marble universe is getting darker. But in

124
00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:19,039
Speaker 1: our universe, things continue to glow and brighten and to

125
00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:21,720
Speaker 1: fill the universe with photons that allow us to see

126
00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,479
Speaker 1: the incredible views across billions and billions of miles and

127
00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:29,159
Speaker 1: allow our tiny human brains to grapple with questions about

128
00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:31,239
Speaker 1: how everything came to look the way that it does

129
00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:33,839
Speaker 1: and how long it will continue to shine.

130
00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, because unless you're Elon Musk, I guess the universe

131
00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:40,400
Speaker 3: will be bright and shiny and beautiful and amazing and

132
00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:44,159
Speaker 3: an open mystery pretty much until your old age, right.

133
00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:45,599
Speaker 1: Is Elon Musk going to figure it out. Is that

134
00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:46,080
Speaker 1: what you're saying.

135
00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:47,800
Speaker 3: I think he's going to figure out how to beat

136
00:06:47,800 --> 00:06:48,360
Speaker 3: old age.

137
00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:52,000
Speaker 1: Probably he's going to download himself into a Tesla and

138
00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:53,960
Speaker 1: launch himself into space and live there forever.

139
00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:58,280
Speaker 3: That's right, with that special module for twittering.

140
00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:01,080
Speaker 1: Maybe he should combine all of his companies, you know,

141
00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:06,400
Speaker 1: twistler put Twitter onto a Tesla in a boring tube

142
00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:08,120
Speaker 1: and launch that whole thing into space.

143
00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:13,240
Speaker 3: That's right, Yeah, it'd be a twistler X would be

144
00:07:13,280 --> 00:07:16,360
Speaker 3: the new company name, the Boring twistler X.

145
00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:19,320
Speaker 1: But we are not funded by Elon Musk, although you

146
00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:21,320
Speaker 1: know you know where to send your donations Elon if

147
00:07:21,360 --> 00:07:23,840
Speaker 1: you're a listener. But we are motivated by the desire

148
00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:27,120
Speaker 1: to understand everything that's around us and figure out exactly

149
00:07:27,160 --> 00:07:29,680
Speaker 1: how long this flash in the pan will last.

150
00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:31,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, because as much as we know about how the

151
00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:34,800
Speaker 3: universe works right now, there are still open questions about

152
00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,600
Speaker 3: how the universe will keep on working and how it's

153
00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:39,640
Speaker 3: going to work up until the end of the universe.

154
00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:41,760
Speaker 1: Remember that when you look up at the sky, it

155
00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:44,640
Speaker 1: seems sort of static and frozen. You don't notice from

156
00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:48,600
Speaker 1: day to day stars appearing or disappearing or changing their location.

157
00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:51,360
Speaker 1: But that's just because we live in a tiny little

158
00:07:51,360 --> 00:07:54,800
Speaker 1: slice and the universe operates on much longer time scales.

159
00:07:55,200 --> 00:07:57,360
Speaker 1: If you could see a movie of the universe sped

160
00:07:57,400 --> 00:07:59,960
Speaker 1: up to see all fourteen billion years in just a minute,

161
00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:03,920
Speaker 1: it would seem like a crazy, chaotic, dynamic place. Even

162
00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:07,200
Speaker 1: our Solar system has had planets shift around in orbit.

163
00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:10,920
Speaker 1: Our galaxy is spinning and swirling and colliding. All sorts

164
00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:13,200
Speaker 1: of stuff is happening, and as we look out into

165
00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:16,320
Speaker 1: the universe on those cosmic scales, we ask questions about

166
00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:18,640
Speaker 1: how everything came to be and how long it will

167
00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:20,440
Speaker 1: continue to swirl and glow.

168
00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:22,840
Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, so your planet to be a professor until

169
00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:24,760
Speaker 3: you grow old or even die.

170
00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:26,680
Speaker 1: Apparently, Oh, they're going to have to drag me out

171
00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:28,040
Speaker 1: of this office. I'm going to be here until the

172
00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:29,440
Speaker 1: Milky Way stops spinning.

173
00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:32,679
Speaker 3: I have a similar plan. My plan is to be

174
00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:34,600
Speaker 3: a cartoonism until I'm rich.

175
00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:37,320
Speaker 1: I see, so another hundred billion years.

176
00:08:38,120 --> 00:08:41,400
Speaker 3: Yeah, so basically the same thing as a growing old

177
00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:42,040
Speaker 3: till my die.

178
00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:42,800
Speaker 1: Yeah.

179
00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:47,080
Speaker 3: But anyways, it is an interesting and growing universe, which

180
00:08:47,080 --> 00:08:49,199
Speaker 3: makes you sort of wonder how it's all going to end,

181
00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:51,920
Speaker 3: if not the universe, at least maybe our galaxy.

182
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:54,040
Speaker 1: That's right. On the podcast, we have talked about the

183
00:08:54,080 --> 00:08:57,080
Speaker 1: future of the Earth and our solar system, how the

184
00:08:57,160 --> 00:08:59,800
Speaker 1: Earth will get subsumed eventually into the outer layers of

185
00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:02,840
Speaker 1: Then we've even talked about the lifetime of stars, how

186
00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:05,400
Speaker 1: long they will burn, and how long our universe will

187
00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:08,679
Speaker 1: keep making stars. But the universe is not made just

188
00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,640
Speaker 1: of planets, or solar systems or stars. One way to

189
00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:14,679
Speaker 1: look at the universe is that the basic unit are galaxies,

190
00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:18,800
Speaker 1: these big swirling swarms of billions of stars that flow

191
00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:21,560
Speaker 1: through the universe. How do galaxies form and how long

192
00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:24,520
Speaker 1: do they live? Do they just keep spinning until they

193
00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:25,880
Speaker 1: become rich cartoonists?

194
00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:29,280
Speaker 3: So today we have an amazing and galactic question. Today

195
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:38,040
Speaker 3: we'll be tackling how do galaxies die or how do

196
00:09:38,080 --> 00:09:40,360
Speaker 3: they fade away? I guess maybe maybe that's a nicer

197
00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:40,920
Speaker 3: way to say it.

198
00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,000
Speaker 1: How do they become emeritus galaxies?

199
00:09:43,040 --> 00:09:45,280
Speaker 3: How do they move on? How do they join the farm?

200
00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:48,840
Speaker 1: How do we make room for new galaxies because they're

201
00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:50,840
Speaker 1: just taking up space these old folks.

202
00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:54,240
Speaker 3: Oh right, well, well there's plenty of space in space, right.

203
00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,680
Speaker 1: That's true. There is plenty of room for galaxies, but

204
00:09:56,760 --> 00:09:59,720
Speaker 1: you know they are using the raw materials. They're occupying

205
00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,560
Speaker 1: a whole whole lot of carbon and iron, all sorts

206
00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:05,320
Speaker 1: of other stuff that could go to seed new stars

207
00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:08,280
Speaker 1: and new galaxies and new forms of life and intelligence.

208
00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:10,600
Speaker 3: M well, the first thing I thought when I saw

209
00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:13,880
Speaker 3: this title was like, what galaxies can die? I didn't

210
00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:15,400
Speaker 3: know that. Do they have like a beating heart?

211
00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,400
Speaker 1: It depends a little bit how you define death, right.

212
00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:22,480
Speaker 1: Galaxies don't live, of course, in the same sense that

213
00:10:22,679 --> 00:10:25,240
Speaker 1: organic entities do the way you and I do. But

214
00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:27,320
Speaker 1: they do have a really interesting life cycle, and at

215
00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:31,520
Speaker 1: some point they stop making stars, and eventually those stars

216
00:10:31,559 --> 00:10:34,040
Speaker 1: will burn out, and so the fate of galaxies is

217
00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:38,000
Speaker 1: in fact to fade away into darkness, which some could

218
00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:39,840
Speaker 1: describe as the death of a galaxy.

219
00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:42,440
Speaker 3: M I see you're defining the death of a galaxy

220
00:10:42,480 --> 00:10:44,319
Speaker 3: as when it I guess when it goes dark? Is

221
00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:46,520
Speaker 3: that what you're saying, Like when it stops shining or

222
00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:48,360
Speaker 3: you can't see it, or do you define it as

223
00:10:48,400 --> 00:10:51,720
Speaker 3: like no activity, or when it breaks apart or when

224
00:10:51,720 --> 00:10:53,880
Speaker 3: it turns into a black hole. There are many possible

225
00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:55,040
Speaker 3: ways to kill a galaxy.

226
00:10:55,080 --> 00:10:58,240
Speaker 1: I guess there are lots of milestones in galaxy retirement.

227
00:10:58,320 --> 00:11:02,840
Speaker 1: But scientists call this galaxy quenching when it stops making stars.

228
00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:05,520
Speaker 1: Those stars burn for a while and then eventually they

229
00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:08,600
Speaker 1: will all fade out and you will indeed get just

230
00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:11,240
Speaker 1: black holes with lumps of stuff swirling around it.

231
00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:14,240
Speaker 3: M I see, So you're really talking more about asking

232
00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,960
Speaker 3: how do galaxies retire like when they start producing light.

233
00:11:18,559 --> 00:11:21,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's not a funeral home. We're pushing these galaxies into.

234
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:24,200
Speaker 1: It's a nice senior living facility with all sorts of

235
00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:26,520
Speaker 1: other active galaxies to hang out with.

236
00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:26,959
Speaker 7: Mm.

237
00:11:27,240 --> 00:11:31,840
Speaker 3: Interesting, there are cospank retirement homes. Do you have early

238
00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:32,760
Speaker 3: bird specials too?

239
00:11:32,920 --> 00:11:35,240
Speaker 1: Well, once you're no longer making stars, you're not really

240
00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:36,320
Speaker 1: part of the game anymore.

241
00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:42,240
Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, I guess you're off the rat race kind

242
00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:44,240
Speaker 3: of do see who's the shiniest galaxy.

243
00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:47,080
Speaker 1: You're definitely onto a new era in your life because

244
00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:50,600
Speaker 1: if you don't have stars, then you can't make new elements.

245
00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,160
Speaker 1: You're stuck with the composition that you have. Remember that

246
00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,040
Speaker 1: new elements are only born in the heart of stars

247
00:11:56,120 --> 00:11:59,520
Speaker 1: and supernovas and then the collisions of neutron stars. But

248
00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:03,040
Speaker 1: once you've stopped making stars, you're no longer initiating that

249
00:12:03,160 --> 00:12:06,360
Speaker 1: process that ends up with new elements, and so eventually

250
00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:08,640
Speaker 1: you're going to get stuck with whatever you have. You'd

251
00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:11,200
Speaker 1: be sort of frozen with your mixture of stuff.

252
00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:11,640
Speaker 8: Mmm.

253
00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:14,760
Speaker 3: All right, Well, we'll get into the details of a

254
00:12:14,920 --> 00:12:19,320
Speaker 3: galaxy's retirement, both from its job and mainly from its life.

255
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:21,439
Speaker 3: But as usual, we were wondering how many people had

256
00:12:21,640 --> 00:12:25,200
Speaker 3: had these dark thoughts about galaxies and what happens to

257
00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:27,319
Speaker 3: them in the future. So as usual, Daniel went out

258
00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:30,520
Speaker 3: there and asked people a question, how do galaxies die?

259
00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:34,040
Speaker 1: So thanks everybody who participates in these fun questions. If

260
00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:37,040
Speaker 1: you'd like to hear your speculations here on the podcast

261
00:12:37,080 --> 00:12:39,880
Speaker 1: for everybody else to enjoy, Please don't be shy. Write

262
00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:42,400
Speaker 1: to us two questions at Danielanjorge dot com.

263
00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:44,240
Speaker 3: Think about it for a second, how do you think

264
00:12:44,679 --> 00:12:48,240
Speaker 3: galaxies retire? Here's what people had to say.

265
00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:50,959
Speaker 9: I think I have a decent guest for this. There

266
00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:54,480
Speaker 9: are supermassive black holes at the center of every galaxy,

267
00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:59,880
Speaker 9: and at some point black holes do die or evaporate.

268
00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,360
Speaker 9: It is possible. So maybe when that happens, when the

269
00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:08,360
Speaker 9: black hole kind of doesn't exist anymore than the galaxies

270
00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:10,000
Speaker 9: just disindicates.

271
00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:13,640
Speaker 5: As far as I know, galaxies die when their stars

272
00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:19,880
Speaker 5: start dying and stop making more stars, and it just

273
00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:25,920
Speaker 5: becomes a cold cloud of sadness and you can't see it.

274
00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:28,480
Speaker 1: So I guess that's a dead galaxy.

275
00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:32,600
Speaker 10: I don't know how galaxies die. I would guess that

276
00:13:32,920 --> 00:13:36,320
Speaker 10: either the if it's a black hole in the middle

277
00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:40,640
Speaker 10: of the galaxy, that its supposed swallows large parts of

278
00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:45,400
Speaker 10: the galaxy, or that stars either should have die by

279
00:13:45,559 --> 00:13:48,319
Speaker 10: not admitting as much light as they previously would have been,

280
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:50,720
Speaker 10: and so the galaxy becomes sort of darker and darker.

281
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:54,440
Speaker 11: So I think galaxies are so large and have so

282
00:13:54,559 --> 00:13:58,480
Speaker 11: much angular momentum that all the stars within the galaxy

283
00:13:58,520 --> 00:14:00,600
Speaker 11: will reach the end stages of their li life and

284
00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:04,240
Speaker 11: we will no longer have the starting conditions necessary to

285
00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:08,840
Speaker 11: get new stars created before the entire galaxy will be

286
00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:10,800
Speaker 11: eaten up by the supermassive black hole.

287
00:14:11,679 --> 00:14:15,520
Speaker 12: Galaxies die in three ways, first when they crash in

288
00:14:15,640 --> 00:14:21,600
Speaker 12: and merge with a larger galaxy, second when the stars

289
00:14:22,120 --> 00:14:25,440
Speaker 12: fall into the black hole at the center of the galaxy,

290
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:33,280
Speaker 12: and third when the galaxy creates no new stars, and

291
00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:37,800
Speaker 12: the stars in the galaxy die from old age.

292
00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:43,440
Speaker 13: The galaxies die if eventually they lose the ability to

293
00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:48,720
Speaker 13: make new stars. So this can come from a different reasons,

294
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:51,720
Speaker 13: but one of them that I know it might be

295
00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:56,960
Speaker 13: that the black hole from the center of the galaxy

296
00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:04,440
Speaker 13: starts this process by emitting probably a powerful quessir hm,

297
00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,400
Speaker 13: the super massive black holes in the center suck them.

298
00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:08,960
Speaker 1: Up or something.

299
00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:13,000
Speaker 3: All right, dark answers for a dark question. I guess

300
00:15:13,040 --> 00:15:15,600
Speaker 3: a lot of people went for the black hole scenario.

301
00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's really interesting. People are aware that eventually everything

302
00:15:19,240 --> 00:15:21,920
Speaker 1: will fall into the black hole, and they imagine that

303
00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:23,560
Speaker 1: that's what's going to kill the galaxy.

304
00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:28,560
Speaker 3: But little do they know there's something worse around the

305
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:29,160
Speaker 3: corner or what.

306
00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, there's sort of two competing timelines there, like will

307
00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:35,520
Speaker 1: the stars burn out, well, it's stop making stars before

308
00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:38,160
Speaker 1: it falls into the black hole, or would the black

309
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:41,520
Speaker 1: hole like eat up a bunch of otherwise lively elements

310
00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:44,000
Speaker 1: of the galaxy which could have made new stars if

311
00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:47,240
Speaker 1: only they hadn't fallen into that gravitational.

312
00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:49,000
Speaker 3: Well, all right, well, before we start to consider a

313
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:52,640
Speaker 3: galaxy's death, let's, you know, let's do a little retrospective here,

314
00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:55,720
Speaker 3: and let's consider the whole life of the galaxy. So

315
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,400
Speaker 3: let's start at begetting Daniel. How do galaxies even get born?

316
00:15:59,560 --> 00:16:01,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, like thin, we begin with a nostalgic sort of

317
00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,840
Speaker 1: like montage, musical mind motage, all the good moments, remember those.

318
00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:11,120
Speaker 3: With an old timey like film fields or something.

319
00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:13,920
Speaker 1: You have soft focused you know, fuzzy pictures of the

320
00:16:13,920 --> 00:16:15,520
Speaker 1: galaxy playing in the kiddie.

321
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:18,640
Speaker 3: Pool, like the projector sounds going the.

322
00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:20,720
Speaker 1: Galaxy being mean to the cat, you know, that kind

323
00:16:20,720 --> 00:16:23,840
Speaker 1: of stuff, but looking so cute.

324
00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:26,240
Speaker 3: No pictures of the galaxy crying or.

325
00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:30,600
Speaker 1: I think of galaxies as one of the most fundamental

326
00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:34,200
Speaker 1: units of the universe because even though the stars are

327
00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:37,800
Speaker 1: within them, it's the galaxies that are formed by like

328
00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:40,960
Speaker 1: the initial fluctuations. So you know, you begin at the

329
00:16:41,160 --> 00:16:44,600
Speaker 1: very very early stages of the universe. Everything is smooth

330
00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:47,000
Speaker 1: and filled with matter. There are no wiggles, there's no

331
00:16:47,080 --> 00:16:49,480
Speaker 1: extra lumpy bits. And then you get quantum mechanics that

332
00:16:49,560 --> 00:16:52,280
Speaker 1: fluctuates and gives you like a little bit more stuff here,

333
00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:55,600
Speaker 1: maybe fewer particles over here, but that's really tiny, that's

334
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,640
Speaker 1: super microscopic. That kind of quantum fluctuation is happening all

335
00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,600
Speaker 1: the time even today. In the very early universe, those

336
00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:05,639
Speaker 1: fluctuations were blown up to a huge scale by early

337
00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:09,119
Speaker 1: universe inflation. The way space itself was stretched by like

338
00:17:09,119 --> 00:17:12,320
Speaker 1: a factor of ten to thirty blew up these little

339
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,560
Speaker 1: tiny lumps, these little bits where something was heavier and

340
00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:19,920
Speaker 1: something was lighter into actual macroscopic sizes, and then gravity

341
00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:22,040
Speaker 1: took over and it said, all right, this spot is

342
00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,720
Speaker 1: a little bit denser than that spot, so all the

343
00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:27,240
Speaker 1: particles are going to get attracted over there. So you

344
00:17:27,320 --> 00:17:31,359
Speaker 1: begin with these very shallow gravitational wells that slowly roll

345
00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:33,879
Speaker 1: more particles into them, and then they get stronger and

346
00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:37,240
Speaker 1: stronger and stronger. We're talking about it's mostly dark matter.

347
00:17:37,320 --> 00:17:41,399
Speaker 1: It builds these gravitational wells that then normal matter falls into.

348
00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:43,800
Speaker 1: And where you have these wells, you have big blobs

349
00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:46,200
Speaker 1: of matter and that's what forms galaxies.

350
00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:49,040
Speaker 3: Yeah, I think we sometimes talk about it as the

351
00:17:49,080 --> 00:17:52,360
Speaker 3: seeds of the galaxies, right, Like the seeds, like where

352
00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:55,120
Speaker 3: the galaxies came from, was all sort of laid out

353
00:17:55,119 --> 00:17:57,280
Speaker 3: in those first moments of the Big Bang, so kind

354
00:17:57,280 --> 00:17:59,639
Speaker 3: of in a way like galaxies were maybe the first

355
00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,360
Speaker 3: thing that were defined in the universe the first kind

356
00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:03,400
Speaker 3: of organization, right.

357
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can think about it like that. We think

358
00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:08,320
Speaker 1: that probably stars formed and then they formed into galaxies,

359
00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:10,639
Speaker 1: but they all formed out of these big clouds of

360
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:15,240
Speaker 1: gas that were themselves formed by these dark matter halos,

361
00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:18,879
Speaker 1: which were themselves formed by those initial seeds that we

362
00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:21,080
Speaker 1: talked about. Something I think is really cool is that

363
00:18:21,359 --> 00:18:24,760
Speaker 1: the pattern of dark matter, which controls the whole structure

364
00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:27,600
Speaker 1: of the universe, is like these filaments, you know, these

365
00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:31,200
Speaker 1: like lines through a cosmic web, and where those filaments

366
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,240
Speaker 1: overlap with each other are the dark matter halos. You

367
00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:36,399
Speaker 1: could think of its sort of like these filaments are

368
00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:40,399
Speaker 1: funneling matter into these lakes which are where they intersect.

369
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:44,520
Speaker 1: So gas is falling from these filaments into these halos

370
00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:48,080
Speaker 1: and then swirling together to form stars which form galaxies.

371
00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:48,600
Speaker 8: Hmmm.

372
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:50,960
Speaker 3: Interesting. I guess what I mean is like, if you

373
00:18:51,040 --> 00:18:53,680
Speaker 3: had been around at the time that early in the universe,

374
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:56,119
Speaker 3: you could have been predicted maybe like, oh, there's going

375
00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:58,160
Speaker 3: to be a galaxy, and there's going to be a galaxy,

376
00:18:58,240 --> 00:18:59,840
Speaker 3: you know what I mean. Like the definition of a

377
00:18:59,840 --> 00:19:02,879
Speaker 3: galaxy was sort of right there at the beginning of

378
00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:03,359
Speaker 3: the universe.

379
00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:05,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, you definitely would know that this is where complex

380
00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:08,200
Speaker 1: structure is going to form. So I think it's super

381
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:10,720
Speaker 1: fascinating what you end up getting. I mean, you start

382
00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:13,520
Speaker 1: with just clouds of hydrogen, and then like you get

383
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:17,040
Speaker 1: stars and you get galaxies. It's really fascinating sort of

384
00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:19,240
Speaker 1: the size and the scale and the shape of what

385
00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:21,159
Speaker 1: forms out of that. It's one of the I think

386
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:25,240
Speaker 1: the deepest questions in modern physics why these objects emerge

387
00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:27,320
Speaker 1: at these scales. You know, why do we get stars

388
00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:29,919
Speaker 1: they're about this size? Why do we get galaxies about

389
00:19:29,920 --> 00:19:33,240
Speaker 1: this size? Why don't we get just one humongous galaxy

390
00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:35,800
Speaker 1: in the whole universe? Or why do galaxies form at all?

391
00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:38,240
Speaker 1: Why don't we just have stars spread out everywhere? So

392
00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:40,920
Speaker 1: I think it would have been pretty hard to predict computationally.

393
00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:43,159
Speaker 1: I think it's really interesting to sort of see what

394
00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:46,199
Speaker 1: emerges from structure in the universe. And that's just what

395
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:49,159
Speaker 1: we're doing now. We're still seeing structure emerge. Now we

396
00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:52,679
Speaker 1: have clusters of galaxies and superclusters of galaxies, and that

397
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,480
Speaker 1: process is still happening because we're still fairly young in

398
00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:56,120
Speaker 1: the universe.

399
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:58,119
Speaker 3: Yeah we are. Are we still in the like the

400
00:19:58,160 --> 00:20:01,560
Speaker 3: teenage years. You think the awkward teenage years full of pimples.

401
00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:04,119
Speaker 1: Well, gravity is really slow, so it takes a long

402
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:07,040
Speaker 1: time to form structure, and so it's formed galaxies and

403
00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:10,680
Speaker 1: galaxy clusters. But those galaxy clusters themselves are like very

404
00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:14,239
Speaker 1: loosely grouped into superclusters. Gravity hasn't had time really to

405
00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:17,280
Speaker 1: gather that together into something greater. In the meantime, dark

406
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:20,280
Speaker 1: energy is doing the opposite job. It's pushing everything apart,

407
00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:23,960
Speaker 1: preventing gravity from making superstructures. So we might be living

408
00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:26,720
Speaker 1: in the moment when the universe is the most organized.

409
00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:28,440
Speaker 1: So I don't know if those are really the teenage

410
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:30,440
Speaker 1: years or if that's like it's mid thirties. You know,

411
00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:32,160
Speaker 1: it's really sort of on top of its stuff before

412
00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:33,320
Speaker 1: it starts to get old.

413
00:20:33,680 --> 00:20:38,000
Speaker 3: Before it has its midlife crisis. We all do exactly

414
00:20:38,119 --> 00:20:40,480
Speaker 3: all right, Well, I guess that's the birth of a galaxy.

415
00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:44,439
Speaker 3: And so a surprising idea is that galaxies change and

416
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,040
Speaker 3: they might even die one day. So let's dive right

417
00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:50,080
Speaker 3: into that. But first, let's take a quick break.

418
00:20:54,320 --> 00:20:57,240
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what

419
00:20:57,359 --> 00:20:59,760
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's

420
00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:03,000
Speaker 1: build the price your thoughts you we're paying magically skyrockets.

421
00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:06,680
Speaker 1: With Mintmobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

422
00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,000
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

423
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,160
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used Mintmobile

424
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:14,960
Speaker 1: and the call quality is always so crisp and so clear.

425
00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:17,200
Speaker 1: I can recommend it to you, So say bye bye

426
00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:20,560
Speaker 1: to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly bills and

427
00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:23,720
Speaker 1: unexpected overages. You can use your own phone with any

428
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:26,399
Speaker 1: mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number along with

429
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:29,520
Speaker 1: your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless with mint

430
00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:32,399
Speaker 1: Mobiles deal and get three months a premium wireless service

431
00:21:32,440 --> 00:21:34,639
Speaker 1: for fifteen bucks a month. To get this new customer

432
00:21:34,680 --> 00:21:36,879
Speaker 1: offer and your new three month premium wireless plan for

433
00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:39,080
Speaker 1: just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile dot com

434
00:21:39,119 --> 00:21:42,399
Speaker 1: slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe. Cut your

435
00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:44,760
Speaker 1: wireless bill to fifteen bucks a month. At mintmobile dot

436
00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:48,080
Speaker 1: com slash universe, forty five dollars upfront payment required equivalent

437
00:21:48,119 --> 00:21:50,520
Speaker 1: to fifteen dollars per month. New customers on first three

438
00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:53,520
Speaker 1: month plan only. Speeds slower about forty gigabytes on unlimited plan.

439
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:56,840
Speaker 1: Additional taxi speeds and restrictions apply. See mint Mobile for details.

440
00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,000
Speaker 14: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

441
00:22:00,359 --> 00:22:03,600
Speaker 14: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

442
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,840
Speaker 14: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

443
00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:10,760
Speaker 14: needs a lot of speed and processing power. So how

444
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,960
Speaker 14: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

445
00:22:13,960 --> 00:22:16,280
Speaker 14: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

446
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:21,800
Speaker 14: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

447
00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:26,720
Speaker 14: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

448
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:29,240
Speaker 14: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

449
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:33,159
Speaker 14: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

450
00:22:33,240 --> 00:22:36,360
Speaker 14: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

451
00:22:36,359 --> 00:22:38,560
Speaker 14: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

452
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,120
Speaker 14: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

453
00:22:41,160 --> 00:22:43,359
Speaker 14: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

454
00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:46,160
Speaker 14: eight y eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

455
00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:50,080
Speaker 14: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

456
00:22:50,359 --> 00:22:55,640
Speaker 14: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

457
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:58,800
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

458
00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:02,760
Speaker 1: credit card design for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

459
00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:05,840
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

460
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,800
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings

461
00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:11,639
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the

462
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:15,000
Speaker 1: wallet app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to

463
00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:18,520
Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility Apple Card and Savings

464
00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,399
Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank, USA, Salt Lake City Branch, Member,

465
00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:24,840
Speaker 1: FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com. When you

466
00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:26,920
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy

467
00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:30,200
Speaker 1: a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking

468
00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:33,800
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But

469
00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:36,520
Speaker 1: the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy has

470
00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:40,960
Speaker 1: set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas

471
00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:43,560
Speaker 1: neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard

472
00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:46,080
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

473
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,920
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

474
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:53,560
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

475
00:23:53,600 --> 00:23:57,000
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

476
00:23:57,080 --> 00:23:59,920
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling green

477
00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:03,320
Speaker 1: house gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the

478
00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:07,160
Speaker 1: methane from maneure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

479
00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,280
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

480
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:11,320
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

481
00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:14,080
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

482
00:24:14,080 --> 00:24:17,600
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

483
00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:20,440
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

484
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:23,320
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

485
00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:34,959
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about the death of galaxies, Daniel,

486
00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:36,800
Speaker 3: Does that mean our galaxy is going to die?

487
00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:40,560
Speaker 1: Scientists think that the Milky Way itself is beginning to quench.

488
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,800
Speaker 1: We're entering a period where we're making fewer and fewer stars,

489
00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:46,800
Speaker 1: and that's going to happen faster and faster. So sort

490
00:24:46,840 --> 00:24:49,120
Speaker 1: of the Milky Way's peak might be behind us.

491
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:51,560
Speaker 3: Oh boy, well, for a second, I thought you were

492
00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,160
Speaker 3: going to give us a super plot twist and say like, oh,

493
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:57,760
Speaker 3: our galaxy is already dead. It's been dead the whole

494
00:24:57,800 --> 00:24:59,800
Speaker 3: time versus ghosts.

495
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:02,119
Speaker 1: That's right, This whole galaxy is nothing but an m

496
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:03,520
Speaker 1: night shominaland film.

497
00:25:04,320 --> 00:25:06,199
Speaker 3: Yeah, spoiler alert.

498
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:09,000
Speaker 1: I talk to dead galaxies.

499
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:12,800
Speaker 3: I see dead galaxies with my telescopes. Do you kind

500
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:14,840
Speaker 3: of do maybe? Right, Like, if you look out into

501
00:25:14,840 --> 00:25:18,359
Speaker 3: the far universe, you might be seeing galaxies that have

502
00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:19,120
Speaker 3: died already.

503
00:25:19,160 --> 00:25:21,680
Speaker 1: Right, We do see a lot of galaxies that are dead.

504
00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:24,879
Speaker 1: And one of the surprising things something we struggle to

505
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:28,280
Speaker 1: understand is what's killing all these galaxies? Why are there

506
00:25:28,359 --> 00:25:31,560
Speaker 1: so many galaxies out there that are already quenched and

507
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:33,680
Speaker 1: have stopped making new stars?

508
00:25:33,840 --> 00:25:36,320
Speaker 3: Wow, this just went from a thriller to a mystery.

509
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:37,680
Speaker 3: We just switched genres here.

510
00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:41,639
Speaker 1: It's a combination because somebody's still out there killing galaxies.

511
00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,560
Speaker 1: It's not over yet. We still have a chance to

512
00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:48,119
Speaker 1: catch the killer and maybe save future galaxies.

513
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:52,600
Speaker 3: And maybe do nothing about it because it's just physics.

514
00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,080
Speaker 1: Are you saying we can't learn things about the universe

515
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,600
Speaker 1: and intervene in its faith that we have no control,

516
00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,840
Speaker 1: no power to change the future of humanity. That doesn't

517
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:03,160
Speaker 1: sound like an engineer.

518
00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:05,600
Speaker 3: You tell me, I guess you know. The physicist has

519
00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:06,720
Speaker 3: to tell us if it's possible.

520
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,640
Speaker 1: Well, the first thing to do is to understand what

521
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:10,639
Speaker 1: it is that's killing these galaxies, and then we can

522
00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:13,240
Speaker 1: figure out if it's possible to intervene. Then we have

523
00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:15,560
Speaker 1: something to start training some galaxy engineers.

524
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,040
Speaker 3: That might be the sequel. I guess all right, well,

525
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:20,720
Speaker 3: I think one interesting bit of news is that, you know,

526
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,800
Speaker 3: galaxies seem to change, and I guess they quenched and

527
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:27,159
Speaker 3: they maybe eventually die. And so is that something that

528
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,040
Speaker 3: we've always believed in, that galaxies can change or did

529
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:32,879
Speaker 3: we think that we would just you know, swirl around forever.

530
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,000
Speaker 1: We've always thought that eventually galaxies would use up their

531
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:38,919
Speaker 1: raw materials in terms of making stars. You know, you

532
00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:41,680
Speaker 1: have a certain amount of hydrogen in the universe for example,

533
00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:44,920
Speaker 1: that's primarily what's burned to make stars. Eventually you will

534
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,240
Speaker 1: run out of them. We have a podcast episode about

535
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:50,240
Speaker 1: how many generations of stars will there be, because you know,

536
00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:52,840
Speaker 1: stars don't live forever, and eventually they explode and spew

537
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:55,520
Speaker 1: their materials back out to the universe, which gets gathered

538
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,200
Speaker 1: back together. But we don't think that can happen forever.

539
00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:01,200
Speaker 1: So we've always known that eventually waves of star formation

540
00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:03,159
Speaker 1: will end. But we were surprised when we looked at

541
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,119
Speaker 1: the galaxies and discovered how many are already dead, how

542
00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:09,440
Speaker 1: many have stopped making stars well before we expected them

543
00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:10,400
Speaker 1: to interesting.

544
00:27:10,480 --> 00:27:12,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, I guess. You know, there's a limited supply of

545
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,560
Speaker 3: fuel in the universe, right, and at some point we

546
00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:17,359
Speaker 3: run out like we have a gas tank kind of

547
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:20,960
Speaker 3: and you know, hydrogen gets used up, gets turned into

548
00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:23,240
Speaker 3: heavier element, and then to break it apart, you need

549
00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:24,520
Speaker 3: extra energy.

550
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:26,960
Speaker 1: Yeah. There's two things that drive this. One is you

551
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:28,919
Speaker 1: need to have the fuel, and the other is that

552
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:31,800
Speaker 1: the fuel has to have the right conditions. Like it's

553
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:34,040
Speaker 1: not just enough to have hydrogen. You have to have

554
00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:36,960
Speaker 1: hydrogen in the right situation in order to get a

555
00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:40,320
Speaker 1: star to form. And the key thing to making stars

556
00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:44,240
Speaker 1: form is that you need huge blobs of cold hydrogen.

557
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:46,760
Speaker 1: If you have hydrogen but it's really hot, it's not

558
00:27:46,840 --> 00:27:49,639
Speaker 1: going to form a star because remember that gravity is

559
00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,320
Speaker 1: super duper weak. In order to tug things together to

560
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:55,240
Speaker 1: make a star, the particles had to be very slow moving.

561
00:27:55,320 --> 00:27:58,040
Speaker 1: If your gas is heated up too much, then gravity's

562
00:27:58,119 --> 00:27:59,600
Speaker 1: not going to be able to pull it together to

563
00:27:59,600 --> 00:27:59,960
Speaker 1: make us.

564
00:28:00,920 --> 00:28:03,080
Speaker 3: All right, Well, that's the birth of a galaxy. I

565
00:28:03,080 --> 00:28:05,760
Speaker 3: guess that's how they start, right. They start for influctuations

566
00:28:05,840 --> 00:28:09,400
Speaker 3: in the universe and the dark matter sees which pull

567
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,639
Speaker 3: in stuff and then galaxies form. That's just kind of

568
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,480
Speaker 3: the beginning of the story, right. Eventually galaxies also.

569
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:19,520
Speaker 1: Mergem, and our thinking there has changed also. Originally, we

570
00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,399
Speaker 1: looked down at the universe and we saw really big galaxies,

571
00:28:22,440 --> 00:28:25,000
Speaker 1: mostly because that's all we could see, because they were brighter,

572
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:27,600
Speaker 1: and we thought, oh wow, maybe these really big galaxies

573
00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:30,720
Speaker 1: sort of form all at once, like monolithic collapse of

574
00:28:30,760 --> 00:28:33,879
Speaker 1: a huge cloud of gas into a swirling disc. But

575
00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:36,480
Speaker 1: then as we developed the technology, look further and further

576
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,240
Speaker 1: into the universe and earlier and earlier back in time,

577
00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:42,600
Speaker 1: we discovered a lot more galaxies that were much smaller,

578
00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:44,920
Speaker 1: and we realized that the story of galaxy formation is

579
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,640
Speaker 1: more complicated. Instead of having really big galaxies form at once,

580
00:28:48,920 --> 00:28:50,680
Speaker 1: it turns out it's much more likely to form a

581
00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:54,400
Speaker 1: bunch of small galaxies than have those merged together. The

582
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:56,920
Speaker 1: galaxies are doing a lot of merging. Most of the

583
00:28:56,960 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 1: galaxies we see out there are actually the products of

584
00:28:59,360 --> 00:29:02,240
Speaker 1: lots of little baby galaxies that came together to make

585
00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:03,160
Speaker 1: a bigger galaxy.

586
00:29:03,640 --> 00:29:05,360
Speaker 3: I see. It's like we looked at into the universe

587
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:09,520
Speaker 3: and saw more babies, baby galaxies than we expected. Is

588
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,080
Speaker 3: a kind of the idea, which I guess would then

589
00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:15,800
Speaker 3: logically mean the bigger galaxies don't then form. They're the

590
00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,040
Speaker 3: result of two baby galaxies merging.

591
00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:22,080
Speaker 1: Exactly, or multiple baby galaxies merging. It also helps explain

592
00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:26,000
Speaker 1: the shape of these galaxies. Like when an individual galaxy forms,

593
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:28,120
Speaker 1: it tends to form as a disc because you have

594
00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:30,880
Speaker 1: a big cloud of gas and it's spinning a certain way,

595
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,479
Speaker 1: and that spin prevents it from collapsing in one direction,

596
00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,680
Speaker 1: but gravity can collapse it in the other direction, which

597
00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:39,440
Speaker 1: is why you get a disc. So disc galaxies tend

598
00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:41,600
Speaker 1: to have formed from a single cloud of gas and

599
00:29:41,720 --> 00:29:44,200
Speaker 1: dust with some spin. But then when two of these

600
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:47,160
Speaker 1: things merge, they come in with different shapes and different

601
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:49,600
Speaker 1: sizes and different disks, And that's how you get like

602
00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:53,680
Speaker 1: elliptical galaxies, things that are more rounded because you're combining

603
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,160
Speaker 1: like the spin of two disc galaxies together. So the

604
00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,520
Speaker 1: idea is that the bigger elliptical galaxies are form from

605
00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:03,720
Speaker 1: a bunch of smaller disc galaxies that came together. For example,

606
00:30:03,840 --> 00:30:06,560
Speaker 1: the Milky Way and Andromeda are going to collide, but

607
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,080
Speaker 1: they're not spinning in the same direction, so you're not

608
00:30:09,080 --> 00:30:11,360
Speaker 1: going to end up with one big disc galaxy, you're

609
00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:13,360
Speaker 1: can end up with something more elliptical that has like

610
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:14,560
Speaker 1: two spin axies.

611
00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:15,120
Speaker 10: Hmm.

612
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:18,080
Speaker 3: Interesting, So a lot more of the galaxies formed from

613
00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:21,200
Speaker 3: merging than we thought before. I guess why do we

614
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:22,600
Speaker 3: have the wrong impression.

615
00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:24,960
Speaker 1: Well, we had the wrong impression just because we didn't

616
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,320
Speaker 1: see a lot of these baby galaxies early on. You know,

617
00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:30,040
Speaker 1: we didn't have the technology before Hubble and those kinds

618
00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:32,360
Speaker 1: of telescopes. We just couldn't see them. But when Hubble

619
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:35,440
Speaker 1: looked really deep into the universe and discovered how many

620
00:30:35,480 --> 00:30:38,400
Speaker 1: galaxies are out there, that's when we got the clue.

621
00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:41,960
Speaker 1: It's from seeing these baby galaxies in the early universe.

622
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:44,160
Speaker 1: You know, the number of galaxies out there is sort

623
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:47,400
Speaker 1: of amazing. If you hold up your pinky at arm's length,

624
00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,080
Speaker 1: then the part of your sky blocked by your fingernail

625
00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,840
Speaker 1: and your pinky contains about a million galaxies in the

626
00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:58,000
Speaker 1: observable universe, you know, layered further and further and back

627
00:30:58,040 --> 00:31:00,400
Speaker 1: in space and time and so now like and you're

628
00:31:00,440 --> 00:31:02,960
Speaker 1: pinky around the whole sky, each of those is a

629
00:31:03,040 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: million galaxies. So that's an incredible number out there. And

630
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:08,720
Speaker 1: now we have a huge population to study, so we

631
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,360
Speaker 1: get a better sense of how these things have evolved.

632
00:31:11,520 --> 00:31:14,280
Speaker 3: Well, that's wild. What if I let my pinky fingernail grow,

633
00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:16,440
Speaker 3: then you.

634
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,400
Speaker 1: Are containing more and more galaxies. You're becoming master of

635
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:21,000
Speaker 1: even more of space in time.

636
00:31:22,120 --> 00:31:24,840
Speaker 3: A pinky master. I guess, all right, So that's I guess.

637
00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:27,360
Speaker 3: That's the basic of the life of a galaxy. Right

638
00:31:27,400 --> 00:31:30,320
Speaker 3: they're born is little baby galaxies. They grow up to

639
00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:33,160
Speaker 3: be a teenagers, they start hooking up doing inappropriate things,

640
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,880
Speaker 3: and then they merge into bigger galaxies and then they

641
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:38,480
Speaker 3: keep burning for a while. I guess, like, what's the

642
00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:40,280
Speaker 3: average age of a galaxy?

643
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,320
Speaker 1: Galaxies are really old, like the Milky Way is almost

644
00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:46,080
Speaker 1: as old as the universe. Galaxies formed very early on

645
00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:47,880
Speaker 1: a lot of them in the first billion years of

646
00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,360
Speaker 1: the universe. Many of them are more than ten billion

647
00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:51,040
Speaker 1: years old.

648
00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:54,400
Speaker 3: But at some point, as you say, they die, they

649
00:31:54,440 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 3: stop shining, they stop making stars, they quench. So I guess, Daniel,

650
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:01,200
Speaker 3: what's the process for a galaxy to die?

651
00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:03,400
Speaker 1: So for a galaxy to die, for to stop being

652
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:06,920
Speaker 1: able to make stars, something has to heat up its gas.

653
00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:10,480
Speaker 1: Something has to prevent its gas from staying cold, because

654
00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:13,200
Speaker 1: in order to form stars, you need that cold gas,

655
00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:16,080
Speaker 1: and some of the star formation comes from the original

656
00:32:16,160 --> 00:32:18,800
Speaker 1: gas that the galaxy started with, whatever was in that

657
00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:22,120
Speaker 1: dark matter halo. Remember, the galaxies are not really alone

658
00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:24,880
Speaker 1: in the universe. They're sort of like at the intersections

659
00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:28,640
Speaker 1: of these dark matter filaments. So there's also sometimes new

660
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,920
Speaker 1: gas falling into these galaxies along those filaments, like tributaries

661
00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:35,520
Speaker 1: to a lake. And so galaxies can also continue to

662
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:39,440
Speaker 1: form stars as they suck in more gas from these filaments.

663
00:32:39,880 --> 00:32:43,160
Speaker 1: So the way galaxy dies is somehow losing access to

664
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,800
Speaker 1: that new gas or blowing out the cold gas or

665
00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:48,720
Speaker 1: heating up the cold gas that's inside it, because remember

666
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:51,840
Speaker 1: you need cold gas to make star I see all.

667
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:53,920
Speaker 3: Right, So you're defining the death of a galaxy is

668
00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:57,680
Speaker 3: when it stops forming new stars? Is that I guess

669
00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:01,040
Speaker 3: the definition. But if it stops four forming stars, it's

670
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:02,120
Speaker 3: still shining though, right.

671
00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:05,240
Speaker 1: Astronomers don't talk about galaxies dying. They use the technical

672
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:08,520
Speaker 1: term quenching, which means it's stopped forming new stars. But

673
00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:11,040
Speaker 1: you're right, even if it's stopped forming any stars at all,

674
00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:14,000
Speaker 1: those stars themselves can burn for billions and billions, for

675
00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:18,760
Speaker 1: sometimes even trillions of years. Remember that stars their lifetime

676
00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:22,160
Speaker 1: depends on their size. So really big stars don't burn

677
00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:25,000
Speaker 1: very long, and really small stars will burn for a

678
00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:28,320
Speaker 1: very very long time. So even a galaxy that's totally

679
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,280
Speaker 1: quenched won't make any new stars, but those stars will

680
00:33:31,320 --> 00:33:33,080
Speaker 1: continue to burn for a very long time.

681
00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, I see what's going on. I think

682
00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:38,000
Speaker 3: really what you mean to ask is how do galaxies peak?

683
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:42,440
Speaker 3: Or like, how do galaxies stop getting brighter? Maybe? Right?

684
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly how do they stop having any babies?

685
00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:47,760
Speaker 3: I see, I think I see what's going on here, Daniel.

686
00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:50,720
Speaker 3: I think you associate not working with dying.

687
00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:52,960
Speaker 1: That's why I'm never going to retire.

688
00:33:53,200 --> 00:34:00,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, you're never going to retire. Like if you're retire, die,

689
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,840
Speaker 3: Like if a professor stops making papers, that's like death

690
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:04,560
Speaker 3: to them.

691
00:34:04,720 --> 00:34:06,760
Speaker 1: Who even are you anymore.

692
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,520
Speaker 3: In that situation? But yeah, just to be clear, that's

693
00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,640
Speaker 3: kind of what we're saying, right, Like galaxies maybe I

694
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,800
Speaker 3: guess they will at some point grow dark, But here today,

695
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,320
Speaker 3: what we're talking about is like how do galaxies peak

696
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:20,720
Speaker 3: or how when do they stop being active?

697
00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:24,000
Speaker 1: Exactly? And as we look out into the universe, we

698
00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:27,680
Speaker 1: can tell whether galaxies are still making stars or not.

699
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:30,440
Speaker 1: And when we do that, we see some pretty surprising

700
00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:32,719
Speaker 1: things about what's going on with all the galaxies in

701
00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:33,320
Speaker 1: the universe.

702
00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:33,879
Speaker 11: Mmm.

703
00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:38,120
Speaker 3: Wait, that's kind of weird because I guess we're defining

704
00:34:38,160 --> 00:34:40,759
Speaker 3: death as stopping production of stars. You need to like

705
00:34:40,880 --> 00:34:44,040
Speaker 3: know how many new stars are being made, right, But

706
00:34:44,160 --> 00:34:47,319
Speaker 3: how do you tell that on a short human life span?

707
00:34:47,560 --> 00:34:49,440
Speaker 1: So it's not that we look at the galaxies and

708
00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:51,359
Speaker 1: we count the stars and we say, oh, look, it's

709
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,000
Speaker 1: still making more because these galaxies, a lot of them

710
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,520
Speaker 1: are really far away. All we can see them is

711
00:34:56,560 --> 00:34:59,120
Speaker 1: like a pixel or two on the hubble. But what

712
00:34:59,160 --> 00:35:01,200
Speaker 1: we can do is look, I'll get the color of

713
00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:04,920
Speaker 1: the light that comes from these galaxies, and that tells

714
00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:08,200
Speaker 1: us about whether or not there are new young stars

715
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:11,000
Speaker 1: in the galaxy. And the reason is that new young

716
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:14,680
Speaker 1: stars means hot stars. When stars are formed, you get

717
00:35:14,680 --> 00:35:17,319
Speaker 1: big ones and you get small ones. But the big ones,

718
00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:19,879
Speaker 1: the ones that burn hot, that burn blue, they don't

719
00:35:19,960 --> 00:35:21,960
Speaker 1: last for very long. So if you're looking at a

720
00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:25,040
Speaker 1: galaxy and you're seeing blue light from it, that means

721
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,400
Speaker 1: recently formed stars. You're looking at a galaxy and you

722
00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:33,279
Speaker 1: only see red light, that means cooler stars only older stars,

723
00:35:33,320 --> 00:35:36,560
Speaker 1: no recently formed stars. So by looking at the color

724
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,719
Speaker 1: of the light from the galaxy, you can tell if

725
00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:41,680
Speaker 1: there are recently formed stars in it, because they're recently

726
00:35:41,680 --> 00:35:44,440
Speaker 1: formed ones burn hotter and burn bluer.

727
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:48,840
Speaker 3: Interesting, you're saying that galaxies kind of peak they start

728
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:52,439
Speaker 3: producing new stars when they turn from blue to red.

729
00:35:52,560 --> 00:35:56,080
Speaker 1: Exactly, blue means you've recently produced some stars, because only

730
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:59,080
Speaker 1: young stars are ever blue, because blue stars don't last

731
00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:02,080
Speaker 1: very long. Eventually all your blue stars burn out and

732
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:04,799
Speaker 1: all you're left with are red stars. So if you're

733
00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,760
Speaker 1: an all red galaxy, it means you haven't made anything recently.

734
00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:10,680
Speaker 3: I feel like that's like people these days. You know,

735
00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:13,719
Speaker 3: everyone starts out as a democrat and liberal, but then

736
00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:16,320
Speaker 3: they get more conservative and red in old age.

737
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,160
Speaker 1: You know, maybe we should avoid the political analogy and

738
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,560
Speaker 1: think about like musicians. You know, are you a musician

739
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:24,239
Speaker 1: that keeps putting out new albums or you just like

740
00:36:24,239 --> 00:36:27,560
Speaker 1: the Beatles, you're just making money on your old catalog.

741
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:31,040
Speaker 3: Well, the Beatles came out with the white album, so

742
00:36:31,360 --> 00:36:33,600
Speaker 3: I don't know you fit that into the color spectrum.

743
00:36:33,239 --> 00:36:34,880
Speaker 1: That well, the fascinating thing is when you look at

744
00:36:34,920 --> 00:36:37,560
Speaker 1: this color spectrum you see some that are still making

745
00:36:37,600 --> 00:36:40,839
Speaker 1: new stars. You see a whole huge number that are

746
00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:44,080
Speaker 1: already quenched, many more than we expect. And you see

747
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,800
Speaker 1: very very few in between, very few in this region

748
00:36:47,840 --> 00:36:51,280
Speaker 1: they called the green valley, between the blue and the red,

749
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,200
Speaker 1: the ones that are like quenching. So there's a bunch

750
00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:56,680
Speaker 1: that are not quenched. There's a huge number that have

751
00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:59,800
Speaker 1: been quenched, and very few in the process of quenching.

752
00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:00,400
Speaker 6: Hmmm.

753
00:37:00,640 --> 00:37:03,480
Speaker 3: Interesting. Yeah, as you said, it's a big mystery, and

754
00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:06,960
Speaker 3: so let's dive into that mystery of what is killing

755
00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:10,560
Speaker 3: or I guess, retiring all the stars in the universe.

756
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:12,479
Speaker 3: But first, let's take another quick break.

757
00:37:16,640 --> 00:37:18,440
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

758
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:21,680
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

759
00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:25,760
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

760
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:28,400
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

761
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:32,759
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

762
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:35,359
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

763
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:37,760
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

764
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:42,000
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

765
00:37:42,080 --> 00:37:45,640
Speaker 1: for example, Most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

766
00:37:45,680 --> 00:37:49,080
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

767
00:37:49,160 --> 00:37:52,880
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

768
00:37:52,920 --> 00:37:55,920
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

769
00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:59,319
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

770
00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:01,600
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

771
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:03,520
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

772
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:06,239
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

773
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:10,080
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dents dairy

774
00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:12,799
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

775
00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:15,359
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

776
00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:19,879
Speaker 7: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

777
00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:22,399
Speaker 7: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

778
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:24,600
Speaker 7: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

779
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:28,160
Speaker 7: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California

780
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:30,480
Speaker 7: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

781
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:32,680
Speaker 8: Hello, it is Ryan and I was on a flight

782
00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:34,919
Speaker 8: the other day playing one of my favorite social spin

783
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,560
Speaker 8: slot games on chumbacasino dot com. I looked over at

784
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:39,360
Speaker 8: the person sitting next to me, and you know what

785
00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:41,840
Speaker 8: they were doing. They were also playing Chumba Casino. Everybody's

786
00:38:41,880 --> 00:38:44,200
Speaker 8: loving having fun with it. Chumpa Casino's home to hundreds

787
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:47,759
Speaker 8: at casino style games. You can play for free, anytime, anywhere.

788
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:50,319
Speaker 8: So sign up now at Chumbuck Casino dot com to

789
00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:53,600
Speaker 8: claim you're free. Welcome bonus. That's Chumbuck Casino dot com

790
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:55,000
Speaker 8: and lived Chumba Line.

791
00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:55,960
Speaker 7: Sponsored by Chumpba Casino.

792
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:57,799
Speaker 2: No purchase necessary VGW Group Ford.

793
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,080
Speaker 7: We're prohibited by Law eighteen plus terms and conditions.

794
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,120
Speaker 6: Of I've been struggling with my gut health for years

795
00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:07,160
Speaker 6: and years. I tried everything, I mean everything without luck.

796
00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:09,480
Speaker 6: But then I stumbled upon the solution. I've been looking

797
00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:13,840
Speaker 6: for coffeeenemas. Yep, coffee inemas from Happy Bumco. And you

798
00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:16,520
Speaker 6: know what the best part is, It's all natural and

799
00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:18,960
Speaker 6: I can do it at home. When my friends started

800
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:21,239
Speaker 6: to notice something was different, they were shocked. When I

801
00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:24,200
Speaker 6: told them I was literally glowing from the inside out.

802
00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:26,640
Speaker 6: I had tons of energy, my skin cleared, and my

803
00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:30,120
Speaker 6: gut issues were gone. Now they are all hooked. Coffee

804
00:39:30,160 --> 00:39:33,279
Speaker 6: ininemas are my new wellness tool. Thank goodness. Happy bum

805
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,919
Speaker 6: has made it so easy. After my naturopathic doctor recommended them,

806
00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:39,800
Speaker 6: I wasn't sure where to start. Happy bomb has everything

807
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:42,560
Speaker 6: you need to begin your coffee inema detox journey. Their

808
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,319
Speaker 6: products are safe, organic and all natural. Trust me, it's

809
00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:49,000
Speaker 6: a game changer. If you are ready to transform your health,

810
00:39:49,160 --> 00:39:52,840
Speaker 6: visit happybumcode dot com and use code glow for fifteen

811
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:56,120
Speaker 6: percent off your first bundle. Trust me, you'll feel the difference.

812
00:39:56,320 --> 00:40:00,439
Speaker 6: That's happybumcode dot com. I promise you won't regrets at it.

813
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:12,719
Speaker 3: Orright we're talking about I guess when galaxies change their

814
00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:13,560
Speaker 3: political views?

815
00:40:13,680 --> 00:40:17,240
Speaker 1: Right when galaxies stop recording albums.

816
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,640
Speaker 3: When they stopped polishing papers, which according to professors, is

817
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:23,200
Speaker 3: the same as death. Like give me research or give

818
00:40:23,239 --> 00:40:26,400
Speaker 3: me death. What if galaxies get a hobby, then they

819
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:28,440
Speaker 3: won't see retirement as death anymore.

820
00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:30,840
Speaker 1: I do see a lot of America's professors still around

821
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:32,799
Speaker 1: the department, and I wonder, like, why do you still

822
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,200
Speaker 1: come in every day? And I think, you know, maybe

823
00:40:35,239 --> 00:40:37,480
Speaker 1: their partners at home don't really want them hanging out

824
00:40:37,560 --> 00:40:38,600
Speaker 1: doing their hobbies at home.

825
00:40:38,719 --> 00:40:41,360
Speaker 3: You know, hmmm, they probably thought the same thing you.

826
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:43,160
Speaker 3: You start thinking right now and You're like, they're gonna

827
00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:45,759
Speaker 3: have to drag me out, drag me out, or call

828
00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:49,080
Speaker 3: the grim Reaper. I guess. But apparently galaxies do retire

829
00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,040
Speaker 3: at some point, they peak, they stop making news stars,

830
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:55,000
Speaker 3: And I guess it shows on a galaxy, you know,

831
00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:57,239
Speaker 3: like it's pretty. It sounds like it's pretty obvious. Like

832
00:40:57,280 --> 00:40:59,759
Speaker 3: if a galaxy is pretty blue, then it's young. If

833
00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:00,920
Speaker 3: it's pretty red, it's.

834
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,840
Speaker 1: Old, exactly. And there are very few galaxies in between,

835
00:41:04,239 --> 00:41:08,640
Speaker 1: which suggests that this process of quenching a galaxy happens rapidly. Rather,

836
00:41:08,719 --> 00:41:10,799
Speaker 1: you're not in the Green Valley for very long on

837
00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:12,120
Speaker 1: your trip from blue to red.

838
00:41:12,719 --> 00:41:14,319
Speaker 3: Well, it's sort of like when you run out of

839
00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:17,040
Speaker 3: gas in your car. It's not a gradual process, like

840
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:20,200
Speaker 3: once you run out of gas, your car stops.

841
00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:22,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, Like the galaxies are huge, right, you might imagine

842
00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,360
Speaker 1: that one part of it might quench, another part of

843
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:26,840
Speaker 1: it might still be active. But this seems to happen

844
00:41:26,880 --> 00:41:29,800
Speaker 1: on sort of a galaxy wide scale, all at once.

845
00:41:30,280 --> 00:41:32,440
Speaker 3: Well, let's recap a little bit here. You said the

846
00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,480
Speaker 3: galaxies peak, they start producing new stars when they run

847
00:41:35,520 --> 00:41:38,440
Speaker 3: out of gas, and you said that it's not because

848
00:41:38,480 --> 00:41:41,000
Speaker 3: you run out of hydrogen gas. But because you run

849
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:42,960
Speaker 3: out of cold hydrogen gas.

850
00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:45,520
Speaker 1: In order to form stars, you need clouds of cold

851
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,480
Speaker 1: gas that gravity can work on to pull together to

852
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:50,879
Speaker 1: make those stars. And so it might be that there's

853
00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:53,680
Speaker 1: plenty of hydrogen left in those galaxies. We suspect that

854
00:41:53,680 --> 00:41:56,240
Speaker 1: there might be. It might just be that it's too hot,

855
00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:58,879
Speaker 1: so either you lose the gas or the gas gets

856
00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:03,040
Speaker 1: too hot. Of the ideas for how to quench a galaxy.

857
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:04,480
Speaker 3: Wait, what happens if it gets too hot? Like, why

858
00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:06,280
Speaker 3: is it hard to make a star from hot gas?

859
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:09,000
Speaker 1: Well, hot gas, the particles are just flying around too much.

860
00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:12,000
Speaker 1: You know, gravity is not very strong, and so if

861
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:14,240
Speaker 1: you have a gas that's really hot where the particles

862
00:42:14,239 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: are flying around with high speed, gravity just doesn't have

863
00:42:17,080 --> 00:42:20,160
Speaker 1: the power to gather them together into a star. Counterintuitive

864
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:23,040
Speaker 1: because gravity makes them hot, right, but once it's already

865
00:42:23,080 --> 00:42:25,560
Speaker 1: trapped them in a gravitational well, think of it like

866
00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:28,600
Speaker 1: escape velocity. The Earth is boiling off molecules right now

867
00:42:28,640 --> 00:42:31,440
Speaker 1: at the edge of our atmosphere because they're too hot

868
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:34,200
Speaker 1: for the Earth's gravity to contain them. And so it's

869
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:36,840
Speaker 1: certainly possible to have a whole gas where there's not

870
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:39,600
Speaker 1: enough gravity to contain it where it just disperses. It

871
00:42:39,640 --> 00:42:43,040
Speaker 1: just keeps flying around instead of clumping together to make

872
00:42:43,040 --> 00:42:44,600
Speaker 1: a dense well at the heart of it.

873
00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:47,319
Speaker 3: But I guess you know, the temperature is just one

874
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:49,200
Speaker 3: part of it. What if it do you have a

875
00:42:49,480 --> 00:42:52,319
Speaker 3: hot gas but really dense or like a lot enough

876
00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:54,120
Speaker 3: of it or a lot of it, wouldn't that also

877
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:57,400
Speaker 3: sort of create the intensity you need for a start

878
00:42:57,440 --> 00:42:57,840
Speaker 3: to form.

879
00:42:58,000 --> 00:42:59,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you have a seed, if you have a

880
00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:01,840
Speaker 1: dense seed, but how does that form? Right? So you

881
00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:04,080
Speaker 1: need gravity to do that work. The only way to

882
00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:07,920
Speaker 1: get density is to have gravity pull things together. So

883
00:43:08,040 --> 00:43:11,200
Speaker 1: primarily it's from having cold clouds of gas. There are

884
00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:13,719
Speaker 1: other rarer waves for it to happen. You can have

885
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:17,160
Speaker 1: supernova shock waves for example, that compress things and then

886
00:43:17,239 --> 00:43:20,400
Speaker 1: make over densities. But primarily it's just from having clouds

887
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:21,400
Speaker 1: of cold gas.

888
00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:24,880
Speaker 3: Interesting, it's like a chill process star formation, you know,

889
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:29,120
Speaker 3: like a nissa certain amount of calm and zen for

890
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:31,960
Speaker 3: things to kind of build up to a star. Right.

891
00:43:32,040 --> 00:43:33,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, you can't rush it, man. It's like the slow

892
00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:36,200
Speaker 1: food movement. You want a hot start, it takes time.

893
00:43:36,560 --> 00:43:40,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, No, fast food galaxies in this universe. It's

894
00:43:40,480 --> 00:43:41,160
Speaker 3: all organic.

895
00:43:41,520 --> 00:43:42,759
Speaker 1: You can't microwave a star.

896
00:43:45,160 --> 00:43:48,680
Speaker 3: It's all natural and organic. All right, Well, you said

897
00:43:48,719 --> 00:43:51,280
Speaker 3: there's a bit of a mystery, right in the sense

898
00:43:51,320 --> 00:43:55,240
Speaker 3: that there are more stars sort of quenching or dying

899
00:43:55,360 --> 00:43:58,439
Speaker 3: or retiring than maybe we thought was possible or think

900
00:43:58,560 --> 00:43:59,319
Speaker 3: is likely.

901
00:43:59,400 --> 00:44:02,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, we sort of can't explain all the quenching that's happening,

902
00:44:02,719 --> 00:44:04,680
Speaker 1: or at least, you know, twenty years ago, when we

903
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,400
Speaker 1: discovered that this was happening, we were very surprised. We

904
00:44:07,480 --> 00:44:11,120
Speaker 1: thought that very gradually galaxies would start to lose the

905
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:14,160
Speaker 1: ability to form stars, and we'd seen this slow drop

906
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:16,360
Speaker 1: off with a lot of galaxies in the Green Valley

907
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:19,240
Speaker 1: and a few that are totally quenched. But it happens

908
00:44:19,280 --> 00:44:21,359
Speaker 1: faster than we thought. And so there's been a lot

909
00:44:21,440 --> 00:44:24,000
Speaker 1: of research in the last ten, fifteen, twenty years into

910
00:44:24,239 --> 00:44:26,800
Speaker 1: why galaxies quench and now we have a few ideas,

911
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:29,799
Speaker 1: all of course stimulated by this observation. We've dug deep

912
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:32,640
Speaker 1: into the physics of and thought, how would you quench galaxies?

913
00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:35,359
Speaker 1: What are the processes we might have overlooked that could

914
00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:35,920
Speaker 1: be doing this?

915
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:38,680
Speaker 3: I see, So what do you mean? I guess it

916
00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,919
Speaker 3: happens faster than you thought or earlier than you thought.

917
00:44:41,960 --> 00:44:43,200
Speaker 3: Do you know what I mean? Like, are you saying

918
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:45,680
Speaker 3: that you know the process of retirement is faster than

919
00:44:45,719 --> 00:44:48,120
Speaker 3: you thought, or that it's happening earlier than you thought,

920
00:44:48,520 --> 00:44:52,120
Speaker 3: or that it happens you know, more than you thought.

921
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:54,920
Speaker 1: All of that right. It definitely happens earlier than we thought,

922
00:44:55,239 --> 00:44:57,759
Speaker 1: because there are more galaxies that are quenched that are

923
00:44:57,760 --> 00:45:00,720
Speaker 1: in that red category than we expected. And it also

924
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:03,719
Speaker 1: happens faster than we thought because there are very few

925
00:45:03,760 --> 00:45:05,880
Speaker 1: in the Green Valley. There's like two peaks. If you

926
00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:08,239
Speaker 1: look at a distribution of the color of galaxies, you

927
00:45:08,239 --> 00:45:10,320
Speaker 1: don't have a broad spectrum from red to blue. You

928
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:12,320
Speaker 1: have a peak in the blue and a peak in

929
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:15,040
Speaker 1: the red, and almost nothing in between. Would suggest that

930
00:45:15,080 --> 00:45:17,799
Speaker 1: galaxies don't live in the Green Valley very long. When

931
00:45:17,800 --> 00:45:20,480
Speaker 1: they start to quench, they quench quickly and then it's over.

932
00:45:20,640 --> 00:45:23,120
Speaker 3: It's a fast process. You know, you can't vot for

933
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:25,560
Speaker 3: like an independent third party. It's like you're either blue

934
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:26,040
Speaker 3: or you're red.

935
00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:27,680
Speaker 1: I mean, I guess that's good news. If you like

936
00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:30,480
Speaker 1: a quick death. You know it's not a long tortuous

937
00:45:30,719 --> 00:45:34,640
Speaker 1: struggle against the eventual demise. Man.

938
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:36,920
Speaker 3: I feel like a lot of the confuniti today is

939
00:45:36,960 --> 00:45:42,279
Speaker 3: that to a professor, retirement is dead. They're like, wait

940
00:45:42,320 --> 00:45:45,640
Speaker 3: a minute, why are so many galaxies retiring? Why would

941
00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:46,920
Speaker 3: anyone retire? That's crazy.

942
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:48,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, maybe they like it, you know. Maybe they're

943
00:45:48,760 --> 00:45:50,480
Speaker 1: tired of making new stars and they just want to

944
00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:52,920
Speaker 1: enjoy the stars that they have and hang out for

945
00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:56,120
Speaker 1: a long time, trillions of years until they eventually all fade.

946
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:57,920
Speaker 1: Maybe it's a happy retirement.

947
00:45:58,080 --> 00:45:59,880
Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go. You don't have to call it death.

948
00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:05,839
Speaker 3: It could be their new life through second life. So

949
00:46:05,880 --> 00:46:07,560
Speaker 3: that was the mystery, I guess. And you said that

950
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:10,600
Speaker 3: physicists have looked into this, and so they have theories

951
00:46:10,640 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 3: I guess about what's making all of these galaxies retire

952
00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:14,120
Speaker 3: so quickly.

953
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,080
Speaker 1: They have theories. None of them are really perfect or comprehensive,

954
00:46:17,120 --> 00:46:19,680
Speaker 1: but they have a few cool ideas. One is related

955
00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:22,320
Speaker 1: actually to the black hole at the heart of the galaxies.

956
00:46:22,680 --> 00:46:25,160
Speaker 1: And it's not that the black hole is gobbling up stars,

957
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:27,520
Speaker 1: not that stars are falling into it, but black holes

958
00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:31,000
Speaker 1: actually emit a lot of radiation. The black hole itself

959
00:46:31,160 --> 00:46:33,760
Speaker 1: is not hot gas in the dust that's swirling around

960
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,359
Speaker 1: the black hole before it falls in. That gets really

961
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:39,279
Speaker 1: hot and emits a lot of radiation, and so that

962
00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:41,799
Speaker 1: blows out a lot of the gas and dust. Once

963
00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:44,640
Speaker 1: we talked about like how super massive black holes form,

964
00:46:44,719 --> 00:46:47,120
Speaker 1: and there's a maximum rate at which they can grow

965
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,640
Speaker 1: because the bigger they get, the more they push away

966
00:46:49,719 --> 00:46:52,560
Speaker 1: the gas that's feeding them. And so this could also

967
00:46:52,680 --> 00:46:56,000
Speaker 1: be spewing out radiation into the galaxy, which heats up

968
00:46:56,160 --> 00:46:58,400
Speaker 1: a lot of the gas in the galaxy or also

969
00:46:58,480 --> 00:47:01,120
Speaker 1: helps blow it out of the galaxy, and so that

970
00:47:01,120 --> 00:47:02,640
Speaker 1: can stifle star formation.

971
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:05,600
Speaker 3: I see you're saying, like you know, because star formation

972
00:47:05,719 --> 00:47:08,960
Speaker 3: depends on very chill, calm conditions. Anything that kind of

973
00:47:08,960 --> 00:47:12,520
Speaker 3: excites the galaxy is not good for star formation. So

974
00:47:12,640 --> 00:47:14,719
Speaker 3: one idea is that maybe it's the black hole in

975
00:47:14,760 --> 00:47:17,440
Speaker 3: the middle of galaxies. It's I guess, agitating everything.

976
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, And we see that these black holes grow at

977
00:47:20,120 --> 00:47:22,960
Speaker 1: the same rate of galaxies is like a ratio of

978
00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:25,600
Speaker 1: the black hole mass to the galaxy mass, which seems

979
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:28,560
Speaker 1: roughly constant, and so that might help explain it, because

980
00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:31,480
Speaker 1: as these galaxies get big and get old, the black

981
00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:34,200
Speaker 1: hole gets big and powerful and not just heats up

982
00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:37,080
Speaker 1: the gas, but also helps prevent more gas from falling

983
00:47:37,160 --> 00:47:40,920
Speaker 1: into the galaxy from these filaments from the intergalactic medium

984
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:43,360
Speaker 1: or the circum galactic medium.

985
00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:45,920
Speaker 3: All right, so that's one idea, but it's not perfect.

986
00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:47,719
Speaker 1: It's not perfect because you know, the black hole is

987
00:47:47,719 --> 00:47:50,080
Speaker 1: at the center and they don't really understand how it

988
00:47:50,080 --> 00:47:52,799
Speaker 1: could like heat up the entire galaxy. You should still

989
00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:55,520
Speaker 1: see star formation sort of at the edges in that case,

990
00:47:55,840 --> 00:47:57,200
Speaker 1: so it can't explain everything.

991
00:47:57,320 --> 00:47:59,799
Speaker 3: Okay, So then what's another possible star with.

992
00:48:00,080 --> 00:48:04,440
Speaker 1: Higher Another possibility is that stars themselves are killing the galaxy.

993
00:48:04,760 --> 00:48:08,600
Speaker 1: Remember that stars also generate radiation. Our sun doesn't just

994
00:48:08,640 --> 00:48:11,320
Speaker 1: send out light, It sends out protons and electrons and

995
00:48:11,360 --> 00:48:14,120
Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff the solar wind, and so if

996
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:17,360
Speaker 1: you have a lot of these stellar winds, these particles,

997
00:48:17,520 --> 00:48:20,000
Speaker 1: they can be blowing the gas out as well or

998
00:48:20,080 --> 00:48:22,360
Speaker 1: heating it up. It's sort of the same process that

999
00:48:22,480 --> 00:48:25,719
Speaker 1: happens at the galactic center from the black hole, but

1000
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:29,040
Speaker 1: instead it's happening everywhere all at once. So in some senses,

1001
00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:31,640
Speaker 1: it's a better candidate for what might be stopping star

1002
00:48:31,719 --> 00:48:34,520
Speaker 1: formation because it's spread out across the whole galaxy.

1003
00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:37,319
Speaker 3: I see, it's sort of like stars form, but then

1004
00:48:37,360 --> 00:48:40,919
Speaker 3: they kind of spoil star formation for the area around them,

1005
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,440
Speaker 3: right because it like it forms the star, but then

1006
00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:45,680
Speaker 3: it starts to heat up this gas around and so

1007
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:47,160
Speaker 3: nobody can make new stars.

1008
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:50,120
Speaker 1: M it's really nimbiasm, you know. It's all these old professors.

1009
00:48:50,120 --> 00:48:52,080
Speaker 1: They got these nice houses they bought in the sixties,

1010
00:48:52,120 --> 00:48:54,600
Speaker 1: and they don't want anybody building apartments in their backyard.

1011
00:48:56,840 --> 00:49:00,240
Speaker 3: Yeah yeah, or like you know, like you know, the

1012
00:49:00,239 --> 00:49:02,480
Speaker 3: the old professor is taken up office face, then.

1013
00:49:04,040 --> 00:49:07,200
Speaker 1: Exactly got to make room for those young bloods.

1014
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:09,520
Speaker 3: All right. But this one is also maybe not a

1015
00:49:09,560 --> 00:49:11,200
Speaker 3: perfect idea or cost.

1016
00:49:11,160 --> 00:49:14,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, because remember that the galaxy is surrounded by gas,

1017
00:49:14,239 --> 00:49:16,600
Speaker 1: and that gas should be falling in the dark matter

1018
00:49:16,640 --> 00:49:19,200
Speaker 1: halo should be pulling that gas in and supplying us

1019
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:23,279
Speaker 1: with fresh cold gas that's been out there between galaxies

1020
00:49:23,280 --> 00:49:26,359
Speaker 1: that hasn't been heated up from the stellar winds. So

1021
00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:30,000
Speaker 1: another area of research is understanding why that might stop happening,

1022
00:49:30,560 --> 00:49:33,320
Speaker 1: and one suggestion there is that the dark matter halo,

1023
00:49:33,360 --> 00:49:36,239
Speaker 1: the thing that forms our galaxy and shapes it and

1024
00:49:36,320 --> 00:49:39,560
Speaker 1: provides the gravitational wealth to suck in this new gas

1025
00:49:39,680 --> 00:49:42,600
Speaker 1: that might get a little too big. If that gets

1026
00:49:42,719 --> 00:49:46,239
Speaker 1: really big, then its gravitational power is really strong. And

1027
00:49:46,239 --> 00:49:49,240
Speaker 1: then what happens when the gas falls in from outside

1028
00:49:49,280 --> 00:49:51,839
Speaker 1: the galaxy into the galaxy is that it gets heated up.

1029
00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:54,840
Speaker 1: This is called shock heating. If it's like a gradient

1030
00:49:54,920 --> 00:49:57,920
Speaker 1: in the density outside the galaxy, then when this gas

1031
00:49:57,960 --> 00:50:00,560
Speaker 1: falls in, it basically collides with the other and then

1032
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:02,919
Speaker 1: it gets too hot, and so you get hot gas

1033
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,600
Speaker 1: falling in instead of cold gas, and then you can't

1034
00:50:05,680 --> 00:50:07,160
Speaker 1: use that to make new stars.

1035
00:50:07,480 --> 00:50:09,680
Speaker 3: Oh. Interesting, but what do you mean the dark matter

1036
00:50:09,719 --> 00:50:14,719
Speaker 3: halo gets too big? Like dark matter is growing in galaxies.

1037
00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:17,279
Speaker 1: The dark matter halo is definitely growing because we have

1038
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:19,960
Speaker 1: these filaments and it's sucking in not just gas but

1039
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:22,839
Speaker 1: also dark matter gravity in the universe. Remember, its goal

1040
00:50:22,920 --> 00:50:25,440
Speaker 1: is to gather everything together. So the reason you have

1041
00:50:25,520 --> 00:50:28,280
Speaker 1: these halos and then these filaments is that the filaments

1042
00:50:28,320 --> 00:50:31,400
Speaker 1: are feeding the halos, and not just baryonic matter, not

1043
00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:34,239
Speaker 1: just normal matter like gas and dust, but also dark

1044
00:50:34,280 --> 00:50:37,880
Speaker 1: matter is flowing along these filaments into our halo. So

1045
00:50:37,880 --> 00:50:39,560
Speaker 1: our halo is getting bigger and bigger.

1046
00:50:39,680 --> 00:50:42,480
Speaker 3: Oh I see, So as the galaxies get older, they

1047
00:50:42,480 --> 00:50:44,640
Speaker 3: pull in more of the stuff around them. They get

1048
00:50:44,680 --> 00:50:48,840
Speaker 3: bigger and heavier, which makes them more gravitationally powerful, which

1049
00:50:49,160 --> 00:50:52,799
Speaker 3: sucks in the gas maybe too fast, and so when

1050
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:54,839
Speaker 3: it sucks it in, it's too hot and it can

1051
00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:55,920
Speaker 3: form any more stars.

1052
00:50:56,120 --> 00:50:57,759
Speaker 1: And all this just comes together to give you a

1053
00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:02,000
Speaker 1: picture of star formation in galaxies sort of fragile and special,

1054
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:04,600
Speaker 1: like you need these special conditions. Things have to be

1055
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:07,480
Speaker 1: just right, and it's not that hard to perturb it

1056
00:51:07,520 --> 00:51:09,680
Speaker 1: and to make it to the galaxies while there's still

1057
00:51:09,719 --> 00:51:12,680
Speaker 1: big swirling blobs of stuff, they're no longer have the

1058
00:51:12,719 --> 00:51:16,080
Speaker 1: conditions to make these stars. And you know, without stars, Wow,

1059
00:51:16,120 --> 00:51:18,920
Speaker 1: the universe just wouldn't be the same place. Makes you

1060
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:20,799
Speaker 1: wonder if, like, if the universe had been a little

1061
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:23,239
Speaker 1: bit different, would we have not gotten stars at all?

1062
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:27,200
Speaker 1: Just like big swirls of hot gas that never formed stars.

1063
00:51:27,360 --> 00:51:30,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, it would be a much darker universe right without stars,

1064
00:51:30,360 --> 00:51:31,880
Speaker 3: But you couldn't see anything exactly.

1065
00:51:31,960 --> 00:51:34,320
Speaker 1: We certainly wouldn't be here, right, You could have a

1066
00:51:34,520 --> 00:51:38,160
Speaker 1: literally dead universe without the capacity to form life. If

1067
00:51:38,200 --> 00:51:40,320
Speaker 1: it had been a little hotter, if all the gas

1068
00:51:40,320 --> 00:51:42,520
Speaker 1: in the universe had been too hot to form stars

1069
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:43,360
Speaker 1: in the very beginning.

1070
00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:46,400
Speaker 3: Well, you would still have I guess quasars, right, like

1071
00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:49,960
Speaker 3: black holes maybe shining because of the gas swirling around them.

1072
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:52,719
Speaker 3: You still have some bright spots in the universe, right, Oh.

1073
00:51:52,640 --> 00:51:54,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely quasars. You're right, and there were some of

1074
00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:57,479
Speaker 1: the brightest things in the universe. I wonder if life

1075
00:51:57,520 --> 00:51:59,560
Speaker 1: could form in the vicinity of a quoisar.

1076
00:51:59,719 --> 00:52:02,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, that'd be pretty cool, right, I mean to that,

1077
00:52:02,160 --> 00:52:05,799
Speaker 3: to that civilization, it would be indistinguishable, right, that would

1078
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:06,480
Speaker 3: be their son.

1079
00:52:06,440 --> 00:52:09,120
Speaker 1: That would be their son. Yeah. And in podcasts around

1080
00:52:09,160 --> 00:52:11,600
Speaker 1: that quasar, they would wonder, you know, our quasar is

1081
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,240
Speaker 1: still growing, They would wonder why quoasars are no longer

1082
00:52:14,239 --> 00:52:17,680
Speaker 1: forming because you know, also quasars formed in the early universe,

1083
00:52:17,719 --> 00:52:19,839
Speaker 1: and we're not really making quasars at the same rate

1084
00:52:19,880 --> 00:52:20,480
Speaker 1: as we used to.

1085
00:52:20,719 --> 00:52:21,080
Speaker 10: Mmmm.

1086
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:24,440
Speaker 3: That's the next episode. I guess, how do quasars retire?

1087
00:52:24,520 --> 00:52:27,759
Speaker 1: Who's killing off the quasars? I'm just trying to tap

1088
00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:31,480
Speaker 1: into the paranormal true crime podcast, which seem to be

1089
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:32,080
Speaker 1: so popular.

1090
00:52:32,560 --> 00:52:36,080
Speaker 3: I see, I see, I see. You're going for murder?

1091
00:52:37,440 --> 00:52:41,640
Speaker 1: Is Bigfoot killing galaxies? Next time? On Daniel and Jorge.

1092
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:44,080
Speaker 3: That's right, Although we still want the science category.

1093
00:52:44,160 --> 00:52:47,279
Speaker 1: Amazingly Bigfoot podcasts are in the science category. Don't get

1094
00:52:47,320 --> 00:52:48,000
Speaker 1: me started on that.

1095
00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:51,720
Speaker 3: Oh really? Wow? Well not maybe not the natural sciences category.

1096
00:52:51,920 --> 00:52:54,160
Speaker 1: Oh yes, in the natural sciences Well.

1097
00:52:54,080 --> 00:52:57,040
Speaker 3: I guess who killed Bigfoot would be another topic with

1098
00:52:57,600 --> 00:53:00,520
Speaker 3: why is Bigfoot retiring? Did his foot or her foot

1099
00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:02,040
Speaker 3: stop growing?

1100
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:04,480
Speaker 1: Maybe he stepped on a galaxy and got quenched.

1101
00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:07,279
Speaker 3: All right, Well, so those are three reasons why a

1102
00:53:07,320 --> 00:53:10,239
Speaker 3: galaxy might stop making new stars? Is there are there

1103
00:53:10,239 --> 00:53:11,040
Speaker 3: any other reasons?

1104
00:53:11,080 --> 00:53:13,239
Speaker 1: There are lots of other theories out there. Some of

1105
00:53:13,280 --> 00:53:16,640
Speaker 1: them involve like how galaxies tug on each other. Like

1106
00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:19,880
Speaker 1: we've noticed that sometimes galaxies that are more by themselves

1107
00:53:19,920 --> 00:53:22,720
Speaker 1: that aren't part of a cluster tend to get quenched

1108
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:26,440
Speaker 1: less often. One hypothesis is that galaxies are like harassing

1109
00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:30,279
Speaker 1: each other, that gravity from other nearby galaxies might be

1110
00:53:30,320 --> 00:53:34,600
Speaker 1: preventing gas from falling into those galaxies to help spur

1111
00:53:34,760 --> 00:53:36,880
Speaker 1: new star formation. So if you're in the middle of

1112
00:53:36,880 --> 00:53:39,120
Speaker 1: a cluster rather than by yourselves, it might be that

1113
00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:42,040
Speaker 1: your friends and the cluster are interfering with a gas

1114
00:53:42,120 --> 00:53:44,719
Speaker 1: infall you need to make those new stars.

1115
00:53:45,880 --> 00:53:48,840
Speaker 3: Wouldn't other galaxies they'll help you in a way slow

1116
00:53:48,960 --> 00:53:51,680
Speaker 3: down or cool off your own gas make it better

1117
00:53:51,719 --> 00:53:52,320
Speaker 3: to make stars.

1118
00:53:52,440 --> 00:53:54,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, they do slow it down, but they might slow

1119
00:53:54,760 --> 00:53:56,359
Speaker 1: it down to the point where it doesn't fall into

1120
00:53:56,360 --> 00:54:00,560
Speaker 1: your galaxy anymore. So you still need that gas. Fine

1121
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:02,520
Speaker 1: balance that you need the gas to fall in, but

1122
00:54:02,680 --> 00:54:03,480
Speaker 1: not too fast.

1123
00:54:04,560 --> 00:54:07,120
Speaker 3: You need it to be like in the Goldilock zone

1124
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:07,440
Speaker 3: kind of.

1125
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:11,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, you need a very slow delivery of frozen gas.

1126
00:54:11,840 --> 00:54:14,200
Speaker 3: All right, Well, I guess that's the mystery. Although I

1127
00:54:14,200 --> 00:54:16,839
Speaker 3: wouldn't you just think that, you know, a galaxy is born,

1128
00:54:16,960 --> 00:54:19,239
Speaker 3: it has a certain amount of cold gas, and at

1129
00:54:19,239 --> 00:54:21,480
Speaker 3: some point it runs out, and so the whole thing

1130
00:54:21,640 --> 00:54:24,040
Speaker 3: just kind of and all at the same time. Like,

1131
00:54:24,120 --> 00:54:27,719
Speaker 3: wouldn't that also be an explanation why it seems to

1132
00:54:27,719 --> 00:54:30,600
Speaker 3: be so binary, so red or blue, Like it just

1133
00:54:30,680 --> 00:54:33,240
Speaker 3: runs a lot of gas at the same time, because

1134
00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:35,120
Speaker 3: all of it was formed at the same time.

1135
00:54:35,360 --> 00:54:38,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a good question. Why it's a surprise that

1136
00:54:38,239 --> 00:54:42,080
Speaker 1: galaxies quench all at once. You're imagining that they start

1137
00:54:42,080 --> 00:54:45,720
Speaker 1: with some supply of gas and then the star forming

1138
00:54:45,760 --> 00:54:48,560
Speaker 1: that uses that gas is like used up all at once,

1139
00:54:48,719 --> 00:54:51,920
Speaker 1: all over the galaxy. But remember that it's not really

1140
00:54:51,960 --> 00:54:55,360
Speaker 1: about having the raw materials the gas to make stars.

1141
00:54:55,520 --> 00:54:58,440
Speaker 1: You could keep making stars for zillions of years with

1142
00:54:58,520 --> 00:55:01,239
Speaker 1: the gas supply that we have. Star burn and die,

1143
00:55:01,280 --> 00:55:03,520
Speaker 1: and you could just keep making new stars for a

1144
00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:07,600
Speaker 1: long time. The issue isn't the supply, it's the conditions

1145
00:55:07,640 --> 00:55:12,160
Speaker 1: to make new stars. Remember, you need cold conditions. So

1146
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:16,160
Speaker 1: it's a surprise if something is spoiling those conditions and

1147
00:55:16,280 --> 00:55:19,840
Speaker 1: doing it quickly and in a sort of coordinated banner

1148
00:55:19,920 --> 00:55:23,279
Speaker 1: across the galaxy all at once. That's not what you

1149
00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:26,160
Speaker 1: expect to have from just the sort of random distribution

1150
00:55:26,360 --> 00:55:29,319
Speaker 1: of conditions that you expect in galaxies.

1151
00:55:29,640 --> 00:55:33,200
Speaker 3: Hmm, you see, it doesn't match. A random distribution is

1152
00:55:33,239 --> 00:55:35,840
Speaker 3: kind of the mystery. All right. Well, I hope you

1153
00:55:35,880 --> 00:55:39,120
Speaker 3: find a culprit, Daniel, you know, maybe before it kills

1154
00:55:39,120 --> 00:55:41,359
Speaker 3: our galaxy or no, wait, our galaxy's already dead.

1155
00:55:41,560 --> 00:55:44,040
Speaker 1: Well I thought you were pro galaxy retirement anyway, so

1156
00:55:44,080 --> 00:55:45,640
Speaker 1: I thought you'd want to find the culprit and then

1157
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:48,160
Speaker 1: encourage it, like, hey, man, would you let all these

1158
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:49,960
Speaker 1: galaxies off the hook? They've done enough.

1159
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:52,280
Speaker 3: I have pro retirement in any situation.

1160
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,120
Speaker 1: All Right, you teenagers out there, Jorge suggesting that you

1161
00:55:56,200 --> 00:55:56,960
Speaker 1: retire today.

1162
00:55:57,200 --> 00:56:02,520
Speaker 3: Yeah, if you can, you know, go for it. You know,

1163
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:05,040
Speaker 3: I feel like I retired in my early twenties, so

1164
00:56:05,080 --> 00:56:06,560
Speaker 3: I definitely recommend.

1165
00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:09,239
Speaker 1: You retired and then started three or four new careers.

1166
00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:14,040
Speaker 3: Yeah. I've retired about three times. That's how pro retirement

1167
00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:15,200
Speaker 3: I am, Daniel exactly.

1168
00:56:15,239 --> 00:56:17,320
Speaker 1: So I guess we shouldn't think of these galaxies as quenched.

1169
00:56:17,440 --> 00:56:19,920
Speaker 1: We should think of them as beginning their next adventure.

1170
00:56:20,040 --> 00:56:22,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, there you go, and we hope you also find

1171
00:56:22,160 --> 00:56:25,160
Speaker 3: your next adventure pretty soon in the near future, hopefully

1172
00:56:25,160 --> 00:56:27,320
Speaker 3: in this galaxy before it retires.

1173
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:29,600
Speaker 1: And remember that we are still learning about the process

1174
00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:33,719
Speaker 1: of galaxy formation and galaxy quenching and galaxy retirement, and

1175
00:56:33,760 --> 00:56:36,600
Speaker 1: hopefully we will live long enough to learn much much more.

1176
00:56:36,920 --> 00:56:38,640
Speaker 3: Yeah, and I guess the main lesson is that the

1177
00:56:38,719 --> 00:56:42,480
Speaker 3: universe is still a work in progress. It's changing, it's growing,

1178
00:56:42,640 --> 00:56:45,399
Speaker 3: it's changing its color and showing its age.

1179
00:56:45,520 --> 00:56:46,960
Speaker 1: It's getting redder and redder.

1180
00:56:47,239 --> 00:56:49,120
Speaker 3: Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us,

1181
00:56:49,440 --> 00:56:50,200
Speaker 3: see you next time.

1182
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:00,840
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1183
00:57:00,880 --> 00:57:04,879
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1184
00:57:04,880 --> 00:57:09,520
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio. Visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1185
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:23,040
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1186
00:57:23,040 --> 00:57:25,360
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1187
00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:28,280
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1188
00:57:28,320 --> 00:57:31,440
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1189
00:57:31,480 --> 00:57:34,520
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1190
00:57:34,640 --> 00:57:39,480
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

1191
00:57:39,760 --> 00:57:42,880
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from

1192
00:57:42,880 --> 00:57:46,840
Speaker 1: manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

1193
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,880
Speaker 1: electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

1194
00:57:50,920 --> 00:57:51,680
Speaker 1: to learn more.

1195
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:56,720
Speaker 7: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

1196
00:57:56,720 --> 00:57:59,160
Speaker 7: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

1197
00:57:59,160 --> 00:58:01,280
Speaker 7: ones who need them to get at home safely. Protect

1198
00:58:01,280 --> 00:58:04,320
Speaker 7: our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

1199
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:07,240
Speaker 7: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans

1200
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:07,720
Speaker 7: It is.

1201
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:09,960
Speaker 8: Ryan here, and I have a question for you. What

1202
00:58:10,120 --> 00:58:11,800
Speaker 8: do you do when you win?

1203
00:58:12,280 --> 00:58:12,320
Speaker 6: Like?

1204
00:58:12,360 --> 00:58:15,520
Speaker 8: Are you a fist pumper, a woohoo, a handclapper, a

1205
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:17,120
Speaker 8: high fiver? If you want to hone in on those

1206
00:58:17,120 --> 00:58:20,240
Speaker 8: winning moves. Check out Chumbuck Casino. Choose from hundreds of

1207
00:58:20,240 --> 00:58:23,520
Speaker 8: social casino style games for your chance to redeem serious

1208
00:58:23,560 --> 00:58:26,919
Speaker 8: cash prizes. There are new game releases weekly, plus free

1209
00:58:27,040 --> 00:58:29,600
Speaker 8: daily bonuses, so don't wait. Start having the most fun

1210
00:58:29,760 --> 00:58:31,919
Speaker 8: ever at chumbuckcasino dot com.

1211
00:58:31,920 --> 00:58:33,040
Speaker 3: Sponsored by chumb Casino.

1212
00:58:33,040 --> 00:58:35,960
Speaker 2: No purchase necessary. VGW Group fordware prohibited by Law eighteen plus.

1213
00:58:36,080 --> 00:58:36,960
Speaker 3: Terms and conditions apply