1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,759 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, We're re running two episodes today in Troy, 2 00:00:02,840 --> 00:00:08,320 Speaker 1: the show Welcome to This Day in History Class, where 3 00:00:08,320 --> 00:00:19,079 Speaker 1: we bring you a new tidbit from history every day. 4 00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: The day was a nineteen fifty three, scientists James Watson 5 00:00:25,600 --> 00:00:29,080 Speaker 1: and Francis Crick announced their discovery of the structure of 6 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: DNA in an article in the journal Nature. The article, 7 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: titled Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids, A structure for deoxy 8 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:43,600 Speaker 1: ribos nucleic acid, began with the following statement, we wish 9 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:46,839 Speaker 1: to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxy ribos 10 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:51,879 Speaker 1: nucleic acid DNA. This structure has novel features which are 11 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:58,560 Speaker 1: of considerable biological interests. Nature also published shorter articles by 12 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:03,040 Speaker 1: scientists Maurice will Kinds and Rosalind Franklin, who had contributed 13 00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: to the discovery, in that same issue after Watson and 14 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: Craig's article. In nineteen sixty two, Watson and Crick and 15 00:01:10,680 --> 00:01:14,039 Speaker 1: Wilkins received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 16 00:01:14,040 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: the discovery, but Franklin, who died in nineteen fifty eight, 17 00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:23,280 Speaker 1: did not receive widespread recognition for her contributions the discovery. 18 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,280 Speaker 1: Was a watership moment in the history of science, but 19 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:30,960 Speaker 1: it was one that became mired in controversy. The nineteen 20 00:01:30,959 --> 00:01:35,120 Speaker 1: fifty three discovery of DNA structure came after decades of research. 21 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: A Swiss chemist named Friedrich Meischer identified DNA or what 22 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:44,280 Speaker 1: he called nucleon as a distinct molecule in eighteen sixty nine. 23 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: In nineteen forty four, Oswald Avery and his colleagues published 24 00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 1: a paper showing how jeans are composed of DNA, among 25 00:01:53,760 --> 00:01:59,279 Speaker 1: other observations about DNA structure. Austrian biochemists Irwin Chargaff found 26 00:01:59,280 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: out that at a mean and thymine always appeared in 27 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:06,720 Speaker 1: equal amounts, as did cytoscene and guanine. By the early 28 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties, thanks to the work of scientists like Phoebus Levine, 29 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:14,280 Speaker 1: researchers knew that DNA was made of nucleotides, each of 30 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: which contains a base, a molecule of sugar, and a 31 00:02:17,240 --> 00:02:22,320 Speaker 1: molecule of phosphoric acid. The sugar was deoxy ribos in. 32 00:02:22,320 --> 00:02:25,760 Speaker 1: The four nitrogenous basis were at A nine, guanine, cytosine, 33 00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: and thymine, But researchers did not know exactly what DNA 34 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:34,520 Speaker 1: looked like or how it was copied. In early nineteen 35 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: fifty three, chemist Linus Pauling proposed and an accurate model 36 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: of DNA that showed it as a three stranded helix. 37 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:45,519 Speaker 1: At the time, Watson and Crick were working at the 38 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: University of Cambridge. Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, and graduate student 39 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:54,560 Speaker 1: Raymond Gosling were at King's College London using X ray 40 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:59,960 Speaker 1: diffraction to study DNA. Franklin was experienced in X ray crystallography, 41 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:03,880 Speaker 1: a technique that scientists used to determine the structure of crystals. 42 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: When the crystallized form of a molecule is exposed to 43 00:03:07,720 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: X rays, the X rays to fract inform a pattern 44 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:15,280 Speaker 1: that scientists can use to understand the molecule structure. Franklin 45 00:03:15,360 --> 00:03:17,760 Speaker 1: and Gosling took an X ray diffraction photograph of a 46 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:22,000 Speaker 1: DNA molecule known as Photo fifty one that looked like 47 00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:26,720 Speaker 1: an X and revealed the molecules helical structure. Wilkins, who 48 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:30,880 Speaker 1: spent time at Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge with Crick, ended 49 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 1: up showing Photo fifty one to Watson. Watson and Crick 50 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:37,960 Speaker 1: thrilled with Photo fifty one, and worried Pauling would beat 51 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: them to the punch, proposed a new model for DNA structure. 52 00:03:42,480 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: Watson and Crick did not do any of their own experiments. Instead, 53 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: they relied on drawing conclusions from existing data, including Photo 54 00:03:50,320 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: fifty one. The pair used data they got from an 55 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:57,480 Speaker 1: informal report Franklin gave to scientists Max Perups at Cambridge, 56 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: even though they didn't act Franklin for mission to interpret 57 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:06,040 Speaker 1: the data. Ironically, Pauling had advanced the method of model 58 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:10,640 Speaker 1: building that made Watson and Crick's discovery possible. Watson and 59 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,440 Speaker 1: Crick shifted around cardboard cutouts of the molecules, and with 60 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:17,920 Speaker 1: the help of chemist Jerry Donohue, eventually figured out the 61 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:23,760 Speaker 1: structure of DNA. On February nineteen fifty three, Watson and 62 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: Crick determined that DNA was a double stranded, anti parallel, 63 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,920 Speaker 1: right handed helix. They found that the outside of the 64 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,240 Speaker 1: helix is made up of sugar phosphate backbones and the 65 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:38,080 Speaker 1: inside is made up of hydrogen bonded pairs of the 66 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: nitrogenous basis. On April, the journal Nature published Watson and 67 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:49,080 Speaker 1: Crick's findings, followed by articles from Franklin and Wilkins. In 68 00:04:49,200 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: the paper, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA. 69 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:57,280 Speaker 1: Krick's wife, O'Dell, created schematic drawings at the DNA double 70 00:04:57,320 --> 00:05:00,920 Speaker 1: helix that accompanied the text. The discover refueled a ton 71 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:07,240 Speaker 1: of scientific advancement, from DNA fingerprinting to genetic engineering. Franklin 72 00:05:07,320 --> 00:05:11,919 Speaker 1: died of cancer in nineteen fifty eight, four years before Watson, Crick, 73 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,920 Speaker 1: and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prizes are 74 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:21,640 Speaker 1: not awarded posthumously. Watson published a book on the discovery 75 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: of DNA structure in nineteen sixty eight. I'm Eves, Jeff 76 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:28,960 Speaker 1: Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history 77 00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. If you like to learn 78 00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:36,000 Speaker 1: more about Rosalind Franklin, listen to the episode of Stuff 79 00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:40,599 Speaker 1: you missed in History Class called Rosalind Franklin DNA's Dark Lady. 80 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,040 Speaker 1: We love it. If you left us a comment on Twitter, 81 00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:49,840 Speaker 1: Instagram or Facebook. At T d i h C podcast, 82 00:05:50,880 --> 00:05:57,880 Speaker 1: we'll see you tomorrow. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome 83 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:00,640 Speaker 1: to the Same History class, a pod ask that brings 84 00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:13,120 Speaker 1: you a new slice of history every day. The day 85 00:06:13,200 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: was a nineteen seventeen American jazz singer. Ella Fitzgerald was born. 86 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:23,680 Speaker 1: Fitzgerald has been affectionately dubbed the First Lady of Song. 87 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:30,159 Speaker 1: Ella Jane Fitzgerald was born in Newport News, Virginia. Her parents, 88 00:06:30,320 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: William Fitzgerald and Temperance Fitzgerald, separated soon after she was born. 89 00:06:35,560 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: Ella moved to Yonkers, New York with her mother, and 90 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: they moved in with Temperance's boyfriend. Ella maate friends easily 91 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: in her new neighborhood, and she was already developing her 92 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: interest in the arts. She studied music in school, saying 93 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:52,320 Speaker 1: in the glee club and took piano lessons. She was 94 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:55,760 Speaker 1: exposed to formal music making through her family's attendance at 95 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 1: the Bethany African Methodist Episcopal Church. She listened to artists 96 00:07:00,160 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: being Crosby, the Boswell sisters and Louis Armstrong, and she 97 00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:07,840 Speaker 1: often went to Harlem to go to theaters. But when 98 00:07:07,880 --> 00:07:11,360 Speaker 1: Ella was a teenager, her mother died. Ella's aunt, Virginia, 99 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,720 Speaker 1: stepped in to take care of her. She had a 100 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,720 Speaker 1: hard time adjusting to this change, and her grades dropped 101 00:07:17,760 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: as she often skipped school. She was eventually sent to 102 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:24,040 Speaker 1: a reform school, where she was often beaten by the staff. 103 00:07:25,200 --> 00:07:28,240 Speaker 1: In four Ella competed in an amateur night at the 104 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,280 Speaker 1: Apollo Theater. While she had intended to go on stage 105 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: and dance, she faced stiff competition in that arena, so 106 00:07:34,840 --> 00:07:38,520 Speaker 1: she decided to sing instead. She's sang the Object of 107 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:42,400 Speaker 1: My Affections by the Boswell Sisters, and the crowd loved 108 00:07:42,440 --> 00:07:45,600 Speaker 1: her performance. She got first prize that day, and she 109 00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:49,760 Speaker 1: went on to enter and win more talent contests. In 110 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,280 Speaker 1: January of nineteen thirty five, Ella performed with the Tiny 111 00:07:53,360 --> 00:07:56,840 Speaker 1: Bradshaw Band at the Harlem Opera House. There she met 112 00:07:56,920 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: drummer and bandleader Chick Webb. Soon she began traveling with 113 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:05,000 Speaker 1: Webb's band as a singer. Her first recording, Love and Kisses, 114 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:08,920 Speaker 1: was released under the Decca label. She began performing with 115 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: Webb's band at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom, and in nineteen thirty 116 00:08:13,120 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 1: eight she recorded a version of the nursery rhyme A 117 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:19,000 Speaker 1: Tisket a tasket. The song was popular and performed well 118 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:21,760 Speaker 1: on the music charts, and Ella garnered more fame as 119 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: a singer. After Webb died in nineteen thirty nine, the 120 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:29,640 Speaker 1: band continued under the name Ella Fitzgerald in her famous orchestra. 121 00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:32,720 Speaker 1: The band performed well for a while, but broke up 122 00:08:32,760 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 1: in nineteen forty two. At that point, Ella began her 123 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:40,120 Speaker 1: solo career. She recorded with Louis Armstrong, and she went 124 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:43,040 Speaker 1: on tour with Dizzy Gillespie's band in nineteen forty six, 125 00:08:43,480 --> 00:08:46,640 Speaker 1: where she fell in love with bassist Ray Brown. The 126 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:51,959 Speaker 1: couple married and eventually adopted a son, Fitzgeryl mastered scat singing, 127 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: moving toward be bob as the swing era ended and 128 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:58,960 Speaker 1: jazz music changed rapidly. When she joined the jazz at 129 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:02,800 Speaker 1: the Philharmonic Tour and Norman Grands became her manager, her 130 00:09:02,880 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: popularity shot up. Grants founded Verve Records to feature Fitzgerald's 131 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:12,199 Speaker 1: music in the nineteen fifties, and in nineteen sixties she 132 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:16,120 Speaker 1: recorded covers of other musicians songs like those of Cole Porter, 133 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:20,959 Speaker 1: Duke Ellington, and Johnny Mercer, and she made television appearances 134 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:24,120 Speaker 1: on shows like The Bing Crosby Show and The Ed 135 00:09:24,280 --> 00:09:29,160 Speaker 1: Sullivan Show. Fitzgerald continued to tour around the world, and 136 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:33,480 Speaker 1: she recorded live concert albums. In nineteen seventy four, she 137 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: spent a couple of weeks in New York, performing with 138 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:39,960 Speaker 1: Frank Sinatra and Count Basie. By the nineteen seventies, her 139 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: health was declining. Over the course of her career, she 140 00:09:44,280 --> 00:09:48,679 Speaker 1: won fourteen Grammy Awards, including one for Lifetime Achievement, and 141 00:09:48,960 --> 00:09:51,559 Speaker 1: she was awarded the National Medal of Arts and the 142 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:54,480 Speaker 1: Presidential Medal of Freedom in nineteen eighties, seven and nineteen 143 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:59,280 Speaker 1: ninety two, respectively. By the nineteen nineties, she had recorded 144 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: more than two two hundred albums. She had continued to 145 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:07,040 Speaker 1: perform and record sporadically while dealing with respiratory and heart issues, 146 00:10:07,200 --> 00:10:10,679 Speaker 1: as well as diabetes, but she never fully recovered from 147 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:13,120 Speaker 1: surgery she had late in her life when her legs 148 00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:18,920 Speaker 1: were amputated below the knees. She died in n I'm 149 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 1: Eve Jeff Cote and hopefully you know a little more 150 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,319 Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. And if you 151 00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:26,880 Speaker 1: have any comments or suggestions or just want to send 152 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:29,200 Speaker 1: us a nice note, you can send those to us 153 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:34,120 Speaker 1: via social media at t d I HC Podcast. You 154 00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: can also hit us up via email at this Day 155 00:10:37,480 --> 00:10:41,040 Speaker 1: at iHeart media dot com. Thanks again for listening to 156 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:51,240 Speaker 1: the show and we'll see you tomorrow for more podcasts 157 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:54,160 Speaker 1: from iHeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, 158 00:10:54,280 --> 00:10:55,920 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.