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Speaker 1: let's put smart to work. Here's what you missed on

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Speaker 1: buck Sexton with America. Now. I find it fascinating that

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Speaker 1: we are told these days that a wall doesn't work. Now.

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Speaker 1: I know that for this round, uh the administration has

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Speaker 1: backed off of the demand for budgeting for a wall,

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Speaker 1: at least the beginning of a wall on our southern border, wall, barrier, fence,

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Speaker 1: all of the above. But I do think that philosophically

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Speaker 1: we are getting into the realm of unreality when people

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Speaker 1: say things like a wall won't work. Well, it all

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Speaker 1: depends on what your definition of work. Maybe if one

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Speaker 1: is trying to say that a wall is perfect, well,

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Speaker 1: of course, then it doesn't succeed in the mission. Then

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Speaker 1: a wall is not sufficient to the task of securing

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Speaker 1: our border. In and of itself, but that's never been

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Speaker 1: what great walls, barriers, fences, any and all of the

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Speaker 1: above have entailed. There have been forces that are arrayed

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Speaker 1: at the wall, that there are guard towers there. There's

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Speaker 1: much more than just a wall, of course, and so

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Speaker 1: a wall is one of many aspects of security. But

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Speaker 1: I thought it would be interesting to just take a

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Speaker 1: few moments to think about a history of walls and

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Speaker 1: how this is one of the oldest forms of defensive structure.

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Speaker 1: It really is the oldest form of defensive structure. And

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Speaker 1: in in human history bill holding a wall as a

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Speaker 1: defensive fortification, or as a means of protecting a city,

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Speaker 1: or yes of keeping out invaders, keeping out the enemy,

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Speaker 1: or just keeping people out from uh the neighboring country.

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Speaker 1: All of all of these are things that have been

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Speaker 1: well walls have been used for these purposes. Um And

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Speaker 1: to believe that walls don't matter is to believe that

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Speaker 1: the physical world makes no difference. I mean, there are

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Speaker 1: those who wrongly think that today geography makes no difference

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Speaker 1: in the modern world. They come up with much more

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Speaker 1: complicated reasons for the trouble of central governance, and say Afghanistan, Uh,

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Speaker 1: it's not about its terrain. It's not that the Hindu

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Speaker 1: Kush Mountains come down through the center of the country

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Speaker 1: like a giant dinosaur spine. No, it's it's that there's

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Speaker 1: a lack of civil society and a and a whole

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Speaker 1: bunch of social science reasons why the country is ungovernable

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Speaker 1: and and continues to be from the perspective of at

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Speaker 1: least the West, almost impossible to have a functioning central government.

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Speaker 1: They don't want to believe that. It's about what I

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Speaker 1: mean they, you know, the so called smart set, the

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Speaker 1: intelligency in this country. They don't want to believe that geography,

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Speaker 1: terrain can make that much of a difference. And when

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Speaker 1: I point out that whether it's in Scotland or Southeast

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Speaker 1: Asia with among or other places around the world where

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Speaker 1: there are highlanders, there are those who resist centralized government

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Speaker 1: and who can do so with some degree of success.

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Speaker 1: And it's because of the terrain the central government has

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Speaker 1: trouble controlling high ground. Geography is a feature of the

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Speaker 1: physical world. It is our terrain, and it makes a difference.

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Speaker 1: And walls are really among the earliest ways that human

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Speaker 1: beings shaped terrain to their advantage. Right, It is a

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Speaker 1: man made terrain. That is what a all is. And

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Speaker 1: so to think that a wall somehow doesn't matter or

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Speaker 1: doesn't have an effect, it's just silly. Walls also have

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Speaker 1: a psychological effect, it's not just about the security impact.

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Speaker 1: And there are of course different kinds of walls. There

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Speaker 1: are border walls, there are defensive walls, ramparts. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: when you look at it in antiquity, the history of

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Speaker 1: wall building is largely tied to the history of civilization itself. Um.

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Speaker 1: You could even say that a history of walls would

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Speaker 1: be a history of the progression of civilization because the

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Speaker 1: wall that surrounds whether it was made of wood and

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Speaker 1: it was a simple fence, or all the way to

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Speaker 1: the tremendous walled cities of Constantinople. Uh and before that Troy,

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Speaker 1: and name Jericho, name a name, a great city of antiquity,

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Speaker 1: it had a wall. Now, I know those are defensive

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Speaker 1: fortifications and not a border wall. Um. But before I

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Speaker 1: get so, before I get too deep into the discussion

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Speaker 1: about um, about defensive fortifications and the walls that play

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Speaker 1: a role in that, or the wall that are necessary

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Speaker 1: for that, we could talk about the more famous border

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Speaker 1: walls I will exclude for our purposes, for example, the

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Speaker 1: Western Wall in Jerusalem, the remains of the of the Temple,

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Speaker 1: because that's not that's a wall of a building, right,

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Speaker 1: that's not a wall that's built as a defensive fortification. Um.

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Speaker 1: But if we look at the most famous border walls

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Speaker 1: in history, you can go all the way back to

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Speaker 1: ancient Samaria. UM. And whenever I think of Sumarians, I

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Speaker 1: think of that part of Ghostbusters where it's like Sumarian

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Speaker 1: Babylonian god Mumbo jumbo. They're talking about the ancient gods

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Speaker 1: that somehow turned into ghosts or something and Ghostbusters. But

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Speaker 1: I digress. Uh, two thousand years before Christ, the Sumerians

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Speaker 1: built a wall to keep out uh, the the neighbors

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Speaker 1: that they didn't like. Um. And the amor Rights next

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Speaker 1: door were supposed to be kept out, but unfortunately, uh,

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Speaker 1: the amor Rights were able to overcome it. But the

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Speaker 1: two thousand years BC, there's there was a wall bill

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Speaker 1: to keep out in neighboring aggressive tribe by the by

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Speaker 1: the Sumerians. UM. Of course, then you can move on

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Speaker 1: to among the most famous walls of all time short

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Speaker 1: of the Great Wall, the Long Wall of Athens, which

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Speaker 1: was the means of connecting the great city state of

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Speaker 1: Athens to its ports. One of the deficiencies of construction

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Speaker 1: that Athens suffered from is that Athens, ancient Athens was

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Speaker 1: was landlocked, separated from the sea. It had two excellent

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Speaker 1: harbors though, at Piraeus and Phalerum. But of course, if

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Speaker 1: you are suffering from a siege and you're cut off

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Speaker 1: from you're cut off from the ocean, you're cut off

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Speaker 1: from the Mediterranean Um, that doesn't do you much good.

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Speaker 1: So they constructed barriers all along the stretch between the

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Speaker 1: city of Athens Um and this was in the in

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Speaker 1: the fifth century BC, between the city of Athens UH

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Speaker 1: and its ports on its coast, so that then whenever

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Speaker 1: there was a siege and siege warfare was a constant

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Speaker 1: in ancient Greece, between these warring city states UH, they

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Speaker 1: could have access to the sea, which made it a

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Speaker 1: lot harder to well starve them out and take the city.

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Speaker 1: So building walls was it was an ingenious, an ingenious

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Speaker 1: decision in the fifth century BC worked quite well. Another

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Speaker 1: wall near and dear to my heart Hadrian's Wall, just

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Speaker 1: because I like history. Hadrian's Wall is around UH one

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Speaker 1: twenty a d. The emperor, the ancient Roman emperor Hadrian

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Speaker 1: created a stone wall with the remnants of it are

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Speaker 1: still up. You can see some of the some of

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Speaker 1: what was built. It has stayed, some of the ruins

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Speaker 1: of this wall because they were trying to protect Roman

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Speaker 1: Britain from the rather warlike tribes, the barbarians, as the

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Speaker 1: Romans thought of them, like the picts that were in

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Speaker 1: northern England and Scotland. Oh that's right, highland people avoiding

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Speaker 1: central government authority. It's not like it started with kilts

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Speaker 1: and bagpipes, my friends. This was the case in the

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Speaker 1: in the first and second century a D. So that

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Speaker 1: wall was about ten feet by fifteen feet and it

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Speaker 1: had forts. Of course, any good wall that's going to

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Speaker 1: serve as a a barrier between people's has got to

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Speaker 1: have a manned component to it, because yes, a ladder

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Speaker 1: can get you over a wall or a rock wall

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Speaker 1: you'll just climb over. But it does still serve a purpose,

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Speaker 1: as I said, psychological as well as tactical. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: it creates that sense of where Roman territory stopped and

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Speaker 1: the Barbarian territory started. Uh. A physical barrier allows for that,

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Speaker 1: and it is a manifestation of the perception of state

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Speaker 1: control as well as being a defensive fortification. Interesting by

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Speaker 1: the way that the original term barbarian comes from ancient

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Speaker 1: ancient Greek and it's just those It was a reference

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Speaker 1: to barbar they spoke something other than Greek people outside

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Speaker 1: of of the of the Greek peninsula, and later the

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Speaker 1: Romans would eventually refer to Greeks as Barbarians, which was

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Speaker 1: kind of fun to them because the Romans stole the

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Speaker 1: Greek gods, Greek culture. The Romans were good at fighting

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Speaker 1: and efficiency and engineering, and they borrowed a whole lot

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Speaker 1: of the other stuff from the Greeks. But that's a discussion,

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Speaker 1: I suppose for another time. So back to Hadrian's Wall,

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Speaker 1: very famous wall, and it worked reasonably well for a while, um,

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Speaker 1: but then it uh, then it it was not enough. Um.

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Speaker 1: So they actually they moved to barrier even further called

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Speaker 1: the Antonine Wall. Um. But eventually the Romans is, you know, evacuated.

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Speaker 1: And there's a movie King Arthur with Clive Owen that

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Speaker 1: deals with Adrian's Wall and this this period in and

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Speaker 1: the it's really the height of the expansion of ancient Rome.

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Speaker 1: They made it all the way up into England. Then

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Speaker 1: you have the most famous wall of all time. People

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Speaker 1: was talking about it's visible from space, uh, the Great

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Speaker 1: Wall of China um And it's really a series of

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Speaker 1: walls that were connected together. The It began in the

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Speaker 1: third century BC, but the sections that you know best

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Speaker 1: were not They didn't get constructed to the fourth between

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Speaker 1: the fourteenth and and seventeen centuries. They were set up

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Speaker 1: to uh protect the Ming dynasty from nomads. And those

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Speaker 1: of you who know you're Asian history know that Asian

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Speaker 1: nomads and this in the case of the Mongols be

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Speaker 1: came the most powerful dynasty. Uh well really of of

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Speaker 1: a in the in the post Roman pre modern era,

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Speaker 1: I don't think anybody ever had as much territory as

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Speaker 1: the Cons, nor was anyone responsible for quite as much carnage, destruction, uh, murder,

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Speaker 1: and well a whole lot of other stuff to some

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Speaker 1: of it. Could there there are some that try to

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Speaker 1: rehabilitate the the cons as they created a postal service,

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Speaker 1: and thanks to them we have rugs and paper became

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Speaker 1: more widespread. I'm familiar with all of that. But they

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Speaker 1: also had habits like rolling up people that stole in

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Speaker 1: in a carpet and trampling them with horses to death.

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Speaker 1: And there was some rough stuff, or or setting up

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Speaker 1: a a post on a wagon, and any able bodied

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Speaker 1: man in a city that they took that was taller

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Speaker 1: than that post, they would cut off his head. That

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Speaker 1: was a way to make an impression. UM. So the

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Speaker 1: Great Wall of China is is a series of defensive

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Speaker 1: fortifications that for a long time were effective in part.

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Speaker 1: I mean they obviously a wall is not a cure

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Speaker 1: all and no one says that it is. Um. But

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Speaker 1: it was the largest man made object in the world. UM.

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Speaker 1: And it did not stop some of the uh, the

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Speaker 1: nomads for making their way in and it did not

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Speaker 1: even save them in dynasty. But the Great Wall of China,

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Speaker 1: of course constructed over the course of a millennium. UM.

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Speaker 1: Then they're the Great Wall. Then they're the walls of

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Speaker 1: the great walls. The walls of Constantinople one of the

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Speaker 1: greatest cities of antiquity. UM. It had fourteen miles of

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Speaker 1: barricades of walls around the city. Uh, and they included

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Speaker 1: a moat and they were uh. The inner wall was

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Speaker 1: forty feet tall and fifteen feet thick. So they that's

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Speaker 1: what kept Constantinople a great city for so long? It

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Speaker 1: was very difficult than it wasn't until the Ottomans in

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Speaker 1: fourteen fifty three when they brought gunpowder to bear that

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Speaker 1: finally the city was taken, but the Byzantine Empire held

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Speaker 1: out much longer than it would have otherwise because of

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Speaker 1: not just constantinoples incredible strategic location at the the mouth

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Speaker 1: of where the Mediterranean turns into where the Bosphorus, where

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Speaker 1: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea meat. So it's clearly

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Speaker 1: a very very valuable real estate, but also because of

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Speaker 1: the tremendous walls built around the city. And then on

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Speaker 1: the not so and then the not celebrated side of things,

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Speaker 1: of course, you have the Berlin Wall, which separated people

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Speaker 1: in East and West Germany. Uh it was erected in

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Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, and it had guard towers and electrified fences,

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Speaker 1: and people were killed trying to cross over, and had

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Speaker 1: separated people from a city. But it was effective at

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Speaker 1: keeping a population separated from another population. So I just

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Speaker 1: think that the history of walls, to me is is

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Speaker 1: fascinating and I could do a whole other segment, and

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Speaker 1: maybe I will later on on how you look at

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Speaker 1: the uh walled fortification and they are necessary for civilization

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Speaker 1: Without a walled village where without and you go back

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Speaker 1: into medieval times, the feudal era. Without the ability to

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Speaker 1: create walls around a city or at least have a

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Speaker 1: walled keep to defend people in the village from becoming

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Speaker 1: overrun by marauders and bandits or a neighboring warlord and

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Speaker 1: killing everyone, uh, you would you would not have really

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Speaker 1: been able to have the progression of civilization, um well, anywhere,

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Speaker 1: but in the in the Western world particularly, So walls

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Speaker 1: are essential. Walls are important, and they've been around a

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Speaker 1: long time. And despite what democrats want to say these days,

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Speaker 1: walls do work. They are not perfect, but they serve

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Speaker 1: a purpose. And it's not just about the physical barrier.

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Speaker 1: It's also a psychological manifestation of a border between states.

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Speaker 1: It is the physical location where uh one power gives

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Speaker 1: way to another. So I just wanted to talking about

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Speaker 1: Wallace a little bit there as we get ready for UH, well,

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Speaker 1: it won't be It'll be a while I think before

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Speaker 1: we could talk about in the context of the budget again,

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