1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:17,440 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. We've gotten 4 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: several requests to do an episode on the Chinese Exclusion 5 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:24,120 Speaker 1: Act of eighteen eighty two, and that's something that we've 6 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:27,400 Speaker 1: mentioned and I feel like a lot of previous episodes, 7 00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: and it's gotten a longer discussion in some specific episodes 8 00:00:31,640 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 1: like the Delano Grape Strike and Cannery Row and our 9 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:38,120 Speaker 1: Brief History of Foreign Foods in the US, and then 10 00:00:38,240 --> 00:00:42,199 Speaker 1: especially our two parter on Executive Order ninety six in 11 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:45,720 Speaker 1: the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War Two. 12 00:00:46,560 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: So the Chinese Exclusion Act was really the first big 13 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:54,800 Speaker 1: piece in just a long history of United States immigration 14 00:00:54,880 --> 00:00:58,520 Speaker 1: laws intended to keep so called undesirables out of the 15 00:00:58,560 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: country and to make contained white racial purity. It was 16 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:06,240 Speaker 1: the United States first major immigration law, and as its 17 00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:10,400 Speaker 1: name suggests, its specifically targeted people from China. It made 18 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: it illegal for Chinese laborers to enter the US for 19 00:01:13,360 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 1: ten years, and then it was extended under the Geary 20 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:19,160 Speaker 1: Act in eighteen ninety two and then made permanent in 21 00:01:19,240 --> 00:01:24,080 Speaker 1: nineteen o two. It wasn't repealed until nineteen forty three. 22 00:01:24,319 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: That was under the Magnus In Act, although that act 23 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:29,840 Speaker 1: also set a quota on Chinese immigration that worked out 24 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:32,280 Speaker 1: to a maximum of just about a hundred and five 25 00:01:32,400 --> 00:01:36,679 Speaker 1: people a year, so not many at all. But the 26 00:01:36,800 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: Chinese Exclusion Act also had a much broader impact beyond 27 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 1: its exclusion of Chinese immigrants and beyond its setting the 28 00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: foundation for later laws that targeted other groups. When it 29 00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,600 Speaker 1: was challenged before the Supreme Court, the court's decisions established 30 00:01:52,640 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 1: what's known as the plenary power doctrine for immigration law. Basically, 31 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: that's the idea that the US government's legislative in a 32 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: executive branches have virtually unlimited authority to regulate immigration without 33 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: a lot of oversight from the courts, even if those 34 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: same regulations would be considered discriminatory if they were applied 35 00:02:12,440 --> 00:02:15,520 Speaker 1: to U. S citizens. So today we are going to 36 00:02:15,560 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: talk about the Chinese Exclusion Act. We're also going to 37 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: talk about the Supreme Court case that's most closely associated 38 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,560 Speaker 1: with all this, and that is Chan Ping versus the 39 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:30,120 Speaker 1: United States. For the most part, immigration in the US 40 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:34,560 Speaker 1: from China started after the end of the First Opium War. Briefly, 41 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:38,600 Speaker 1: Britain wanted to import Chinese goods like tea and silk, 42 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:42,240 Speaker 1: but China didn't really have a need for Britain's usual exports, 43 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: so to offset that imbalance, Britain started trading opium from 44 00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:50,720 Speaker 1: India into Southern China. Opium, of course, is a highly 45 00:02:50,840 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 1: addictive narcotic, and although it had been introduced into China 46 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:58,040 Speaker 1: before this point, the British opium trade was socially and 47 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:03,360 Speaker 1: economically devastating. The Emperor started issuing edicts against opium in 48 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty nine, but Britain kept exporting it into China 49 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: in defiance of Chinese law. Eventually, China destroyed a shipment 50 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:14,680 Speaker 1: of British opium by throwing it into the sea, and 51 00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:19,280 Speaker 1: Britain retaliated with force. The resulting war lasted from eighteen 52 00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: thirty nine to eighteen forty two, and it ended with 53 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: the Treaty of Nanjing, which heavily favored British interests. Although 54 00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 1: the US had also been involved in the opium trade, 55 00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:32,520 Speaker 1: it wasn't one of the belligerents in this war, so 56 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:35,160 Speaker 1: it was not a party to the Treaty of Nanjing. 57 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:38,320 Speaker 1: But the US did want access to the same trading 58 00:03:38,360 --> 00:03:42,960 Speaker 1: ports and other concessions that Britain had secured through that treaty, 59 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: so US President John Tyler sent a delegation to China 60 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:49,760 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty four, and the result was the Treaty 61 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: of Wan Chia, which was described as a Treaty of quote, Peace, Amity, 62 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:57,720 Speaker 1: and Commerce. It called for a quote perfect, permanent and 63 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:02,400 Speaker 1: universal peace and a sincere cordial amity between the US 64 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:05,800 Speaker 1: and China. It was the first diplomatic agreement between the 65 00:04:05,920 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 1: U s and China, and although it primarily covered US 66 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:12,440 Speaker 1: trading rights with China, it also established the right for 67 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:17,360 Speaker 1: Americans to live in five specific Chinese ports. The Treaties 68 00:04:17,400 --> 00:04:21,240 Speaker 1: of Nanjing and Quanxia are two of the unequal treaties 69 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: that China signed with other nations in the nineteenth and 70 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: early twentie centuries. These treaties heavily favored the interests of 71 00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: other nations over those of China. China had strictly limited 72 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,279 Speaker 1: its trade and its contact with other nations before this point, 73 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 1: and so it went through just massive and tumultuous social 74 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:43,560 Speaker 1: and economic changes as a result of these treaties and 75 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:47,720 Speaker 1: the concessions that they granted to other nations. On top 76 00:04:47,760 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: of that, the Taiping Rebellion was partially fueled by this 77 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:56,159 Speaker 1: upheaval and dissatisfaction over these new foreign influences in China. 78 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: It started in eighteen fifty and led to the deaths 79 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: of more than twenty milli in people. Then, unresolved issues 80 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 1: from the First Opium War fed into the Second Opium 81 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:09,520 Speaker 1: War that started in eighteen fifty six. There were massive 82 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:12,719 Speaker 1: floods and famines in China in the mid nineteenth century 83 00:05:12,760 --> 00:05:15,720 Speaker 1: as well. In the wake of all this violence and 84 00:05:15,880 --> 00:05:20,800 Speaker 1: chaos and destruction, people understandably started emigrating from China to 85 00:05:20,880 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: other countries, and while some people were able to pay 86 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:28,040 Speaker 1: their own way, others were essentially indentured workers or in 87 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,960 Speaker 1: some cases were the victims of trafficking. During these same years, 88 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:35,599 Speaker 1: the United States needed a new source for laborers, especially 89 00:05:35,680 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: in California. The US took possession of nearly all of 90 00:05:39,560 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: what is now California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico 91 00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,240 Speaker 1: after the end of the Mexican American War in eighteen 92 00:05:47,279 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: forty eight. That same year, the discovery of gold launched 93 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:54,159 Speaker 1: the California gold Rush, So the US needed people to 94 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:59,160 Speaker 1: farm this newly acquired land, to mine gold, to build infrastructure. 95 00:05:59,440 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: Just on an on they needed people. Yeah, and just 96 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: from a practical but also unpleasant level, people were going 97 00:06:07,040 --> 00:06:10,839 Speaker 1: to have to come from somewhere else. The indigenous population 98 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: of California is estimated to have been at about a 99 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:16,160 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty thousand people at the end of the 100 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:20,239 Speaker 1: Mexican American War, and they faced disease, the loss of land, 101 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:23,039 Speaker 1: and genocide at the hands of white settlers in the 102 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:27,640 Speaker 1: California government over the following decades. And although some newcomers 103 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:31,680 Speaker 1: to California did bring their enslaved workforces with them, when 104 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:34,719 Speaker 1: California was admitted to the Union in eighteen fifty, it 105 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:38,080 Speaker 1: was as a free state, so the United States was 106 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:41,120 Speaker 1: just needing to bring in workers from some other source. 107 00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:44,640 Speaker 1: One of the people proposing that these new laborers come 108 00:06:44,680 --> 00:06:50,080 Speaker 1: from China was Aaron Hate Palmer. His memoir Geographical, Political 109 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,200 Speaker 1: and Commercial on the present state, productive resources and Capabilities 110 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:58,080 Speaker 1: for commerce of Siberia, Manchuria, and the Asiatic Islands of 111 00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:01,520 Speaker 1: the Northern Pacific Ocean, and on the importance of opening 112 00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:05,520 Speaker 1: commercial intercourse with those countries. We Love. A long title 113 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:08,880 Speaker 1: uh that book was addressed to President James K. Polk 114 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:14,440 Speaker 1: In in addition to summarizing quote, the present state, productive 115 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: resources and capabilities for commerce of several comparatively unknown countries 116 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:22,360 Speaker 1: in the East. The eighth chapter of this work was 117 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: titled Quote Policy of Encouraging Immigration of Chinese Agricultural Laborers 118 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:31,720 Speaker 1: to California semi colon Railroad from the Mississippi to the 119 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,560 Speaker 1: Bay of San Francisco. This chapter began quote with the 120 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: view of bringing the fertile lands in California under early cultivation. 121 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: I would suggest the policy of encouraging immigration of agricultural 122 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: laborers from China to that territory. No people in all 123 00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:52,400 Speaker 1: the East are so well adapted for clearing wild lands 124 00:07:52,480 --> 00:07:58,200 Speaker 1: and raising every species of agricultural product, especially rice, cotton, tobacco, sugar, 125 00:07:58,240 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: and silk. As the Chinese palmer goes on to describe 126 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: how a colony of Chinese laborers in California would also 127 00:08:06,240 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: bring in trade from China and from other parts of Asia. 128 00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: He also advocates the construction of a railroad connecting the 129 00:08:13,080 --> 00:08:16,800 Speaker 1: Mississippi River to San Francisco, which would connect the Eastern 130 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:20,040 Speaker 1: US to the West coast for trade with Asia. The 131 00:08:20,120 --> 00:08:23,320 Speaker 1: United States would undertake such a railroad under the Pacific 132 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:26,640 Speaker 1: Railway Act, which was signed into law in eighteen sixty two. 133 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: As a side note here, Palmer would also go on 134 00:08:30,560 --> 00:08:34,720 Speaker 1: to draft such documents as Plan for Opening Japan, which 135 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:38,120 Speaker 1: formed the foundation for commodore Matthew Perry's voyage to open 136 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: Japan to Western trade by force. Palmer petitioned Congress for 137 00:08:42,360 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: compensation and recognition for his work. He was apparently very 138 00:08:46,320 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 1: annoyed that he had not been recognized or paid for 139 00:08:50,559 --> 00:08:53,560 Speaker 1: all of this. That led to an Act for the 140 00:08:53,640 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: Relief of Arin H. Palmer in eighteen sixty one, and 141 00:08:57,200 --> 00:09:00,120 Speaker 1: under that Act he was paid three thousand dollars. In 142 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: the wake of all this, the number of Chinese people 143 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 1: living in the US rose dramatically. In eighteen forty, there 144 00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 1: were four people of Chinese origin known to be living 145 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,560 Speaker 1: in the United States. In eighteen fifty there were just 146 00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 1: over four thousand, but by eighteen sixty that number had 147 00:09:16,120 --> 00:09:19,439 Speaker 1: grown to almost thirty five thousand. That's a big number, 148 00:09:19,440 --> 00:09:21,640 Speaker 1: and it sounds like a huge increase and it is, 149 00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,200 Speaker 1: but it's still tiny compared to the total US population 150 00:09:25,600 --> 00:09:28,439 Speaker 1: of thirty one million people at the time. So at 151 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:32,359 Speaker 1: the national level, looking at things from the federal government's perspective, 152 00:09:32,440 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: these were desperately needed, relatively inexpensive workers who were doing 153 00:09:36,960 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 1: critical manual labor. Some of that labor was incredibly difficult, unpleasant, 154 00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:46,320 Speaker 1: and dangerous. That was especially true as Chinese workers started 155 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:50,080 Speaker 1: building the Transcontinental Railroad. They made up between eighty and 156 00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:53,840 Speaker 1: ninety percent of the workforce on the railroad's western portion. 157 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: But locally, white people in the Western US, especially in California, 158 00:09:59,559 --> 00:10:03,480 Speaker 1: saw Chinese immigrants as a threat. This was especially true 159 00:10:03,559 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 1: during the Gold Rush, as white miners tried to exclude 160 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:10,440 Speaker 1: Chinese people from mining camps and prevent Chinese people from 161 00:10:10,480 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: staking claims. Basically, as soon as Chinese immigrants started branching 162 00:10:15,040 --> 00:10:19,120 Speaker 1: out beyond doing manual labor, white people resisted. We will 163 00:10:19,240 --> 00:10:25,080 Speaker 1: get into more about that. After a quick sponsor break 164 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:33,840 Speaker 1: during the eighteen fifties and sixties, the state of California 165 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:37,959 Speaker 1: started really trying to discourage immigration from China and to 166 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 1: place restrictions on Chinese people who were already in the state. 167 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:46,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty four, the California Supreme Court issued its 168 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:49,720 Speaker 1: decision in People Versus Hall, which ruled that Chinese people 169 00:10:49,760 --> 00:10:54,360 Speaker 1: could not testify against white people in court. The language 170 00:10:54,360 --> 00:10:58,680 Speaker 1: of the court's ruling was explicitly racist, including describing Chinese 171 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:02,480 Speaker 1: people as inferior. In eighteen fifty eight, California passed a 172 00:11:02,559 --> 00:11:06,439 Speaker 1: law that barred Chinese and Mongolian people from entering the state. 173 00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:09,400 Speaker 1: Were generally they were also just the same kinds of 174 00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:13,160 Speaker 1: discriminatory segregation laws that we've seen in other contexts, and 175 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: laws that were just applied only to the Chinese population 176 00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: and not to everyone else. At the same time, the 177 00:11:20,120 --> 00:11:24,040 Speaker 1: United States was signing new treaties with China. In eighteen 178 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,320 Speaker 1: fifty eight, the U s and China signed the Treaty 179 00:11:26,320 --> 00:11:29,520 Speaker 1: of chian Jin, which supplemented and revised the Treaty of 180 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: One Chia. The Treaty of Tianjin again emphasized this idea 181 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:38,640 Speaker 1: of establishing a quote firm, lasting and sincere friendship between 182 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:42,240 Speaker 1: the two nations. The Treaties of Tianjin and Wan Chia 183 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:47,520 Speaker 1: both outlined various rights and protections for American citizens who 184 00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,360 Speaker 1: were living in China, but they didn't really do the 185 00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:53,280 Speaker 1: same for Chinese citizens who were living in the United 186 00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:57,720 Speaker 1: States or really mentioned Chinese immigration to the US at all. 187 00:11:58,640 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: That changed with the Ling Games Seward Treaty of eighteen 188 00:12:02,000 --> 00:12:05,560 Speaker 1: sixty eight that was named for US Minister to China 189 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:08,559 Speaker 1: Anthon Berlin Game, who had started working directly for the 190 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:12,640 Speaker 1: Chinese government, and for Secretary of State William Seward. In 191 00:12:12,679 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: addition to again reiterating and expanding American trading rights with China, 192 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:21,719 Speaker 1: this treaty also specified that both Chinese and American citizens 193 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 1: had a quote inherent and unalienable right to change their 194 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:29,240 Speaker 1: home and allegiance. In other words, Americans could immigrate to 195 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: China and Chinese people could immigrate to the US without restriction. 196 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: At the same time, quote nothing herein contained shall be 197 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:41,560 Speaker 1: held to confer naturalization upon citizens of the US in China, 198 00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 1: nor upon the subjects of China in the United States. 199 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,440 Speaker 1: U s citizens could also enjoy all the privileges of 200 00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,840 Speaker 1: a public education under control of the Chinese government, and 201 00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:56,760 Speaker 1: Chinese citizens could do the same in the US. Chinese 202 00:12:56,760 --> 00:12:59,800 Speaker 1: and American citizens were each allowed to establish their own 203 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 1: schools in the other country as well. But even as 204 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: the federal government was establishing this pretty unrestricted right to 205 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:12,680 Speaker 1: immigrate between China and the United States, discrimination against Chinese 206 00:13:12,679 --> 00:13:17,000 Speaker 1: people already in the United States was really increasing. The 207 00:13:17,080 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 1: same types of racist stereotyping that had been used to 208 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:24,640 Speaker 1: justify slavery was used to justify discrimination and violence against 209 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:28,920 Speaker 1: Chinese immigrants. Chinese men were described as being useful only 210 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 1: for manual labor, while Chinese women were cast as sex workers. 211 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:37,319 Speaker 1: Compounding all of this were perceptions that Chinese people would 212 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:40,520 Speaker 1: work for such low wages that they made it impossible 213 00:13:40,559 --> 00:13:44,960 Speaker 1: for white people to compete. Employers also started bringing in 214 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:48,560 Speaker 1: Chinese workers to break strikes, and that drew the ire 215 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:51,240 Speaker 1: of the workers they were replacing and the unions that 216 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:56,200 Speaker 1: represented them. And the language used to describe Chinese workers 217 00:13:56,240 --> 00:14:00,600 Speaker 1: often carried a connotation of damage and destruction. These immigrants 218 00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:04,959 Speaker 1: were described as an invasion, or a flood, or a deluge, 219 00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,120 Speaker 1: or even a plague of locusts. The idea was that 220 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: once the railroad was finished, or the mine was played out, 221 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:13,800 Speaker 1: or the crop was brought in, then these workers would 222 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:17,120 Speaker 1: swarm into another area and destroy everything in their path. 223 00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:20,680 Speaker 1: This was worsened by the Panic of eighteen seventy three, 224 00:14:20,760 --> 00:14:23,920 Speaker 1: which kicked off a financial depression and also led to 225 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:28,520 Speaker 1: increased competition for fewer and fewer jobs. White communities and 226 00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: business leaders along the West Coast, especially in California, started 227 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:36,840 Speaker 1: pressing the federal government to take action against this supposed 228 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: Chinese threat. In eighteen seventy five, less than a decade 229 00:14:41,760 --> 00:14:45,360 Speaker 1: after signing the Berlin Game Treaty, the federal government responded 230 00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: to this with the Page Act. The Page Act barred 231 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,400 Speaker 1: US citizens from bringing quote any subject of China, Japan, 232 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,520 Speaker 1: or any Oriental country into the US without their free 233 00:14:56,520 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 1: and voluntary consent. In other words, it banned are Ricans 234 00:15:00,440 --> 00:15:04,120 Speaker 1: from bringing indentured or otherwise unfree workers to the US 235 00:15:04,200 --> 00:15:07,800 Speaker 1: from these countries. Section three of the Page Act also 236 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,560 Speaker 1: began quote The importation into the United States of women 237 00:15:11,640 --> 00:15:15,480 Speaker 1: for the purposes of prostitution is hereby forbidden, and it 238 00:15:15,560 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 1: empowered port collectors to inspect vessels and their passengers to 239 00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,960 Speaker 1: confirm that this law was being followed. The Page Act 240 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: essentially assumed that Asian women immigrating to the US were 241 00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: sex workers, and it subjected them to degrading and humiliating 242 00:15:31,080 --> 00:15:36,960 Speaker 1: exams and interrogations upon arrival. Before this point, Chinese immigrants 243 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,760 Speaker 1: to the US had been predominantly male, since so many 244 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:45,000 Speaker 1: were being contracted to work as manual laborers, but the 245 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:48,960 Speaker 1: Page Act became an even bigger deterrent for women, and 246 00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:52,760 Speaker 1: it reinforced stereotypes that connected Asian women to sex work. 247 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: Combined with a rise and anti missagination laws which made 248 00:15:56,760 --> 00:16:00,120 Speaker 1: it illegal for people of different races to marry, this 249 00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:02,640 Speaker 1: meant that the vast majority of Chinese people in the 250 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:06,240 Speaker 1: US were single men or men whose families are back 251 00:16:06,240 --> 00:16:10,600 Speaker 1: in China. Was basically a deterrent to forming actual families 252 00:16:10,640 --> 00:16:14,000 Speaker 1: and communities here in the US. We talked about some 253 00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:19,320 Speaker 1: similar stuff in our Delano grape strike episode with Filipino 254 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: workers who were not permitted to have wives or to 255 00:16:24,040 --> 00:16:28,720 Speaker 1: bring their wives from the Philippines. Eighteen seventy five was 256 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: also the year that Chai chan Ping arrived in the 257 00:16:31,320 --> 00:16:33,800 Speaker 1: US to work, and he worked in the United States 258 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:36,720 Speaker 1: for the next twelve years, and during those years, the 259 00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: US continued to pass new restrictions on immigration from China 260 00:16:40,640 --> 00:16:44,320 Speaker 1: and other parts of Asia, and on Chinese immigrants already 261 00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:48,720 Speaker 1: in the country. California adopted a new state constitution in 262 00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:52,840 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine, which included Article nineteen. It was simply 263 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: called Chinese. Section two of this article began quote no 264 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:01,000 Speaker 1: corporation now existing or hereafter. Four under the laws of 265 00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:05,520 Speaker 1: this State, shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, employed, 266 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:10,640 Speaker 1: directly or indirectly, in any capacity, any Chinese or Mongolian. 267 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:15,440 Speaker 1: Section three reads, in its entirety quote, no Chinese shall 268 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:19,600 Speaker 1: be employed on any state, county, municipal, or other public work, 269 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,520 Speaker 1: except in punishment for crime. Also in eighteen seventy nine, 270 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:28,360 Speaker 1: the US Senate and House passed a bill that mandated 271 00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,359 Speaker 1: that ships arriving in the United States could carry no 272 00:17:31,520 --> 00:17:36,960 Speaker 1: more than fifteen Chinese workers. President Rutherford B. Hayes vetoed 273 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:40,000 Speaker 1: this bill because it conflicted with the treaties in place 274 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:42,879 Speaker 1: with China, including the Berlin Game Treaty, but then to 275 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:46,880 Speaker 1: address that, he sent a commission to China, headed by 276 00:17:46,920 --> 00:17:51,119 Speaker 1: diplomat James Angel, to negotiate a new treaty, and the 277 00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:54,119 Speaker 1: result of that negotiation was the Angel Treaty, signed in 278 00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:58,159 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty. The Angel Treaty was written to apply only 279 00:17:58,240 --> 00:18:02,440 Speaker 1: to laborers, although the deaf nition of laborer expanded over time. 280 00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: It read, in part quote, whenever, in the opinion of 281 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,879 Speaker 1: the Government of the United States, the coming of Chinese 282 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:13,199 Speaker 1: laborers to the United States or their residents therein effects 283 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: or threatens to affect the interests of that country, or 284 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:19,679 Speaker 1: to endanger the good order of the said country, or 285 00:18:19,720 --> 00:18:23,520 Speaker 1: of any locality within the territory thereof the Government of 286 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 1: China agrees that the Government of the United States may regulate, limit, 287 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:32,880 Speaker 1: or suspend such coming or residents, but may not absolutely prohibited. 288 00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: This treaty's second article declared that quote Chinese subjects, whether 289 00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:41,760 Speaker 1: proceeding to the United States as teachers, students, merchants, or 290 00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:46,359 Speaker 1: from curiosity, together with their body and household servants and 291 00:18:46,480 --> 00:18:50,639 Speaker 1: Chinese laborers who are now in the United States, shall 292 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:53,120 Speaker 1: be allowed to go and come of their own free 293 00:18:53,160 --> 00:18:58,400 Speaker 1: will and accord, and shall be accorded all the rights, privileges, immunities, 294 00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:01,159 Speaker 1: and exemptions which are a cord to the citizens and 295 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:06,040 Speaker 1: subjects of the most favored Nation. However, just two years 296 00:19:06,080 --> 00:19:09,359 Speaker 1: after signing the Angel Treaty, the United States passed the 297 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: Chinese Exclusion Act, or, as it was formerly known, an 298 00:19:13,359 --> 00:19:18,320 Speaker 1: Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese. It 299 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:22,120 Speaker 1: banned Chinese laborers from coming to the US for ten years, 300 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:26,200 Speaker 1: and it defined laborers as quote both skilled and unskilled 301 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:31,000 Speaker 1: laborers and Chinese employed in mining, and it also included 302 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:35,040 Speaker 1: this clause, no state court or court of the United 303 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:39,320 Speaker 1: States shall admit Chinese to citizenship. Now, you could make 304 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:44,560 Speaker 1: the argument that because this applied only to laborers, it 305 00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:47,840 Speaker 1: was not absolutely prohibiting people from coming from China to 306 00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:51,160 Speaker 1: the United States, which is like the Angel Treaty had 307 00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,880 Speaker 1: said that the U s could limit but not absolutely prohibit. 308 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:58,440 Speaker 1: That's still kind of like, well, technically level of argument. 309 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,920 Speaker 1: This act did not apply to Chinese people who were 310 00:20:02,960 --> 00:20:06,240 Speaker 1: already in the US before the Angel Treaty was signed, 311 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:10,159 Speaker 1: or to people who arrived within ninety days of the 312 00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:12,800 Speaker 1: passage of the Exclusion Act, at least in terms of 313 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:15,760 Speaker 1: the ability to come and go. The the fact that 314 00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 1: they then could not become citizens that applied to everyone. 315 00:20:19,480 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: And this established a process to take place at American 316 00:20:22,680 --> 00:20:26,080 Speaker 1: ports which would document the right of these people who 317 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: you know, were exempt under this part of the treaty 318 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:32,120 Speaker 1: to come and go. The Customs collector would document all 319 00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:36,440 Speaker 1: Chinese passengers on departing vessels, and then these passengers were 320 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:39,960 Speaker 1: entitled to receive a certificate that would quote entitled the 321 00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:43,440 Speaker 1: Chinese laborer to whom the same is issued to return 322 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,359 Speaker 1: to and re enter the United States upon producing and 323 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: delivering the same to the Collector of Customs of the 324 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:54,280 Speaker 1: district that which such Chinese labor shall seek to re enter. 325 00:20:54,960 --> 00:20:58,120 Speaker 1: So basically, if you were already here, you were supposed 326 00:20:58,160 --> 00:20:59,800 Speaker 1: to be able to come and go. You could return 327 00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:01,680 Speaker 1: to China or go somewhere else, and they come back 328 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:05,640 Speaker 1: into the United States. In practice, this act banned virtually 329 00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:09,080 Speaker 1: all immigration to the US from China, and it also 330 00:21:09,160 --> 00:21:12,960 Speaker 1: sparked a massive amount of horrific anti Chinese violence in 331 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:17,240 Speaker 1: the US. There had been mass anti Chinese violence before 332 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,679 Speaker 1: this point. As one example, on October seventy one, a 333 00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:25,680 Speaker 1: white man was killed during a shootout involving several Chinese men, 334 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:29,960 Speaker 1: and in retaliation, a white mob attacked the Chinese community 335 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:34,600 Speaker 1: of Los Angeles, lynching at least seventeen people. But after 336 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:37,760 Speaker 1: the Exclusion Act was passed, white communities on the West 337 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:42,200 Speaker 1: Coast felt empowered to purge their Chinese populations, and they 338 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: subjected Chinese neighborhoods to riots and other mass violence. Multiple 339 00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:53,040 Speaker 1: cities and towns expelled their entire Chinese population, including Tacoma, Washington, 340 00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:56,680 Speaker 1: which fourth marched its remaining Chinese residents out of town. 341 00:21:56,760 --> 00:22:02,560 Speaker 1: On November three. At least Chinese men were massacred in 342 00:22:02,680 --> 00:22:08,360 Speaker 1: Rock Springs, Wyoming on September thirty. This whole period came 343 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,800 Speaker 1: to be known as the Driving Out, and it really 344 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:15,040 Speaker 1: had a lot of similarities to the mass violence against 345 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:18,800 Speaker 1: black communities that we've talked about in previous episodes, including 346 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:22,439 Speaker 1: our episode on the Red Summer of nineteen. There was 347 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:27,040 Speaker 1: a widespread perception outside of the Chinese community that Chinese 348 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:31,120 Speaker 1: immigrants were ignorant and illiterate, but really the Chinese immigrant 349 00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:35,520 Speaker 1: community in the US was deeply interconnected, organized, and legally 350 00:22:35,760 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 1: very savvy. Chinese benevolent and mutual aid associations had started 351 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:42,960 Speaker 1: to form in the US almost as soon as Chinese 352 00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:47,119 Speaker 1: immigrants had started arriving. In eighteen eighty two, the Six 353 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:52,040 Speaker 1: most Powerful formed the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, also known 354 00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:57,080 Speaker 1: as the Chinese Six Companies. Its leadership included Chinese merchants 355 00:22:57,119 --> 00:23:00,000 Speaker 1: and other wealthy and prominent people, and it kept attorney 356 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,720 Speaker 1: is on a retainer to deal with legal issues that 357 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:07,240 Speaker 1: involved Chinese immigrants, so did the Chinese Consulate. This led 358 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:11,119 Speaker 1: to a huge number of court cases as people started 359 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:15,280 Speaker 1: arriving from China into the United States without that certificate 360 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:18,440 Speaker 1: that was described under the Chinese Exclusion Act that would 361 00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:21,639 Speaker 1: guarantee them the right to return. In some cases, this 362 00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:24,399 Speaker 1: was because they were really new arrivals. They hadn't been 363 00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:27,679 Speaker 1: in the United States before. But there were plenty of 364 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,320 Speaker 1: reasons that people might really be returning to the US 365 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,000 Speaker 1: having left previously, but without the right paperwork to prove 366 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:38,240 Speaker 1: that they had previously been in the country. They could 367 00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:41,680 Speaker 1: have left the United States before the Exclusion Act was passed, 368 00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: at which point no such certificates are being issued, or 369 00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:49,120 Speaker 1: they just might not have been issued. One fact said 370 00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: that they were entitled to it, not that they were 371 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:55,159 Speaker 1: guaranteed to receive it. This caused problems at the ports, 372 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:57,880 Speaker 1: as officials had to work out whether people really were 373 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:01,760 Speaker 1: legally allowed to enter the US. These cases often wound 374 00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:04,480 Speaker 1: up in courts. The collector of the Port of San 375 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:08,680 Speaker 1: Francisco claimed that of the more than twenty Chinese people 376 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:12,000 Speaker 1: allowed into the US in the first fourteen months after 377 00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:14,720 Speaker 1: the Act was signed, more than a third of them 378 00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:17,640 Speaker 1: had come through the courts without a re entry certificate. 379 00:24:18,119 --> 00:24:23,120 Speaker 1: This was a big deal. On January four, Judge Ogden 380 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,960 Speaker 1: Hoffman of the U S District Court for the Northern 381 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:30,240 Speaker 1: District of California included this statement in his ruling on 382 00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:34,000 Speaker 1: one of these cases. Quote, if the Chinese immigrants come 383 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: in the future and anything like the number in which 384 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,879 Speaker 1: they have recently arrived, it will be impossible for the 385 00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:43,919 Speaker 1: courts to fulfill their ordinary functions. There remain on the 386 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,440 Speaker 1: calendar of the District Court. I am informed a hundred 387 00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:51,359 Speaker 1: and ninety cases for five or six weeks, even with 388 00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:54,440 Speaker 1: night sessions, I have been unable to make any great 389 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:58,760 Speaker 1: impression on them. All ordinary business, public and private of 390 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:03,480 Speaker 1: the court is necessary airily suspended or if resumed. These passengers, 391 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,080 Speaker 1: many of who may be entitled to their discharge, are 392 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:12,120 Speaker 1: left either in custody or on bail, awaiting the determination 393 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: of their cases. It is therefore an urgent necessity that Congress, 394 00:25:17,119 --> 00:25:21,240 Speaker 1: by committing that duty to commissioners, or by some other mode, 395 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,879 Speaker 1: should relieve the courts of the burden of passing on 396 00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,120 Speaker 1: these cases. To close these legal loopholes. On July three, 397 00:25:29,320 --> 00:25:33,600 Speaker 1: eighty four, the U. S Government broadened the Chinese Exclusion Act, 398 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:37,199 Speaker 1: making those re entry certificates issued at port the only 399 00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:40,320 Speaker 1: evidence that could establish a person's right to re enter 400 00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 1: the United States, but this expansion didn't make any provision 401 00:25:44,359 --> 00:25:47,119 Speaker 1: for people who had left the US before it was passed. 402 00:25:47,880 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: This led to a Supreme Court case involving Chu Chung, 403 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,800 Speaker 1: who had left the US for Hawaii in eighteen eighty 404 00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: one and had tried to return to the U s 405 00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:59,879 Speaker 1: in eighteen eighty four. In this case, Young was a 406 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: allowed to enter the US because the Court found that 407 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:05,359 Speaker 1: the law had not intended to strip people of rights 408 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:08,920 Speaker 1: they had previously had under the treaty, which included being 409 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: able to come and go. Justice Stephen Field, who will 410 00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:15,800 Speaker 1: come up again, dissented with this ruling, arguing that it 411 00:26:15,880 --> 00:26:19,600 Speaker 1: was quote holy immaterial to inquire whether by the act 412 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,959 Speaker 1: assailed it has departed from the Treaty or not, or 413 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:26,840 Speaker 1: whether such departure was accidental or designed, and if the latter, 414 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:30,520 Speaker 1: whether the reasons therefore were good or bad. During the 415 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:34,320 Speaker 1: World arguments, Field had also said, quote Congress never supposed 416 00:26:34,359 --> 00:26:37,160 Speaker 1: that Chinaman intended to go back to China and stay 417 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:40,040 Speaker 1: several years. If they do not come back at once, 418 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:42,720 Speaker 1: they should not be allowed to come at all. We're 419 00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:45,480 Speaker 1: going to get into Cha Chung Ping's case after we 420 00:26:45,560 --> 00:26:56,439 Speaker 1: pause for a sponsor break As we said earlier, Cha 421 00:26:56,600 --> 00:27:00,080 Speaker 1: chan Ping traveled into the United States from China in 422 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:02,680 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty seven, and he worked in the US for 423 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:05,439 Speaker 1: the next twelve years. Beyond that, we don't know a 424 00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: lot about him. I have a lot of unanswered questions, 425 00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:11,040 Speaker 1: specifically about his name, Like I don't know how his 426 00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:14,760 Speaker 1: name was written in Chinese characters and how that was romanized, 427 00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 1: because the romanization methods that exist today, like had not 428 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:23,000 Speaker 1: really been developed yet when he immigrated. There are just uh, 429 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 1: some question marks about how he would have written or 430 00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:31,240 Speaker 1: said his own name. On June two, eight seven, he 431 00:27:31,320 --> 00:27:34,800 Speaker 1: set sail for China aboard the steamship Gaelic for a visit. 432 00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:38,879 Speaker 1: Before the ship left the port, he got the required 433 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,000 Speaker 1: certificate that would allow him to re enter the United 434 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:46,200 Speaker 1: States when he got back. On September seven, eight he 435 00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:49,520 Speaker 1: set sail from Hong Kong aboard the Belgic that was 436 00:27:49,560 --> 00:27:51,960 Speaker 1: a British vessel that was under charter to an American 437 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,400 Speaker 1: company and it was bound for San Francisco. The Supreme 438 00:27:55,440 --> 00:27:59,320 Speaker 1: Court's decision in his case says that he arrived in 439 00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:03,320 Speaker 1: San franci Let's go on October eight, but newspaper reports 440 00:28:03,359 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: about the vessel's arrivals say that it was on the seventh. However, 441 00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:12,400 Speaker 1: on October one, while he was still in transit, President 442 00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,960 Speaker 1: Grover Cleveland signed the Scott Act into law, and the 443 00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: Scott Act barred re entry for Chinese immigrants to the US, 444 00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:22,520 Speaker 1: no matter when they first arrived in or how long 445 00:28:22,560 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: they had lived in the country. The US and China 446 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:29,280 Speaker 1: had been working on yet another treaty. This time, China 447 00:28:29,359 --> 00:28:33,200 Speaker 1: had proposed that it curtail immigration to the US with 448 00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:36,120 Speaker 1: the hopes that it would ultimately protect its citizens who 449 00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: were in the United States, but the resulting treaty banned 450 00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: immigration to the US for twenty years and the return 451 00:28:43,280 --> 00:28:46,800 Speaker 1: of Chinese workers to the US. This led to a 452 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:50,920 Speaker 1: huge outcry, and China refused to ratify the treaty, so 453 00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:54,760 Speaker 1: the US acted unilaterally and put the same basic provisions 454 00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:57,720 Speaker 1: in place with the Scott Act. Yeah, at this point, 455 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,480 Speaker 1: China really had no confidence that the United States was 456 00:29:00,560 --> 00:29:04,160 Speaker 1: willing or able to protect Chinese citizens who were living 457 00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:09,120 Speaker 1: on American soil. The Scott Act made that re entry 458 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: certificate that Chai Chomping had obtained before leaving the United 459 00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: States invalid, and he was not at all unique in 460 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,840 Speaker 1: this situation. Even though only a few of these cases 461 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,000 Speaker 1: made it all the way to the Supreme Court. It's 462 00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:27,360 Speaker 1: estimated that the Scott Act invalidated the re entry permits 463 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:31,120 Speaker 1: of as many as twenty thousand Chinese people, and that 464 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:33,720 Speaker 1: as many as six hundred of them were in transit 465 00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:37,120 Speaker 1: to the United States when it was passed. Just in 466 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:39,960 Speaker 1: terms of the passengers aboard the Belgic, there were a 467 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:43,520 Speaker 1: hundred and seventy six people from China, all of whom 468 00:29:43,520 --> 00:29:47,880 Speaker 1: were kept there confined to the ship underguard by port officials. 469 00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: Attorneys began filing petitions on behalf of those one seventy 470 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:55,880 Speaker 1: six people, some of them arguing that they had technically 471 00:29:55,880 --> 00:29:59,120 Speaker 1: been under U s jurisdiction before the Scott Act was signed, 472 00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: since the Jake was operating under an American charter. A 473 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,600 Speaker 1: petition for Chai chan Ping was filed on October tenth, 474 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,560 Speaker 1: and he was issued a writ of habeas corpus. Chai 475 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:12,480 Speaker 1: chan Ping's hearing was before the Circuit Court of the 476 00:30:12,560 --> 00:30:16,000 Speaker 1: United States for the Northern District of California, and the 477 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:20,000 Speaker 1: judge ruled that his detention aboard the Belgic was legal 478 00:30:20,360 --> 00:30:23,240 Speaker 1: because of the Scott Act. He had no legal rights 479 00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:26,920 Speaker 1: to enter the United States anymore, but his attorneys argued 480 00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,560 Speaker 1: that this was in violation of existing treaties between the 481 00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: United States and China, including the Berlin Game Treaty. His 482 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 1: appeal went to the Supreme Court, where it was argued 483 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:41,200 Speaker 1: on March twenty nine, eighteen eighty nine. The fourteenth Amendment 484 00:30:41,240 --> 00:30:44,960 Speaker 1: to the U s Constitution is worded as applying to persons, 485 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:49,080 Speaker 1: not citizens, so a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty, 486 00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,280 Speaker 1: or property without due process of law. Chai Chang Ping's 487 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: attorneys made an argument that his right to re enter 488 00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:59,000 Speaker 1: the US was effectively property and that he could not 489 00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:02,040 Speaker 1: be stripped of it with out due process. They also 490 00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:05,440 Speaker 1: reiterated the idea that his exclusion from the US ran 491 00:31:05,520 --> 00:31:09,920 Speaker 1: against existing treaties with China. However, the Supreme Court was 492 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:13,840 Speaker 1: unanimous in its decision, which was issued on May thirte 493 00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:17,200 Speaker 1: that Cha Chan Ping did not have the right to 494 00:31:17,320 --> 00:31:20,960 Speaker 1: re enter the United States, regardless of what the treaties 495 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,680 Speaker 1: in place between the US and China actually said in 496 00:31:24,800 --> 00:31:28,400 Speaker 1: terms of federal laws and international treaties. The court rule 497 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:32,080 Speaker 1: that neither of them had automatic precedence over the other, 498 00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:35,040 Speaker 1: so whichever one was the most recent, was the one 499 00:31:35,080 --> 00:31:38,280 Speaker 1: that applied to the situation, but the court also went 500 00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:43,520 Speaker 1: way beyond answering just this one specific question. Stephen Johnson Field, 501 00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:47,160 Speaker 1: writing for the majority, wrote, quote, to preserve its independence 502 00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:51,080 Speaker 1: and give security against foreign aggression and encroachment is the 503 00:31:51,160 --> 00:31:54,480 Speaker 1: highest duty of every nation, and to attain these ends, 504 00:31:54,560 --> 00:31:59,000 Speaker 1: nearly all other considerations are to be subordinated. It matters 505 00:31:59,040 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 1: not in what for such aggression and encroachment come, whether 506 00:32:02,800 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: from the foreign nation acting in its national character, or 507 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,680 Speaker 1: from vast hordes of its people crowding in upon us. 508 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:13,800 Speaker 1: The court's opinion was also pretty broad and how it 509 00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:18,800 Speaker 1: approached the idea of race and assimilation. Quote. If therefore, 510 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,680 Speaker 1: the Government of the United States, through its Legislative Department, 511 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: considers the presence of foreigners of a different race in 512 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,560 Speaker 1: this country who will not assimilate with us to be 513 00:32:29,720 --> 00:32:33,680 Speaker 1: dangerous to its peace and security, their exclusion is not 514 00:32:33,840 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: to be stayed because at the time there are no 515 00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:41,520 Speaker 1: actual hostilities with the nation of which the foreigners are subjects. 516 00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:46,640 Speaker 1: This opinion also framed restrictions on immigration, even if discriminatory, 517 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:50,520 Speaker 1: as a fundamental part of a nation's sovereignty. Quote. The 518 00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:54,120 Speaker 1: power of exclusion of foreigners, being an incident of sovereignty 519 00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:56,880 Speaker 1: belonging to the government of the United States as a 520 00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:01,240 Speaker 1: part of those sovereign powers delegated by the Institution, the 521 00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:04,160 Speaker 1: right to its exercise at any time when in the 522 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:07,400 Speaker 1: judgment of the government, the interests of the country require. 523 00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:12,840 Speaker 1: It cannot be granted away or restrained on behalf of anyone. Today, 524 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:17,080 Speaker 1: Champing versus the United States is often referred to as 525 00:33:17,120 --> 00:33:21,440 Speaker 1: the Chinese Exclusion case, although sometimes it's also grouped in 526 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:25,040 Speaker 1: with three later cases and they become the Chinese Exclusion 527 00:33:25,120 --> 00:33:28,920 Speaker 1: Cases together as a group, And although these decisions have 528 00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:33,280 Speaker 1: been highly criticized, especially in recent years, they have never 529 00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:36,640 Speaker 1: been overturned. As we said at the top of the show. 530 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:40,800 Speaker 1: Together they have formed the foundation for the plenary power doctrine. 531 00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:44,720 Speaker 1: In the context of United States immigration law. Basically, people 532 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: trying to enter the US aren't citizens, so constitutional protections 533 00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:53,520 Speaker 1: against discrimination don't apply to them. And although persons already 534 00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,520 Speaker 1: in the United States are covered under parts of the 535 00:33:56,560 --> 00:34:02,160 Speaker 1: Fourteenth Amendment, specifically the Guarantee of Due Process, persons not 536 00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:07,440 Speaker 1: already in the United States really aren't. So through these rulings, 537 00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:10,120 Speaker 1: the Supreme Court took a position that the President and 538 00:34:10,239 --> 00:34:14,439 Speaker 1: Congress are responsible for immigration law, not the courts, and 539 00:34:14,840 --> 00:34:18,920 Speaker 1: not without much court oversight. As for John Ping, we 540 00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,080 Speaker 1: know he was forced to go back to China, but 541 00:34:21,200 --> 00:34:24,280 Speaker 1: that didn't happen for a few more months. His case 542 00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,400 Speaker 1: had become national news thanks to its potential impact on 543 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,560 Speaker 1: the Chinese Exclusion Act, and for weeks after the Supreme 544 00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:33,520 Speaker 1: Court issued its ruling, there were headlines claiming that no 545 00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: one knew where he was. On June, one of his 546 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:40,319 Speaker 1: attorneys gave a statement to the San Francisco Examiner that 547 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:42,840 Speaker 1: he would let the Federal Marshal know when his client 548 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:45,840 Speaker 1: was ready to set sail, and that it wasn't unusual 549 00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:47,680 Speaker 1: for it to take up to thirty days for a 550 00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:50,120 Speaker 1: person to get their affairs in order and be ready 551 00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:53,480 Speaker 1: to leave, even though he was essentially being deported at 552 00:34:53,480 --> 00:34:56,840 Speaker 1: this point. Like none of the language around this case 553 00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:01,000 Speaker 1: is framed as deportation. It's it's framed as excluding him 554 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 1: from entering the US, even though he had been released 555 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:07,120 Speaker 1: on bond and was already in the US. In August 556 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:10,440 Speaker 1: of eighteen eighty nine, his bondsman agreed to bring him 557 00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:13,440 Speaker 1: to the port to board the Arabic, which was scheduled 558 00:35:13,480 --> 00:35:16,080 Speaker 1: to depart for China on the twenty two of that month. 559 00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:18,680 Speaker 1: It seems to have actually set sail a few days 560 00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:21,560 Speaker 1: after that, according to a write up in The New 561 00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:25,480 Speaker 1: York Times, which is really insulting in its tone. So 562 00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:27,320 Speaker 1: I kind of take this with a grain of salt. 563 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:29,960 Speaker 1: He refused to pay for his passage because he did 564 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,600 Speaker 1: not want to leave the United States in the first place. 565 00:35:33,040 --> 00:35:35,360 Speaker 1: There were people who came to the US from China 566 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:39,080 Speaker 1: while the Chinese Exclusion Act was enforced. This was particularly 567 00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:42,440 Speaker 1: true after the nineteen o six earthquake and fire destroyed 568 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:46,920 Speaker 1: most of San Francisco's public records, so people forged documents 569 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:48,680 Speaker 1: to claim that they had been born in the US 570 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,040 Speaker 1: or that they were related to U. S citizens. People 571 00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:55,040 Speaker 1: who entered the US through this kind of forged paperwork 572 00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:59,200 Speaker 1: became known as paper sons. So it's possible that Chai 573 00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:01,880 Speaker 1: chanping return learned to the US, but it is assumed 574 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:04,800 Speaker 1: that he spent the rest of his life in China. Okay, 575 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,120 Speaker 1: we don't really know a lot about what happened to 576 00:36:07,239 --> 00:36:09,120 Speaker 1: him after this point. We don't know a lot about 577 00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,000 Speaker 1: him as a person in general. Uh, but we do 578 00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:15,520 Speaker 1: know that his case had just a monumental influence on 579 00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:19,719 Speaker 1: how the courts have continued to view immigration law in 580 00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:23,879 Speaker 1: the United States, and by extension, like how lawmakers make 581 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:28,480 Speaker 1: immigration policy, knowing that the plinary power doctor and is 582 00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:33,360 Speaker 1: the long standing precedent at this point, Uh, I have 583 00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:35,719 Speaker 1: listener mail. Oh, I was gonna ask you for it, 584 00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,239 Speaker 1: but you got it. Yes, about something completely different. It's 585 00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:46,440 Speaker 1: from Erica and it is titled a Scurvy Story. I 586 00:36:47,120 --> 00:36:49,080 Speaker 1: I wanted something a little lighter to take us out, 587 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:52,000 Speaker 1: and this is a a lighter a lighter side of 588 00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:55,320 Speaker 1: scurvy Erica, says Hi Holly and Tracy. I just listened 589 00:36:55,320 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 1: to your episode on scurvy. I missed a few weeks 590 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:00,440 Speaker 1: of podcast around the holidays, and I'm finally catching up 591 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:02,960 Speaker 1: and wanted to share a third hand story with you both. 592 00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:06,320 Speaker 1: I graduated with my master's in public health last spring, 593 00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:10,000 Speaker 1: and of course, during the MPH program, when we start 594 00:37:10,120 --> 00:37:14,320 Speaker 1: learning about randomized controlled trials, we start with James Lynde 595 00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,720 Speaker 1: and his work identifying a cure for scurvy, and teaching 596 00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:20,400 Speaker 1: about this story and its implications for public health. My 597 00:37:20,480 --> 00:37:24,440 Speaker 1: professor mentioned his college roommate who prescribed fully to the 598 00:37:24,520 --> 00:37:28,920 Speaker 1: classic college student diet of ramen and coffee. During their 599 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:32,600 Speaker 1: first semester at school, the roommate began to feel unwell, fatigue, 600 00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:37,000 Speaker 1: body aches, generalized weakness, etcetera. He eventually went to see 601 00:37:37,040 --> 00:37:39,920 Speaker 1: a doctor who told him that his all instant ramen 602 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:43,920 Speaker 1: diet had him in the early stages of scurvy. The 603 00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:46,560 Speaker 1: doctor sent him off with instructions to eat a flipping 604 00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:49,160 Speaker 1: fruit every once in a while. I'm paraphrasing here, and 605 00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:52,880 Speaker 1: he quickly recovered. As a fairly recent college graduate, myself, 606 00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:55,239 Speaker 1: remembering the story never fails to make me laugh and 607 00:37:55,320 --> 00:37:58,160 Speaker 1: inspire me to pick up an orange. Thank you so 608 00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:01,759 Speaker 1: much for all that you do. I now work and 609 00:38:01,840 --> 00:38:04,160 Speaker 1: an Apartment of Health as part of the COVID Response unit, 610 00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:07,320 Speaker 1: and I appreciate your mix of topics this year. I 611 00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:09,840 Speaker 1: always have the choice whether I want to distract myself 612 00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:12,400 Speaker 1: from public health or learn more about it. I especially 613 00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:14,680 Speaker 1: love the scurvy episode and the one on the Royal 614 00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:19,120 Speaker 1: Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition. Thanks again, Erica. Thank you so much 615 00:38:19,680 --> 00:38:24,040 Speaker 1: for this note Erica that I found it pretty delightful. 616 00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:26,640 Speaker 1: Just in general, UM, I know that they're like real 617 00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:31,040 Speaker 1: serious social and economic issues that can lead to people 618 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:33,760 Speaker 1: lead to people developing scurvy, but the idea of college 619 00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:36,640 Speaker 1: students developing it because they're eating ramen all the time, 620 00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,160 Speaker 1: it was a little funnier to me. It is. It's 621 00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: also just a good lesson right to remember that nutrition 622 00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:48,440 Speaker 1: is legitimately important. Yes, um also uh, we we have 623 00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:52,600 Speaker 1: not had instant ramen on hand at our house for 624 00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:56,640 Speaker 1: the most part um just as a rule until the 625 00:38:56,800 --> 00:39:01,320 Speaker 1: pandemics started, and especially in the early days of the pandemic, 626 00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:03,080 Speaker 1: when a lot of times it was just hard to 627 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:09,160 Speaker 1: find basic staples. We wound up getting a big box 628 00:39:09,560 --> 00:39:15,520 Speaker 1: of of shin bowl spicy ramen, and that has become 629 00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:19,439 Speaker 1: my traditional thing to eat for lunch on the days 630 00:39:19,520 --> 00:39:24,080 Speaker 1: that we record, because very often we have a very 631 00:39:24,239 --> 00:39:27,800 Speaker 1: narrow gap you and I between when we finished recording 632 00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:30,960 Speaker 1: and when we start our next thing, and and making 633 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,600 Speaker 1: an instant ramen bowl. Um has just become my favorite 634 00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:38,359 Speaker 1: little thing. Even though today we've had a relatively short 635 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,400 Speaker 1: recording session because we're only recording one episode, I'm probably 636 00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:44,680 Speaker 1: still going to do it, even though I have plenty 637 00:39:44,719 --> 00:39:48,920 Speaker 1: of time to make my lunch. I am a I'm 638 00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:53,040 Speaker 1: a huge ramen fan. I love ramen, but um, I 639 00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:55,839 Speaker 1: tend to make it fancy rather than making the kind 640 00:39:55,920 --> 00:39:59,000 Speaker 1: that you put boiling water in. I do both, and 641 00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:03,440 Speaker 1: I have so fun memories when I was a kid. Uh. 642 00:40:03,880 --> 00:40:06,520 Speaker 1: My dad his career Air Force, and when I was 643 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,279 Speaker 1: a kid, he had a friend who was stationed in 644 00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:14,680 Speaker 1: Japan and would ship us just entire crates of ramen 645 00:40:15,640 --> 00:40:18,920 Speaker 1: um And that was my breakfast almost every day in 646 00:40:19,080 --> 00:40:21,919 Speaker 1: elementary school for at least a couple of years because 647 00:40:21,960 --> 00:40:24,600 Speaker 1: I loved it so much um And it has continued 648 00:40:24,640 --> 00:40:26,319 Speaker 1: to be one of my big favorites. And I love 649 00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:28,440 Speaker 1: to play with it and mess with it. And that's 650 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:30,399 Speaker 1: one of the one of the many things I miss 651 00:40:30,440 --> 00:40:35,440 Speaker 1: about normalcy. I don't that word has no meaning anymore. 652 00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:38,359 Speaker 1: But um about going to our office is that there's 653 00:40:38,360 --> 00:40:40,640 Speaker 1: a really yummy restaurant in our building that makes some 654 00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:43,800 Speaker 1: of the best ramen in Atlanta, and I miss it desperately. 655 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:46,719 Speaker 1: I missed that ramen so much. I make it a 656 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:48,719 Speaker 1: point to eat at that restaurant every time I come 657 00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:50,520 Speaker 1: to the Atlanta office, which of course is not a 658 00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:52,719 Speaker 1: place I've been in well over a year at this point. 659 00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:59,799 Speaker 1: We did find a restaurant UM that delivers ramen. Uh 660 00:41:00,840 --> 00:41:04,400 Speaker 1: during these as as, we started, like for a long 661 00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:06,000 Speaker 1: time we were just making all of our own food, 662 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,680 Speaker 1: and then we started really trying to order delivery once 663 00:41:08,719 --> 00:41:11,000 Speaker 1: a week to try to support our local restaurants. And 664 00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:14,359 Speaker 1: we found this one restaurant that does an amazing job 665 00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:17,920 Speaker 1: of number one making the ramen and number two delivering 666 00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:21,200 Speaker 1: it in a way that it's still really delicious, um, 667 00:41:21,880 --> 00:41:24,640 Speaker 1: which is great. So anyway, that's our whole ramen saga. 668 00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:32,520 Speaker 1: I'm sure everybody is very uh very important. Yeah, So anyway, 669 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:34,759 Speaker 1: would you like to send us a note about some 670 00:41:34,920 --> 00:41:38,520 Speaker 1: ramen or scurvy or oranges or anything like that. We're 671 00:41:38,560 --> 00:41:41,839 Speaker 1: at History podcast that I heart radio dot com. We're 672 00:41:41,880 --> 00:41:44,239 Speaker 1: all over social media ad miss in History. That's where 673 00:41:44,239 --> 00:41:47,080 Speaker 1: you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram. And you 674 00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:49,560 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on Apple podcast and I 675 00:41:49,719 --> 00:41:52,480 Speaker 1: heart radio app and anywhere else do you get your podcasts? 676 00:41:58,280 --> 00:42:00,280 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a pretty function 677 00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,680 Speaker 1: of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 678 00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:06,840 Speaker 1: visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 679 00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:09,400 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. H