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Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly Friday and I'm tray Phebe Wilson. UH. Today

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Speaker 1: we're gonna talk about a man who had some serious

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Speaker 1: ups and downs in his life, but whose legacy is

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Speaker 1: really quite immense. Uh. He was a humanitarian almost from birth,

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Speaker 1: and his life's biggest accomplishment was founding the International Red Cross. UH.

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Speaker 1: And his name was Alri Donald. And a quick note

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Speaker 1: on Ari spelled h E n R I in the

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Speaker 1: classic French way, versus spelled more of the Americanized way,

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Speaker 1: like Henry with a Y at the end. UH. Everything

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Speaker 1: I've heard pronunciation wise, says Ari French way. But it

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Speaker 1: seems that if you look at the written mentions of him,

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Speaker 1: they favor the Y way. So we will use the

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Speaker 1: y spelling in the episode title, but we will be

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Speaker 1: pronouncing it the French way, not to be confusing at all. Correct.

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Speaker 1: And his his original name was actually hyphenated, and I

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Speaker 1: have seen that written both with the y. He was

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Speaker 1: originally Jean Jean Enri, and I've seen that written both

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Speaker 1: with the Y and the eye. So I don't know

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Speaker 1: if that's just like because he is a famous person

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Speaker 1: throughout the world, people have for some reason adopted the

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Speaker 1: the English speaking world's version of it, because that even

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Speaker 1: shows up in other foreign languages like foreign language, you know,

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Speaker 1: articles about him. I'm not sure why that is the case,

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Speaker 1: but in any case, we're writing it with the using

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Speaker 1: the French pronunciation right out of the gate, just to

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Speaker 1: confuse you. Jeen Enri do Not was born in Geneva, Switzerland,

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Speaker 1: on May eight, into a wealthy family, and he was

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Speaker 1: the first of five children. His siblings were Sophie and

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Speaker 1: born in nine Daniel born in eighteen thirty one and

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Speaker 1: Marie born in eighteen thirty three, and Pierre Louis born

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Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty four. And as Calvinist parents, Antoinette and

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Speaker 1: Jean Jacques Dounont were deeply religious, and they were also

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Speaker 1: deeply dedicated to humanitarian causes into bettering their community. So,

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Speaker 1: for example, when Alri was eight, his father took him

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Speaker 1: to visit prisons in Marseilles and Toulon so that his

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Speaker 1: son might see the suffering there, and he frequently accompanied

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Speaker 1: his mother as well on regular visits that she made

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Speaker 1: to the ailing and the poor to offer aid. As

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Speaker 1: a young man, he was active in both religious and

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Speaker 1: charitable causes, and he was a member of a group

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Speaker 1: that offered both religious and material comforts to the poor

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Speaker 1: called Legal League of Alms. He participated in a popular

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Speaker 1: movement to unite Christians and Jews, and he regularly visited

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Speaker 1: city prisons to participate in the reformation of incarcerated people there.

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Speaker 1: And in his twenties, Alri began serving full time as

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Speaker 1: a member of the Young Men's Christian Association. That is right,

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Speaker 1: that's the y m c A, which was actually founded

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Speaker 1: in Geneva, Switzerland, although it went by a couple of

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Speaker 1: different names. Uh Donal's work with the y m c

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Speaker 1: A required that he traveled a great deal as a

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Speaker 1: young man in Holland, France and Belgium. In terms of

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Speaker 1: his career do not. Began his professional life in eighteen

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Speaker 1: forty nine as a banking apprentice after he left secondary

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Speaker 1: school because he wasn't really doing very well there. Four

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Speaker 1: years later, in eighteen fifty three, he was promoted to

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Speaker 1: a management position of the Campani Genevois de Colony Swiss

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Speaker 1: de Citief. This was a Swiss settlement company headquartered in

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Speaker 1: algiers that set up that established colonies by setting up

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Speaker 1: villages and farms and enticing colonists to move there in

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Speaker 1: form communities. He worked in Sicily and North Africa during

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Speaker 1: this time, and after four years of work with this

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Speaker 1: settlement firm, he actually wrote a book about his observations

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Speaker 1: as a traveler in North Africa titled Notice Juni or

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Speaker 1: An Account of the Tunisian Regency, and it included a

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Speaker 1: chapter that was titled Slavery among the Mohammedans and in

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Speaker 1: the United States of America, and that particular chapter would

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Speaker 1: later be republished as a standalone document. Do Not next

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Speaker 1: moved into a new position. He created a new company,

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Speaker 1: financial and Industrial Company of Monageer Miller Mills, and named

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Speaker 1: himself as its president. This company, like his previous job,

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Speaker 1: was focused on settlements in Algeria. Do Not started work

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Speaker 1: on a wheat mill there, but needed to obtain water

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Speaker 1: rights if he was going to be able to successfully

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Speaker 1: develop The large land parcel at the mill was part

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Speaker 1: of his Initial efforts to obtain the proper paperwork were fruitless. Clearly,

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Speaker 1: unafraid of making any bold moves, he decided to go

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Speaker 1: directly to Napoleon the third with his request, and at

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Speaker 1: this point in time, Napoleon the Third was in the

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Speaker 1: midst of commanding the French armies who were fighting alongside

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Speaker 1: Italian soldiers against Austria in an effort to drive Austria's

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Speaker 1: true from Italy. So Donaut headed to the French leader's

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Speaker 1: military headquarters that he had set up near Solfarino, Italy.

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Speaker 1: And it was because of this desire to plead his

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Speaker 1: case for water rights that on eighteen fifty nine, when

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Speaker 1: he was thirty one years old, do not witness the

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Speaker 1: Battle of Sulfarino, which has been called one of the

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Speaker 1: bloodiest battles of the nineteenth century. And seeing that battle

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Speaker 1: play out, claiming so many lives and leaving so many wounded,

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Speaker 1: Dona was inspired to action. As the number of medical

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Speaker 1: emergencies quickly outpaced the military staff on hand's ability to

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Speaker 1: handle them, don created an emergency aid service to assist

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Speaker 1: wounded Austrian and French soldiers. Local women serving his nurses

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Speaker 1: to the injured adopted a slogan for this impromptu relief group,

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Speaker 1: Tucti Fratelli, meaning all Brothers. His time in Sulfarino completely

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Speaker 1: shifted Donat's focus his business affairs at that point became

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Speaker 1: secondary to his desire to address the issue of suffering

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Speaker 1: in wars. Several years after the battle, in eighteen sixty two,

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Speaker 1: he published a book about the battle and his work

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Speaker 1: in the aftermath, in a memoir called Souvenir de Soferino.

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Speaker 1: He had been working on this book since eighteen sixty

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Speaker 1: and in it he writes about three things. First, he

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Speaker 1: describes the battle itself and pretty graphic detail. Second, he

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Speaker 1: describes the aftermath of the battle and how horrifying it was,

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Speaker 1: and how the wounded were cared for in the nearby

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Speaker 1: towns of us of Castiglione, as well as an other

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Speaker 1: small villages. And one thing that stands out in this

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Speaker 1: section is the sheer numbers of wounded that townspeople were

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Speaker 1: scrambling to assist. Do Not wrote in his book that

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Speaker 1: the town of Brescia, which had a population of forty thousand,

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Speaker 1: took in thirty thousand wounded, converting almost every available building

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Speaker 1: into makeshift hospitals. This is, not, however, entirely accurate, and

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Speaker 1: in current reprints of his book they usually notate this.

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Speaker 1: Later ounts actually put the wounded just under twenty men,

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Speaker 1: but that's still a rather incredible number, and in that

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Speaker 1: particular area there were only a hundred and forty doctors

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Speaker 1: to manage all of those injured people. In that third section,

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Speaker 1: he makes the case for all countries to have voluntary

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Speaker 1: relief societies and to provide assistance and when possible, to

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Speaker 1: prevent suffering during both wartime and times of peace, and

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Speaker 1: that these societies should dispense with aid without any concern

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Speaker 1: for creed or race, and his idea suggested a governing

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Speaker 1: board for each nation's separate relief society that would be

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Speaker 1: made up of the nation's leaders. And he also stressed

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Speaker 1: the need for volunteerism to be promoted as something everyone

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Speaker 1: should participate in and the need to establish training systems

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Speaker 1: so that every volunteer would have the knowledge to care

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Speaker 1: for wounded both on the battlefield and after they were

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Speaker 1: removed from the active battlefield, right through to their recovery.

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Speaker 1: In addition to making the case for assistant societies, on

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Speaker 1: You Do Not, also proposed the concept of an international

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Speaker 1: agreement regarding how people who were wounded during a war

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Speaker 1: should be treated. And next up, we're gonna discuss how

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Speaker 1: Donal's writing catalyzed almost immediate action, but first we will

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Speaker 1: pause for a little sponsor break. So, in response to

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Speaker 1: the writing that Junal had done about his time at Sulfarino,

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Speaker 1: the Geneva Society for Public Welfare established a five man

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Speaker 1: committee on February seven, eighteen sixty three, to make a

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Speaker 1: dedicated effort to investigate the possibility of making Donal's ideas

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Speaker 1: a reality and do not what we should mention was

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Speaker 1: on that five man committee he served as secretary. Also

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Speaker 1: included where Guillaume Ali Dufu, who was a Swiss general

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Speaker 1: and topographer who presided over the committee, Gustav Mounier, a

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Speaker 1: Swiss legal theorist and philanthropist. Dr Louis Appia, a surgeon

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Speaker 1: specializing in mility, Harry Medicine, and Dr Teodor Monnoir, also

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Speaker 1: a surgeon. This committee decided that the best plan of

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Speaker 1: action was to assemble an international conference to make concrete

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Speaker 1: plans for AID and for the next several months, do

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Speaker 1: Not on his own dime, visited numerous governments, primarily in Europe,

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Speaker 1: with the goal of obtaining of obtaining promises of participation

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Speaker 1: for each of them. Yeah, it's worth noting again that

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Speaker 1: he was paying for his own travel because money is

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Speaker 1: going to come up later. Uh So, just a year

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Speaker 1: after the publication of his book, do Not, as part

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Speaker 1: of the group assembled by the Geneva Society for Public Welfare,

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Speaker 1: founded the International Committee for Relief of the Wounded when

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Speaker 1: the delegates assembled from October nine, eighteen sixty three, so

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Speaker 1: this would eventually become the International Committee of the Red Cross.

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Speaker 1: Over the course of these four days, the Committee members

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Speaker 1: discussed all the issues at hand, and in addition to

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Speaker 1: the five men who we named earlier, representatives from philm

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Speaker 1: topic organizations and sixteen nations including France, Austria, Prussia, Spain

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Speaker 1: and Great Britain attended and the Assembly agreed on the

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Speaker 1: need for several action items. These included the creation of

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Speaker 1: relief societies in every country, the adoption of a universal

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Speaker 1: armband to identify relief personnel, and neutrality for the wounded

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Speaker 1: medical personnel, hospitals and ambulances. And that final issue of

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Speaker 1: neutrality was added at the last minute by Dunon, and

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Speaker 1: the conference asked the various governments represented there to give

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Speaker 1: their support and protection to these resolutions. On August eighteen

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Speaker 1: sixty four, a treaty was signed by twelve nations at

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Speaker 1: a diplomatic conference. That treaty established official intent to create

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Speaker 1: relief societies, guaranteed neutrality to medical assistance personnel, expedited the

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Speaker 1: handling of supplies needed by those personnel, and instituted an

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Speaker 1: easy to identify emblem for them to use, which was

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Speaker 1: a red cross on a white background. This treaty, of course,

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Speaker 1: was the first Geneva convention, and the adoption of that

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Speaker 1: universal symbol. We really can't understate it was actually incredibly

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Speaker 1: important because prior to using the red cross arm band

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Speaker 1: for all medical and assistance personnel, different countries had been

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Speaker 1: using different colors and symbols on their arm bands to

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Speaker 1: designate caregivers, and this caused a great deal of confusion

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Speaker 1: on the battlefield because enemy troops usually did not know

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Speaker 1: the color coding system that their opponent might be using,

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Speaker 1: and so it was very difficult for anyone involved to

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Speaker 1: identify active combatants versus medical helpers. Of note in all

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Speaker 1: of this, though, is a point about Donot's involvement and

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Speaker 1: activity within the Committee of Five as that became nicknamed

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Speaker 1: don who was so comfortable and eloquent making his case

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Speaker 1: to encourage heads of state to participate in the relief

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Speaker 1: movement was pretty low key when dealing with the other

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Speaker 1: four men, due in Part two very large personalities that

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Speaker 1: were in play among the other members. He took something

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Speaker 1: of a back seat in these conferences, despite the fact

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Speaker 1: that he had been the person who initiated these ideas

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Speaker 1: and catalyzed the conferences happening in the first place. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he kind of gets pushed to the background in most

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Speaker 1: of those dealings, which is kind of fascinating because it

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Speaker 1: really was all his idea. And unfortunately, while he had

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Speaker 1: been so busy in these humanitarian and service efforts to others,

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Speaker 1: Donal had not been taking care of his own personal affairs.

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Speaker 1: He was still president of the financial and industrial company

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Speaker 1: of most Mills, and that grant of water rights that

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Speaker 1: led him to Sulfarino and catalyzed all of this humanitarian

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Speaker 1: work had never materialized. And while Donal had been very

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Speaker 1: busy meeting with the leaders of Europe, the duties of

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Speaker 1: his North African company that he had delegated to others

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Speaker 1: had been handled really poorly. He lost all of his

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Speaker 1: money and moreover, most of his friends who had been

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Speaker 1: invested in the business, as well as a lot of

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Speaker 1: family members. So in eighteen sixty seven, he left Geneva

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Speaker 1: completely embarrassed and bankrupt. This is really a scandal. And

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Speaker 1: due to the scandal Uh and his basically becoming a

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Speaker 1: social pariah in Geneva, he resigned his post as secretary

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Speaker 1: with the Red Cross and was expelled from the society

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Speaker 1: even as a member. He carried a debt of nearly

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Speaker 1: one million Swiss franks when he declared bankruptcy, and his

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Speaker 1: businesses were liquidated to try to pay his creditors. When

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Speaker 1: he first left Switzerland in eighteen sixty seven, he initially

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Speaker 1: traveled to Paris, where he would often sleep outdoors because

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Speaker 1: he had no place to live, and he made a

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Speaker 1: little money here and there working as a journalist just

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Speaker 1: to try to keep himself fed. Eventually he was actually

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Speaker 1: invited to the Palais de Chili by Empress Eugenie, and

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Speaker 1: together do Not and the Empress worked on expanding the

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Speaker 1: Red Cross in France and its missions. So remember there's

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Speaker 1: the International Committee and then each country has their own,

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Speaker 1: uh sort of chapters and so UH. While he was

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Speaker 1: no longer part of switzerland effort, he was still in

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Speaker 1: this way involved in the Red Cross as a concept,

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Speaker 1: and he was made an honorary member of the Red

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Speaker 1: Cross Societies of several other countries, including Austria, Holland, Prussia

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Speaker 1: and Spain. This work with Empress Eugenie first helped get

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Speaker 1: the Geneva Convention wartime protections extended to naval personnel. He

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Speaker 1: also worked on widening the scope of the Red Cross

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Speaker 1: to include peacetime relief efforts for instances of natural disaster,

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Speaker 1: and when the eighteen seventy Franco Prussian War happened, do

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Speaker 1: Not worked with the many wounded brought to Paris, and

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Speaker 1: during this time he also came up with the idea

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Speaker 1: that soldiers should wear some sort of badge at all times,

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Speaker 1: so if they died in combat, they could be easily identified.

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Speaker 1: This is an early precursor concept to the dog tag.

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Speaker 1: After the war ended in May of eighteen seventy one,

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Speaker 1: he traveled to London and he called for another conference

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Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy two, this one called Alliance Universal. The

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Speaker 1: ard at the LA gathering was intended to examine the

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Speaker 1: issue of international prisoners of war and how they should

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Speaker 1: be handled. He also wanted to put forth a plan

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Speaker 1: for legal arbitrary arbitration of international conflicts. Rather than military action,

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Speaker 1: and so these plans were met with mixed levels of enthusiasm.

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Speaker 1: They would, however, decades later, become part of the Third

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Speaker 1: Geneva Convention. Yeah, that idea of prisoners of war became

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Speaker 1: very important later, but at the time, due to some

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Speaker 1: some grudges and in fighting, that kind of all fell apart.

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Speaker 1: But it does speak volumes that even as this van

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Speaker 1: was organizing the eighteen seventy two conference, he was destitute.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes he was being helped by friends, sometimes, as I

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Speaker 1: mentioned earlier, living on the street. But he was still

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Speaker 1: meeting it with heads of state, even though there were

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Speaker 1: plenty of times when he could barely find a meal.

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Speaker 1: In February of eighteen seventy five, the writings that Dounal

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Speaker 1: had published about slavery inspired an international gathering in London

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Speaker 1: aimed at abolishing the slave trade, which at that point

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Speaker 1: had some nations had individually abolished, but this was a

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Speaker 1: greater effort. Again, even as he was struggling personally he

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Speaker 1: initiated this gathering. His itinerant life was really starting to

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Speaker 1: take a toll on his health though, and already kind

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Speaker 1: of ducked out of the public eye. After that abolitionist gathering,

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Speaker 1: and we'll discuss a rather nomadic period in his life

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Speaker 1: right after we pause once again for a sponsor break.

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Speaker 1: So uh, sometime later in eighteen seventy, after that abolitionist gathering,

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Speaker 1: a regional basically vanished from society, and for a while

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Speaker 1: he wandered. He never stayed in anyone place for long,

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Speaker 1: and he traveled entirely on foot, traveling great distances. He

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Speaker 1: made his way through Germany, Italy and Alsace, sometimes aided

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Speaker 1: by friends or charitable organizations to get by. But eventually

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Speaker 1: he did settle down the village of Hayden, Switzerland, in

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Speaker 1: eighty seven. And this happened primarily because his health really

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Speaker 1: took a downturn while he happened to be traveling through there,

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Speaker 1: and traveling anymore became really difficult. In eighteen ninety one

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Speaker 1: of the other other citizens of Hayden, a man named

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Speaker 1: Bill him Saundrager, who realized who do not was excitedly

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Speaker 1: started spreading the word that this great humanitarian was indeed

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Speaker 1: alive and well, but nobody really seemed to care very

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Speaker 1: much at that point. Uh. Two years after sunder Igger's revelation,

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Speaker 1: Aure's health further declined, and at this point he was

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Speaker 1: moved into the village hospice and he would live there

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Speaker 1: for the next eighteen years, the remainder of his life

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Speaker 1: in Room twelve. Although although his quote discovery in eighteen

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Speaker 1: ninety had kind of sputtered in another person. This when

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Speaker 1: a journalist named George Baumberger felt compelled to announce to

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Speaker 1: the world that the founder of the Red Cross was

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Speaker 1: living in Hayden. He wrote an article about a Redunt,

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Speaker 1: the man who had work to save so many lives,

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Speaker 1: only to find himself destitute and confined to a hospice,

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Speaker 1: And whether attitudes had changed in that five years since

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Speaker 1: eight nine and the first time that someone tried to

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Speaker 1: bring attention to the fact that Donat was there in Haydn,

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Speaker 1: or if the situation of Donat's failing health really started

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Speaker 1: to tug at the public's heart strings this time around,

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Speaker 1: that story of his life actually took off, and the

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Speaker 1: article that Baumberger wrote was reprinted in papers throughout Europe,

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Speaker 1: and once again Donat was lauded for his life's work.

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Speaker 1: Greetings and offers of assistance arrived from old friends all

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Speaker 1: the way up to Pope Leo the thirteenth, and he

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Speaker 1: was given a lifetime pension by Empress Consort of Russia

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Speaker 1: Maria Fyodorovna. Along with the praise came awards and prizes.

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Speaker 1: Both the Medical Congress of Moscow and the Swiss Confederation

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Speaker 1: awarded him prizes for his life's work, but he remained

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Speaker 1: in the hospice, spending none of the money and insisting

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Speaker 1: that he had everything he needed. And of course, most

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Speaker 1: notable among Donald's accolades was winning the first Nobel Peace Prize,

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Speaker 1: which was awarded jointly to Donalt and French economist Frederic

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Speaker 1: Passi in nineteen o one. Donald's health was too poor

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Speaker 1: at this point for him to travel to the award ceremony,

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Speaker 1: so the medal and the prize money were sent to him,

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Speaker 1: along with a message from the International Committee of the

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Speaker 1: Red Cross, which read quote, there is no man who

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Speaker 1: more deserves this honor, For it was you, forty years

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Speaker 1: ago who set on foot the international organization for the

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Speaker 1: relief of the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the

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Speaker 1: Red Cross, the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century,

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Speaker 1: would probably never have been undertaken. There was prior to

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Speaker 1: the Nobel being awarded to not an effort on the

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Speaker 1: part of Gustave Moigner to haven't have the International Committee

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Speaker 1: of the Red Cross nominated rather than do not himself.

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Speaker 1: It successfully made this move prior with other prizes, but

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Speaker 1: it didn't work in this case. In later years, the

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Speaker 1: Red Cross as an organization would win the Nobel Prize. However, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that kind of ties back into that whole issue that

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Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier, where he really was not the dominant

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Speaker 1: personality in that committee and he kind of got pushed out.

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Speaker 1: This was sort of more of the same thing going on. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And when Juno died on October nineteen ten in the

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Speaker 1: Hyden Hospice, there was no big funeral. His final wish

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Speaker 1: was to be carried to his grave simply quote like

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Speaker 1: a dog, which I don't think is is quite the

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Speaker 1: negative that we would associate with it, but merely he

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Speaker 1: didn't want any fuss made over him, and he was

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Speaker 1: interred in Zurich on November two. The money from the

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Speaker 1: Nobel Prize and the other awards that he earned in

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Speaker 1: the later years of his life, he remained a humanitarian

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Speaker 1: to the very end. He bequeathed some of the Moneys

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Speaker 1: who was caregivers, and he also set up a provision

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Speaker 1: for a permanent bed in the hospital at hid It

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Speaker 1: was to be used to care for the village poor.

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Speaker 1: He donated the remainder of his estates of various charities

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Speaker 1: in Switzerland and Norway. And as for Donal's book, A

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Speaker 1: Memory of sulfurin no it has, according to the Red

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Speaker 1: Cross quote, been translated into so many languages and reprinted

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Speaker 1: so many times that it is difficult to know how

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Speaker 1: many versions exist throughout the world. Today, the Red Cross

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Speaker 1: is the world's largest humanitarian network, operating in a hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty different countries, and his birthday May eight is

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Speaker 1: now celebrated as World Red Cross Day, and the hospice

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Speaker 1: where Donal spent his final years now houses the a

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Speaker 1: regional museum, which features a permanent exhibition on his life,

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Speaker 1: as well as special exhibitions related to Donal's work. Like

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Speaker 1: I think right now they're they're either have started or

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Speaker 1: about to open one that is about um the women's

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Speaker 1: contributions to the relief efforts. Because he wrote very kindly

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Speaker 1: about women, I have to point out, particularly after his

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Speaker 1: his experience in Sulfurino, were so many of the village

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Speaker 1: women just jumped in as nurses and did all kinds

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Speaker 1: of hard work they had never been trained or prepared

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Speaker 1: to do. So. Uh yeah, they do a lot of

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Speaker 1: cool stuff. We should point out because because this is

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Speaker 1: mentioning so much of the Red Cross that we're talking

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Speaker 1: specifically when we talk about donal uh And and the

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Speaker 1: awards that the Red Cross won as a consequence of

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Speaker 1: his work about the International Committee of the Red Cross

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Speaker 1: versus all of the sub committees that are held at

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Speaker 1: the separate nation level. Right, so there have been very

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Speaker 1: public problems in some cases that are are still being debated,

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Speaker 1: but this is sort of the separate story apart from right,

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Speaker 1: I think, I think just because you and I are American,

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Speaker 1: we can we're probably most familiar with like the recent

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Speaker 1: criticisms about basically not knowing so much how the American

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Speaker 1: Red Cross has spent relief money and a lack of

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Speaker 1: transparency and at which has been recent enough and big

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Speaker 1: enough news that I would feel remiss not making the

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Speaker 1: distinction that we are talking about the founding of the

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Speaker 1: International Committee, not specifically the American Red Cross in operations today. Correct, Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: so that is the story of ari. Do you know

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Speaker 1: who is uh sort of uh, you know, it's sort

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Speaker 1: of sad in some ways, but also sort of wonderful,

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Speaker 1: uh and a little inspiring. Well. And I didn't realize that, Like,

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Speaker 1: I didn't realize that the use of dog tags was

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Speaker 1: nearly that recent. Yeah, I mean, I think it was

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Speaker 1: really World War One where an actual metal dog tang

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Speaker 1: first came into play. Don't quote me on that. I'm

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Speaker 1: literally pulling that from hazy memory, but yeah, it really

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Speaker 1: wasn't going on consistently before then, So you can imagine

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Speaker 1: how difficult it would be to sort out who was

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Speaker 1: who on a battlefield. Uh. And it seems painfully obvious

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Speaker 1: once I read it, But I had not thought about

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Speaker 1: the lack of an international consistency in identifying relief personnel

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Speaker 1: and how confusing that must have made any given situation. Well,

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Speaker 1: in setting international standards about uh, having during times of war,

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Speaker 1: especially like medical personnel, are supposed to be exempt being targets, right, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: or at least that's how it's supposed to work. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: in theory, that is how it doesn't always play out

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Speaker 1: that way, but that is the theoretical. I heard you

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Speaker 1: have some listener mailed I do so So because we

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Speaker 1: have just passed the holidays, and because I was out

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Speaker 1: of the office for a lot of that, I went

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Speaker 1: on a lovely vacation and then I was back, but

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Speaker 1: mostly teleworking, so I wasn't in the physical office. So

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Speaker 1: I came back to loads and loads of gifts, which

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Speaker 1: was lovely because our listeners are amazing, and so I

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Speaker 1: wanted to talk about two of them because Tracy hasn't

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Speaker 1: seen them, so it's kind of like gift show and

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00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:05,640
Speaker 1: tell for me too. So the first one is from

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Speaker 1: our listener Melissa. She says, Hi, Holly and Tracy, Merry Christmas,

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Speaker 1: Happy New Year. I wanted to send you both, uh

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Speaker 1: the ornaments that I make for the Maker's Mark distillery.

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Speaker 1: I love your show and I often listen when I'm

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Speaker 1: dipping the ornaments in the red wax. You both keep

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Speaker 1: me entertained. Thank you for being amazing, Love Melissa. So

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Speaker 1: these are the cutest little things. There is like a

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Speaker 1: little um, you know, ball ornament, but it looks like

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00:25:30,280 --> 00:25:36,320
Speaker 1: it borrows from makers the Maker's Mark bottling, and that

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00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:40,360
Speaker 1: it has these cute little scrolls within it like shavings,

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Speaker 1: and then the whole thing is sealed with wax like

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Speaker 1: a bottle of Maker's Mark would be. And it is

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00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:47,640
Speaker 1: adorable and we each got one. I kind of want

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Speaker 1: to have a year round tree for stuff like that.

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Speaker 1: The second one is going to make Tracy chuckle chuckle chuckle. Uh.

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Speaker 1: It is from our listener Kristen, and she writes, dear

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00:25:58,080 --> 00:26:00,679
Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, happy holidays. I'm a long time listener

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00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,720
Speaker 1: from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I have relatives there, so yeah

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00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:06,679
Speaker 1: uh and instantly thought of the enclosed gift when you

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00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:09,479
Speaker 1: mentioned the mitten the other day. We love our hand shaped,

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00:26:09,920 --> 00:26:12,399
Speaker 1: we love our land shaped like a hand for if

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00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:14,680
Speaker 1: nothing else, it's an easy map. Thank you so much

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00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:16,800
Speaker 1: for all you do. I look forward to every episode.

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00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:20,640
Speaker 1: And what she sent us, Tracy, are these awesome window

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00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:22,960
Speaker 1: stickers or you can put them on a laptop. Can

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00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,159
Speaker 1: you see it? And it says smitten with the Mitten

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00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:28,919
Speaker 1: and it is a lovely little graphic of Michigan and

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00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:32,240
Speaker 1: how it does indeed resemble a mission mitten not a

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00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:38,359
Speaker 1: mission well and after our whole number of episodes talked

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00:26:38,359 --> 00:26:41,960
Speaker 1: about Michigan and the mitten came out there, there's a

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00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:46,720
Speaker 1: whole bit on recent ish Welcome to Night night Vale

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00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:52,639
Speaker 1: about Michigan, except he keep saying Michigan and then pronouncing

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00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 1: Mitten in the very, uh, the very enunciated way that

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00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:02,040
Speaker 1: we're like kitten and mitten are pronounced. Welcome to night Mail.

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00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:06,840
Speaker 1: Uh yeah. So those are two of the lovely gifts

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00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:08,760
Speaker 1: we've gotten. I will never be able to get through

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00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:10,520
Speaker 1: all of them and mention them all on air because

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00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: it would take us in the next Christmas, I think.

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00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,080
Speaker 1: But thank you so so much for thinking of us.

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00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:17,159
Speaker 1: It's such a delight. I always say it, but I

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00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:19,400
Speaker 1: can't stress it enough. It is a delight in an

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00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:21,320
Speaker 1: honor that people would take time out of their lives,

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00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:25,280
Speaker 1: particularly during the very busy holiday season, to send us stuff.

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00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:29,840
Speaker 1: It's just very heartwarming and lovely. So thank you. If

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00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:31,560
Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, you can do

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00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:33,880
Speaker 1: so at History Podcast at house to works dot com.

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00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:36,520
Speaker 1: You can also find us on Twitter at missed in History,

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00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:40,520
Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com slash missed in History, on Instagram

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00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:43,080
Speaker 1: is at missed in History, and on pinterest dot com

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00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:45,440
Speaker 1: slash missed in History. We're also at missed in History

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00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:48,720
Speaker 1: dot tumbler dot com. If you would like to learn

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00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:50,560
Speaker 1: a little bit more about what we talked about today.

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00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:52,320
Speaker 1: You can go to our parents site, how stuff Works.

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00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:54,680
Speaker 1: Type in the words red Cross you'll get all kinds

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00:27:54,720 --> 00:27:56,639
Speaker 1: of information you can look at. If you would like

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00:27:56,680 --> 00:27:58,680
Speaker 1: to visit us online, you can do that at miss

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00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,320
Speaker 1: in history dot com m where you will find show

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00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:03,359
Speaker 1: notes for every episode that Tracy and I have worked

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00:28:03,359 --> 00:28:07,399
Speaker 1: on together, as well as a full archive of every

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00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:10,399
Speaker 1: episode that has ever existed, all the way back to

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00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:13,080
Speaker 1: the very short ones in the beginning, long before Tracy

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00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:15,439
Speaker 1: and I were ever involved. So we hope you do

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00:28:15,520 --> 00:28:17,959
Speaker 1: come and visit us online at how stuff works dot

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00:28:18,040 --> 00:28:26,479
Speaker 1: com and missed in history dot com for more on

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00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:29,000
Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics because it has stuff

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00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:42,000
Speaker 1: works dot com