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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm trained Cevie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. Today's podcast

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Speaker 1: is a creepy one. Yeah a woman, yes, yes, and no.

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Speaker 1: I mean it's creepy, but it's also horrible. It's about

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Speaker 1: a woman who had no medical training but called herself

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Speaker 1: a doctor, and she had an uncanny ability to inspire

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Speaker 1: a total devotion in her patients, to the point that

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Speaker 1: they would sign over all their money to her and

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Speaker 1: their jewelry, they would make her their legal guardian, they

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Speaker 1: would will her all of their stuff, and they did

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Speaker 1: this even as she was literally starving them to death

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Speaker 1: in a sanitarium in rural Washington. If that sounds disturbing

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Speaker 1: to you, that's your heads up. Her name was Dr

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Speaker 1: Linda Hazard, the doctor being basically made up, and the

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Speaker 1: health facility that she ran was in a Lala, which

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Speaker 1: is across the Puget Sound from Seattle. This property was

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Speaker 1: originally called Wilderness Heights, but locals came to call it

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Speaker 1: Starvation Heights. For this episode is a listener request from

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Speaker 1: Sarah Sierra and and probably some other people. And then

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Speaker 1: Heather requested it while I was about halfway through the research. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was fortuitous timing on Heather's side. O uh. Linda

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Speaker 1: Hazard was born Linda Burfield in Carver County, Minnesota in

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven. She got married at about the age

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Speaker 1: of eighteen, and she had two children. However, in eighteen

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Speaker 1: ninety eight, when she would have been thirty or thirty one,

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Speaker 1: she left that family and she moved to Minneapolis to

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Speaker 1: pursue a career in alternative medicine. The quote natural remedy

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Speaker 1: that she advocated was fasting. The idea that you can

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Speaker 1: improve your health through fasting is not new. Cultures all

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Speaker 1: over the world have promoted temporary fasting for both health

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Speaker 1: and religious purposes for basically most of human history, and

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Speaker 1: of course there are famous stories of mystics and ascetics

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Speaker 1: and people on hunger strikes who fasted for a lot

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Speaker 1: longer than that. Today, there are even some studies to

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Speaker 1: suggest that short term fasting might actually have some health

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Speaker 1: benefits um and the same istry of like a longer term,

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Speaker 1: lower calorie diet. A lot of this research is pretty

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Speaker 1: much in the category of preliminary but worth studying further.

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Speaker 1: But none of this that we're talking about, these studies

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Speaker 1: that have happened, are really related to what Linda Hazard

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Speaker 1: was doing. Her patients would subsist on a couple of

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Speaker 1: ounces of broth for extended periods of time. They would

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Speaker 1: undergo a percussive massage that some witnesses described as more

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Speaker 1: akin to a beating, and there were enemas that took hours.

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Speaker 1: They were meant to cleanse the colon of impacted matter

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Speaker 1: and of bile that Hazard claimed was generated by the

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Speaker 1: fasting process. By nineteen o two, after she'd moved to

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Speaker 1: set up up in Minneapolis, Linda Hazard and her first

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Speaker 1: husband had divorced, and that same year, a patient in

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Speaker 1: her care died of what the coroner determined to be starvation.

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Speaker 1: The coroner actually advocated charging Hazard for this death, but

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Speaker 1: because of a legal loophole, the fact that she wasn't

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Speaker 1: actually a doctor meant she could not be held accountable

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Speaker 1: for what seemed like a clear result of her so

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Speaker 1: called medical treatments. She had withheld food from that patient,

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Speaker 1: and that patient had died. Also in the early nine hundreds,

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Speaker 1: she met Samuel Christian Hazard, who she would go on

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Speaker 1: to marry. He was a graduate of West Point who

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Speaker 1: had been married twice, although at least one of those

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Speaker 1: marriages had not been legally dissolved at the time that

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Speaker 1: he married Linda. So Sam hazard wound up on trial

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Speaker 1: for bigamy in nineteen o four and was sentenced to

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Speaker 1: two years in prison. Although the rest of this podcast

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Speaker 1: was mostly focused on Linda, Sam was her accomplice, especially

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Speaker 1: when it came to getting control over patients money relevant

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Speaker 1: to that piece of the story. He was also a

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Speaker 1: graduate of West Point who misappropriated military funds, which ended

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Speaker 1: his career in the Army. In nineteen o six, after

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Speaker 1: Sam got out of prison, he and Linda moved to

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Speaker 1: the Pacific Northwest. Linda established an office in Seattle and

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Speaker 1: began treating patients via fasting because she had already established

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Speaker 1: this practice. When the state of Washington began to require

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Speaker 1: doctors to have licenses to practice medicine, she was able

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Speaker 1: to get one. She and other natural practitioners who were

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Speaker 1: already working in the area were allowed to just claim

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Speaker 1: a license and continue to practice. Soon she started planning

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Speaker 1: a sanitarium on a forty acre property that was owned

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Speaker 1: by state Legislator Louis E. Rader, who was a patient

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Speaker 1: of hers. That was the property that was known as

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Speaker 1: Wilderness Heights. In eight she self published a book called

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Speaker 1: The Fasting Cure for Disease. There are at least five

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Speaker 1: editions of this book, and all of the ones that

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Speaker 1: Tracy found started with quote, Appetite is craving hungary desire.

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Speaker 1: Craving is never satisfied, but desire is relieved when want

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Speaker 1: is supplied. Eating without hunger or pandering to appetite at

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Speaker 1: the expensive digestion makes disease inevitable. At the start of

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Speaker 1: the editions of the books, she also thinks thanks eight Dewey,

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Speaker 1: who was another proponent of fasting for medical purposes, and

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Speaker 1: she claims to have studied with him, although that's not

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Speaker 1: clear whether that really happened. Here are some of the

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Speaker 1: things she advocated, all taken from the edition of the book. First,

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Speaker 1: she claimed that fasting could not kill you. Quote. Popular

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Speaker 1: belief and medical teaching lead to the conclusion that abstinence

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Speaker 1: from food for ten or twelve days will result in

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Speaker 1: starvation or death. This is easily refuted. On my lists

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Speaker 1: are considerably over one thousand instances of continuous fasts whose

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Speaker 1: limits extend from ten to seventy five days. She goes

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Speaker 1: on to write, in twelve years, only eleven patients have

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Speaker 1: died while under my care. Each of these deaths has

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Speaker 1: proved an occasion for persecution, malignment, prosecution, and injury. From

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Speaker 1: each and every case, both I and the method have

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Speaker 1: emerged triumphant, the autopsy showing organic disease and that death

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Speaker 1: was inevitable. So basically, she was saying, it was never

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Speaker 1: the fasting that killed you, it was the underlying illnesses

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Speaker 1: that you were treating with fasting. And as a side

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Speaker 1: note in terms of saying that the autopsies revealed that

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Speaker 1: an underlying disease caused the death, these were autopsies she

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Speaker 1: conducted herself handy uh. In her description, you need to

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Speaker 1: rest your digestive system just like you need to rest

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Speaker 1: your legs after you go for a long run. Also,

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Speaker 1: according to her, food is poisoned. At this point, I

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Speaker 1: would close the book on Linda Hazard and bid her

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Speaker 1: ad you Uh. Disease, according to her, was a product

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Speaker 1: of your body being out of balance, and fasting restored

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Speaker 1: that balance. Without food to deal with, your kidneys and

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Speaker 1: your liver could go on doing their jobs, but this

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Speaker 1: time they would really purify your body and your blood,

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Speaker 1: not just play catchup based on what you ate. She

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Speaker 1: goes on to make a lot of the same claims

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Speaker 1: that come up in quackery cases today. She claims that

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Speaker 1: drugs are poison, and that traditional medicine is dying, and

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Speaker 1: that you can treat literally anything with the right natural cure.

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Speaker 1: And in spite of her insistence that fasting could not

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Speaker 1: kill you, like she very cavalierly admitted in her own book,

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Speaker 1: a lot of her patients did die, and we're going

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Speaker 1: to talk about some of that after a brief word

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Speaker 1: from one of our great sponsors, to return to the

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Speaker 1: story of Linda Hazard. She attracted the same sorce of

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Speaker 1: patients who visited other sanitariums and health reform centers in

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Speaker 1: the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For the most part,

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Speaker 1: these are people who were affluent, They had lots of

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Speaker 1: leisure time, and they didn't feel quite well. However, at

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Speaker 1: most of these places, including the past podcast subject Battle

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Speaker 1: Creek Sanitarium, which was run by John rvy Kellogg, patients

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Speaker 1: did not die from their treatments. That was not the

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Speaker 1: case with Linda Hazard. Daisy Maud Hagland was a Seattle

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Speaker 1: area patient originally from Norway, and she died on February

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Speaker 1: twenty six and nineteen o eight after a fifty day

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Speaker 1: fast under Lynda Hazard's care. She was thirty eight, and

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Speaker 1: she left behind a young son, Ivor, who grew up

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Speaker 1: to start the Seattle seafood chain Ivers, which is mentioned

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Speaker 1: in just about every article that you see about this

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Speaker 1: whole event. Yeah, I can't I can't quite figure out

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Speaker 1: whether people mention it invariably because that restaurant chain is

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Speaker 1: really famous in Seattle, or because it seems kind of

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Speaker 1: ironic that his mother died of starvation and then he

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Speaker 1: grew up to start a famous restaurant chain, Probably a

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Speaker 1: combination of the two. In nineteen o nine, a decomposing

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Speaker 1: body was found on the Hazards property, and it was

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Speaker 1: later identified as belonging to Eugene Stanley Wakeland. He was

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Speaker 1: twenty six. The cause of death was a bullet wound

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Speaker 1: to the head. He was an another one of Hazard's patients,

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Speaker 1: and his death was originally reported as a suicide. However,

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Speaker 1: later on the British Vice consul theorized that one of

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Speaker 1: the Hazards had actually shot him after learning that in

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Speaker 1: spite of being the son of a British lord, he

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Speaker 1: did not actually have a lot of money for them

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Speaker 1: to would start from him, so these and other deaths

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Speaker 1: did indeed attract attention. Seattle newspapers covered these incidents as

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Speaker 1: they came up, and local residents reported finding wandering, severely

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Speaker 1: emaciated people on their property looking for help. But the

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Speaker 1: state of Washington didn't yet have any kind of laws

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Speaker 1: governing medical malpractice. That wouldn't happen until nineteen so when

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Speaker 1: people were dying in hazard's care after undergoing treatment that

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Speaker 1: they had apparently willingly signed up for and in some

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Speaker 1: cases even supposedly signed legal documents, authorizing authorities didn't feel

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Speaker 1: like there was really much that they could do. That

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Speaker 1: changed with British sisters Claire and Dorothy Williamson. Athea, who

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Speaker 1: was known as Dora, was thirty seven and Claire was

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Speaker 1: thirty four. Both of their parents had died, but their father,

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Speaker 1: who had been an army officer, had left them enough

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Speaker 1: money for the two of them to be quite comfortable,

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Speaker 1: and they were both very interested in their health. They

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Speaker 1: were vegetarians, and they had stopped wearing corsets. Both of

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Speaker 1: these decisions were motivated by a belief that the things

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Speaker 1: that they were turning away from were bad for them,

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Speaker 1: and neither of them considered themselves to be in the

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Speaker 1: best of health. Dorothea Dora, as we had mentioned quote,

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Speaker 1: suffered occasionally from rheumatism and indigestion. According to court documents,

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Speaker 1: Claire reportedly had a displaced uterus, and they had taken

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Speaker 1: a number of natural cures to try to feel better.

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Speaker 1: Their family did not approve, so they just stopped telling

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Speaker 1: their aunts and uncles what they were up to. I

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Speaker 1: could not figure out whether Claire legitimately had an actual

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Speaker 1: physical uh like misplacement in her uterus, like that is

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Speaker 1: a thing that can happen, but also weird non problems

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Speaker 1: with women's uteruses where often part of medical quackery and

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Speaker 1: the moment, especially nineteenth century, and I could not figure

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Speaker 1: out which one of those two things that was. In

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Speaker 1: September of nineteen ten, the two sisters were visiting Victoria,

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Speaker 1: British Columbia, and they saw an ad for Limba Hazards

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Speaker 1: Sanitarium and a Seattle newspaper that their hotel had on hand.

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Speaker 1: Claire wrote the Hazard for more information, and Hazard forwarded

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Speaker 1: a copy of her book and a brochure about the sanitarium.

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Speaker 1: The Williamson's thought that Hazard Sanitarium sounded ideal for them.

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Speaker 1: They envisioned this as an idyllic retreat where they would

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Speaker 1: be sustained by delicate broth made from locally farmed ingredients,

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Speaker 1: so they kept up a correspondence with Hazard that lasted

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Speaker 1: through February of nineteen eleven. They had originally planned to

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Speaker 1: leave the United States bound for Britain and Australia, but

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Speaker 1: they decided instead to stop first in Seattle and undertake

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Speaker 1: hazard S cure. When they arrived in Seattle on February

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Speaker 1: twenty six, nineteen eleven, they found that the institute was

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Speaker 1: not ready to receive patients yet. Hazard instead got them

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Speaker 1: an apartment in Seattle's Capitol Hill, and they each agreed

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Speaker 1: to pay her sixty dollars per month for Monday to

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Speaker 1: Friday treatments that would include, in the words of documents

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Speaker 1: included in Hazard's appeal quote massage or rubbing the abstaining

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Speaker 1: from food except fruit juice, asparagus, water, and vegetable broth

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Speaker 1: with a small bit of butter. They're in about as

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Speaker 1: large as the thumbnail. A warm bath every day or

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Speaker 1: practically every day, and an enema from four to six

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Speaker 1: quarts of warm water each day. This diet also was

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Speaker 1: not the farm fresh, locally sourced fair that they had

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Speaker 1: been hoping for. It was mostly made from canned tomatoes.

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Speaker 1: The sisters went from their apartment to Hazard's Seattle office

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Speaker 1: Monday to Friday, as agreed from February until about the

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Speaker 1: fifteenth of March, and at that point they became too

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Speaker 1: weak to be able to leave their apartment, so Hazard

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Speaker 1: came to them, giving them their multi hour enemas in

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Speaker 1: the bathtub, which was fitted with canvas supports. Once their

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Speaker 1: treatments made them too weak to stand. As the two

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Speaker 1: sisters got weaker, Hazard started to ask them about their family,

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Speaker 1: their money, their jewelry, their legal affairs. She took all

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Speaker 1: of their jewelry and their personal papers with her when

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Speaker 1: she left one day, telling them that it was not

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Speaker 1: safe keeps such such things in their apartment. The Williamson's

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Speaker 1: sisters treatment in Seattle went on until April twenty second,

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Speaker 1: nineteen eleven, when they were transferred to Allala, and it

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Speaker 1: still wasn't a sanitarium so much as a space in

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Speaker 1: the Allala home. Their health at this point was precarious

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Speaker 1: enough that they each were carried to a separate ambulance

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Speaker 1: by stretcher, and once they got to the sound, they

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Speaker 1: were taken across in a private boat. Before they left, though,

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Speaker 1: Hazard's attorney arrived at the dock and got clear to

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Speaker 1: sign a will that left an annuity to the sanitarium,

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Speaker 1: as well as documents that signed all the money in

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Speaker 1: her bank account over to Hazard. At this point, the

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Speaker 1: two sisters reportedly each weighed only about seventy pounds. After

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Speaker 1: their moved to a lala, their health, of course, continued

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Speaker 1: to deteriorate. They started to lose consciousness during their massages

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Speaker 1: and their enemy treatments. One of them stumped their childhood nurse,

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Speaker 1: Margaret Conway an odd telegram on April thirty that year,

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Speaker 1: asking her to come and visit them in a lalla.

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Speaker 1: She was alarmed by this term telegram and worried for

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Speaker 1: their safety, so she left Australia and took a ship

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Speaker 1: to Vancouver. It would take her until June to get

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Speaker 1: to Seattle. Meanwhile, in mid May, Hazard expressed doubt that

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Speaker 1: Claire Williamson would recover, not from the treatment but from

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Speaker 1: the ailments that the treatment was supposedly purging from her body,

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Speaker 1: and on May nineteenth of nineteen eleven, Claire did indeed die.

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Speaker 1: Hazard waited three days to inform their uncle, John Herbert,

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Speaker 1: who lived in Portland and who she already knew how

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Speaker 1: to contact, that his niece had died. At this point,

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00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:58,520
Speaker 1: she and her sister each weight about half of what

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00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:04,360
Speaker 1: they had before star Hazard's treatments. On Hazard filed a

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Speaker 1: petition to make to be made Dora's legal guardian, claiming

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Speaker 1: that she was an invalid and mentally incompetent to manage

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Speaker 1: her own affairs. This petition was granted. Also in May,

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Speaker 1: Louis E. Rader, who was the person who had owned

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Speaker 1: the property that this sanitarium was built on, also died. He,

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Speaker 1: as we said, had been a patient of Hazards. He

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00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:29,520
Speaker 1: had been staying in a hotel near Pike Place Market

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Speaker 1: in Seattle, but when the police tried to question him

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Speaker 1: about what was going on at his old Wilderness Heights property,

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00:15:35,840 --> 00:15:39,800
Speaker 1: Hazard moved him someone else somewhere else in secret, where

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Speaker 1: he later died. When Margaret Conway arrived in Seattle on

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Speaker 1: June one, Hazard's husband, Samuel Hazard, broke the news that

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Speaker 1: Claire was dead as they wrote a bus to Conway's hotel.

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Speaker 1: Upon seeing her body, which had been embalmed in placed

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Speaker 1: on display at Butterworth Mortuary in Seattle, nWay was immediately

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Speaker 1: suspicious that something was going on. This body did not

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Speaker 1: look like Claire to her, and it wasn't just because

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00:16:07,160 --> 00:16:10,760
Speaker 1: it was almost skeletal. It was because the bone structure

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Speaker 1: of the body itself didn't look like Claire's to her.

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Speaker 1: The bones in the hands and the face were shaped

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Speaker 1: all wrong, and her hair was a different color. Then

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00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,360
Speaker 1: Conway went to a lala where she found that Dora

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Speaker 1: only weighed about fifty pounds and was so amaciated that

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00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:30,040
Speaker 1: she couldn't even sit without serious pain. In spite of

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Speaker 1: her obvious horrible physical condition, Dora refused to leave. Plus

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Speaker 1: as we alluded to earlier, the Williams and the sisters

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Speaker 1: had at this point signed away everything they had to

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Speaker 1: the Hazards. In addition to being named Dora's guardian, Linda

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00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:48,400
Speaker 1: Hazard had been named the executor of Claire's estate, and

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00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:52,360
Speaker 1: her husband had power of attorney over Dora. Linda Hazard

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00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:55,920
Speaker 1: had also started wearing the sister's clothing and jewelry, including

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00:16:56,040 --> 00:17:00,960
Speaker 1: when she met with their childhood nurse Conway. nWay immediately

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00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,040
Speaker 1: sent for John Herbert, who came to see what was

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Speaker 1: going on, and only after he agreed to pay the

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00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,840
Speaker 1: Hazards a thousand dollars, which was negotiated down from their

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00:17:08,840 --> 00:17:11,960
Speaker 1: initial demand of two thousand dollars, did they allow Dora

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Speaker 1: to leave. It's not clear whether this was a bill

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00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:19,119
Speaker 1: or some sort of ransom. Conway nursed the surviving Williamson's

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Speaker 1: sister back to health at this point, that's by starvation

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00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,280
Speaker 1: under the care of Linda. Hazard were really well known

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Speaker 1: in the Seattle area. Articles in the Seattle Daily Times

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Speaker 1: were running under headlines like woman air quote m d

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Speaker 1: air quote kills another patient. But as we said earlier,

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Speaker 1: authorities did not feel like they had the jurisdiction to

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00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:43,800
Speaker 1: put a stop to it, which is why John Herbert

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00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,840
Speaker 1: took the matter to the British consul in Tacoma. The

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00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:50,439
Speaker 1: British government started to pressure Kitsap County, Washington to charge

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Speaker 1: Hazard with murder. The county was small and rural, and

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00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:56,639
Speaker 1: when it claimed it couldn't afford such an expensive legal proceeding,

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00:17:57,040 --> 00:18:00,600
Speaker 1: Dorothea Williamson offered to pay for it. We're going to

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Speaker 1: talk about the trial and what happened afterward. After another

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Speaker 1: brief word from one of our great sponsors, so Linda

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Speaker 1: Hazard was finally arrested on August fifteenth, nineteen eleven. She

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Speaker 1: was charged with first degree murder and the death of

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Speaker 1: Claire Williamson, and the trial began the following January. Nurses

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Speaker 1: and servants from the household testified about horrifying conditions at

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Speaker 1: the Alala Sanitarium. Witnesses also spoke about the way the

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00:18:27,680 --> 00:18:30,679
Speaker 1: Hazards had gotten their patients to hand over all their assets.

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Speaker 1: The prosecution framed this as quote financial starvation. There were

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Speaker 1: also numerous instances of fraud in which both Hazards had

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00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:44,119
Speaker 1: forged documents and faked diary entries to get money and

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00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:48,399
Speaker 1: possessions that their patients would not give them willingly. Some

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00:18:48,520 --> 00:18:51,840
Speaker 1: of these documents that were saying that they people were

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00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:56,320
Speaker 1: willingly under Hazard's care had in fact been forged. The

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00:18:56,359 --> 00:19:00,119
Speaker 1: Butterworth Mortuary, where Claire Williamson's body had been displayed, was

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00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:03,359
Speaker 1: accused of collusion as well. It was never proved, but

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00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:07,120
Speaker 1: accusations were made that the mortuary had swapped Claire's body

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Speaker 1: for one that was not quite so skeletal. Throughout all

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00:19:11,320 --> 00:19:15,360
Speaker 1: of this, Linda Hazard maintained her innocence, regardless of how

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00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,640
Speaker 1: little a patient had eaten or how clearly their cause

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00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:22,040
Speaker 1: of death was started at starvation and Hazard's assertion it

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00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:24,919
Speaker 1: was not the fasting that did it. She also claimed

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Speaker 1: that she was being unfairly persecuted and that this was

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Speaker 1: the reason that she was being accused of murder, not

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Speaker 1: because of having starved patients to death. And this continues

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00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:38,000
Speaker 1: to be true, and quackery cases that that come up today,

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00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:40,560
Speaker 1: the people on trial will will claim that they are

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00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:43,719
Speaker 1: being unjustly persecuted by the medical establishment, when really they

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00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:47,200
Speaker 1: are the ones who have the real answers. She refused

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00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:49,840
Speaker 1: to take the stand in her own defense, saying it

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00:19:49,880 --> 00:19:51,840
Speaker 1: was because the jury was all male and that if

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00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:55,120
Speaker 1: they had been women, she would have done it. Other

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00:19:55,240 --> 00:19:58,520
Speaker 1: purveyors of natural cures agreed with Hazard that she was

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00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:01,719
Speaker 1: not to blame. Henry S. Tanner, who was known for

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00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,200
Speaker 1: a public forty day fast in New York City more

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00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:07,199
Speaker 1: than thirty days before all of this business, offered to

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00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:11,520
Speaker 1: testify for the defense, but he was never called. Although

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00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:15,280
Speaker 1: Hazard was found guilty, it was ultimately of manslaughter, not

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00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:19,040
Speaker 1: a first degree murder. Her medical license was revoked and

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00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:21,720
Speaker 1: she was sentenced to prison in the state penitentiary at

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Speaker 1: Walla Lalla for quote not more than twenty years and

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00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,359
Speaker 1: not less than two years. She served two years of

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00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:31,439
Speaker 1: her sentence, spending much of that time fasting and an

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00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,720
Speaker 1: attempt to prove that she was really innocent. She also

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00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,880
Speaker 1: tried to appeal, citing twelve different purported instances of errors

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Speaker 1: and misconduct at her previous trial. And we're gonna link

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Speaker 1: to all of this appeal in our show notes because

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00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:52,680
Speaker 1: it is a dizzying read in your most clear headed state. Definite, Yes,

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00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:56,359
Speaker 1: it was too dizzying to try to like distilled down

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Speaker 1: to a podcast sentence. Yeah, you definitely want to have

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00:21:00,320 --> 00:21:02,480
Speaker 1: a cup of coffee or whatever else wakes you have

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00:21:02,640 --> 00:21:06,159
Speaker 1: before you tackle that. August twelfth of nineteen thirteen, the

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00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:09,399
Speaker 1: State of Washington issued a ruling that her previous trial

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00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:13,240
Speaker 1: had in fact been fair. Extremely long story short quote.

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Speaker 1: Considering the entire record in this case, it is clear

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00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:19,040
Speaker 1: that the defendant had a fair trial. Her attorneys were

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00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:22,520
Speaker 1: alert to protect her interests. There is substantial evidence to

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00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:25,320
Speaker 1: support the verdict of the jury. The trial court in

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00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:29,280
Speaker 1: imposing sentence tempered justice with mercy. The judgment will therefore

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00:21:29,320 --> 00:21:34,040
Speaker 1: be affirmed. After she was paroled and the governor pardoned

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00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,800
Speaker 1: her and exchanged for a promise that she leaves Washington,

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00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:40,040
Speaker 1: she did. She moved to New Zealand for a while,

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Speaker 1: where a sizable group of people supported her and advocated

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00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:46,080
Speaker 1: her treatments. Then after a while, she moved back to

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00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,520
Speaker 1: Allala in nineteen twenty with the intent of building a

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00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:53,600
Speaker 1: one bed school for health. She wound up in court

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00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:56,600
Speaker 1: again in the mid nineteen twenties, having been fined for

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00:21:56,680 --> 00:22:00,400
Speaker 1: practicing medicine without a license. Her argument was she had

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00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:02,760
Speaker 1: been pardoned by the governor and that the revocation of

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00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:06,000
Speaker 1: her license was part of the punishment for having been

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00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:08,560
Speaker 1: convicted of manslaughter, but since she had been pardoned of

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00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,920
Speaker 1: that crime, she should have that license back. The court

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00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:15,160
Speaker 1: ruled that while some inalienable rights do revert to someone

381
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,720
Speaker 1: after a pardon, you have no intrinsic right to a

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00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,480
Speaker 1: licensed to practice medicine if you are not qualified to

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00:22:20,560 --> 00:22:25,639
Speaker 1: do it. Her institute burned down in five and at

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00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:28,520
Speaker 1: that point her popularity had really waned. There were only

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00:22:28,560 --> 00:22:32,520
Speaker 1: about a dozen patients being housed there. Hazard began a

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00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:35,879
Speaker 1: fast three years later after falling ill herself, and she

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00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:39,240
Speaker 1: never recovered. She died in nine thirty eight at the

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00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:42,800
Speaker 1: age of seventy one. So you can read multiple editions

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00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,400
Speaker 1: of her book online for free because it's public domain. Now.

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00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:48,359
Speaker 1: Google Books has a scan of one of them that

391
00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:52,520
Speaker 1: was donated to Harvard. When I started reading it, I

392
00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:54,639
Speaker 1: was like, why does this name of the person who

393
00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:57,280
Speaker 1: owned this book sounds so familiar to me? And then

394
00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:01,000
Speaker 1: I was reading and I realized the original owner of

395
00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:03,840
Speaker 1: the copy of the book that that was donated to

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00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:07,639
Speaker 1: Harvard that Google Books has hand was Horace Fletcher, the

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00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:12,359
Speaker 1: great masticator, the guy who advocated chewing your food like

398
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:15,320
Speaker 1: a bazillion times until it was kind of glossily slid

399
00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:18,359
Speaker 1: slid down your throat. And there are a bunch of

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00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,080
Speaker 1: notes in the margin. I found them very disturbing because

401
00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:24,240
Speaker 1: they're all about how Linda Hazard really has a point here.

402
00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:27,520
Speaker 1: And I don't know if they're Horace Fletcher's notes or

403
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,240
Speaker 1: the notes of whoever got the book from him, because

404
00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:32,400
Speaker 1: he himself is not the person who made the donation

405
00:23:32,440 --> 00:23:36,800
Speaker 1: to Harvard. But yeah, that was the most disturbing thing

406
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,239
Speaker 1: that I read in this, Like there are all these

407
00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:41,960
Speaker 1: accounts of these horrible things that happened in her sanitarium.

408
00:23:41,960 --> 00:23:45,000
Speaker 1: But the thing that, uh, that really creeped me out

409
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:49,960
Speaker 1: the most was whoever was writing in the margins saying

410
00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,080
Speaker 1: that all of these things she was writing, which are

411
00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:56,360
Speaker 1: made up and wrong, were in fact great. Yeah, that's

412
00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:59,920
Speaker 1: troubling for sure. Although some of the outbuildings and the

413
00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,640
Speaker 1: smaller structures from the institute still stand, all that's left

414
00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:06,159
Speaker 1: of the main buildings or the foundation in the concrete

415
00:24:06,160 --> 00:24:09,639
Speaker 1: tower that may have housed an incinerator. A cottage that

416
00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:11,600
Speaker 1: it has some of the patients was purchased by a

417
00:24:11,640 --> 00:24:14,919
Speaker 1: private citizen about thirty years ago, and its history was

418
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 1: not disclosed to the buyers. Because some of the bodies

419
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,560
Speaker 1: were reportedly burned, buried in the woods, or dumped into

420
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:24,639
Speaker 1: the sound. There's actually no official death toll. Numbers range

421
00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 1: from a dozen to more than forty. There's also a

422
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,200
Speaker 1: whole book about it, written by somebody who actually lives

423
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:37,760
Speaker 1: in the Allowa area, which is aptly named Starvation Heights. Oh,

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00:24:37,880 --> 00:24:42,600
Speaker 1: Linda Hazard, Obviously I have no patients for her medical question. Well,

425
00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:45,280
Speaker 1: and it's one of those things. Um I lived in

426
00:24:45,359 --> 00:24:47,840
Speaker 1: the city Northwest when I was a kid, and I

427
00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,159
Speaker 1: do vaguely remember one of my parents making sort of

428
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: a Ma Cob joke when I didn't want to eat

429
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:55,879
Speaker 1: something on my plate at one point, saying like, do

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00:24:55,920 --> 00:25:01,600
Speaker 1: you think this is a Linda hazard treatment? Were you like,

431
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:03,560
Speaker 1: what is that about? Yeah? I had no idea. And

432
00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:05,320
Speaker 1: then later on as I got older, it's one of

433
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:08,800
Speaker 1: those things that does come up if you live there. Uh,

434
00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:12,600
Speaker 1: you'll eventually hear stories of it. And I was like, oh, oh,

435
00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:15,679
Speaker 1: everything is illuminated now I understand that that sort of

436
00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:19,560
Speaker 1: creating at the dinner table. Yeah. Well, I don't know

437
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:21,960
Speaker 1: if we have ever talked on the show before about

438
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:23,960
Speaker 1: how I spent some years of my life as a

439
00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:28,600
Speaker 1: licensed massage therapist. Uh. And I worked with a lot

440
00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:31,320
Speaker 1: of people who were great, who were just basically about

441
00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:35,360
Speaker 1: feeling better and and and having a good degree of wellness.

442
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,080
Speaker 1: And then there were a few people who I worked

443
00:25:38,119 --> 00:25:41,040
Speaker 1: with who were not, and they would advocate these things

444
00:25:41,080 --> 00:25:43,760
Speaker 1: that were dangerous and damaging, and I was like, I

445
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:48,399
Speaker 1: can't that. I know that's not okay to be telling

446
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:53,680
Speaker 1: people is true about their health that is in fact harmful. Um.

447
00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,040
Speaker 1: And one of the things I was most relieved about

448
00:25:56,359 --> 00:26:01,159
Speaker 1: when I ceased to be a licensed massage therapist is uh,

449
00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:03,840
Speaker 1: the people who are advocating things that are quackery and

450
00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:08,640
Speaker 1: are either outright dangerous and damaging to people, or give

451
00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:11,200
Speaker 1: people false hope for something that's not actually going to

452
00:26:11,320 --> 00:26:16,240
Speaker 1: help them with a serious illness. Yeah, those are troubling,

453
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 1: and I find they happen in uh, they span out.

454
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,959
Speaker 1: They're not just in things like massage, but like if

455
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,200
Speaker 1: you go to an esthetician, even like in the beauty

456
00:26:27,240 --> 00:26:30,680
Speaker 1: of history, there are a lot of treatments that will

457
00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:34,680
Speaker 1: be purported as very natural and curative in some way

458
00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:38,880
Speaker 1: of some you know, like a skin condition or whatever,

459
00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:45,040
Speaker 1: and they're really just products being sold to make dollars. Yeah.

460
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:51,480
Speaker 1: My worst skincare experience of my entire life was uh,

461
00:26:51,520 --> 00:26:55,960
Speaker 1: an all natural thing that one of the places I

462
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,800
Speaker 1: worked was selling that I tried because I bought this

463
00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,320
Speaker 1: whole idea that maybe my skin would not break out

464
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:02,919
Speaker 1: if I only put this natural stuff on it. And

465
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:06,240
Speaker 1: what really happened wasn't My skin broke out worse than

466
00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,040
Speaker 1: it ever had been in my entire life, And representatives

467
00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:11,080
Speaker 1: of that company told me it was my fault for

468
00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:15,800
Speaker 1: clearly being a sensitive person. Huh. Yeah, that's the thing

469
00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:18,800
Speaker 1: to remember. Not all natural remedies. That doesn't always mean

470
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:21,120
Speaker 1: they're gentle and soothing either. There are lots of things

471
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: in the natural world that can hurt you. Yep. So anyway,

472
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:31,720
Speaker 1: Linda Hazard, I obviously murdered a whole bunch of people,

473
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:36,320
Speaker 1: and then I also am intolerant of her medical quackery.

474
00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:39,160
Speaker 1: There you go. Do you also have some listener mail

475
00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:42,400
Speaker 1: for us? I knew it is from Jason, and Jason says, Hi,

476
00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:45,680
Speaker 1: Holly and Tracy, thanks so much for including a classical

477
00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:48,200
Speaker 1: music episode and stuff you within history class. I was

478
00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:50,520
Speaker 1: excited to finally hear about a subject area that I'm

479
00:27:50,560 --> 00:27:54,000
Speaker 1: particularly passionate about as I'm a classically trained composer. Yes,

480
00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:56,919
Speaker 1: we still exist. I wanted to address a point that

481
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,760
Speaker 1: you seem to struggle with regarding the reasoning why classical

482
00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:01,879
Speaker 1: muse usitions tend to make list out to be a

483
00:28:01,880 --> 00:28:04,840
Speaker 1: better performer than composer. I think you touched on an

484
00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:08,359
Speaker 1: important point when you mentioned jealousy. Certainly, haters of any

485
00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,840
Speaker 1: era are gonna hate, but there is more prominent, or

486
00:28:11,880 --> 00:28:14,720
Speaker 1: at least more openly cited reason for lists not quite

487
00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,520
Speaker 1: first rate status as a composer, which is unique to

488
00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:21,240
Speaker 1: classical music's value system. In our musical tradition, there is

489
00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,480
Speaker 1: an accepted divide between the piece and the performance, a

490
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:29,600
Speaker 1: concept which today's musical traditions make little distinction over. When

491
00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:32,119
Speaker 1: you think about classical music, it makes sense performer A

492
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:34,919
Speaker 1: can be can play a piece by composer B, and

493
00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,800
Speaker 1: we can judge the merits of these elements independently. Mary

494
00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:41,200
Speaker 1: Jones did a great job playing Beethoven's third piano Sonata

495
00:28:41,280 --> 00:28:45,880
Speaker 1: Opus two number three. That piece is wonderful. Consider similar

496
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:48,360
Speaker 1: praise awarded to a popular music group I love the

497
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:50,840
Speaker 1: Beatles song I Want to Hold Your Hand. Even if

498
00:28:50,920 --> 00:28:54,560
Speaker 1: List were performing his own compositions, he wouldn't be evaluated

499
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:58,120
Speaker 1: as the singer songwriter, but separately as a composer and performer.

500
00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:01,040
Speaker 1: How does this attitude a fly to the reception of

501
00:29:01,120 --> 00:29:05,200
Speaker 1: lists compositions. When classical musicians look at pieces by list,

502
00:29:05,840 --> 00:29:08,280
Speaker 1: they see a lot of what makes the late Romantic

503
00:29:08,320 --> 00:29:11,960
Speaker 1: piano style great. An expressive sense of drama, use of

504
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,360
Speaker 1: all the ranges of the piano, and textures resembling a

505
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:19,240
Speaker 1: bazilion notes flying by at breakneck pace. But when we

506
00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,640
Speaker 1: are also trained to look through all the notes to

507
00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:25,560
Speaker 1: an underlying musical structure beneath the surface of the music.

508
00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:27,920
Speaker 1: If you're not familiar with music theory or have no

509
00:29:27,960 --> 00:29:30,640
Speaker 1: classical music training, this can be difficult concept to articulate.

510
00:29:30,720 --> 00:29:33,080
Speaker 1: An email, he provides a link for a little bit

511
00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:36,440
Speaker 1: of context. What does that Some folks take issue with

512
00:29:36,520 --> 00:29:39,520
Speaker 1: the integrity of his work. What the haters hate about

513
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:43,000
Speaker 1: list music is that there is a decidedly performative focus

514
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,120
Speaker 1: on his music, contrary to the customary preference for the

515
00:29:46,280 --> 00:29:49,440
Speaker 1: architectural focus. To put it bluntly, the hater's field that

516
00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:52,560
Speaker 1: lists music is all sizzle, no stake. People dismiss his

517
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:56,760
Speaker 1: music because of the obvious virtuosity demonstrated in its performance,

518
00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:59,560
Speaker 1: considering it gaudy. I like to thinking of it as

519
00:29:59,640 --> 00:30:03,720
Speaker 1: musical wasps versus the neuvau reach. Compared to a similar

520
00:30:03,760 --> 00:30:06,720
Speaker 1: piece by Brahms, whose piano music is also virtualistic in

521
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:11,400
Speaker 1: its own right, it doesn't feel as enriching, say the haters. Luckily,

522
00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:13,720
Speaker 1: lists music has been getting a fairer shake in more

523
00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:15,960
Speaker 1: recent years. He did a lot to advance the classical

524
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:18,480
Speaker 1: music's harmony, as he noted in the podcast. Although I

525
00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:20,800
Speaker 1: thought your use of the term avant garde was an

526
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:23,480
Speaker 1: appropriate that refers to a very specific period of music

527
00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:26,959
Speaker 1: decade later. Consider it this piece by list and he

528
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,560
Speaker 1: has a link to it which explores the podcast classical

529
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:33,760
Speaker 1: Scales and Ven's harmony to just before it breaks. Uh.

530
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,000
Speaker 1: And then he says he hopes that we do some

531
00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:40,800
Speaker 1: more pieces on classical music and offers some resources in

532
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:44,000
Speaker 1: case that we do. So, thank you Jason for sending

533
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,320
Speaker 1: that email. I actually did look up avant garde and

534
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:50,720
Speaker 1: whether it was appropriate to use before I said that

535
00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:52,800
Speaker 1: in the podcast and a thing that I had found

536
00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,479
Speaker 1: UM talked about Wagner being considered an avant garde musician,

537
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:02,440
Speaker 1: and since we also talked about Wagner in the episode, Uh,

538
00:31:02,520 --> 00:31:05,880
Speaker 1: I did not think that was incorrect, so apparently it was.

539
00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,640
Speaker 1: But otherwise, thank you for sending all of that context

540
00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:12,600
Speaker 1: that I did not have when we did that when

541
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:15,560
Speaker 1: we did that episode. If you would like to write

542
00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:18,080
Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast where History

543
00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:20,440
Speaker 1: podcast at how Stuff Works dot com. We're also on

544
00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:23,080
Speaker 1: Facebook at facebook dot com slash miss in History and

545
00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,000
Speaker 1: on Twitter at miss in History. We are on tumbler

546
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:27,960
Speaker 1: at ms in history dot tumbler dot com, and we're

547
00:31:27,960 --> 00:31:30,960
Speaker 1: on Pinterest at pinterest dot com, slash missed in History.

548
00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:34,160
Speaker 1: If you would like to learn more about what we

549
00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:37,160
Speaker 1: have talked about today, you can come to our parent

550
00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:40,840
Speaker 1: company's website, which is how stuff Works dot com. You

551
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:44,840
Speaker 1: can put the word quackery in the search bar and

552
00:31:44,880 --> 00:31:48,320
Speaker 1: you will find ten instances of quackery throughout medical history.

553
00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:50,960
Speaker 1: You can also come to our website, which is missing

554
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,600
Speaker 1: history dot com. You will find show notes for all

555
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,600
Speaker 1: of the episodes. Holly and I have worked on an

556
00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,840
Speaker 1: archive of all the episodes ever lots of other cool stuff,

557
00:31:58,920 --> 00:32:00,520
Speaker 1: so you could do all that a whole lot more

558
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:03,040
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com or missed in history

559
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other

560
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:15,040
Speaker 1: topics because it has stuff works dot com. M hm

561
00:32:18,840 --> 00:32:18,880
Speaker 1: h