1 00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:05,360 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind production of My 2 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:14,840 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. 3 00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:18,800 Speaker 1: This is Robert Lamb and I am Joe McCormick. So 4 00:00:19,040 --> 00:00:21,280 Speaker 1: I've been kicking around the idea of doing a sky 5 00:00:21,360 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: bridge episode for a while. Um, these have always captivated 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:28,920 Speaker 1: me whenever I've looked at city escapes, both real city 7 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: scapes and cities that I've visited or lived in, but 8 00:00:32,840 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: also just imagine cities, fictional cities, uh, futuristic cities that 9 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:41,720 Speaker 1: one encounters in various films. Uh. These are of course 10 00:00:41,960 --> 00:00:46,400 Speaker 1: we're talking about sky bridges or sky uh walks or 11 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,320 Speaker 1: you know, they're various terms one might use for these. 12 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:53,880 Speaker 1: We're talking generally about enclosed bridges of metal and glass 13 00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: or stone or other materials that connect artificial heights to 14 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 1: artificial heights. And UM, I don't know about about you, Joe, 15 00:01:02,600 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: if if you I don't think we've ever talked about this. 16 00:01:04,680 --> 00:01:08,080 Speaker 1: If you see if you share my my interest in 17 00:01:08,120 --> 00:01:10,520 Speaker 1: sky bridges, if you ever like gaze up at a 18 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: sky bridge in a city and just try and imagine 19 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:14,800 Speaker 1: what it would be like to be up there in 20 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,000 Speaker 1: it looking out. Oh absolutely, I mean there are a 21 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:20,479 Speaker 1: number of these around the world, but they're rare enough 22 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:22,880 Speaker 1: that they still they stick out when you see them, 23 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:25,600 Speaker 1: I guess, unless you're in a in a city that 24 00:01:25,640 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: has a lot of them, like Calgary or something. Um. 25 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:31,119 Speaker 1: But yeah, that they look like something that's a kind 26 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:35,520 Speaker 1: of obvious solution that you would expect to see more 27 00:01:35,600 --> 00:01:39,200 Speaker 1: of in the city that's full of tall buildings. Yeah. Yeah, 28 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:41,399 Speaker 1: that we can will certainly get into the practical sides 29 00:01:41,440 --> 00:01:44,080 Speaker 1: of the sky bridge, but there's also something there's something 30 00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: attractive about it that I find almost hard to put 31 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:51,320 Speaker 1: into words because on one level, yes, there's a view 32 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: that is available to one in a sky bridge, and 33 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:57,720 Speaker 1: generally speaking, you can often look in two directions at once, 34 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:01,280 Speaker 1: and and that's that's pretty neat. But by and large, 35 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: there's not a tremendous amount of difference between being on 36 00:02:05,080 --> 00:02:07,880 Speaker 1: the tenth floor of the building and looking out at 37 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:11,320 Speaker 1: the city as opposed to being on a tenth floor 38 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: sky bridge and looking out of the city. Um. But 39 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: but for some reason, if you gave me the choice 40 00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,040 Speaker 1: between the two, the sky bridge, of course, is tremendously 41 00:02:19,080 --> 00:02:22,400 Speaker 1: more attractive as an opportunity. Well, and in a lot 42 00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:24,679 Speaker 1: of recent sky bridges. They've started doing the thing where 43 00:02:24,680 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: they make the bottom out of transparent materials, you know, 44 00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:29,600 Speaker 1: some kind of tough glass, and of course, you know, 45 00:02:29,680 --> 00:02:31,280 Speaker 1: the kids like to jump up and down on it. 46 00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:36,640 Speaker 1: That's always fun. Yeah, And I think maybe with sky 47 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:38,839 Speaker 1: bridges to a lot of a lot of what makes 48 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:42,520 Speaker 1: the sky bridge attractive and interesting, it's also it's actually 49 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: wrapped up in a deeper understanding of bridges, Like we're 50 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:52,240 Speaker 1: essentially taking our already existing excitement for bridges, even though 51 00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:54,120 Speaker 1: we see bridges all the time, and maybe that that 52 00:02:54,160 --> 00:02:56,520 Speaker 1: gets kind of like pushed down in our consciousness, but 53 00:02:56,520 --> 00:02:58,960 Speaker 1: then it becomes new again when we look at something 54 00:02:58,960 --> 00:03:02,399 Speaker 1: like a sky bridge. And also sky bridges kind of 55 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:06,360 Speaker 1: I think served to exaggerate the feats of skyscraper building. Like, 56 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:09,079 Speaker 1: for instance, if I'm looking at just a normal skyscraper, 57 00:03:09,120 --> 00:03:11,360 Speaker 1: it may be really impressive, but if I see a 58 00:03:11,360 --> 00:03:15,120 Speaker 1: little i don't know, like a gargoyle up there or 59 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:17,239 Speaker 1: some sort of like little space where a human being 60 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:20,960 Speaker 1: could potentially stand for some reason, it draws me in more, 61 00:03:21,280 --> 00:03:24,440 Speaker 1: maybe like there's an artificial mountain aspect to it, And 62 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:26,120 Speaker 1: then seeing the bridge up there kind of does as 63 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:29,640 Speaker 1: much the same thing. Yeah. So in this look at 64 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:33,600 Speaker 1: sky bridges, we're gonna drawn a several different sources. One 65 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:36,000 Speaker 1: of the main sources that I'm gonna keep coming back to, though, 66 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: is a wonderful history overview of sky bridges titled sky 67 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,880 Speaker 1: Bridges A History Interview to the Near Future by Anthony 68 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 1: Wood and Daniel Safaric of the Council of Tall Buildings 69 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: and Urban Habitat, published in two thousand nineteen in the 70 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:55,200 Speaker 1: International Journal of High Rise Buildings. The authors here define 71 00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: a sky bridge as quote a primarily enclosed space linking 72 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: two or more build things at height, and they make 73 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: a point of looking at structures that are, you know, 74 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:06,640 Speaker 1: at least six stories and high to set them apart 75 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:11,400 Speaker 1: from other mere pedestrian bridges and overpasses. Um, because I guess, 76 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: truly the sky bridge at least modern sky bridges have 77 00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: a different feel altogether. Though some of the especially older 78 00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:19,680 Speaker 1: examples we're going to look at are not necessarily going 79 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:22,760 Speaker 1: to be that high in the sky. Yeah, especially a 80 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:26,919 Speaker 1: lot of the publicly accessible uh sky bridges or or 81 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:29,400 Speaker 1: lower whatever you'd call the lower versions of them that 82 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: aren't like connecting two towers of essentially the same building 83 00:04:33,120 --> 00:04:36,120 Speaker 1: or buildings that have the same owner. Instead, they're you know, 84 00:04:36,200 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: forming a walkway for for people or pedestrians along a 85 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,719 Speaker 1: sort of maybe like second story level in the city. 86 00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:46,719 Speaker 1: I mentioned the example of Calgary earlier. Calgary in Canada 87 00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 1: has an extensive network of what have sometimes been called 88 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:53,120 Speaker 1: sky bridges or skyways, but I think they're mostly on 89 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: more like the second story level, and and they're open 90 00:04:56,440 --> 00:04:58,480 Speaker 1: to the public. You know, people can walk all around 91 00:04:58,520 --> 00:05:01,039 Speaker 1: in them. Yeah. When you look of the the overall 92 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:05,480 Speaker 1: history of skybridges, it's a mix of of passageways for 93 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:10,200 Speaker 1: the elite, passageways for everyone and uh and and sometimes 94 00:05:10,279 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 1: you have kind of kind of like double deckers where 95 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:15,000 Speaker 1: well one floor is for the residents, but the other 96 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,359 Speaker 1: floors for tourists. Um, so that sort of thing. Also, 97 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: you have a mix of some of some of these 98 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:24,200 Speaker 1: are still very much an operations. Some are not accessible 99 00:05:24,200 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: currently now I was I was recently in Chicago, and 100 00:05:28,200 --> 00:05:29,760 Speaker 1: while I was there, this was probably one of the 101 00:05:29,760 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: reasons that I decided, Yeah, I think now it's the 102 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:35,200 Speaker 1: time to to go ahead into the skybridge episode. Because 103 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:39,000 Speaker 1: I took one of these architectural tours by boat in 104 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:41,560 Speaker 1: the city, which which I highly recommend it's a it's 105 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:44,640 Speaker 1: a city that's it's uh, it's it's a steeped in 106 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:48,599 Speaker 1: in in architecture. And therefore, if you understand the architectural 107 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 1: history of the city at least just a little bit, 108 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,080 Speaker 1: you have I think a much better understanding of what 109 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: Chicago is when you when you walk around it, drive around, etcetera. 110 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:01,760 Speaker 1: And Uh. One building in particular that you can't help 111 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: but notice is, of course the Wriggly Building. Uh. And indeed, uh, 112 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:11,479 Speaker 1: you have this beautiful fourteenth story sky bridge connecting the 113 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:15,080 Speaker 1: two sections. And at first glance you might think it's 114 00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:18,039 Speaker 1: made out of aluminum um, but it's actually made out 115 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: of allegheny nickel. Uh. So that's that's pretty interesting. But yeah, 116 00:06:22,279 --> 00:06:24,080 Speaker 1: if you look up pictures of the Wriggly Building, yeah, 117 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,400 Speaker 1: you'll will definitely see this impressive sky bridge. Just trying 118 00:06:27,440 --> 00:06:30,479 Speaker 1: to remember if this shows up in The Fugitive, which 119 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: is a movie that I deeply associate with Chicago architecture 120 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:36,400 Speaker 1: that I'm not quite sure why. I mean, obviously it's 121 00:06:36,440 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: in Chicago, I don't know what the architecture connection is. 122 00:06:39,279 --> 00:06:42,039 Speaker 1: I remember as a kid, I would look at pictures 123 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: of sky bridges and think, and you know, also watching 124 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 1: a lot of action films back in the day, I 125 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:49,559 Speaker 1: kept thinking that there had to be like a great 126 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: action sequence where the hero has to run through a 127 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:55,200 Speaker 1: sky bridge and maybe a helicopter is firing at him 128 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:57,440 Speaker 1: in the sky bridge, or maybe there's a fight on 129 00:06:57,600 --> 00:07:01,880 Speaker 1: top of the sky bridge. And maybe my memories faint 130 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:04,240 Speaker 1: on this, maybe these things actually happen in some movie 131 00:07:04,360 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 1: or TV show. But if they didn't, I'm I'm surprised 132 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 1: it never happened. It seems like the most logical place, 133 00:07:10,360 --> 00:07:12,840 Speaker 1: like a weird place for some sort of a fight 134 00:07:12,880 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: to take place. Like why why why didn't we see 135 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:20,000 Speaker 1: this in Highlander? Right? The answer is insurance problems, that 136 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:21,560 Speaker 1: that was a scene and they wanted to shoot but 137 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 1: they couldn't. Probably now, if anyone, if you're a New Yorker, 138 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:27,760 Speaker 1: or certainly if you've even visited New York, you've seen 139 00:07:28,080 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: multiple examples of this. There are some great examples of 140 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:34,400 Speaker 1: both old school and modern sky bridges. Uh, you can 141 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:36,400 Speaker 1: look up lists of these. I know there's I think 142 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:39,920 Speaker 1: there's at least one really picturesque one that's the viewable 143 00:07:40,040 --> 00:07:43,000 Speaker 1: from the high line there. But then of course we 144 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:45,000 Speaker 1: don't have to go to New York in order to 145 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 1: experience a sky bridge, because Joe, we live in Atlanta, 146 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,600 Speaker 1: and we have a pretty noteworthy example of sky bridges 147 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:57,440 Speaker 1: or skyways as well, and that's Peachtree Center, designed by 148 00:07:57,480 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: Atlanta architect John C. Portman Jr. Uh Portman lived seventeen 149 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:08,320 Speaker 1: and he's famed for popularizing the atrium as well as 150 00:08:08,560 --> 00:08:12,400 Speaker 1: just leaving a profound mark on downtown Atlanta and U 151 00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:15,679 Speaker 1: One of the things that he also did is especially 152 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:19,280 Speaker 1: with again with Peachtree Center, here is we see this 153 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:25,120 Speaker 1: um almost excessive use of of sky bridges and skyways 154 00:08:25,200 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 1: connecting these buildings to each other. Yeah, if you drive 155 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 1: around the city center streets, you will you will see 156 00:08:31,040 --> 00:08:34,839 Speaker 1: a number of these. Yeah. They have a very seventies 157 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:40,640 Speaker 1: modern look to them, so they're they're not the classical 158 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 1: sky bridges. They're not these supermodern looking ones you'll see 159 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:46,679 Speaker 1: in many of the examples today. But this is an 160 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:49,400 Speaker 1: example we're gonna come back to later because it's actually 161 00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:51,719 Speaker 1: with Portman's work that we see some of the more 162 00:08:51,760 --> 00:08:55,800 Speaker 1: pronounced social criticisms of the basic concept of the sky bridge, 163 00:08:56,400 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: which are interesting to get into. Now, another local example 164 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:02,200 Speaker 1: here in Atlanta. The High Museum of Art has some 165 00:09:02,280 --> 00:09:05,240 Speaker 1: great sky bridge is part of the Rinzo Piano designed 166 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:07,839 Speaker 1: addition to the Core Museum in two thousand five. Joe, 167 00:09:07,880 --> 00:09:10,720 Speaker 1: I know you've walked through these Oh yeah, yeah, yeah, 168 00:09:10,720 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: so there you always get some some brilliant sunline. There's 169 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: that all that beautiful white architecture going on. I think 170 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: I associate them with the sudden feeling of being irradiated 171 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:24,320 Speaker 1: because you've been in the uh climate. Because you've been 172 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:26,960 Speaker 1: you have the climate control galleries, and then suddenly, yeah, 173 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:30,200 Speaker 1: here's the sun now. Would in Safari point out that 174 00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: the most common function of the sky bridge is of course, 175 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,720 Speaker 1: to convey traffic from one building to another without forcing 176 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:39,920 Speaker 1: individuals to descend down to the ground level or even 177 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,839 Speaker 1: below ground level, potentially exiting and re entering the building, which, 178 00:09:45,120 --> 00:09:47,680 Speaker 1: of course, if you're dealing them, especially with a building 179 00:09:47,679 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 1: that has some sort of a security system in place 180 00:09:49,960 --> 00:09:53,079 Speaker 1: and security check ins and checkpoints, we can see where 181 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:56,640 Speaker 1: that would that could become problematic. Easier to have people 182 00:09:57,040 --> 00:10:01,920 Speaker 1: uh enjoy access to both buildings the bridge um and 183 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:04,640 Speaker 1: you also have situations where okay, maybe we don't want 184 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:07,440 Speaker 1: people having to cross the street deal with traffic or 185 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:11,200 Speaker 1: adverse environmental conditions. Yeah, I was trying to think what 186 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:14,280 Speaker 1: would be the main factors motivating somebody to connect buildings 187 00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:17,840 Speaker 1: via skybridge versus just having people you know, enter an 188 00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: exit at the surface level like they normally would. And yeah, 189 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:21,720 Speaker 1: those are some of the main things that came to 190 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,000 Speaker 1: mind for me. Bad weather and climate that that's got 191 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: to be a motivator, which is also true of places 192 00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:31,560 Speaker 1: that have more underground tunnels connecting buildings together. Um. But 193 00:10:31,640 --> 00:10:34,760 Speaker 1: then yeah, also bad traffic and like thoroughfares that are 194 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:38,120 Speaker 1: hard to cross. So for example, uh, this this would 195 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:42,000 Speaker 1: also include places where the where the streets are not 196 00:10:42,040 --> 00:10:44,319 Speaker 1: always streets, where there's not ground on the streets, such 197 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:47,439 Speaker 1: as cities with canals. Sometimes you have sky bridges to 198 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:50,480 Speaker 1: cross those. And then of course you have security concerns, 199 00:10:50,520 --> 00:10:52,720 Speaker 1: like if you have I don't know, high security government 200 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:56,080 Speaker 1: buildings or something I mentioned, they try to limit the 201 00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:58,679 Speaker 1: necessity to go outside and enter a different door and 202 00:10:58,679 --> 00:11:01,199 Speaker 1: do that whole thing all over again. Yeah. So, so 203 00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,240 Speaker 1: obviously there are some some some basic reasons why you 204 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: might have a skybridge connecting to buildings. Um. However, the 205 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:12,520 Speaker 1: authors here also classify some sky bridges as as quote 206 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:17,080 Speaker 1: enclosed programmatic sky bridges, meaning that there's something about them, 207 00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:21,160 Speaker 1: something inside them to draw people to them beyond just 208 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:25,040 Speaker 1: mere conveyance. For example, that one example they give is 209 00:11:25,080 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: the American Copper Buildings in New York City built in 210 00:11:27,800 --> 00:11:32,520 Speaker 1: two six which feature a robust two story skybridge full 211 00:11:32,559 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: of common rooms and swimming pools for residents. It's a 212 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: great place to go swimming. Yeah, it's it's it's an 213 00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:43,480 Speaker 1: interesting choice. I mean, it looks like it has a 214 00:11:43,520 --> 00:11:46,680 Speaker 1: tremendous view though, I would imagine, yeah, view and just 215 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,560 Speaker 1: sort of novelty has got to be one of the 216 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,520 Speaker 1: main points for these enclosed programmatic sky bridges, because again, 217 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:59,480 Speaker 1: they're not so common connecting American buildings and in American 218 00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:03,040 Speaker 1: cities that you're just numb to them. Now, like going 219 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: into skybridge is kind of interesting and unique, unless you know, 220 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:07,760 Speaker 1: you just happened to be one of the few people 221 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:10,560 Speaker 1: who lives or works in buildings where you cross one 222 00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:13,319 Speaker 1: every day. Yeah. Now, they also bring up a few 223 00:12:13,320 --> 00:12:16,480 Speaker 1: additional expansions on the form. One is something they called 224 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:20,479 Speaker 1: the sky plane, and this is essentially a shared horizontal 225 00:12:20,559 --> 00:12:23,920 Speaker 1: roof structure for two or more buildings. And the example 226 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: they bring up is Marina Based Sands in Singapore. Uh, Joe, 227 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:31,160 Speaker 1: if you should probably just look up a picture of 228 00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: Marina Bay Sands and and just take this in because 229 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:36,400 Speaker 1: I would have to say, I mean, I'm I'm no 230 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:40,560 Speaker 1: judge of architecture here, but it looks almost a little 231 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 1: bit ridiculous. It's this. It looks like there is a 232 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: ship perched atop three identical skyscrapers. Yes, it's a cruise ship. 233 00:12:50,679 --> 00:12:54,000 Speaker 1: There is a cruise ship on the buildings. Yeah, which 234 00:12:54,240 --> 00:12:57,320 Speaker 1: I mean, I guess it looks really cool up there. Um, 235 00:12:57,400 --> 00:12:59,560 Speaker 1: it makes me a little bit queasy to look at 236 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,920 Speaker 1: something these aerial shots of it for some reason. But yeah, 237 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:05,520 Speaker 1: it looks it looks very nice. Uh. And I guess, 238 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:07,920 Speaker 1: And and certainly we can imagine it's that we may 239 00:13:07,920 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: come back to this one as we think about some 240 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:14,640 Speaker 1: arguments to be made for similar structures. They also bring 241 00:13:14,679 --> 00:13:18,120 Speaker 1: up the idea of building as sky bridge. So this 242 00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:21,440 Speaker 1: is when the horizontal bar of the sky bridge is 243 00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:24,760 Speaker 1: so massive in comparison to the rest that it is 244 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:28,400 Speaker 1: more of a defining part of the building itself rather 245 00:13:28,480 --> 00:13:31,480 Speaker 1: than something that bridges it. And this also is a 246 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:33,720 Speaker 1: is a statement one could make about like the nature 247 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: of the skybridge. One of the examples will come to 248 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:37,680 Speaker 1: in a in a minute. Either the skybridge is not 249 00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:41,800 Speaker 1: really um firmly set in place, it's kind of setting 250 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:45,200 Speaker 1: in there, kind of slotted into place, whereas building as skybridge, 251 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,719 Speaker 1: it's like it's all one structure. Um. The example they 252 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: bring up is the CCTV headquarters in Beijing. This is 253 00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,480 Speaker 1: a building I believe it was built in twenty eleven, 254 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,400 Speaker 1: and it looks basically like a really boxy upside down 255 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:03,600 Speaker 1: you very cool design. Yeah, i'd characterize it as it 256 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:05,880 Speaker 1: looks like it was built out of the out of 257 00:14:05,920 --> 00:14:08,960 Speaker 1: giant versions of the L shaped Tetris blocks, and they're 258 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,559 Speaker 1: connecting above the ground way you know, many many stories up. 259 00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 1: But yeah, it's clear that this is not just a 260 00:14:14,840 --> 00:14:18,560 Speaker 1: little hallway connecting the upper levels of a skyscraper. A 261 00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,240 Speaker 1: substantial portion of the the occupied part of the building 262 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:25,720 Speaker 1: is hanging over air. Yeah. Yeah. And and it also 263 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:29,280 Speaker 1: looks like it could walk just like like two legs 264 00:14:29,320 --> 00:14:32,520 Speaker 1: and a pelvis. But but like they walked out of 265 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: the Tron universe or something. You offend the master control program, 266 00:14:36,720 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 1: this building comes walking at you it probably does. Ya, 267 00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:48,560 Speaker 1: thank thank. Now you might be wondering, well, what's the 268 00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 1: highest sky bridge in the world. Well, I believe if 269 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:54,480 Speaker 1: the Guinness Book of World Records is correct on this, 270 00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:59,280 Speaker 1: it is the Patronis Towers in on Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. 271 00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,480 Speaker 1: The this is a quote a double deck bridge at 272 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: the forty one and forty two floors. It's a hundred 273 00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:10,320 Speaker 1: and seventy or five fifty eight feet above the ground 274 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:12,760 Speaker 1: and measures fifty eight ms or a hundred ninety feet 275 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: in length, weighs seven fifty metric tons. Uh and this 276 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:22,080 Speaker 1: building opened in uh. This one is really cool looking. 277 00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: This is one of the ones I was talking about 278 00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:30,239 Speaker 1: earlier where it's essentially it's a connector between two towers 279 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:33,120 Speaker 1: that are the same building. Like it's all one complex, 280 00:15:33,160 --> 00:15:35,680 Speaker 1: but the complex consists of like a you know, a 281 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:38,440 Speaker 1: lower level thing and then two towers going straight up 282 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,680 Speaker 1: and they're connected in the at the middle of their 283 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:43,720 Speaker 1: height by this sky bridge. Yeah, this is an interesting 284 00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:45,680 Speaker 1: one to look at two because first of all, it's 285 00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:50,360 Speaker 1: like it's so high up and at the floor you 286 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:52,520 Speaker 1: can imagine a good case being made, like what if 287 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:54,680 Speaker 1: you need to get to the next tower. Uh, you 288 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: don't want to go down forty floors and then up 289 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,680 Speaker 1: another forty floors. What if you could just walk over? Um? 290 00:16:00,720 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: And of course you can adjust the math based on 291 00:16:02,680 --> 00:16:04,680 Speaker 1: what floor you're trying to get to in each tower. 292 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: And I think it's an area of the complex that 293 00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,640 Speaker 1: has increased foot traffic because there's sort of a sky 294 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,200 Speaker 1: lobby concept, like you go halfway up the towers and 295 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:19,000 Speaker 1: there's it's not just more regular office occupancy there, there 296 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:21,960 Speaker 1: are I don't know, lobbies and and and things for 297 00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 1: people to hang out and walk around and do at 298 00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:27,120 Speaker 1: that level. Yeah, and apparently one whole floor that is 299 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,080 Speaker 1: for is open to to tourists and as you know, 300 00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:32,800 Speaker 1: part of this lobby concept. The other is apparently closed 301 00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,320 Speaker 1: off and more for residents or businesses what have you. Um. 302 00:16:36,360 --> 00:16:38,600 Speaker 1: But it's it's neat that on top of this, and 303 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:42,560 Speaker 1: not only is it mere conveyance, but also it adds 304 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:44,960 Speaker 1: at least a little bit of structural support as well 305 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:48,560 Speaker 1: as a possible means of evacuating individuals from one tower 306 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:52,440 Speaker 1: into the other during an emergency. Maybe not a primary function, 307 00:16:52,520 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: but but one that they've apparently looked into, Like what 308 00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,160 Speaker 1: if there was an emergency in one tower, but the 309 00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,120 Speaker 1: other tower was still viable. Uh. That's one way you 310 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,160 Speaker 1: could help get people out. It's also interesting that this 311 00:17:03,280 --> 00:17:07,800 Speaker 1: bridge is not directly connected to the buildings. It's designed 312 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:10,760 Speaker 1: so that it can shift or slide in and out 313 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:15,600 Speaker 1: of them to to counterbalance building sway from the winds. Well, 314 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,040 Speaker 1: So that's I mean, this is something that I always 315 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:20,960 Speaker 1: forget about skyscrapers, and then I'm told about skyscrapers, and 316 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:22,640 Speaker 1: it kind of whigs me out a little bit, the 317 00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:25,840 Speaker 1: the idea that, yes, they're not just purely stationary. They 318 00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:27,439 Speaker 1: have a little give to them. There's a little bit 319 00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:30,359 Speaker 1: of sway involved, and certainly if you have a bridge 320 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:34,400 Speaker 1: connecting to uh skyscrapers, you have to take that into account, 321 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:37,359 Speaker 1: all right. So at this point I thought we might 322 00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,879 Speaker 1: get into some of the history of the skybridge. I mean, 323 00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:42,280 Speaker 1: one of the things about our our look at skybridges 324 00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:43,640 Speaker 1: here is we're not going to be able to look 325 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:47,480 Speaker 1: at every step in the process. We're not gonna take 326 00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,400 Speaker 1: use skybridge by skybridge through human history. But we thought 327 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:53,600 Speaker 1: it might be a good idea to hit on some 328 00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: key examples, some of which are more historical in nature. 329 00:17:57,359 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: UH and before we get into some of the psych 330 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:04,440 Speaker 1: logical aspects, before we get into some of the futurist 331 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:07,199 Speaker 1: ideas that are tied up with sky bridges. And so 332 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:10,760 Speaker 1: a great place to start is to travel to Italy. Surely, 333 00:18:11,119 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: I think maybe we should start by taking a look 334 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:17,200 Speaker 1: at the Bridge of Size or the Ponte day Suspiri 335 00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:21,199 Speaker 1: in italian Um. You know, Suspiria, like Suspiria, like the 336 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,359 Speaker 1: movie Size the Size, this is a beautiful one. And 337 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:26,040 Speaker 1: this is one where if you you look it up, 338 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,679 Speaker 1: you'll instantly recognize it. You'll instantly find yourself longing to 339 00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:33,359 Speaker 1: be in a gondola with with with your beloved or 340 00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:37,320 Speaker 1: some imagine beloved, perhaps with a glass of wine in hand, 341 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:42,000 Speaker 1: very ironically romantic. I'll get to that. So the Bridge 342 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,360 Speaker 1: of Size is is it really interesting landmark in Venice, 343 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:49,840 Speaker 1: a city that already is already unusual in many of 344 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:52,480 Speaker 1: its thoroughfares because many of them are not streets but 345 00:18:52,680 --> 00:18:56,720 Speaker 1: canals navigated by boat. And one of these canals, known 346 00:18:56,760 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: as the Rio de Palazzo, is crossed over by a 347 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:06,000 Speaker 1: totally enclosed limestone bridge connecting two buildings on either side 348 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:08,159 Speaker 1: at the level of what looks like about the second story. 349 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:14,160 Speaker 1: It is covered with elaborate Baroque decorations, having been commissioned 350 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:18,080 Speaker 1: by the Doge Marino Grimani. And no doge is a 351 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: word that had a meaning before before internet memes. It 352 00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:24,160 Speaker 1: has nothing to do with dogs. It was an office 353 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,440 Speaker 1: in medieval and Renaissance Italy. It was like it was 354 00:19:27,520 --> 00:19:29,400 Speaker 1: kind of like being like a lord or some other 355 00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:32,880 Speaker 1: kind of executive. So it was this doge, Marino Grimani, 356 00:19:32,960 --> 00:19:34,919 Speaker 1: who commissioned it. I think it came up in the 357 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:39,720 Speaker 1: early seventeenth century. Apparently it is tradition for couples to 358 00:19:39,840 --> 00:19:42,879 Speaker 1: kiss as they pass underneath the bridge in a boat 359 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: or I don't know if it's tradition, it's at least 360 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:47,840 Speaker 1: something a lot of people do. I think especially tourists, 361 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,800 Speaker 1: and tourists are often taking pictures of themselves kissing with 362 00:19:51,840 --> 00:19:54,000 Speaker 1: this bridge in the background. You can probably find plenty 363 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,439 Speaker 1: of those on the internet if you want. So, what 364 00:19:56,680 --> 00:19:59,000 Speaker 1: is the purpose of this hallway in the sky over 365 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,400 Speaker 1: the canal that's the causing people to to spontaneously break 366 00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 1: out in kissing. Uh, you might wonder what you know, 367 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 1: was it connecting two wings of a library or an 368 00:20:08,160 --> 00:20:12,800 Speaker 1: art museum? Maybe so people could move uh, priceless antiques 369 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: and books and artworks back and forth in the rain 370 00:20:15,080 --> 00:20:18,240 Speaker 1: without getting wet or something like that. No, not at all. 371 00:20:18,640 --> 00:20:22,320 Speaker 1: It was a bridge connecting the Doges Palace and the 372 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:27,000 Speaker 1: inquisitors facilities within to the prison on the other side 373 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:30,040 Speaker 1: of the canal. Uh. And so it's called the bridge 374 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: of size because of the size of the doomed prisoners 375 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:38,640 Speaker 1: who walked within. Apparently conditions in the prison were pretty nasty. 376 00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:41,920 Speaker 1: So I've I've at least read the allegation that being confined, 377 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:45,080 Speaker 1: they're frequently resulted in death. So you would, you know, 378 00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:48,240 Speaker 1: you would sigh knowing your fate was sealed as you 379 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:51,119 Speaker 1: were taken across the Bridge of Size into the jail. 380 00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,320 Speaker 1: Well that's not romantic at all. That's horrible, and it 381 00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:57,359 Speaker 1: makes me wonder. Okay, then, why in particular was this 382 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,040 Speaker 1: enclosed and not just not just an open bridge. I 383 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:03,480 Speaker 1: don't I don't know this, but I wonder if the 384 00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:06,680 Speaker 1: reasoning had something to do with like preventing prisoners from 385 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: trying to escape by jumping over the edge into the 386 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:13,040 Speaker 1: canal and getting away. Yeah, yeah, I mean, also, I 387 00:21:13,080 --> 00:21:15,960 Speaker 1: guess given the nature of the work going on, there. 388 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,719 Speaker 1: Maybe you don't want them seen by anybody going by 389 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:21,359 Speaker 1: in a boat. Uh, that sort of thing. I also 390 00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:24,439 Speaker 1: have to say, now that you reveal its true nature, 391 00:21:24,880 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: I kind of see a skull in this design. I 392 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,239 Speaker 1: don't know if that's I mean, granted, we tend to 393 00:21:29,480 --> 00:21:35,680 Speaker 1: lean into uh anthromomorphic details of things anyway, but now 394 00:21:35,720 --> 00:21:38,439 Speaker 1: that I know it's it's secrets. Yeah, I kind of 395 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:42,400 Speaker 1: see these these teeth and two I sockets and uh 396 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:45,640 Speaker 1: and in a nose socket there. Well, I can't find 397 00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:48,360 Speaker 1: a close up shot to look at right now, though 398 00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:51,560 Speaker 1: I do think the bridge bears a certain um famili's 399 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:53,480 Speaker 1: coat of arms. It might have been the family of 400 00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:57,080 Speaker 1: the Doge or or someone else. But uh, but possibly 401 00:21:57,119 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: that coat of arms looks like a skull. I don't know, 402 00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:04,240 Speaker 1: all right. Another interesting example from Italy, Texas to Florence, 403 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,119 Speaker 1: and this is a sixteenth century example. This is a 404 00:22:08,359 --> 00:22:13,159 Speaker 1: sary corridor. This was built in fifteen sixty five to 405 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:18,080 Speaker 1: allow members of the powerful Medici family to move freely 406 00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:22,159 Speaker 1: between their residents and the governmental center there in Florence. 407 00:22:22,640 --> 00:22:28,480 Speaker 1: So it's certainly an elevated, enclosed passageway reaching the full length. 408 00:22:28,520 --> 00:22:31,679 Speaker 1: I believe it's an entire kilometer in length. There's at 409 00:22:31,760 --> 00:22:35,120 Speaker 1: least one section of it that is instantly identifiable as 410 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 1: a skybridge, like there's a street below it, that sort 411 00:22:38,359 --> 00:22:41,199 Speaker 1: of thing. But in other cases there are buildings or 412 00:22:41,240 --> 00:22:46,320 Speaker 1: businesses beneath a Sari corridor. It literally just cuts through 413 00:22:46,359 --> 00:22:49,199 Speaker 1: the city, built over like in one case, it's apparently 414 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,960 Speaker 1: built over what was some riverside butcher shops, because you know, 415 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,560 Speaker 1: you want to dump all that the leftovers that directly 416 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:57,960 Speaker 1: into the river. But that smelled too bad, and so 417 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:02,840 Speaker 1: with a little Medici um uh finagling, they got some 418 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:06,199 Speaker 1: jewelers in there as well. Uh. There's also a tower 419 00:23:06,359 --> 00:23:09,560 Speaker 1: that it goes around because there was one stubborn Florentine 420 00:23:09,560 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 1: who would not sell and so they had to to 421 00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,919 Speaker 1: to to make the their corridor go around this particular tower. 422 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,200 Speaker 1: And there's even a place where it basically it basically 423 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: cuts through the Church of Santa Felicita, opening up onto 424 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:25,840 Speaker 1: the balcony into a balcony there so that the Medici 425 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:29,160 Speaker 1: could take their corridor, attend mass, and I guess keep 426 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: on going all the way, enjoying a kind of privileged 427 00:23:32,840 --> 00:23:35,479 Speaker 1: view of the city. In places, uh, you know, they 428 00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:38,439 Speaker 1: get to walk from point A to point B in 429 00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:42,000 Speaker 1: Florence without having to worry about their uh, their enemies 430 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:46,159 Speaker 1: trying to murder them. Uh. And over the over time, 431 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,879 Speaker 1: portions of the Quarridor have been been altered, destroyed, rebuilt, 432 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:53,760 Speaker 1: and I believe it was closed for a while and 433 00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:57,199 Speaker 1: is once more open to tourists visiting the city. You know, 434 00:23:57,240 --> 00:23:59,239 Speaker 1: what I've always wanted is the ability to wake up, 435 00:23:59,359 --> 00:24:03,439 Speaker 1: go to math us without ever stepping foot outside. Yeah. 436 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,439 Speaker 1: I mean it's such a power flex right, um, yeah, 437 00:24:06,560 --> 00:24:08,359 Speaker 1: and uh, And it's definitely one to keep in mind 438 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,480 Speaker 1: when we talk about other examples and modern examples of 439 00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: sky bridges and similar structures. It would be kind of 440 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: like if you didn't want to leave your bedroom to 441 00:24:16,880 --> 00:24:22,240 Speaker 1: go to work, and you didn't have tele uh working technology, 442 00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:24,240 Speaker 1: you could say, what if I were just to physically 443 00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:29,520 Speaker 1: extend my bedroom across town to the office. How about that? 444 00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:32,360 Speaker 1: And I mean that's essentially what what the Medici did here, 445 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:35,679 Speaker 1: though to some degree, I think what we're thinking of 446 00:24:35,720 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: as a skybridge really has more to do with, um, 447 00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,600 Speaker 1: with just external appearance and like what is the stuff 448 00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:46,840 Speaker 1: underneath it? And how high is it and things like that. 449 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:49,960 Speaker 1: More so than than function, because there are other things 450 00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:52,680 Speaker 1: that don't quite look exactly like a sky bridge, but 451 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: they clearly serve the same function. And there's like a 452 00:24:55,080 --> 00:25:00,199 Speaker 1: long uh elevated passageway in Rome connecting that a con 453 00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:03,600 Speaker 1: city to some uh uh I don't some chapel or 454 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:05,960 Speaker 1: palace or something there. And you can see it in 455 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,600 Speaker 1: pictures of the city, though I think a lot of 456 00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:11,159 Speaker 1: it is uncovered, so it doesn't read exactly like uh, 457 00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:13,800 Speaker 1: you know, like a tunnel in the sky that's fully 458 00:25:13,840 --> 00:25:16,199 Speaker 1: enclosed all around. It's more like there's just sort of 459 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,600 Speaker 1: this elevated bridge going over the rooftops or over parts 460 00:25:19,640 --> 00:25:22,439 Speaker 1: of the city. Yeah. Yeah. To to what extent do 461 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,760 Speaker 1: these examples feel like a bridge? Do they have this 462 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,879 Speaker 1: this feeling of being above things or or or or 463 00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:34,440 Speaker 1: having some sort of privileged passage through things? Uh? For instance, 464 00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:37,320 Speaker 1: we mentioned cold cities or cities that have cold winters. 465 00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,840 Speaker 1: Um The Chicago Padway is a strong example of a 466 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 1: system like this. Parts of it are elevated, but then 467 00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:46,960 Speaker 1: also parts of it are are completely underground, so that 468 00:25:47,040 --> 00:25:48,199 Speaker 1: you know, you don't have to go out into the 469 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:50,800 Speaker 1: elements during the winter to move from one place to another. 470 00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:54,520 Speaker 1: Downtown necessarily UM on my visit to Chicago, I wanted 471 00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:57,239 Speaker 1: to go down and see it. Um though it was 472 00:25:57,400 --> 00:25:59,399 Speaker 1: it was very pleasant outside, so we didn't have to 473 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: go down there. But I was reading some accounts of 474 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:04,920 Speaker 1: people who of course really like it, some who think 475 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:07,760 Speaker 1: that parts of it needs some work. I think some 476 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:10,680 Speaker 1: people think it is a bit dank and perhaps needs 477 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,560 Speaker 1: a facelift of some sort. Well, that opens up a 478 00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:15,480 Speaker 1: theme that I'm definitely going to get to it at 479 00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: some point, maybe maybe later in this episode or maybe 480 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,720 Speaker 1: in the next one, but that when it comes to 481 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,320 Speaker 1: designing urban spaces in many ways, I think form can 482 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: be about as important as function. Like it doesn't just 483 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,480 Speaker 1: matter are these spaces traversable and do they get you 484 00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:32,880 Speaker 1: where you're going? But like there are pretty profound effects 485 00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 1: on our psychological well being depending on the various esthetic 486 00:26:36,119 --> 00:26:40,479 Speaker 1: qualities of these thoroughfares and tunnels introversial spaces, and and 487 00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,160 Speaker 1: it makes a difference in our lives what these spaces 488 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:46,280 Speaker 1: are like absolutely if you if you're spending your life 489 00:26:46,280 --> 00:26:49,760 Speaker 1: walking around and like just dank concrete with no you know, 490 00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:52,400 Speaker 1: no plants and no natural light and stuff that that 491 00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: does affect people or it's also like having super reinforced 492 00:26:56,359 --> 00:27:00,240 Speaker 1: transparent flooring in your skybridge. I mean, it's fine forward 493 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:04,080 Speaker 1: for tourist scenarios, but if you're if you're using this 494 00:27:04,160 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: skybridge just as a daily way of connecting, say from 495 00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,520 Speaker 1: from your office to the coffee machine um in the 496 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:15,040 Speaker 1: other building, you don't necessarily want it to be a 497 00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: harrowing journey through the sky or at least not to 498 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:20,120 Speaker 1: get the coffee maybe on the way back. That would 499 00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:29,840 Speaker 1: be impecible than now. If you look around at various 500 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,639 Speaker 1: articles about sky bridges, particularly even if you go to 501 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:35,800 Speaker 1: the wiki page for sky bridges, you'll see some images 502 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,679 Speaker 1: of some examples. And there's a picture that that has 503 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:42,440 Speaker 1: circulated a lot. This is a model that was found 504 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:45,439 Speaker 1: in an Eastern Han tomb in a non province in China. 505 00:27:46,119 --> 00:27:48,720 Speaker 1: And this is quite uh it's it's quite interesting to 506 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:53,360 Speaker 1: look at. It is clearly a multi story building connected 507 00:27:53,680 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: by an enclosed sky bridge to another shorter um tower 508 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,280 Speaker 1: or multi story building, and it's it's pretty cool to 509 00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:05,119 Speaker 1: look at it. Again, this is this is quite old. 510 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:08,160 Speaker 1: Uh al I wasn't able to find anything to indicate 511 00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:11,200 Speaker 1: that this is a model of something that was ever built. 512 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:15,639 Speaker 1: In reality, perhaps it was or perhaps this was just 513 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,359 Speaker 1: a model that again went into a tomb. But I 514 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,960 Speaker 1: was able to look around uh, and I finally found 515 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: some interesting things about sky bridges and things like sky 516 00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:32,240 Speaker 1: bridges that were that were actually constructed in various Chinese 517 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:37,119 Speaker 1: palace complexes and gardens. So I was looking at um 518 00:28:37,240 --> 00:28:43,320 Speaker 1: the philosophical encounter embodied by the One Ning by one 519 00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:48,120 Speaker 1: Hoi Zoe published in Environmental Philosophy, Volume seven, number one. 520 00:28:48,240 --> 00:28:52,400 Speaker 1: This came out in spring of So The One Ning 521 00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: Gone or the Summer Old Summer Palace in Beijing was 522 00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:00,320 Speaker 1: a complex of elaborate gardens and palaces is of the 523 00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:03,800 Speaker 1: Qing dynasty, built in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 524 00:29:04,320 --> 00:29:07,120 Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty, during the Opium War, it was looted 525 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:10,440 Speaker 1: and destroyed by British and French forces. But according to 526 00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:14,160 Speaker 1: Zoe here the original gardens consisted of three Chinese gardens 527 00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 1: and a Western style garden that had been designed by Jesuits. 528 00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:22,320 Speaker 1: The Chinese gardens were laid out with Daoist cosmology and 529 00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:25,840 Speaker 1: Finshwe in mind, so that there's so that one stroll 530 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:28,720 Speaker 1: through these gardens was said to be one of of 531 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:32,480 Speaker 1: contemplated depths. You know, it wasn't just you weren't just 532 00:29:32,480 --> 00:29:34,520 Speaker 1: putting everything out of your mind as you strolled here. 533 00:29:34,720 --> 00:29:38,120 Speaker 1: You got to contemplate the tao. Oh do images of 534 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:40,640 Speaker 1: these gardens remain, I would be really interested to see 535 00:29:40,680 --> 00:29:44,080 Speaker 1: the difference between that and the Jesuit garden. You can 536 00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:47,160 Speaker 1: there are schematics of what it looked like and UH 537 00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:49,560 Speaker 1: and the ruins still exists. I believe it was looking 538 00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,040 Speaker 1: at some photographs of this, and it's still a site 539 00:29:52,040 --> 00:29:54,440 Speaker 1: that I believe can be can be visited, but probably 540 00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:57,000 Speaker 1: not with all the vegetation in the original place, I 541 00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:58,680 Speaker 1: don't think. So. I didn't find in that there may 542 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:01,200 Speaker 1: be some really robust creations of what these would have 543 00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:02,760 Speaker 1: looked like, but I was I didn't. They didn't come 544 00:30:02,840 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 1: up in my research. But if anyone out there has 545 00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:08,280 Speaker 1: seen such an image, I would love to to look 546 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,920 Speaker 1: at it. So in talking about this particular park, Zoe 547 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:15,760 Speaker 1: turns to some other examples. Zoe shares that the the 548 00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,160 Speaker 1: shan Lin Park of the emperor Chin chi Wong of 549 00:30:19,240 --> 00:30:24,080 Speaker 1: the third century BC Chin Dynasty featured UH was said 550 00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:28,640 Speaker 1: to feature covered double floor passageways that allowed the emperor 551 00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:32,080 Speaker 1: to move from one grand palace to another quote through 552 00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:36,480 Speaker 1: the wilderness, and in doing so, quote act mysteriously to 553 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:43,480 Speaker 1: avoid devils and meanwhile embrace virtuous individuals. WHOA wait, so 554 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:48,080 Speaker 1: the the skyways here were alleged to be so this 555 00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:52,280 Speaker 1: emperor could like keep his movements secret sort of? Is that? 556 00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:54,960 Speaker 1: Am I understanding that? Right? Yeah? If I mandered? Well, so, 557 00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:58,000 Speaker 1: first of all, these wouldn't have been skyways per se. 558 00:30:58,040 --> 00:31:00,320 Speaker 1: I think these were maybe situated on the ground owned 559 00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:04,280 Speaker 1: but yes, that they would have been enclosed so that 560 00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 1: nobody could necessarily see him moving around. He was an 561 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,560 Speaker 1: important guy after all. But also he could avoid devils 562 00:31:10,840 --> 00:31:14,280 Speaker 1: and embrace virtuous individuals, which, uh, you know, we can 563 00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:17,160 Speaker 1: certainly lean into the supernatural interpretation of that. But also 564 00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:20,080 Speaker 1: it sounds like not run into people who I don't 565 00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:23,440 Speaker 1: want to greet, don't run into people who wish me harm, 566 00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:27,040 Speaker 1: and also, you know, only encounter people who are are 567 00:31:27,120 --> 00:31:31,800 Speaker 1: worthwhile for me the emperor to run into. But then 568 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:34,480 Speaker 1: Zoe turns to an example that I think we can 569 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:38,080 Speaker 1: properly think of as a skywalk. He says, quote in 570 00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:41,920 Speaker 1: the Imperial huilin garden in the capital of liu Yang 571 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:45,040 Speaker 1: of northern way. This is the fifth century. There was 572 00:31:45,080 --> 00:31:49,160 Speaker 1: an island named Pingle, on which buildings were connected by 573 00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:54,320 Speaker 1: a rainbow skywalk where walking was like flying to and fro. 574 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:59,360 Speaker 1: Visitors moved about in this garden like celestial birds up 575 00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:03,360 Speaker 1: and down on in a divine residence. Okay, So when 576 00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:06,040 Speaker 1: they moved about and it was like flying to and fro, 577 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,160 Speaker 1: does that just mean that they're crossing about in the air, 578 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:11,360 Speaker 1: they're they're high up and they can see all around, 579 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:15,520 Speaker 1: or is there more significant? Like I think it's just 580 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,400 Speaker 1: a poetic way of saying that. Yeah, being moving from 581 00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:23,480 Speaker 1: one building to another via bridge, Uh, that it it 582 00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:27,080 Speaker 1: creates this feeling of flying. Yeah. I don't think they 583 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: were on zip lines or anything. Yeah. Yeah, nor were 584 00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,840 Speaker 1: they dressed like birds. But but there's there's something, you know, 585 00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:38,800 Speaker 1: almost supernatural about the experience of youth and using these 586 00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:42,120 Speaker 1: elevated walkways. Yes. So, And it gets a little more 587 00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:43,920 Speaker 1: interesting when you look at some of the details here. 588 00:32:43,960 --> 00:32:46,080 Speaker 1: Solu Yang is certainly a real place, and it's one 589 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:49,040 Speaker 1: of the oldest cities in China, which is certainly saying something. 590 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:53,080 Speaker 1: But ping Ley is also the name of a mythical island, 591 00:32:53,160 --> 00:32:55,640 Speaker 1: and in fact ping Ley is said to be where 592 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:58,680 Speaker 1: the elixir of life and the eight immortals may be found. 593 00:32:59,360 --> 00:33:03,440 Speaker 1: Uh And the connection here is, of course that gardens 594 00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:07,080 Speaker 1: of this sort are meant to be quote unquote fairy lands, 595 00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,480 Speaker 1: and in fact peng lay can be translated as fairy land. 596 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,160 Speaker 1: So these are places of supernatural beauty that that invoke 597 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:17,800 Speaker 1: different models of reality or in the earlier example that 598 00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:20,360 Speaker 1: you know you're you're contemplating the Tao as you walk 599 00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:23,760 Speaker 1: through it. Um. And it's mentioned by Zoe that tall 600 00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:27,040 Speaker 1: buildings as well, we're thought to invite the spirits to 601 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,600 Speaker 1: reside in them. Uh. So it's it's neat to think of. 602 00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,440 Speaker 1: Like I feel like these descriptions that that he's discussing here, 603 00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:37,880 Speaker 1: like they really draw in things that are certainly unique 604 00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:42,080 Speaker 1: to like the poetic Chinese interpretation it seems, of these structures. 605 00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,520 Speaker 1: But I think also they get at our universal attraction 606 00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,080 Speaker 1: to these things. Like again, there's something about the skyscraper. 607 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:52,760 Speaker 1: There's something about not only the sky bridge, but bridge 608 00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,200 Speaker 1: them bridges themselves that invite us to them. You know, 609 00:33:56,240 --> 00:33:58,000 Speaker 1: if you're in a little park and there are bridges, 610 00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:00,680 Speaker 1: you gotta walk across that bridge, right yeah, Oh yeah, 611 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:03,560 Speaker 1: totally I feel the same way. I'm always attracted to 612 00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:08,960 Speaker 1: bridges and um and spaces that are not just normally 613 00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:11,839 Speaker 1: readily accessible. Like you know, if if I see an 614 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:14,040 Speaker 1: island in the middle of the pond, I do want 615 00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:16,880 Speaker 1: to go to it. I want to stand there. But 616 00:34:16,960 --> 00:34:20,000 Speaker 1: and of course the same applies to locations high up. 617 00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,840 Speaker 1: And this is something that I think is a pervasive 618 00:34:23,880 --> 00:34:27,359 Speaker 1: strain of thought in the ancient world I guess maybe 619 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:29,640 Speaker 1: even um not just the ancient world, but I would 620 00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: say the pre industrial world, the world before skyscrapers became 621 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,359 Speaker 1: common in city centers everywhere, or you know, you just 622 00:34:36,440 --> 00:34:41,640 Speaker 1: have like secular urban density driving driving occupancy higher and higher. 623 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:44,239 Speaker 1: In the pre industrial period, I think there was a 624 00:34:44,280 --> 00:34:50,319 Speaker 1: pervasive association between physical altitude and like I don't know, 625 00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:53,600 Speaker 1: the spiritual elevation or holiness or the gods. I mean, 626 00:34:53,640 --> 00:34:57,480 Speaker 1: I think about how many different types of like tower 627 00:34:57,640 --> 00:35:01,799 Speaker 1: type structures are associated with either royalty or divinity, going 628 00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:03,120 Speaker 1: all back, all the way back to like you know, 629 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:07,239 Speaker 1: the zigarots of ancient Mesopotamia, uh, where you know, it 630 00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:10,399 Speaker 1: was literally believed that in some sense the God resides 631 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:12,719 Speaker 1: on the top, or that God at least will come 632 00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:15,680 Speaker 1: down to the top in some cases. Uh. And and 633 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:19,520 Speaker 1: royal towers, royal palaces with you know, things reaching high 634 00:35:19,640 --> 00:35:22,040 Speaker 1: up in the air. That that that's I think we're 635 00:35:22,040 --> 00:35:24,919 Speaker 1: still impressed by tall buildings now, but I think it's 636 00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:28,120 Speaker 1: lost some of the magical umph that it once had 637 00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:31,480 Speaker 1: in the human minds. Still there would be dennigods of 638 00:35:31,480 --> 00:35:33,440 Speaker 1: today like where do they want their offices? Where do 639 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,759 Speaker 1: they want their their apartments? They want they want to 640 00:35:35,760 --> 00:35:39,000 Speaker 1: be at the top, right, We're still drawn to that. Uh. 641 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:42,239 Speaker 1: Speaking of really tall buildings. One more note about lou 642 00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:47,040 Speaker 1: Young here is that between five sixteen and five four 643 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:50,960 Speaker 1: c e. It contained the the the young Ning Pagoda, 644 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:54,360 Speaker 1: which at an estimated nine stories in height, And I 645 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,800 Speaker 1: think there's some back and forth about exactly how tall 646 00:35:56,840 --> 00:36:00,479 Speaker 1: it was, but it read roughly nine stories in height. 647 00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:03,920 Speaker 1: This was one of, if not the tallest buildings in 648 00:36:03,960 --> 00:36:06,960 Speaker 1: the world at the time, according to the source i's 649 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:09,840 Speaker 1: looking at here. It was destroyed by a lightning strike 650 00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:12,400 Speaker 1: which then burned it to the ground. Now, I have 651 00:36:12,440 --> 00:36:14,480 Speaker 1: not had the benefit of visiting any of these sites 652 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,280 Speaker 1: that that I've I've mentioned here, so certainly if anyone 653 00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:19,640 Speaker 1: out there listening to the show has and certainly if 654 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:22,000 Speaker 1: you have photographs, I'd love I'd love to hear from you, 655 00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,759 Speaker 1: so certainly right in. Uh, and of course that goes 656 00:36:24,840 --> 00:36:27,279 Speaker 1: that goes to we can say the same regarding any 657 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:30,960 Speaker 1: of the sky bridges we're we're discussing in this episode, 658 00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:33,880 Speaker 1: or any that we we don't mention. Yes, send in 659 00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:37,480 Speaker 1: your sky bridge experiences and photographs so that we may 660 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:40,480 Speaker 1: enjoy them as well. So that's it for this episode, 661 00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:42,520 Speaker 1: but we will be back with a part two on 662 00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:45,160 Speaker 1: this We have much more to discuss regarding sky bridges. 663 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:47,320 Speaker 1: But certainly go ahead and right in, we'd love to 664 00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:50,360 Speaker 1: hear from you. As always, Core episodes of Stuff to 665 00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:52,399 Speaker 1: Blow Your Mind publishing the Stuff to Blow Your Mind 666 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,440 Speaker 1: podcast feed on Tuesdays and Thursdays. On Monday we do 667 00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:59,000 Speaker 1: listener mail. On Wednesday we do a short form artifact 668 00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,840 Speaker 1: or monster fact that on Fridays we do Weird House Cinema. 669 00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:04,000 Speaker 1: That's our time to set aside most serious concerns and 670 00:37:04,040 --> 00:37:07,480 Speaker 1: just talk about a strange film. Huge thanks as always 671 00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:11,400 Speaker 1: to our excellent audio producer Seth Nicholas Johnson. If you 672 00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:13,520 Speaker 1: would like to get in touch with us with feedback 673 00:37:13,560 --> 00:37:15,960 Speaker 1: on this episode or any other, to suggest a topic 674 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:17,759 Speaker 1: for the future, or just to say hello. You can 675 00:37:17,800 --> 00:37:20,640 Speaker 1: email us at contact at stuff to Blow your Mind 676 00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:30,719 Speaker 1: dot com. Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of 677 00:37:30,719 --> 00:37:33,360 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts for my heart Radio, 678 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,280 Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 679 00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:43,040 Speaker 1: you listening to your favorite shows.