1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:03,400 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of My 2 00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:12,440 Speaker 1: Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:15,040 Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark, and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and 4 00:00:15,040 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: there's Jerry over there, and um, this is stuff you 5 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:24,640 Speaker 1: should know, Stuff you should Nizzo. I'm excited about this one. 6 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 1: This just feels like classic Josh and Chuck. I think 7 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:32,240 Speaker 1: so too. Took Took's gonna make an appearance. Took Took 8 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:40,680 Speaker 1: Mike make Sweet Love, which is always fun. And watching Took, yeah, 9 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:45,040 Speaker 1: we like to watch. He's surprisingly tender, he is. I'm 10 00:00:45,080 --> 00:00:47,519 Speaker 1: sorry all the third graders are actually, more to the point, 11 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: the third grade teachers who are standing there right now 12 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:52,080 Speaker 1: at the head of class, they're like, oh, what happened 13 00:00:52,080 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 1: to the Neanderthal's perfect for the classroom? Right? So yeah, 14 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: this is very uh. I thought this is very cool. 15 00:00:57,920 --> 00:00:59,720 Speaker 1: I love this. But we've talked a little bit about 16 00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:05,000 Speaker 1: Neanderthal's in the past and Homo sapiens and uh, Dennis 17 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:10,040 Speaker 1: Snovin's and that's right, right, there's an extra end in there. 18 00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:14,639 Speaker 1: I think Dennis Stovan's. Dennis Snoven sounds like a dude, 19 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:21,559 Speaker 1: like he manages the ice cream factory, right, Snovin, Dennis Snovin, Uh, 20 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,280 Speaker 1: this is good stuff, though, So let's let's treat everyone 21 00:01:24,959 --> 00:01:28,160 Speaker 1: so all right, we'll do our best. Put the pressure on. 22 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:33,840 Speaker 1: So Neander neander tals it really so? Then correct pronunciation 23 00:01:33,959 --> 00:01:36,520 Speaker 1: is tall by the way. Yeah, I had a teacher 24 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:40,120 Speaker 1: point that out, remember, very specifically in the in the 25 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: ninth grade. But when you're being correct, you're actually speaking 26 00:01:45,920 --> 00:01:49,559 Speaker 1: in Old German, not even modern German. So it's really 27 00:01:49,600 --> 00:01:51,160 Speaker 1: just a question of how you want to say it. 28 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: Either one's acceptable, no, I mean the pronunciation would still 29 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 1: be that in modern German. Neander tal Yeah, okay, because 30 00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: I saw it spelled t a L two. Oh really yeah, 31 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:04,800 Speaker 1: let's get rid of that age. Okay. I kind of 32 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: like it. I like how it looks, but I think 33 00:02:06,920 --> 00:02:09,960 Speaker 1: it's up to the individuals. Say taller thal okay, but 34 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: the correct way is neander tal right, okay, and Neander talls. 35 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:16,840 Speaker 1: I'm probably gonna just switch back and forth. That's okay 36 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:20,000 Speaker 1: with everybody, not to make a big deal out of 37 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:25,600 Speaker 1: it or anything, but um, neander talls uh or thals, 38 00:02:25,639 --> 00:02:31,000 Speaker 1: depending on who you are. They were a species of 39 00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 1: human beings of humans like if you think about it, Chuck, you, 40 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: Jerry me, everybody out there. Sometimes yeah, same species, one 41 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:47,320 Speaker 1: species of human, that's it. Like you just don't really 42 00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:49,679 Speaker 1: kind of think about that. But if you dial back 43 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:51,079 Speaker 1: a little bit, if we got on the way back 44 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 1: machine and went back just like forty thousand years, there'll 45 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: be at least one other species of human running around 46 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:01,840 Speaker 1: on Earth, and they would be the Neanderthals. Yes, so 47 00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:04,840 Speaker 1: we didn't even know that there was another such thing 48 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:08,120 Speaker 1: as another human species until the eighteen fifties because there 49 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:10,520 Speaker 1: was a forty thousand year gap separating us. And then 50 00:03:10,760 --> 00:03:14,480 Speaker 1: that's right, So the very first fossils of a Neanderthal 51 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: was found in eighteen twenty nine in Belgium and then 52 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:21,240 Speaker 1: again in Gibraltar in eight But they kind of were 53 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:23,720 Speaker 1: just like, oh cool, look at these old bones. Wasn't 54 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: a big deal. What's how easy they snap on my knee? Right? 55 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:28,959 Speaker 1: They didn't know what they were, no, And then in 56 00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:33,480 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty six in Germany, something pretty significant happened. Uh, 57 00:03:33,520 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: they found some pretty substantial fossils. I think a whole 58 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,560 Speaker 1: skeleton actually, yeah, well they definitely found a whole skull um. 59 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:42,520 Speaker 1: This was in four or five ft of clay at 60 00:03:42,520 --> 00:03:46,760 Speaker 1: in a limestone quarry cave and a site called felt 61 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:52,080 Speaker 1: so Glad. And this is in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf. 62 00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: And this is where it all comes around. If you 63 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:00,720 Speaker 1: hear the word Neanderthal or a tall um t h 64 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:03,560 Speaker 1: a l and old German means valley. And so the 65 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:09,080 Speaker 1: scientific name Homo neander tollensus means humans from the Neander Valley. Yes, 66 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:13,320 Speaker 1: because it means that's where the first one that we realized, Um, 67 00:04:13,480 --> 00:04:15,839 Speaker 1: wait a minute, this is This isn't a cave bear. 68 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:19,720 Speaker 1: This isn't like some some dead person. This is a 69 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:23,840 Speaker 1: different species of human. Yeah. They saw that the what 70 00:04:23,880 --> 00:04:29,040 Speaker 1: we now know is classic Neanderthal oval shape. That that 71 00:04:29,120 --> 00:04:34,239 Speaker 1: big thick, low receding forehead and brow, very thick bones. 72 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:37,720 Speaker 1: This uh, that was brought to the query foreman and 73 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:41,479 Speaker 1: he said it's a cave bear. I guess you came 74 00:04:41,520 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: over from Alabama. But he said, but I do know 75 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: a teacher and a guy who's really into fossils. His 76 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: name is Johann Karl full Rot. And here you can 77 00:04:51,800 --> 00:04:57,760 Speaker 1: have these bones. He got them, did some impressions, what uh, 78 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:00,280 Speaker 1: did some castings of these and sent though those to 79 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: Hermann uh Schaffhausen, a professor. I don't know German is 80 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:08,359 Speaker 1: so funny. I don't either, but coming out of your mouth, 81 00:05:08,400 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 1: it's like it's just hilarious. After all these years. He's 82 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: a professor, was a professor of anatomy at the University 83 00:05:14,920 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: of Bonn. And they both were like, hey, this is 84 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: significant because this ain't no human. Uh no homo sapien. 85 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,360 Speaker 1: But it's a human, right, we think, right, it's some 86 00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:29,720 Speaker 1: other kind of human, some other kind of hominid that 87 00:05:29,800 --> 00:05:33,160 Speaker 1: we just didn't understand before. So they presented their fightings 88 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:34,719 Speaker 1: in the world. He said, look at this. Everybody, get 89 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:38,279 Speaker 1: a load of this. And there was an immediate problem 90 00:05:38,320 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: with Neanderthals there there's so this is eighteen fifty eighteen 91 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: fifty seven when they prevented presented their fightings. And that 92 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 1: was before on the origin of the species. So before Darwin, 93 00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:55,919 Speaker 1: it was like God created all this, God created you, 94 00:05:56,040 --> 00:05:58,880 Speaker 1: God created the panther, God created the monkeys separately, like 95 00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: all this stuff was all separate. And then Darwin came 96 00:06:02,040 --> 00:06:04,080 Speaker 1: along and said, no, all this stuff is actually related. 97 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: And if you trace everything far enough back, you're gonna 98 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:09,440 Speaker 1: find the last common ancestor between two things that don't 99 00:06:09,440 --> 00:06:16,080 Speaker 1: look anything alike um, including humans and apes. And so 100 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: this was before that, so it didn't fit into the 101 00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:22,719 Speaker 1: Christian creation story. But then even after Darwin came along, 102 00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:26,520 Speaker 1: it just so happened that Neanderthals were discovered and analyzed 103 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 1: and and it was realized that they were in different 104 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,479 Speaker 1: species of human at a time when biological anthropology was around, yeah, 105 00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:35,920 Speaker 1: phrenology and the you know, we've talked about it on 106 00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,040 Speaker 1: the show a little bit, the very sort of racist 107 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:46,200 Speaker 1: practice of um categorizing humans in their inferiority of races 108 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:49,719 Speaker 1: by the shapes of their skull. Right, look at this skull, um, 109 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:54,280 Speaker 1: well there it's not not basically Western and European shaped. 110 00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: We think it has some weird ridge. Um, so they're 111 00:06:57,520 --> 00:07:02,919 Speaker 1: an inferior race. They extended all that onto Neanderthals because 112 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,080 Speaker 1: if you think, you know, if you're if you're comparing 113 00:07:05,120 --> 00:07:09,480 Speaker 1: like human Homo sapiens skulls to one another and somehow 114 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 1: finding inferiority or superiority, and that in the shapes of 115 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:16,520 Speaker 1: those when you compare a Neanderthal skull to a human skull, 116 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: clearly that human skull is much more refined and developed. 117 00:07:20,320 --> 00:07:25,480 Speaker 1: Neanderthals must have been these dim witted brutes the caveman. Like, 118 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: the whole reason we think of the caveman and Neanderthals 119 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:32,680 Speaker 1: is big dummies and and oaths. It is because they 120 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:36,280 Speaker 1: were discovered during a time of racist science. Yeah, and 121 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: that was the view that was held, and it's still 122 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:41,960 Speaker 1: held by some people who don't know better. This is 123 00:07:41,960 --> 00:07:43,640 Speaker 1: why we're doing that, you know, one reason why we're 124 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 1: doing this episode. But it was held for a couple 125 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:49,960 Speaker 1: of hundred years. But in the recent decades things have changed. 126 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: Our picture of the Neanderthal has changed because of science 127 00:07:56,160 --> 00:08:00,160 Speaker 1: and research, and we now know that, uh, well a 128 00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:02,760 Speaker 1: lot of cool things. I don't want to spoil it yet, Okay, Yeah, 129 00:08:02,800 --> 00:08:04,720 Speaker 1: I was wondering if that was too much of the 130 00:08:04,720 --> 00:08:07,800 Speaker 1: beans getting out. I think, so let's tease that out. 131 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 1: That's fine with me. So, uh, we'll just sit here 132 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:14,280 Speaker 1: quietly for a second as we go past this. Okay, 133 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: all right, we ready, yeah, alright, So the current story, 134 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 1: like the simple version of the current story is the 135 00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:24,800 Speaker 1: Neanderthal and the I mean, should we just say the 136 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:28,400 Speaker 1: modern human or Homo sap That's how I was like, 137 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:31,080 Speaker 1: how could because they're both humans, yeah, but they're just 138 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:34,320 Speaker 1: two different species of human sapience tal and sapiens. All right. 139 00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:37,840 Speaker 1: So they separated between a half a million and about 140 00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: six hundred and fifty thousand years ago, and they both 141 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:47,000 Speaker 1: diverge from a common branch um H. Heidel their genesis rgensis. 142 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 1: I think the g is hard. I'm pretty sure that's right. H. Heidelbergensis. Yeah, 143 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:55,880 Speaker 1: all right, that sounds right. Yeah. And this was in Africa, right, 144 00:08:56,400 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: that's where the divergence happened. That's right. Um. Then, so 145 00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:05,560 Speaker 1: either the division, the divergence happened in Africa or some 146 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: Heidelbergensis state in Africa, and some spread out of Africa 147 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:16,280 Speaker 1: to yeah, into the Old World in Asia. And over time, 148 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:22,400 Speaker 1: because of the separation, these groups of humans started branching 149 00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:27,679 Speaker 1: out and developing into distinct species. One of the species, 150 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:30,280 Speaker 1: the first one to develop into a distinct species from 151 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:35,400 Speaker 1: this branch, was Neanderthals, and by at least four hundred 152 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:39,679 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, there were Neanderthals running around like distinct 153 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:43,920 Speaker 1: species of humans called Neanderthals. Yeah, and they were developing 154 00:09:43,960 --> 00:09:46,439 Speaker 1: independently because they were very far from each other, and 155 00:09:46,480 --> 00:09:48,719 Speaker 1: they didn't for a very long time, did not have 156 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,160 Speaker 1: very much, if any, contact with one another. Yeah. Remember 157 00:09:52,200 --> 00:09:56,280 Speaker 1: we did an episode on speciation where like brown bears 158 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:59,280 Speaker 1: and polar bears used to be the same bear, but 159 00:09:59,320 --> 00:10:02,439 Speaker 1: the polar bear started drifting further and further north, and 160 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:06,600 Speaker 1: they actually adapted to a different climate, different habitat, so 161 00:10:06,720 --> 00:10:09,080 Speaker 1: much so that they became a different species. That's the 162 00:10:09,080 --> 00:10:13,280 Speaker 1: exact same thing that we're talking at. Heidelberg ansis drifted 163 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,680 Speaker 1: into two different parts of Africa and Europe, and the 164 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:19,320 Speaker 1: climate in the habitat was different enough that it split 165 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:22,679 Speaker 1: into two different species. Yeah. So what you've got in 166 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:26,920 Speaker 1: Eurasia is a range from like Portugal and whales in 167 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,720 Speaker 1: the west over to like Siberia. This is for Neanderthals, right, Yeah, 168 00:10:30,760 --> 00:10:33,240 Speaker 1: in the east. So that was their range in general, 169 00:10:33,440 --> 00:10:36,079 Speaker 1: and all the way down to the Middle East. Yeah, 170 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:43,319 Speaker 1: it was a huge range, very big range. Um the biggest. Uh. 171 00:10:43,360 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 1: They were shorter than sapiens that we're still in Africa. 172 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: They were kind of stockier, they had bigger brains, they 173 00:10:51,320 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: were by most accounts, stronger, more muscular, had wider hips 174 00:10:55,160 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: and shoulders, sturdier bones, very sturdy, just stocky, robust things 175 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:02,959 Speaker 1: you would not want to mess with the Neanderthal No, 176 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:05,679 Speaker 1: and they were very adaptable. They they lived in very 177 00:11:05,679 --> 00:11:08,800 Speaker 1: cold environments. Uh, they lived in very sort of warm, 178 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:12,280 Speaker 1: temperate environments. So it depends on the time. This is 179 00:11:12,280 --> 00:11:15,000 Speaker 1: what they think. They think that that range that was 180 00:11:15,080 --> 00:11:20,360 Speaker 1: so huge for the Neanderthals, there wasn't necessarily Neanderthals living 181 00:11:20,400 --> 00:11:23,160 Speaker 1: in all parts of that range at the same time 182 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:26,319 Speaker 1: for four hundred thousand years or three fifty thousand years. 183 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:30,679 Speaker 1: They think that over time, some Neanderthal populations died and 184 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,000 Speaker 1: others came along and replaced them, and then some of 185 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:36,560 Speaker 1: them moved down here and some of them were over here. 186 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:39,560 Speaker 1: That they may have lived in different parts of the 187 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: world at the same time, but not necessarily their entire 188 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:46,760 Speaker 1: range all at once. For the whole three fifty thousand years. 189 00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:49,199 Speaker 1: They moved a lot, and nor did they move all 190 00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:51,920 Speaker 1: together as whole populations. It was a lot of local 191 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:56,800 Speaker 1: extinctions and recolonizations going on, right think exactly. So it's 192 00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:59,160 Speaker 1: almost like if you could look at the map of 193 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:02,800 Speaker 1: eur Asia on a time lapse over three fifty thousand 194 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:05,840 Speaker 1: years that Neanderthals were around in the area, you would 195 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,480 Speaker 1: just kind of see these little populations kind of growing 196 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:12,319 Speaker 1: and popping and dissolving and then picking up again. And 197 00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:17,040 Speaker 1: these are actually new groups going into areas becoming like 198 00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:19,440 Speaker 1: dying out for one reason or another. And then a 199 00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 1: thousand or ten thousand years later, there's another group that says, oh, 200 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:24,880 Speaker 1: this is a great spot and showing up kind of 201 00:12:24,920 --> 00:12:29,840 Speaker 1: like our real Atlantis episode. Remember there's like like twelve 202 00:12:29,920 --> 00:12:34,400 Speaker 1: feet of like fifty different settlements over thousands and thousands 203 00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: of years because they're just like, this is a great 204 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:38,640 Speaker 1: place to settle, but each one had no idea that 205 00:12:38,679 --> 00:12:42,000 Speaker 1: the last one was there. Same thing with the Neanderthal range. 206 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:46,120 Speaker 1: So the Neanderthals are doing their thing all over your Asia. 207 00:12:46,720 --> 00:12:49,599 Speaker 1: Meanwhile back in Africa and East Africa, you've got the 208 00:12:49,640 --> 00:12:53,120 Speaker 1: Sapien doing their thing. And then they start to radiate 209 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,240 Speaker 1: out a little bits, the Sapiens and then get obviously 210 00:12:57,280 --> 00:12:59,280 Speaker 1: the Middle East would be a pretty logical next place 211 00:12:59,320 --> 00:13:03,880 Speaker 1: to go from Africa, and they happened upon the Neanderthal 212 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:09,640 Speaker 1: and they're like wow, we wow, who are you? And 213 00:13:09,679 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: then they were all of a sudden sharing space together, 214 00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:15,000 Speaker 1: right starting about a hundred thousand years ago in the 215 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,480 Speaker 1: Middle East, in the Middle East, and then in Europe. 216 00:13:17,520 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: They shared space for two hundred to five hundred generations. Yeah, 217 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:25,080 Speaker 1: they just like the Neanderthals spread out. The sapiens basically 218 00:13:25,120 --> 00:13:28,760 Speaker 1: followed the same path. But there were already people there. 219 00:13:28,760 --> 00:13:33,120 Speaker 1: It was Neanderthals and um. Yeah, two hundred generations, generations 220 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:35,920 Speaker 1: between four thousand and ten thousand years. Very long time 221 00:13:35,960 --> 00:13:39,319 Speaker 1: to share space. It really is like that many generations 222 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:43,400 Speaker 1: that that of just living in the same place. The 223 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:48,480 Speaker 1: thing is is over the lifespan of the Neanderthals, three 224 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:52,280 Speaker 1: fifty thousand years, four thousand years is nothing. It's the 225 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:56,439 Speaker 1: blink of an eye. And around the time about so 226 00:13:56,559 --> 00:13:59,800 Speaker 1: say humans or sapiens showed up in Europe about forty 227 00:13:59,840 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: two two thousand years ago, about forty thou years ago 228 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:08,800 Speaker 1: something give or take a few thousand years, Neanderthals just vanished. 229 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:13,079 Speaker 1: Did they melt? We don't remember that old theory. That's 230 00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:16,720 Speaker 1: all right, they've melted. It was like nine years ago. 231 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:20,200 Speaker 1: That was so uh. I think it's a good place 232 00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:22,560 Speaker 1: for a break. Yeah, we'll talk about what happened right 233 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: after this. Well, now we're on the road, driving in 234 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:29,480 Speaker 1: your truck. Want to learn a thing or two from 235 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:49,520 Speaker 1: Josh Damn chuck stuff you should know, all right, m alright, So, uh, 236 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:54,960 Speaker 1: appearance of of sapiens in Europe before this um disappearance 237 00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: of Neanderthals. For a very long time, everyone basically just 238 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,040 Speaker 1: had one of two you're easy, either that sapiens killed 239 00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:06,400 Speaker 1: them off or that they were just so smart that 240 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:10,240 Speaker 1: they out competed them for resources and they went away. 241 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: And that was It's known as the replacement model or 242 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,320 Speaker 1: the recent African origin model, right, and people were all 243 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 1: on that train. Some people still very much are. Oh yeah, 244 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: in academia, not just not just you know, the general public. 245 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 1: I say, boo to that. I agree, And it seems 246 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:28,200 Speaker 1: like there are people who are kind of chipping away 247 00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:30,480 Speaker 1: at that. But I believe the replacement model is the 248 00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:35,080 Speaker 1: dominant model for what happened to the Neanderthals. It basically says, humans, 249 00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 1: Homo sapiens came along and our brains are so much smarter. 250 00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:42,680 Speaker 1: We were capable of things that Neanderthals couldn't even dream of, um, 251 00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:46,560 Speaker 1: things like culture and art and all sorts of men right, 252 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:51,280 Speaker 1: um language probably um that the Neanderthals just didn't stand 253 00:15:51,280 --> 00:15:53,320 Speaker 1: a chance. Once the sapience showed up. It was like 254 00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,760 Speaker 1: progresses here, go ahead and die and either directly by 255 00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: killing them via warfare or like you said, just out 256 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:02,640 Speaker 1: competing them. That was it for the Neanderthals. And the 257 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:07,200 Speaker 1: timing is definitely well sure suspect, you know, like and 258 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: I think that's what a lot of people have clamped 259 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,640 Speaker 1: onto is humans show up a couple of thousand years, 260 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:16,520 Speaker 1: Neanderthals are gone. Yeah, it makes sense, um on the surface. 261 00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: But in two thousand and ten there was some pretty 262 00:16:19,840 --> 00:16:25,920 Speaker 1: startling discovery. Um, they fully sequenced Neanderthal genome, which is amazing, 263 00:16:26,360 --> 00:16:31,400 Speaker 1: super amazing, and we found out wait a minute, us sapiens, 264 00:16:31,560 --> 00:16:35,520 Speaker 1: some of us have Neanderthal DNA in our bodies. Are 265 00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:39,240 Speaker 1: Neanderthals ourselves? Yeah about depending on where you're from in 266 00:16:39,280 --> 00:16:42,760 Speaker 1: your ethnic background, but if you're European or Asian, you 267 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: have pretty good likelihood of being one to four percent 268 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:48,480 Speaker 1: in Neanderthal as far as your DNA goes. UM. In 269 00:16:48,520 --> 00:16:51,840 Speaker 1: Sub Saharan Africa, there's not any obviously, because that's where 270 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:54,640 Speaker 1: the sapiens were all, uh, you know, hanging out and 271 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:57,760 Speaker 1: doing their thing right. They hadn't migrated out and intermixed 272 00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: with the with the Neanderthals. So you know what that means. 273 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:04,560 Speaker 1: That means that time period where they were all sharing space, 274 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:07,919 Speaker 1: they're also sharing space. There was like a lot of 275 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:10,920 Speaker 1: you know what I'm saying, they were making love. Oh 276 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 1: that ye took took would make love and create little 277 00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:19,360 Speaker 1: baby tooktoks. We have to say for just to keep 278 00:17:19,359 --> 00:17:23,840 Speaker 1: your crownded, we're not exactly sure what kind of uh 279 00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:27,120 Speaker 1: circumstances that making love took. No, you're right, it could 280 00:17:27,119 --> 00:17:32,320 Speaker 1: have been mistaken identity. Um. And obviously the brutal scenario, 281 00:17:32,440 --> 00:17:34,560 Speaker 1: which is probably the most likely, is that they came 282 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,360 Speaker 1: in by force and that was like raping and pillaging 283 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:38,959 Speaker 1: going up. But the thing is, we don't know that 284 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,800 Speaker 1: that's necessarily likely. You know, I don't know. We honestly 285 00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:45,240 Speaker 1: have such a little understandings to Neanderthal We have no 286 00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:47,480 Speaker 1: idea they might have been hippies, But we got to 287 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:51,440 Speaker 1: throw that out there, uh as one of the obvious possibilities. Yeah, 288 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,359 Speaker 1: as much as you want to just be like, oh, 289 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,480 Speaker 1: that's so awesome that Neanderthals were there, the humans showed 290 00:17:56,560 --> 00:18:00,520 Speaker 1: up and rather than humans killing off Neanderthals, get out 291 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:03,760 Speaker 1: of here, you old archaic humans, they said, let's get 292 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:06,560 Speaker 1: it on well, not only let's get on, let's let's 293 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:10,280 Speaker 1: let's share resources, let's teach each other things, let's explore 294 00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 1: life together, and let's didn't go away. They just got 295 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:20,720 Speaker 1: absorbed and because there were far more sapiens, uh, their 296 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:23,280 Speaker 1: traits just you know, sort of got weeded out over 297 00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:25,280 Speaker 1: the years for the most part. So this is the 298 00:18:25,440 --> 00:18:29,560 Speaker 1: rival to that replacement model that's the dominant model. This 299 00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: is called the multi regional evolution model, and it says 300 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:37,200 Speaker 1: basically what you just said, that Neanderthals and humans did 301 00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:42,119 Speaker 1: it so much that the hybrid human Neanderthals that were 302 00:18:42,240 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: um that were born as offspring um, they they mated 303 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:51,120 Speaker 1: with other Neanderthals or other humans. But because there were 304 00:18:51,160 --> 00:18:54,560 Speaker 1: more sapiens I'm sorry, more sapiens than there were Neanderthals, 305 00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:57,600 Speaker 1: the likelihood was that a hybrid would be much more 306 00:18:57,640 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: likely to mate with a sapient and then that high 307 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,840 Speaker 1: bread would be even more watered down neandertal And then 308 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:10,600 Speaker 1: over time, because of and Neanderthals didn't die off, they 309 00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 1: didn't get chased out, they just became part of that 310 00:19:14,359 --> 00:19:18,240 Speaker 1: larger human genome. So there's another theory too that's interesting, 311 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 1: or another interpretation I guess it's not a theory. And 312 00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:24,959 Speaker 1: this has to do with climate change. Um. They did 313 00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:27,280 Speaker 1: a study into and well this year actually two thousand 314 00:19:27,320 --> 00:19:32,399 Speaker 1: nineteen in France, and they discovered that all you need 315 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:36,040 Speaker 1: over the course of about ten thousand years is about 316 00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:40,159 Speaker 1: a two point seven decrease in fertility rates UM to 317 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: go bye bye. Ten tho years for a decrease in 318 00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 1: UM first time young Neanderthal mothers that population, and they 319 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:52,719 Speaker 1: said cut that in half basically are close to it. 320 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,360 Speaker 1: Within four thousand years, you would need only an eight 321 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:59,920 Speaker 1: percent decrease in fertility and that same group. So it's 322 00:20:00,119 --> 00:20:02,520 Speaker 1: very uh, it makes a lot of sense that with 323 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: a little bit of climate change and a little bit 324 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:08,879 Speaker 1: of scarcity and just uh, it didn't have to be 325 00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:11,879 Speaker 1: anything drastic. But over that amount of time, if you 326 00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: don't have any as many calories going into your body 327 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:18,320 Speaker 1: in your first time under twenty year old uh Neanderthal mother, 328 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:20,560 Speaker 1: you're not going to be successful and you're not gonna 329 00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: be as fertile. And then over time that just means 330 00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:26,440 Speaker 1: you you kind of very quietly and slowly go away. Yeah, 331 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:28,440 Speaker 1: I got this. I think I found this article from 332 00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:32,400 Speaker 1: Live Science and in it they they say, by the way, um, 333 00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:35,640 Speaker 1: if the human replacement rate dropped to one point three 334 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: babies per mother, we'd be gone in three years. So 335 00:20:40,760 --> 00:20:44,119 Speaker 1: so just a very slight drop among neandertals could have 336 00:20:44,160 --> 00:20:48,520 Speaker 1: accounted for that four thousand to ten thousand year process 337 00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:52,880 Speaker 1: of just suddenly disappearing. And again in this this interpretation, 338 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,520 Speaker 1: humans didn't do anything. We didn't war with them, we 339 00:20:56,560 --> 00:20:59,159 Speaker 1: didn't outcompete them, we we didn't do anything. It was 340 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:03,359 Speaker 1: just something happened to the environment and it was just 341 00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:05,879 Speaker 1: harder to be fertile. And it wasn't all at once. 342 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:07,920 Speaker 1: Maybe it might have been staggered in different parts of 343 00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:11,600 Speaker 1: the world exactly over over four thousand to ten thousand years. 344 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,800 Speaker 1: And the reason it wasn't that Neanderthals couldn't compete, that 345 00:21:15,880 --> 00:21:20,600 Speaker 1: they couldn't survive um, whereas humans could. Because Neanderthals, again, 346 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:24,120 Speaker 1: their lifespan was three hundred fifty thousand years. Modern humans 347 00:21:24,160 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: have only been around for fifty to a hundred thousand years, 348 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,320 Speaker 1: maybe two at the outside. So Neanderhal's had been around 349 00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:32,600 Speaker 1: for a very long time, had been very good at 350 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:36,119 Speaker 1: adapting to a changing climate basically the whole time that 351 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:38,800 Speaker 1: they were around, so It's not like they couldn't compete 352 00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: or couldn't adapt and humans could. What they think is 353 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,200 Speaker 1: that they were just way more humans, and so our 354 00:21:45,280 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: numbers probably dropped at the same rate that Neanderthal numbers did. 355 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:51,399 Speaker 1: There was just more of us to survive and carry 356 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:54,640 Speaker 1: on after things got better. Yeah, and in more varied 357 00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:58,000 Speaker 1: ranges in parts of the world too. That all kind 358 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,920 Speaker 1: of makes sense to me. Yeah, I suppose it could be. Uh, 359 00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:07,000 Speaker 1: both of those, climate change and lovemaking right very easily. Yeah, 360 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: they definitely go hand in hand. Like should we take 361 00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,840 Speaker 1: another break? All right, We'll take another break and talk 362 00:22:13,880 --> 00:22:17,960 Speaker 1: about what we now the sort of current understanding of 363 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,840 Speaker 1: the picture of what the Neanderthal was. Right after this, Well, 364 00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:24,840 Speaker 1: now we're on the road driving in your truck. Want 365 00:22:24,840 --> 00:22:28,160 Speaker 1: to learn a thing or two from Josh can Chuck. 366 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:45,560 Speaker 1: It's stuff you should know. All right. By the way, 367 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 1: have you seen or heard of that movie William? Uh, 368 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,359 Speaker 1: it was out in April, did not do well, was 369 00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: not reviewed well. But it is basically a sort of 370 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: mad scientist. Not a mad scientist, but a scientist with 371 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:09,679 Speaker 1: a mad idea. Uh, there's a human neandertal born. They 372 00:23:09,880 --> 00:23:13,080 Speaker 1: get the d n A impregnate a modern sapient woman 373 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:17,520 Speaker 1: and she has a a Neandertal boy, William, and he 374 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:21,280 Speaker 1: goes to high school. I did not see that. I 375 00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:23,400 Speaker 1: had no idea about that movie. Yeah, just check out 376 00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,080 Speaker 1: the trailer. Oh, I don't haven't seen it. It's not 377 00:23:26,119 --> 00:23:28,040 Speaker 1: supposed to be very good, and it did not look 378 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:30,959 Speaker 1: very good. But it was very much like, you know, 379 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:32,840 Speaker 1: I just want to fit in, and he's you know, 380 00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,600 Speaker 1: he's in Neandertal. He's got the regular haircut, in the 381 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:39,720 Speaker 1: vans and the jeans and the T shirt. He's got 382 00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:43,840 Speaker 1: the big forehead and the thick It sounds a lot, 383 00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:47,720 Speaker 1: it does, and it looks like it could be a joke, 384 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: but it's real. Was there that I feel good in 385 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:55,520 Speaker 1: the middle of the trailer or that scene where like 386 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:57,600 Speaker 1: like a teen woolf or something where he's really good 387 00:23:57,640 --> 00:24:04,320 Speaker 1: at sports or something. Yeah, yeah, man, William, Yeah, there's 388 00:24:04,320 --> 00:24:08,479 Speaker 1: a weekend for you. I'm not gonna watch it, but 389 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:10,680 Speaker 1: I just thought it'd be it'd be worth mentioning before 390 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:15,240 Speaker 1: the emails come in. So, uh, the image. We were 391 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:17,760 Speaker 1: on a quest. I think um and sciences on a 392 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:21,920 Speaker 1: quest to sort of rehabilitate That's why you mentioned that, 393 00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,199 Speaker 1: but to rehabilitate the image of the Neanderthal is this 394 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:31,200 Speaker 1: hunched over brute. Part of the problem is, uh they 395 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: sort of based in an entire species on this one 396 00:24:35,760 --> 00:24:41,920 Speaker 1: hunched over uh dude skeleton skeleton, and they're like, look 397 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:45,200 Speaker 1: at them that they're all hunched over oaths. And now 398 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:47,680 Speaker 1: they're like, oh, actually that individual may have had a 399 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:51,080 Speaker 1: digener to bone disease. And what we now think is 400 00:24:51,119 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: they just walked around like we do and probably looked 401 00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:55,840 Speaker 1: a lot like we do. Yeah. Um. They think that 402 00:24:56,240 --> 00:25:00,399 Speaker 1: from you, like, sequencing the Neanderthal genome, they think that 403 00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:02,840 Speaker 1: at least some of them had red hair and light 404 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:07,880 Speaker 1: colored skin, which, by the way, by interbreeding UM with 405 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:13,480 Speaker 1: neandertals recent arrivals from Africa, their hybrid offspring would have 406 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:18,920 Speaker 1: been conferred with UM thicker, straighter hair, a smaller compact frame, 407 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,159 Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff that you would need UM in 408 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,480 Speaker 1: this colder climate of eur Asia from having just come 409 00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:28,080 Speaker 1: up from Africa over the last few generations. So there 410 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,680 Speaker 1: was good stuff, there was also bad. So they think 411 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:35,000 Speaker 1: some of the disease that we suffer from uh IS 412 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,480 Speaker 1: is actually related to neandertal DNA. That doesn't have a 413 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:41,159 Speaker 1: context or a point or a function like it used to, 414 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:45,080 Speaker 1: and that that now it's actually producing disease in us. Yeah, 415 00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:47,400 Speaker 1: like the same d NA. Like they could have had 416 00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:51,960 Speaker 1: the same things that we associate with diabetes and crones, 417 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,120 Speaker 1: but they would have bedn't affect them like it does us. Yeah, 418 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,800 Speaker 1: there's a lifestyle and everything that how we diverged precisely 419 00:25:58,840 --> 00:26:03,080 Speaker 1: really interesting, I think is actually that's the alternative explanation 420 00:26:03,119 --> 00:26:07,880 Speaker 1: for the hygiene hypothesis. I did these these both sort 421 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: of linked in some ways right there. So behaviorally, it's, uh, 422 00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:15,240 Speaker 1: we're again we're trying to get away from this idea 423 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:19,960 Speaker 1: of cavemen, uh and things that we thought were strictly sapient. 424 00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,560 Speaker 1: Over the years, it turns out that Neanderthals were actually 425 00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:29,159 Speaker 1: good at like making tools. Uh. And this really interesting technique, uh, 426 00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:34,800 Speaker 1: the Leva leva loire technique, which is basically, I am 427 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:37,680 Speaker 1: in the area where I have the resources to make 428 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:40,120 Speaker 1: all the tools, but we gotta pack up and leave, 429 00:26:40,359 --> 00:26:42,480 Speaker 1: and we don't know if we're gonna have this stuff there. Yeah, 430 00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:45,520 Speaker 1: there's some dinosaurs after us. Yeah, so like the very 431 00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:48,040 Speaker 1: like raw resource, like let's say it's just a certain 432 00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:50,680 Speaker 1: type of stone. So we're gonna pre shape all these 433 00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:54,800 Speaker 1: things into it's sort of a rudimentary uh, a rudimentary 434 00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:57,159 Speaker 1: tool that we can later make into a hammer or 435 00:26:57,160 --> 00:26:59,920 Speaker 1: a chisel, like, depending on what we need. But we're 436 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:02,439 Speaker 1: kind of sort of pre shape them here, pack them up, 437 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,439 Speaker 1: and take them all with us, so we'll have this 438 00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,720 Speaker 1: little factory that we can set up anywhere we want 439 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,760 Speaker 1: what we need. Yeah, that's smart, it is, and it's 440 00:27:09,800 --> 00:27:14,320 Speaker 1: a technological innovation that is definitely attributed to the Neanderthals, 441 00:27:14,359 --> 00:27:17,480 Speaker 1: Like they came up with um and tool making, Like 442 00:27:17,840 --> 00:27:21,840 Speaker 1: we knew that older archaic humans were good with tools 443 00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:25,440 Speaker 1: going back probably a million or so years. Chimps use tools, 444 00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: they use termite sticks. So people are saying, like great, 445 00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:32,760 Speaker 1: Like the Neanderthals like created some sort of like new technology, 446 00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:36,040 Speaker 1: some new tool culture. Um, who cares. It still doesn't 447 00:27:36,080 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: make them smart. But there's other stuff we found out 448 00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:42,040 Speaker 1: about Neanderthals that we started that have really kind of 449 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: changed our view of them because they're doing things or 450 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:48,080 Speaker 1: they we found out they're capable of things that that 451 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:50,640 Speaker 1: they are supposed to. Those are the things that make 452 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:53,879 Speaker 1: humans humans, Like Neanderthals aren't supposed to have been doing this. 453 00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:57,399 Speaker 1: But the more evidence we're getting, the with the fresher 454 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,000 Speaker 1: eyes were looking at existing evidence, it's starting to look 455 00:28:00,119 --> 00:28:04,040 Speaker 1: like they were behaviorally modern like humans, or there's a 456 00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: really good chance that they were Yeah like the sapes. Uh, 457 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:10,480 Speaker 1: they could they could spark fire, so the old notion 458 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:12,120 Speaker 1: like quest for fire, that they just had to sit 459 00:28:12,119 --> 00:28:14,959 Speaker 1: around and wait for lightning to strike a bush is 460 00:28:15,040 --> 00:28:18,639 Speaker 1: not true. They use that fire to cook food, they think, 461 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:20,560 Speaker 1: they think, which is a big deal. It's open new 462 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,920 Speaker 1: interpretation stuff. Um what else they know from studying the 463 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: injuries on the animals that they hunted, That they were 464 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,679 Speaker 1: very intelligent hunters and they killed big, big animals at 465 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:36,399 Speaker 1: close range, which meant that they were skilled, that they 466 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:40,080 Speaker 1: understood risk, that they were brave, and that they will 467 00:28:40,120 --> 00:28:42,680 Speaker 1: get into communication more. But you've got to be communicating 468 00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:44,240 Speaker 1: to to do something like that. Yeah, because they would 469 00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:46,720 Speaker 1: hunt in packs, but they would do it in close range. 470 00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:50,640 Speaker 1: The hunt in packs and always at the velociraptor. Oh, 471 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:55,440 Speaker 1: I think so Jurassic Park by uh the while, they 472 00:28:55,520 --> 00:28:57,960 Speaker 1: threw me off. Sorry, do you think I'd be expecting 473 00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:00,840 Speaker 1: in this episode? Though? You know it wasn't they do 474 00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:05,200 Speaker 1: hunting packs though it was I was just appropriating that line. 475 00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:08,200 Speaker 1: But what was it? Oh man, they do travel in 476 00:29:09,360 --> 00:29:13,600 Speaker 1: they do pack lightly, Yeah, that was it? Okay, so um, 477 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,680 Speaker 1: the fact that these guys would take on reindeer and 478 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:21,720 Speaker 1: bison and mammoths at close range with like spears and 479 00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:25,560 Speaker 1: javelins and like, you know, some some hand to hand 480 00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:30,280 Speaker 1: combat type stuff has really kind of undermined that that 481 00:29:30,360 --> 00:29:33,440 Speaker 1: replacement model idea that humans came in and just killed 482 00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:36,480 Speaker 1: off all the Neanderthals because they just stood no chance. 483 00:29:36,720 --> 00:29:44,400 Speaker 1: They right, Neanderthals were tough, tough mos. Yes, most um 484 00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:46,080 Speaker 1: one of the big ones here. And this is where 485 00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:49,120 Speaker 1: it gets super interesting, I think to me is the 486 00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:53,080 Speaker 1: use of symbols. That is something that we thought was 487 00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: very much sapien, very sapey. Right, if if they can, 488 00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:01,800 Speaker 1: if they we can show that Neanderthals understood symbols and 489 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:05,200 Speaker 1: had that kind of higher thought that would make them 490 00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:09,600 Speaker 1: behaviorally equivalent to humans. And we're talking like any sapiens. 491 00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:14,520 Speaker 1: We're talking anything from making a like a necklace out 492 00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:18,760 Speaker 1: of beads to wear like an adornments, to using like 493 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:21,560 Speaker 1: pigments on the face like the precursor to make up 494 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:23,960 Speaker 1: and stuff like that. Yeah, humans have been shown to 495 00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:26,920 Speaker 1: UM to have been doing that at least for the 496 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,480 Speaker 1: last eighty thousand years. And I don't know why I 497 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:33,520 Speaker 1: can't get that um sapes have been doing that. Uh, 498 00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: there's the earliest evidences at two sites in Ethiopia, and 499 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:39,959 Speaker 1: this is they think it was like for you know, 500 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:44,800 Speaker 1: identity or jewelry or something like that, but it is like, 501 00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: that's not something you just do like this is there's 502 00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:52,120 Speaker 1: a there's not necessarily a practical function to it, and 503 00:30:52,280 --> 00:30:57,680 Speaker 1: it's a form of art. And there's ambiguous evidence that 504 00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,080 Speaker 1: Neanderthals did this too, that there was body adornment, that 505 00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:05,400 Speaker 1: there was that they would color themselves and pigments, put 506 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,280 Speaker 1: on makeup basically right, So here's the thing question. So 507 00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:12,320 Speaker 1: that would suggest that Okay, if Neanderthal's do that and 508 00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:16,040 Speaker 1: humans did that too, then that makes Neanderthal's equivalent to 509 00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: humans behaviorally. But the people who are big time into 510 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,479 Speaker 1: the replacement model that Neanderthals were actually kind of stupid 511 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:26,240 Speaker 1: and humans are the pinnacle and the first example of 512 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:31,040 Speaker 1: higher intelligence. UM, they say, well, if you really kind 513 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:33,680 Speaker 1: of date some of this stuff that the Neanderthal has 514 00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:36,840 Speaker 1: made it's probably around the time that humans showed up, 515 00:31:36,880 --> 00:31:40,160 Speaker 1: and it's really just Neanderthal's copying what they saw humans doing. 516 00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:44,120 Speaker 1: But there's no symbol symbolism to it, and that like 517 00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:47,400 Speaker 1: they could copy a shell as an ornament, but there 518 00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:50,480 Speaker 1: they didn't have any meaning. Yeah, which is a really 519 00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:53,600 Speaker 1: sort of a snotty approach. I think so too. Well, 520 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:55,960 Speaker 1: they might have done it, but they were just copying, 521 00:31:57,040 --> 00:32:04,040 Speaker 1: no copying. Remember that kid, you know the kids doing 522 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:08,080 Speaker 1: now he or she is running the company? Is that 523 00:32:08,560 --> 00:32:15,320 Speaker 1: Dennis Snoven ice cream and manager ice crea factory manager. So, uh, 524 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:17,640 Speaker 1: cave art. Let's talk about cave art because this is 525 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: this is the one thing that um to make art 526 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,840 Speaker 1: is the one thing that traditionally have always separated sapes 527 00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:30,120 Speaker 1: from everyone else. Right, Like, if everybody's saying, okay, even 528 00:32:30,160 --> 00:32:34,160 Speaker 1: if Neanderthals came up with body adornments, that's not art. 529 00:32:34,520 --> 00:32:38,480 Speaker 1: We're gonna the bar. This is what the poop pooers say, 530 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: that doesn't really qualify as art. Cave art is where 531 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:45,280 Speaker 1: it's at. If you could show me Neanderthals that created 532 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:49,120 Speaker 1: cave art, I will agree that they are behaviorally equivalent 533 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,680 Speaker 1: to modern humans of their era. Yeah, and they found 534 00:32:51,720 --> 00:32:55,160 Speaker 1: cave art modern sapiens. Man, they found cave art at 535 00:32:55,160 --> 00:33:01,560 Speaker 1: the same time that there were Neanderthals around caves it um. Again, 536 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:03,719 Speaker 1: it was just like, oh, well that was the Sapes. 537 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:07,120 Speaker 1: That wasn't the Neanderthals doing that, right? They think that 538 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 1: the Savings came in and made that cave art, right, Like, 539 00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:14,360 Speaker 1: we need an ambiguous proof at this point. Here's the problem. 540 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:19,480 Speaker 1: Radiocarbon dating gets unreliable after forty years, and it requires 541 00:33:19,560 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: organic material to date these pigments. Uh, they're using mineral pigments, 542 00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:26,920 Speaker 1: not organic one. So that was a problem. But and 543 00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:29,800 Speaker 1: this is kind of mind blowing. In two thousand eighteen, 544 00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:34,080 Speaker 1: they discovered or I guess perfected a dating technique that 545 00:33:34,160 --> 00:33:38,800 Speaker 1: measures the rate of decay of uranium atoms and calcite deposits. 546 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:43,360 Speaker 1: So that's what makes up stalactites and stalagmites. Yeah. So 547 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:45,840 Speaker 1: the idea is if you find cave art's sort of 548 00:33:45,880 --> 00:33:49,280 Speaker 1: like the mosquito caught an amber, it's a time stamp. 549 00:33:49,320 --> 00:33:53,400 Speaker 1: If you find cave art that's underneath uh some of 550 00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:56,480 Speaker 1: this deposits that have dripped down over it and encased it, 551 00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:58,560 Speaker 1: and you can date that. Then you know how old 552 00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:00,400 Speaker 1: that cave art is? Yeah, because the cave of arts 553 00:34:00,480 --> 00:34:02,320 Speaker 1: under the caw site. You know how old the cave 554 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:04,320 Speaker 1: the caw site is than the cave art has to 555 00:34:04,360 --> 00:34:07,440 Speaker 1: be at least as old or slightly older than the 556 00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,759 Speaker 1: earliest deposit of cow sit. What's the secret? Well, there 557 00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:13,720 Speaker 1: was there was a study in two thousand and eighteen 558 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:16,520 Speaker 1: that found that some cave art in in a cave 559 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:20,560 Speaker 1: in Spain was created sixty four thousand years ago, a 560 00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 1: full twenty thousand plus years before Homo sapiens showed up 561 00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:27,319 Speaker 1: in the area, which means that it had to have 562 00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:31,799 Speaker 1: been Neanderthals that created this cave art. Do you know 563 00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:35,640 Speaker 1: what the brewer said? That's not really art? What s 564 00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:38,000 Speaker 1: wwhere to God? Are you serious? He's like some hand 565 00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:40,720 Speaker 1: stencils and some dots on the wall, that doesn't count. 566 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:44,880 Speaker 1: That's the first art ye tracing their hand to make 567 00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:47,600 Speaker 1: a turkey. They are really holding on for dear life. 568 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:51,120 Speaker 1: But it's it's some people are really swimming against this current, 569 00:34:51,200 --> 00:34:53,960 Speaker 1: like they do not want the idea that humans are 570 00:34:53,960 --> 00:34:59,480 Speaker 1: not uniquely um uh special. I guess in that sense 571 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:02,799 Speaker 1: that people have been thinking that it was humans and 572 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,880 Speaker 1: these Homo sapiens that have the ability to create art 573 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:09,600 Speaker 1: and think symbolically. Um, and it's starting to look like 574 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:12,839 Speaker 1: that's not the case. Not only that that not it's 575 00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:16,279 Speaker 1: not just humans, and that maybe Neanderthals did too. But 576 00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,080 Speaker 1: that's possible that this kind of stuff evolved even further 577 00:35:19,160 --> 00:35:23,000 Speaker 1: back in that Heidelbergensis are less common ancestor running around 578 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 1: seven thousand years ago, may have created art and may 579 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:28,719 Speaker 1: have been doing all this other stuff too that makes 580 00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:33,839 Speaker 1: us uniquely human. Well. Um, another one is music. They 581 00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:39,160 Speaker 1: have found bones from k bears in southeast Europe that 582 00:35:39,239 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 1: had these holes and they're like, hey, looks like a 583 00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:45,200 Speaker 1: flute to me, plays like a flute. It sounds like 584 00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:50,839 Speaker 1: a flute. Um. So it's Jethro tull. Uh. That's so good. 585 00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:54,800 Speaker 1: I'm so glad that they added flute to their their outfit. 586 00:35:55,320 --> 00:35:59,360 Speaker 1: Not many groups Martial Tucker band had the flute. And 587 00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:01,680 Speaker 1: here's a little something for you. I mean, I told 588 00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:04,280 Speaker 1: the story, but I was in our little local market 589 00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:07,920 Speaker 1: getting some food about two years ago, remember that, and 590 00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:10,440 Speaker 1: there was a guy in a band clearly and he 591 00:36:10,520 --> 00:36:13,200 Speaker 1: was like, play flute for Marshall Tucker. It's like, are 592 00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:16,200 Speaker 1: you kidding? No, I'm not like, you're one of the 593 00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:19,520 Speaker 1: two most famous flutists in rock music. Sure, but it 594 00:36:19,560 --> 00:36:22,240 Speaker 1: wasn't the original guy I found out still plays flute 595 00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:25,200 Speaker 1: from Marshall Tucker agreed. Just because he didn't write those 596 00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:27,800 Speaker 1: flute parts doesn't make him any less of a flutist. 597 00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:33,000 Speaker 1: He could still play. Yeah, so uh Anyway, they the 598 00:36:33,280 --> 00:36:36,000 Speaker 1: naysayers with the flute are just like, oh no, man, 599 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,960 Speaker 1: those are just they were bones chomped on by hyena teeth. Yeah, 600 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:45,440 Speaker 1: the the flute holes, the finger holes are teeth teeth marks. Yeah, 601 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:48,359 Speaker 1: and sure you can play aqualong on it, but that's 602 00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:53,440 Speaker 1: just because the hyenas and their teeth marks. Right. Um. 603 00:36:53,560 --> 00:36:58,239 Speaker 1: There's a there's also really good evidence, cumulative evidence. There's 604 00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:01,759 Speaker 1: one other thing about the cave art that we didn't say. 605 00:37:02,480 --> 00:37:04,560 Speaker 1: Uh well, that was one thing that they found what 606 00:37:04,680 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 1: looks to be stalactite like purposeful arrangements of stalactites in 607 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:11,560 Speaker 1: a cave that's from a hundred and seventy six thousand 608 00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:16,000 Speaker 1: years sure, right um, But now there are other similar 609 00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:22,640 Speaker 1: cave art paintings in Spanish caves um are in different places. 610 00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:25,560 Speaker 1: So they think it was an actual part of Neanderthal culture. 611 00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:29,680 Speaker 1: There wasn't one particularly imaginative Neanderthal who happened to leave 612 00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:33,719 Speaker 1: it behind. Yes, and it even said this is art 613 00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:40,439 Speaker 1: love took took find me on insta at took took 614 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:44,520 Speaker 1: Oh if only um So. The The other thing that 615 00:37:44,520 --> 00:37:47,000 Speaker 1: there's a lot of a massed evidence for is that 616 00:37:47,280 --> 00:37:52,439 Speaker 1: Neanderthals appeared to have buried they're dead. This is pretty cool. 617 00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:54,919 Speaker 1: This is enormous because Okay, not only can they think 618 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:58,520 Speaker 1: symbolically and like art and creating representations of things that 619 00:37:58,560 --> 00:38:02,240 Speaker 1: may or may not exist, they can they're thinking about 620 00:38:02,320 --> 00:38:07,360 Speaker 1: something coming after this. You don't just bury a corpse 621 00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:13,319 Speaker 1: for many reasons other than um spiritual reasons. I mean, 622 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,360 Speaker 1: you can to keep, like you know, the wolves away 623 00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:18,719 Speaker 1: because you're going to camp near the corpse. But if 624 00:38:18,719 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: you're a hunter gather, you just move camp and you 625 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:24,120 Speaker 1: can leave the person laying out there in the bush 626 00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:26,959 Speaker 1: by for the wolves to take. It doesn't matter because 627 00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:30,160 Speaker 1: there's no afterlife. If you bury somebody, it indicates you 628 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:33,040 Speaker 1: thinking about something beyond this life, and that is definitely 629 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: higher level thinking. Yeah, and when we say Barry, we 630 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:37,560 Speaker 1: don't mean they just found this body like on the 631 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:40,480 Speaker 1: floor of a deep cave, like they dug a hole 632 00:38:40,920 --> 00:38:43,400 Speaker 1: and placed a body in there, positioned them in a 633 00:38:43,440 --> 00:38:47,440 Speaker 1: specific way. They found Yeah, different like grave sites basically 634 00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:51,120 Speaker 1: like cemeteries, bodies buried in the same manner. Uh. And 635 00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:56,920 Speaker 1: they even found in northern Iraq pollen flower pollen, which 636 00:38:57,920 --> 00:39:01,440 Speaker 1: clearly suggests that they buried them with flowers. They definitely 637 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,799 Speaker 1: seems to that's like, that's a funerary, right, unless it 638 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,839 Speaker 1: was just an accident and they just dropped a bunch 639 00:39:06,880 --> 00:39:09,719 Speaker 1: of flowers on the way up, which I mean, it's possible, 640 00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:12,560 Speaker 1: but it seems unlikely. I don't know if I'm being naive, 641 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: but I really want to believe this. Yeah, well, it's nice, 642 00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:19,040 Speaker 1: it's refreshing to think about. You know, humans don't have 643 00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:22,200 Speaker 1: to have for sapiens don't have to have the market corner. 644 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:26,040 Speaker 1: We can share the humanity. Yeah, here's another one. Um, 645 00:39:26,120 --> 00:39:31,120 Speaker 1: if they were just brutes who you know, who didn't 646 00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:34,400 Speaker 1: have any capacity to understand things or take care of 647 00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:39,359 Speaker 1: one another. They found individuals, and one in particular that 648 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:43,440 Speaker 1: was deaf, likely visually impaired because of a blow to 649 00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:46,719 Speaker 1: the head from as a ute, probably from a sapien. 650 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:51,440 Speaker 1: Maybe ye was missing his right hand and then suffered 651 00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:54,640 Speaker 1: a disease that reduced his mobility. And they found this 652 00:39:55,239 --> 00:39:58,800 Speaker 1: person lived into his forties, maybe up to fifty. Yeah, 653 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:02,200 Speaker 1: which there's no way person would have survived without a 654 00:40:02,239 --> 00:40:05,920 Speaker 1: community of people taking care of and making sure that 655 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,960 Speaker 1: this person survived and ate and got around and moved 656 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,560 Speaker 1: along with them because they cared for one another and 657 00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:14,120 Speaker 1: tried to heal one another. Right, Yeah, they took care 658 00:40:14,160 --> 00:40:17,359 Speaker 1: of their sick. They're injured, they're they're disabled, they're ill 659 00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:21,399 Speaker 1: um they like, they took they shared resources with them. 660 00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,960 Speaker 1: People who couldn't necessarily contribute still got stuff from the 661 00:40:25,239 --> 00:40:29,120 Speaker 1: from the community, which suggests this tight knit social group 662 00:40:29,160 --> 00:40:31,680 Speaker 1: that cared for one another. And then what about language? 663 00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:35,160 Speaker 1: So this one just knocked my socks off. There are 664 00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:41,319 Speaker 1: these Dutch researchers who wrote a paper that argued that um, 665 00:40:41,440 --> 00:40:46,719 Speaker 1: Neanderthal's almost certainly spoke a nuanced language that we would 666 00:40:46,719 --> 00:40:51,719 Speaker 1: recognize as a modern language um and that not only 667 00:40:51,760 --> 00:40:56,400 Speaker 1: did Neanderthals speak this speak their own language, probably Heidelbergensis 668 00:40:56,440 --> 00:41:00,560 Speaker 1: and maybe even further back in our archaic family line 669 00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:04,439 Speaker 1: spoke language too, and that if that's true, If that's 670 00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:08,880 Speaker 1: the case, Neanderthals had their own language, and human humans 671 00:41:08,920 --> 00:41:13,400 Speaker 1: absorbed Neanderthal's both culturally and genetically. It's entirely possible that 672 00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:17,759 Speaker 1: there are traces of Neanderthal language that still appear in 673 00:41:17,840 --> 00:41:21,279 Speaker 1: our languages that are spoken around the world today unbeknownst 674 00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:24,320 Speaker 1: to us. Man, if they could find out those words, 675 00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:27,359 Speaker 1: isn't that amazing? Yeah, it's pretty cool. I love that. 676 00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:32,080 Speaker 1: I like all this. I love you Neanderthals, love you Sapien, 677 00:41:32,239 --> 00:41:34,799 Speaker 1: love you Tuck Tuck and uh. I think I used 678 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,560 Speaker 1: to just throw tuk tuk around in various ways, but 679 00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:40,799 Speaker 1: then you developed a taste for watching and make luve 680 00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:44,440 Speaker 1: that's right. But let me just from this point forward, 681 00:41:44,480 --> 00:41:50,880 Speaker 1: Took Took is clearly uh deep No, clearly Neanderthal. Ohh. 682 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:53,040 Speaker 1: I think I had kind of just threw Took Took's 683 00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:56,279 Speaker 1: name around as any kind of early man. Yeah, he 684 00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:58,160 Speaker 1: could have been Captain Caveman. He could have been the 685 00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:01,719 Speaker 1: Gego cave Man. But he could be William for all 686 00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:03,520 Speaker 1: I know. You know, I thought about it. I thought 687 00:42:03,520 --> 00:42:08,160 Speaker 1: about it. The so Took Took is officially Neandertal. Yes, okay, um, 688 00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:14,000 Speaker 1: the Geico Caveman is actually a really good parable for 689 00:42:14,080 --> 00:42:18,440 Speaker 1: the struggle between the interpretation of Neanderthals today, like everybody's 690 00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:20,600 Speaker 1: like it's so easy a caveman could do it, and 691 00:42:20,640 --> 00:42:24,359 Speaker 1: this guy's playing like squash and driving a Porsche. Yeah. 692 00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:26,839 Speaker 1: Do you remember that their their short lived TV show. 693 00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:29,360 Speaker 1: I remember that it existed, but I never saw it. 694 00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:32,360 Speaker 1: They drove one of them drove a Porsche. Yeah, and 695 00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:36,279 Speaker 1: now a word from Geico. Uh okay, Well, if you 696 00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:38,840 Speaker 1: want to know more about Neanderthals, start reading up about it. 697 00:42:38,840 --> 00:42:41,520 Speaker 1: And there's a pretty amazing exhibit funded by one of 698 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:44,160 Speaker 1: the Koch brothers if I'm not mistaken, at the Smithsonian 699 00:42:44,440 --> 00:42:48,400 Speaker 1: where you can see a real live Neanderthal skeleton. Really 700 00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:55,879 Speaker 1: pretty beautiful. Um, what's their angle right something? Maybe maybe 701 00:42:55,920 --> 00:42:59,200 Speaker 1: they're trying to rehabilitate Neandertals for some reason to bring 702 00:42:59,239 --> 00:43:03,000 Speaker 1: them back is floated workers. And since I just said 703 00:43:03,040 --> 00:43:16,800 Speaker 1: something about the Koch brothers, time for go ahead administrative Okay, Chuck, 704 00:43:17,680 --> 00:43:26,400 Speaker 1: as I said, it's time for administrative. Is this like 705 00:43:26,440 --> 00:43:29,680 Speaker 1: a family guy where you're just gonna do that? All right, 706 00:43:29,719 --> 00:43:31,799 Speaker 1: We're gonna start this one off. This is when we 707 00:43:31,880 --> 00:43:36,719 Speaker 1: thank listeners for sending in kindnesses to us and Michelle 708 00:43:37,440 --> 00:43:41,680 Speaker 1: from Crown Royal once again. The Booze company that just 709 00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:44,440 Speaker 1: keeps giving. I know, they just keep us in booze. 710 00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,000 Speaker 1: Thanks a lot for that, and I just wrote down 711 00:43:47,040 --> 00:43:49,839 Speaker 1: more booze. But we'll go ahead and plug the Crown 712 00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:53,400 Speaker 1: Royal rye. What about those, um, those glasses they gave us, 713 00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:57,759 Speaker 1: those are nice, So they're like these the rocks classes tumblers. Yeah, 714 00:43:58,120 --> 00:44:00,560 Speaker 1: um got a good hef to them, nice ape size 715 00:44:00,840 --> 00:44:03,799 Speaker 1: bottom and then yeah in that thick bottom th h 716 00:44:03,880 --> 00:44:07,520 Speaker 1: I C C bottom. Um. There is a laser etched 717 00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,839 Speaker 1: crumb Royal three D logo which is like so classy. 718 00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:16,480 Speaker 1: Your pinky can't touch the glass physically impossible. Yeah, it 719 00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:18,600 Speaker 1: just sticks straight up in the air when you're drinking 720 00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:21,600 Speaker 1: out of these glass. Oh. A lot of research went 721 00:44:21,680 --> 00:44:24,040 Speaker 1: into that design, you know, to make sure that pinky 722 00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:28,800 Speaker 1: was nowhere near the blast um. Aaron Clark, speaking of pinkies, 723 00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:32,680 Speaker 1: Aaron Clark sent us a Twinkie the Kid statue. Thanks Aaron, 724 00:44:33,080 --> 00:44:39,600 Speaker 1: that's right. Um, Monica and kam A and Fukushima Japan 725 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:42,920 Speaker 1: send it's a nice, very nice handwritten letter and some 726 00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:47,560 Speaker 1: Fuku stuff pin stickers, calendars, magazine. Uh it's I got 727 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:51,319 Speaker 1: at the desk can share that with you and they said, uh, 728 00:44:52,239 --> 00:44:55,359 Speaker 1: things are much better now. Good. That's cryptic, but yes, good. 729 00:44:55,560 --> 00:44:59,680 Speaker 1: I'm glad. Um. So we haven't done this in a 730 00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:02,000 Speaker 1: little I want to say thank you very much for 731 00:45:02,040 --> 00:45:06,080 Speaker 1: the Christmas cards from Heather K and Sri Lanka and 732 00:45:06,239 --> 00:45:10,600 Speaker 1: one from Renee and Eric Chester. It's very kind of you, guys. 733 00:45:10,640 --> 00:45:13,160 Speaker 1: Here's one maybe the weirdest thing we've ever gotten, but 734 00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:17,200 Speaker 1: one of the most awesome. Scott border Lan remember our 735 00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:22,359 Speaker 1: Wendy's Chili Finger episode. He sent us Wendy's chili from 736 00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:27,680 Speaker 1: that Wendy's. Wow, I think you're out of town. Yeah. 737 00:45:27,680 --> 00:45:29,520 Speaker 1: It obviously was no good by the time it got 738 00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:31,960 Speaker 1: to me, even and he was like, I know this 739 00:45:32,080 --> 00:45:33,840 Speaker 1: is not I'm not expecting you to eat this, but 740 00:45:34,440 --> 00:45:36,120 Speaker 1: he taped it up and he was like, this is 741 00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,759 Speaker 1: chili from that very Wendy's. That's amazing. He just thought 742 00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,239 Speaker 1: it would be kind of fun and it was. You 743 00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:45,680 Speaker 1: may be right, that may be the weirdest thing, but 744 00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:50,440 Speaker 1: not even freeze dried. And then there's Brooke Bergen sent 745 00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:52,680 Speaker 1: a T shirt and stickers of his work and you 746 00:45:52,680 --> 00:45:55,680 Speaker 1: can check out is very very awesome work. I believe 747 00:45:55,840 --> 00:45:58,879 Speaker 1: his it could be a girl. Um, and you can 748 00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:03,279 Speaker 1: check out there are awesome work at brooks Bergen b 749 00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:05,600 Speaker 1: r O O K S b U r g A 750 00:46:05,760 --> 00:46:08,879 Speaker 1: and dot com. That's right, and that that raises a point. 751 00:46:08,880 --> 00:46:11,840 Speaker 1: If you want to, uh send us the pronoun you 752 00:46:11,880 --> 00:46:14,360 Speaker 1: identify with, we are more than happy to abide by that. 753 00:46:15,160 --> 00:46:20,960 Speaker 1: Claire Sanchez and his skincakes, Oh yeah, very simple, delicious. 754 00:46:21,120 --> 00:46:26,399 Speaker 1: Teresa sent us really awesome quilted hand quilted postcards. Oh 755 00:46:26,480 --> 00:46:29,000 Speaker 1: that's right, yeah, beautiful. Again. We haven't done this in 756 00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:31,440 Speaker 1: a while. Sorry for everybody who's been sitting around waiting 757 00:46:31,480 --> 00:46:33,879 Speaker 1: having to listen to every episode just on the off 758 00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:38,040 Speaker 1: chance that administrative details is on. So everyone, Jerry just 759 00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:41,280 Speaker 1: stopped us right in the middle and said, I have one. 760 00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:45,640 Speaker 1: We always go on and on about Jerry and her miso. Uh, 761 00:46:46,239 --> 00:46:50,400 Speaker 1: big ups to Adam Brenton in Japan sent Jerry some miso. 762 00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,080 Speaker 1: How about that way to go, Adam. Jerry got our 763 00:46:54,080 --> 00:46:57,399 Speaker 1: own gift after eleven years, after all this time, our 764 00:46:57,480 --> 00:46:59,960 Speaker 1: very own gift, and meaning we didn't also getting me 765 00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:02,839 Speaker 1: so right, sure, and we even asked him she's hoarding it? Yeah, 766 00:47:02,840 --> 00:47:05,920 Speaker 1: because we share with Jerry. She didn't didn't go both ways. 767 00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:09,719 Speaker 1: We tried to. Yeah. Uh so let's see Joanna send 768 00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:13,640 Speaker 1: us delicious beer chocolates. Remember those? Um she brought him 769 00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:17,560 Speaker 1: to our Portland's show, I believe, Yeah yeah, and they 770 00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,600 Speaker 1: were awesome, So thanks a lot. You don't remember him 771 00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:24,000 Speaker 1: because they were beer chocolates. Tammy and Justin send us 772 00:47:24,040 --> 00:47:27,719 Speaker 1: miniature clay figures handpainted, which is very very sweet, along 773 00:47:27,719 --> 00:47:31,040 Speaker 1: with the very nice letter. We got a postcard from Vienna, 774 00:47:31,719 --> 00:47:34,520 Speaker 1: probably not Voyanna Georgia. I think it was Vienna, Austria, 775 00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:38,320 Speaker 1: like the real one from Pauline. Thanks a lot, Pauline, 776 00:47:38,719 --> 00:47:43,279 Speaker 1: Michelle and Nevin of Smithtown, New York sin his wedding invitation. Um, 777 00:47:43,280 --> 00:47:46,879 Speaker 1: happy marriage, guys, masl tov uh. And then we gotta 778 00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:49,560 Speaker 1: thank you note from Mitch m I C H. But 779 00:47:49,640 --> 00:47:52,200 Speaker 1: it rhymes with rich, so thank you for the thank 780 00:47:52,239 --> 00:47:56,000 Speaker 1: you note. Mitch Lowell Hutchinson sent us some uh oh 781 00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:59,759 Speaker 1: these are wonderful. There some hand lathed pins. You remember Lowells? 782 00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:03,160 Speaker 1: And when who sponsored our She's one of our elephant sponsors. 783 00:48:03,239 --> 00:48:08,719 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, handpainted wood lathed pens. Yeah, man, very very beautiful. 784 00:48:08,880 --> 00:48:10,440 Speaker 1: And on that note, we actually got a lot of 785 00:48:10,440 --> 00:48:12,600 Speaker 1: pins and I don't think I wrote all of them 786 00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:15,400 Speaker 1: down because we did our episode on pens and people 787 00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:18,400 Speaker 1: felt compelled to send us their favorite pen and spread 788 00:48:18,440 --> 00:48:22,759 Speaker 1: the pen love. So if we forgot your pen, big apologies. 789 00:48:22,880 --> 00:48:25,759 Speaker 1: Yeah for real, that was very nice d o A. 790 00:48:26,120 --> 00:48:28,520 Speaker 1: And by the way, also again, um, you can check 791 00:48:28,520 --> 00:48:32,840 Speaker 1: out Lowell's turned Wood Creations and by the way, she 792 00:48:32,920 --> 00:48:36,520 Speaker 1: donates of all sales to the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust too, 793 00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:40,440 Speaker 1: So go to at c dot com slash shop, slash 794 00:48:40,719 --> 00:48:43,000 Speaker 1: l O W E L L h U T C 795 00:48:43,360 --> 00:48:47,600 Speaker 1: H D E S I g N S wonderful Joe 796 00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,200 Speaker 1: gather Coleson his T shirts and c d s from 797 00:48:50,280 --> 00:48:55,359 Speaker 1: his horror punk band Headstone Horrors. It's a great name. Yeah. Uh. 798 00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:58,600 Speaker 1: And then let's see, I've only got I got three more. Okay, 799 00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:01,000 Speaker 1: I've got a book from Nick Kemper. Thanks a lot 800 00:49:01,040 --> 00:49:04,040 Speaker 1: for the book. Nick. That is beautiful of you, Mike, Ennis. 801 00:49:04,120 --> 00:49:06,759 Speaker 1: And it's a box of coffee crisps and they are 802 00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:09,800 Speaker 1: delicious and they are long gone. Yeah I can attest 803 00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:12,520 Speaker 1: they are very yummy, Thanks Mike. And then uh, we 804 00:49:12,640 --> 00:49:16,120 Speaker 1: got a an amazing illustration of us with a peacock 805 00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:19,759 Speaker 1: by CALLI. Thanks for that it's a great one, all right. 806 00:49:19,840 --> 00:49:24,200 Speaker 1: I got two more um adam Ressus and us megalodon teeth. 807 00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,960 Speaker 1: Yes for pretty awesome. Yeah, they are in large as 808 00:49:28,960 --> 00:49:32,000 Speaker 1: you would expect. You got another one. I'm done, all right, 809 00:49:32,120 --> 00:49:35,320 Speaker 1: my last one. Then, Kathy Hutton sent us some dog collars. 810 00:49:35,360 --> 00:49:38,319 Speaker 1: She works for a nonprofit spay and neuter clinic in 811 00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:42,880 Speaker 1: Washington State. Curly Tailed Hawk is who makes these collars, 812 00:49:42,880 --> 00:49:45,440 Speaker 1: and they donate a dollar from every collar that you 813 00:49:45,480 --> 00:49:48,360 Speaker 1: can just go to Curly Tailed Hawk dot com and 814 00:49:48,440 --> 00:49:51,520 Speaker 1: get your dog a new collar already and some of 815 00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:54,800 Speaker 1: that money will go to the spay and neuter clinic, 816 00:49:54,840 --> 00:49:57,640 Speaker 1: which is great. There you go, Well, thank you everybody. 817 00:49:58,040 --> 00:49:59,560 Speaker 1: If you want to get in touch with us, you 818 00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,279 Speaker 1: don't have to sentence they think, you can just say hi. 819 00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:03,560 Speaker 1: Go on to our social networks and you can find 820 00:50:03,560 --> 00:50:05,279 Speaker 1: all the links at stuff you should Know dot com. 821 00:50:05,640 --> 00:50:08,160 Speaker 1: You can also send us an email to stuff podcast 822 00:50:08,280 --> 00:50:13,840 Speaker 1: at I Heart radio dot com. Stuff you Should Know 823 00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:16,000 Speaker 1: is a production of i Heeart Radios. How stuff works. 824 00:50:16,280 --> 00:50:18,520 Speaker 1: For more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the iHeart 825 00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:21,080 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 826 00:50:21,120 --> 00:50:21,800 Speaker 1: favorite shows.