WEBVTT - We Need Bigger Tubes 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:07.400 Brought to you by Toyota. Let's go places. Welcome to 0:00:07.560 --> 0:00:14.960 Forward Thinking. Welcome to Forward Thinking, the show that looks 0:00:14.960 --> 0:00:18.480 at the future and says, hey, now you're doing I'm 0:00:18.520 --> 0:00:21.799 Jonathan Strickland. I'm not going after that now. I'm Lauren 0:00:21.880 --> 0:00:24.479 voc Obama, and I'm Joe McCormick. And we wanted to 0:00:24.520 --> 0:00:28.680 talk a bit about communication and speed of communication and 0:00:28.800 --> 0:00:33.159 throughput of information because these are different terms and often 0:00:33.760 --> 0:00:36.159 we can easily confuse them, mostly because of just the 0:00:36.280 --> 0:00:40.200 terminology we tend to use when discussing the stuff casually, like, hey, 0:00:40.280 --> 0:00:44.519 you know, my internet speed is terrible. It's really really slow. 0:00:44.880 --> 0:00:47.080 And what we mean by that usually is that the 0:00:47.120 --> 0:00:49.760 amount of information we are able to get over a 0:00:49.840 --> 0:00:53.120 given span of time is less than what we would like. 0:00:53.560 --> 0:00:56.040 That's that's generally speaking, what we mean when we say 0:00:56.120 --> 0:00:57.800 my internet slow. Yeah, I mean we mean this web 0:00:57.800 --> 0:01:01.400 page is taking forever to load, like four seconds. It's terrible. Though. 0:01:01.400 --> 0:01:03.560 It's funny because there are a lot of different reasons 0:01:04.080 --> 0:01:06.120 web page could be taking forever to load, right, it 0:01:06.120 --> 0:01:08.720 should be a problem. It could be that the server 0:01:08.959 --> 0:01:11.520 is slow, or it could be a problem with the 0:01:11.560 --> 0:01:14.200 information getting from the server. To you, right, there could 0:01:14.240 --> 0:01:17.120 be some problems with switches or routers between the server 0:01:17.240 --> 0:01:24.280 and your computer. It could be problem with your computer. Yeah. 0:01:24.319 --> 0:01:26.280 The one the one thing that you can rest assured 0:01:26.360 --> 0:01:28.720 is that those uh, those ones and zeros are traveling 0:01:28.880 --> 0:01:32.800 as fast as they possibly can through whichever given pathway 0:01:33.000 --> 0:01:36.240 is available to them. So we really want to kind 0:01:36.240 --> 0:01:40.360 of illustrate the difference between speed and through put. And 0:01:40.480 --> 0:01:43.120 I have kind of a an analogy that I'm going 0:01:43.160 --> 0:01:46.600 to try and and and clumsily set up to sort 0:01:46.600 --> 0:01:50.240 of explain this. So let's imagine that the three of 0:01:50.360 --> 0:01:54.680 us live in three different cities, and they're very far apart, uh, 0:01:54.720 --> 0:01:58.240 and we would like to occasionally visit one another. Now, 0:01:58.280 --> 0:02:02.440 in each of our cities, we have these massive highways 0:02:02.480 --> 0:02:06.200 that have maybe there are ten lanes across, and they 0:02:06.520 --> 0:02:10.320 allow thousands of cars on them at any given time, 0:02:10.360 --> 0:02:13.000 and they can all be traveling at top speed safely 0:02:13.480 --> 0:02:15.880 because of the way these highways are designed. They're probably 0:02:15.880 --> 0:02:19.040 autonomous cars then, right, clearly sure. And then but the 0:02:19.040 --> 0:02:22.040 problem is that when you start traveling, when you get about, oh, 0:02:22.080 --> 0:02:25.640 I don't know, maybe a third of the way from 0:02:25.760 --> 0:02:30.359 my city to Lawrence City, that highway suddenly narrows down 0:02:30.440 --> 0:02:33.440 to one lane, and so those ten lanes are now 0:02:33.480 --> 0:02:36.720 compacted into one lane. And it's not that the cars 0:02:36.840 --> 0:02:39.760 have that any individual car would have to move slower 0:02:39.800 --> 0:02:42.040 down that lane. Is that you now have to compress 0:02:42.040 --> 0:02:45.440 all that traffic down into the one lane of traffic. 0:02:45.480 --> 0:02:49.240 And you can't have two cars in super position on 0:02:49.280 --> 0:02:52.600 each other, because physics don't work that way, y'all, and 0:02:52.639 --> 0:02:54.680 you would end up having a big old smash up 0:02:54.680 --> 0:02:57.960 on the highway. So that's a bottleneck. That's where we 0:02:58.200 --> 0:03:01.079 now are going to see traffic slowed down, even though 0:03:01.120 --> 0:03:03.840 that lead car would still be able to continue moving 0:03:03.960 --> 0:03:06.760 at the same speed it was on when the highway 0:03:06.800 --> 0:03:09.079 had ten lanes wide. And if the same thing is 0:03:09.080 --> 0:03:11.600 true between Lauren City and Joe City and Joe City 0:03:11.600 --> 0:03:15.120 and my City, then traveling between the two we would 0:03:15.480 --> 0:03:17.520 experience some slow down, yea, even though we have these 0:03:17.600 --> 0:03:21.080 hyper efficient cars. Yeah there, yeah, well yeah, And we 0:03:21.120 --> 0:03:24.520 can see that difference in terms of information. And I 0:03:24.520 --> 0:03:27.600 don't know if you've heard about this thing called fiber 0:03:27.639 --> 0:03:31.040 to the home, right um, fiber to the home is 0:03:31.120 --> 0:03:35.560 trying to rectify what's a really common bottleneck in in 0:03:35.640 --> 0:03:39.680 the communication grid that it may be that the backbone, 0:03:39.760 --> 0:03:43.560 you know that the public uh wire that if it's 0:03:43.600 --> 0:03:46.360 optical fiber or something like that. The cable, the cable 0:03:46.440 --> 0:03:49.960 that's um carrying the information. It has a lot of throughput, 0:03:50.000 --> 0:03:52.000 but suddenly it needs to branch off and get to 0:03:52.080 --> 0:03:54.520 your house. And you've got some dinky little, you know, 0:03:54.880 --> 0:03:58.760 rolled up piece of tinfoil. It's transmitting from the optical 0:03:58.840 --> 0:04:01.480 fiber to your home. Someone who gets the message and 0:04:01.520 --> 0:04:03.480 walks to your front door and knocks on your door, 0:04:03.560 --> 0:04:05.440 hands you the message. Then you has to wait for 0:04:05.480 --> 0:04:07.640 you to send the reply. They walk back, and in 0:04:07.640 --> 0:04:09.880 that case, it's it's almost like, well, what's the point 0:04:09.880 --> 0:04:12.320 of the you know, right right, you have this incredibly 0:04:12.360 --> 0:04:16.400 fast connection to the node, the network node that's in 0:04:16.520 --> 0:04:19.200 your neighborhood, but then from the node to your home 0:04:19.440 --> 0:04:22.760 it's a much slower connection, so it doesn't really matter. Uh. 0:04:22.920 --> 0:04:25.279 The same thing is true if you have a really 0:04:25.320 --> 0:04:28.960 fast connection to your home, but one of the big 0:04:29.040 --> 0:04:33.520 connections on the internet, the backbone, if it hasn't already 0:04:33.600 --> 0:04:37.919 been outfitted with with fiber, with optic optic fiber or 0:04:37.960 --> 0:04:41.720 fiber optics. I should say, if I brought a cable. Then, uh, 0:04:42.240 --> 0:04:45.560 while you could send things and get things really quickly 0:04:45.680 --> 0:04:47.839 from your node, once it hit that it would start 0:04:47.880 --> 0:04:51.240 to slow down anyway. So really we're looking at the 0:04:51.240 --> 0:04:54.920 Internet as a as an entire unified system. It's kind 0:04:54.960 --> 0:04:57.840 of interesting to me because one of the things that's 0:04:57.880 --> 0:04:59.760 been the news a lot over the last couple of 0:04:59.839 --> 0:05:02.560 years is is that Google in the United States, in 0:05:02.920 --> 0:05:08.200 Kansas City rolled out the Google Fiber hood. So they 0:05:08.200 --> 0:05:11.640 were making these these neighborhoods rolling out this Google Fiber 0:05:12.080 --> 0:05:14.039 that would give you a one gig a bit per 0:05:14.080 --> 0:05:18.200 second download speed and nearly as fast upload speed. In fact, 0:05:18.240 --> 0:05:21.480 the download and upload speeds are almost the same, which 0:05:21.520 --> 0:05:24.720 is unheard of. I mean, in most networks you get 0:05:24.760 --> 0:05:27.279 a fraction of the upload speed that you get with download. 0:05:27.480 --> 0:05:29.840 And part of that is because uh, you know, you're 0:05:29.880 --> 0:05:32.840 you're trying the networks are trying to save this bandwidth. 0:05:32.839 --> 0:05:37.760 This this is for some networks a a limited amount 0:05:37.920 --> 0:05:41.680 of capacity that they have to handle network traffic, and 0:05:41.720 --> 0:05:44.800 this helps cut that down. Because most people don't upload 0:05:45.240 --> 0:05:48.600 that much stuff that if you are a private citizen 0:05:48.720 --> 0:05:51.640 uploading a lot of data, what are you probably doing 0:05:51.880 --> 0:05:55.479 well these days you might be uploading just videos that 0:05:55.520 --> 0:05:57.280 you're taking and you want to put them on Facebook, 0:05:57.560 --> 0:05:59.960 you know, back in back back then, the earlier, it's 0:06:00.160 --> 0:06:04.160 the assumption would be more likely and you were feeding 0:06:04.160 --> 0:06:07.599 on you know, you were here's every metallic album ever made. Yeah, 0:06:07.600 --> 0:06:09.839 to rival the amount of that people are downloading on 0:06:10.600 --> 0:06:13.160 you know, streaming television or something. Sure, yeah, yeah, well 0:06:13.200 --> 0:06:15.719 ten years ago, I would say that pirating would definitely 0:06:15.800 --> 0:06:17.920 be one of the concerns if you're uploading a lot 0:06:17.920 --> 0:06:21.159 of stuff these days, because there's so many options to 0:06:21.279 --> 0:06:26.599 host media from people legitimately that you could have people 0:06:26.640 --> 0:06:28.880 stepping it up, and there's so many products out there 0:06:29.120 --> 0:06:31.960 that allow you to capture video and upload video, and 0:06:32.600 --> 0:06:34.520 you know, YouTube is allowing you to put up as 0:06:34.600 --> 0:06:38.360 much stuff as you like. Then there's really the capacity 0:06:38.400 --> 0:06:40.400 to actually upload a lot more than you used to. 0:06:40.800 --> 0:06:45.280 But unfortunately the actual Internet service providers haven't necessarily caught 0:06:45.400 --> 0:06:47.400 up to that. So still with a lot of I 0:06:47.560 --> 0:06:50.960 s p s you get a pretty decent download speed, 0:06:51.400 --> 0:06:55.400 but a kind of weedy upload speed. In comparison, Google 0:06:55.440 --> 0:06:58.039 Fiber was a little bit different, like this gig a 0:06:58.040 --> 0:07:00.400 bit down. It was matched by all us to gig 0:07:00.400 --> 0:07:04.000 a bit up. So one question people have had is 0:07:04.920 --> 0:07:07.400 what would you use that for? I mean, what that's 0:07:07.560 --> 0:07:11.920 so much data in such a short amount of time. Well, well, yeah, 0:07:12.040 --> 0:07:14.720 right right now, the answer is kind of uh, I 0:07:14.760 --> 0:07:17.800 don't know, but uh, but you know, it's that's not 0:07:17.880 --> 0:07:19.720 to say that that's always going to be the case. 0:07:20.120 --> 0:07:22.280 Just because we can't imagine it now doesn't mean that 0:07:22.320 --> 0:07:24.880 it's going to be like that forever. But there's when 0:07:24.920 --> 0:07:26.960 it comes to technology. I mean, if there's a free launch, 0:07:27.000 --> 0:07:28.400 people are going to find a way to eat it. 0:07:28.560 --> 0:07:31.080 Well and right now. There was an article that was 0:07:31.120 --> 0:07:35.320 on Slate that was written by Farad Manjou who said that, 0:07:35.840 --> 0:07:38.480 you know, in his experience of using it, he actually 0:07:38.480 --> 0:07:42.120 went to Kansas City, um and tried it out. By 0:07:42.160 --> 0:07:44.200 the way, the Kansas Kansas City for those who don't 0:07:44.200 --> 0:07:46.080 know who people who aren't in the United States aren't 0:07:46.120 --> 0:07:49.720 familiar with the geography. It's actually in two There are 0:07:49.720 --> 0:07:52.160 two states that have a Kansas City, and Google has 0:07:52.240 --> 0:07:55.200 rolled out fiber to both of them. So so yeah, 0:07:55.560 --> 0:07:58.440 you're when I say Kansas City, I'm talking about both 0:07:58.520 --> 0:08:03.320 both Kansas cities. But uh uh Manju went to Kansas 0:08:03.360 --> 0:08:05.880 City to try this out and said that he didn't 0:08:05.880 --> 0:08:08.760 have any problem accessing anything like he could he could 0:08:08.920 --> 0:08:11.320 stream several videos all at the same time. But then 0:08:11.680 --> 0:08:14.360 when he went home he had a twenty two megabit 0:08:14.400 --> 0:08:18.080 per second connection, which is far smaller than the one 0:08:18.120 --> 0:08:21.240 gigabit per second, you know, far less throughput, but was 0:08:21.280 --> 0:08:23.680 still not having any trouble with the videos. So he said, well, really, 0:08:24.120 --> 0:08:26.480 everything I would do, I can kind of do already, 0:08:26.520 --> 0:08:30.119 So what what's the advantage unless you're trying to test 0:08:30.120 --> 0:08:32.760 the limits? And and even then again, you are limited 0:08:32.840 --> 0:08:35.640 not just by the speed that's coming into your home, 0:08:35.679 --> 0:08:38.040 but the speed that's going across the core of the network. 0:08:38.679 --> 0:08:42.679 On i triple ease website, there's an article written by 0:08:42.720 --> 0:08:45.839 Dennis Weller and Bill Woodcock that point out that there 0:08:45.880 --> 0:08:49.280 are Internet exchange points. This is like the core of 0:08:49.320 --> 0:08:52.640 the Internet. This is where the major traffic is switching 0:08:52.679 --> 0:08:56.800 across that uh that don't have this fiber optic cable yet. 0:08:56.800 --> 0:08:59.720 That the rollout was going really heavily in the ninety 0:08:59.840 --> 0:09:03.760 nine indies, but then investments started to peter off towards 0:09:03.760 --> 0:09:06.640 the end of the nineteen nineties, and so some parts 0:09:06.679 --> 0:09:10.280 of the core of the Internet never got upgraded. So 0:09:10.640 --> 0:09:12.320 if you if you don't have the core of the 0:09:12.360 --> 0:09:16.239 Internet covered, then uh, you know, again, that's a bottleneck 0:09:16.320 --> 0:09:18.760 that's going to call if there's some traffic that needs 0:09:18.800 --> 0:09:22.079 to go through that point, you don't really benefit from 0:09:22.080 --> 0:09:23.960 that amazing throughput. And in fact, that was one of 0:09:23.960 --> 0:09:27.040 the points that people have made that it's not that 0:09:27.120 --> 0:09:30.440 Google Fiber isn't fast enough, it's that the rest of 0:09:30.520 --> 0:09:33.880 the Internet isn't fast enough to really take advantage of it. However, 0:09:34.120 --> 0:09:36.320 it's a good thing to have sort of as a 0:09:36.400 --> 0:09:39.959 future proofing system. And even then, we know, I mean 0:09:40.000 --> 0:09:41.880 back in the day, I remember when I had a 0:09:41.920 --> 0:09:44.719 two fifty six megabyte hard drive and I thought, well, 0:09:44.720 --> 0:09:49.079 there's no way I would ever fill this. Yeah, I'll 0:09:49.440 --> 0:09:52.280 be upgrade again. But we learned, you know, we will 0:09:52.320 --> 0:09:54.840 find ways of meeting that capacity over time. It just 0:09:54.960 --> 0:09:58.400 might take a while before that happens. But well, I mean, 0:09:58.640 --> 0:10:02.040 it's interesting that we will always find ways to to 0:10:02.200 --> 0:10:06.840 fill capacity. I think because if you think about all 0:10:06.880 --> 0:10:09.800 the ways that we used to send information that are 0:10:09.880 --> 0:10:13.200 really sort of slowly getting transferred to the Internet. That 0:10:13.280 --> 0:10:15.920 we we used to send letters in the mail all 0:10:15.960 --> 0:10:18.240 the time, we still do that some, but a lot 0:10:18.280 --> 0:10:21.440 of that email. Now we used to you know, get 0:10:21.440 --> 0:10:25.480 our TV from cable or from broadcast. Lots of people 0:10:25.520 --> 0:10:27.040 still do that, but a lot of people are just 0:10:27.080 --> 0:10:30.120 watching TV on the internet. Yeah, there's an increasing number 0:10:30.120 --> 0:10:33.040 of people. Yeah, they hit in a December who plus 0:10:33.160 --> 0:10:38.640 hit like thirty million subscribers. Yeah, so it's yeah, just 0:10:38.679 --> 0:10:44.160 quite we're offloading from all these traditional routes of of 0:10:44.240 --> 0:10:49.240 information to to the single grid basically. Yeah, no, that's 0:10:49.280 --> 0:10:52.200 that's a good point, and it's uh, it's interesting to 0:10:52.240 --> 0:10:56.160 me to see what the difference is between the average 0:10:56.600 --> 0:10:59.800 download speed and the Google fiber download speed. So remember 0:10:59.800 --> 0:11:03.439 I talking about the Google fibers one gigabit per second. Now, 0:11:03.440 --> 0:11:07.040 according to the Slate article, uh, it would say that 0:11:07.040 --> 0:11:10.360 that the average American download speed is closer to six 0:11:10.400 --> 0:11:15.000 point seven megabits per second, which, uh is pretty lot. 0:11:15.120 --> 0:11:17.439 I mean, that's incredibly low. I mean it's it's tiny 0:11:17.480 --> 0:11:20.720 little fraction of the one gigabit per second. Other other 0:11:22.160 --> 0:11:26.320 outlets have estimated a different speed. There was one called 0:11:26.400 --> 0:11:29.800 net Index that says it's more like seventeen point seven 0:11:29.880 --> 0:11:32.559 one megabits per second. It all depends on how you 0:11:32.600 --> 0:11:36.480 measure those speeds. It's usually a sampling kind of like 0:11:36.600 --> 0:11:39.400 Nielsen ratings, right, except for Internet speeds. You you take 0:11:39.400 --> 0:11:43.040 the sample of what these computer speeds are, or the 0:11:43.120 --> 0:11:46.160 data transmission rates I guess I should say, and then 0:11:46.200 --> 0:11:49.400 you sort of average that out across the United States. So, um, 0:11:49.720 --> 0:11:53.559 it's interesting to me because the net Index also ranks countries. 0:11:54.320 --> 0:12:00.520 Uh and and uh can you guess where what what? Well, 0:12:01.000 --> 0:12:05.440 they call it a country, but what city? What city 0:12:05.559 --> 0:12:10.640 has the fastest download connection according to net Index, keeping 0:12:10.640 --> 0:12:14.959 in mind that other companies have different links. Wait wait, wait, 0:12:15.760 --> 0:12:22.360 you said it's a city and they're Now the Pope 0:12:22.440 --> 0:12:27.480 does not have a direct line to the internet. You know, 0:12:27.679 --> 0:12:30.120 you have not seen the Pope's chambers. All right, Well 0:12:30.160 --> 0:12:34.319 that's not the one chamber is totally Texas master control 0:12:34.360 --> 0:12:39.920 programs of computers everywhere. Yeah. No, this is Hong Kong. 0:12:40.000 --> 0:12:42.240 I'm taking it, putting out of your misery. It's Hong Kong. 0:12:42.480 --> 0:12:46.840 That's what they listed. So Hong Kong at they have 0:12:46.920 --> 0:12:49.559 an average of forty four point thirty nine megabets per 0:12:49.559 --> 0:12:52.600 second download speed. The others in the top five include 0:12:52.679 --> 0:12:55.800 Singapore with thirty eight point seven five megabets per second 0:12:56.360 --> 0:13:00.280 Lithuania with thirty eight point seven three, Taiwan on with 0:13:00.320 --> 0:13:03.679 thirty four point eight five, and South Korea brings up 0:13:03.760 --> 0:13:06.839 the rear and the top five with thirty four point 0:13:06.880 --> 0:13:09.200 one nine. If you want to round out the sorry 0:13:09.840 --> 0:13:11.559 that seems to make sense. I mean, aren't all those 0:13:11.600 --> 0:13:16.280 places pretty densely populated, Yeah, so that would like it's 0:13:16.320 --> 0:13:20.000 not like they're having to factor in all the farmers 0:13:20.000 --> 0:13:22.280 out in the middle of nowhere who are well and 0:13:22.320 --> 0:13:26.360 they're also smaller than places like the United States, where 0:13:26.800 --> 0:13:28.960 we have some very dense urban areas, but we also 0:13:28.960 --> 0:13:32.720 have some very wide spaces between US and some other 0:13:32.840 --> 0:13:35.880 populations in the United States. So the other the other 0:13:36.400 --> 0:13:42.080 top ten included Luxembourg, Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. Sweden 0:13:42.200 --> 0:13:45.079 had twenty nine point thirty six megabits per second. United 0:13:45.120 --> 0:13:48.560 States ranked in at thirty one. And uh, then if 0:13:48.600 --> 0:13:51.560 you look at the United States just trying to figure 0:13:51.559 --> 0:13:54.280 out which states have the fastest, well, first of all, 0:13:54.320 --> 0:13:58.440 the state we live in, Georgia ranks twenty second out 0:13:58.480 --> 0:14:01.800 of the fifty states with eighteen point five one megat's 0:14:01.840 --> 0:14:04.760 per second, so we're still over the average. The national 0:14:04.800 --> 0:14:08.840 average Orange. Yes, yes, yes, we are signed to be 0:14:08.880 --> 0:14:11.040 proud of. So can you can you take a guess 0:14:11.520 --> 0:14:16.160 at which state, according to net index, has the the 0:14:16.320 --> 0:14:19.600 fastest bit rate speed. UH. For if we're going to 0:14:19.680 --> 0:14:22.800 go for for small and compact, I would say what 0:14:22.880 --> 0:14:29.119 Rhode Island? Rhode Island, Uh, Tennessee, Tennessee. It was Delaware. 0:14:29.200 --> 0:14:31.040 You were on the right track there, of ok Obama. 0:14:31.040 --> 0:14:34.440 But yeah, Delaware with twenty five point to nine. So 0:14:34.800 --> 0:14:36.760 that that again is coined to net index. So your 0:14:36.760 --> 0:14:41.160 mileage may vary depending upon which which oracle you consult 0:14:41.240 --> 0:14:43.000 when you try to figure out who has the fastest 0:14:43.040 --> 0:14:46.320 data transmission speeds. Oh no, I said Tennessee, because I 0:14:46.360 --> 0:14:48.400 have no idea to what extent this is true. But 0:14:48.480 --> 0:14:51.160 when I go home to my hometown of Chattanooga, the 0:14:51.800 --> 0:14:57.160 local Electric Power Board has been advertising their UH fiber 0:14:57.160 --> 0:15:00.200 optic service and and there's some kind of claim. Don't 0:15:00.200 --> 0:15:02.520 want to misrepresent them, I don't remember exactly, but there's 0:15:02.560 --> 0:15:05.440 some kind of superlative claim they make. You know, this 0:15:05.520 --> 0:15:11.640 is the fastest fiber optic internet access ever UH with asterisk. 0:15:11.680 --> 0:15:14.640 I don't remember exactly what I mean. That may may 0:15:14.640 --> 0:15:16.920 not be fair, but it's something that they claim it's 0:15:16.960 --> 0:15:20.800 really really fast and my parents house really fast internet. 0:15:20.880 --> 0:15:24.000 I will say, yeah, well, and I mean I've lived 0:15:24.000 --> 0:15:27.160 in places where the connections weren't so great and and 0:15:27.600 --> 0:15:30.560 it was a real pain. And then I've the place 0:15:30.560 --> 0:15:33.120 where I live now the connection tends to be really 0:15:33.120 --> 0:15:37.080 really good. Um. So I mean it all depends on 0:15:37.120 --> 0:15:39.320 where you live, what sort of connections are to your house. 0:15:39.960 --> 0:15:42.680 And again, like we're talking the difference between speed and 0:15:42.760 --> 0:15:45.440 through put. When you're talking about speed, depending on depending 0:15:45.600 --> 0:15:48.120 again upon whom you ask, most will say, oh, it's 0:15:48.200 --> 0:15:50.760 essentially the speed of light. Yeah, yeah, that that That's 0:15:50.760 --> 0:15:53.040 one thing I wanted to bring up. So we as 0:15:53.080 --> 0:15:55.280 we established at the beginning, we keep saying speed, but 0:15:55.320 --> 0:15:59.640 we are talking about throughput. Yeah, what is what role 0:16:00.120 --> 0:16:04.680 is the actual physical speed play? I mean, how fast 0:16:04.800 --> 0:16:07.480 are these signals going? And does that part even matter? 0:16:07.800 --> 0:16:11.000 It they're going really really fast, like so fast that 0:16:11.360 --> 0:16:17.160 on Earth it almost doesn't matter what the actual speed 0:16:17.400 --> 0:16:19.840 is because it's it's so fast as to to us 0:16:19.880 --> 0:16:24.640 to seem close to instantaneous. I've read some different figures 0:16:24.640 --> 0:16:26.360 and I don't know which one is correct, but I 0:16:26.360 --> 0:16:30.080 mean some of basically said, I've seen like that, uh, 0:16:30.280 --> 0:16:33.080 signals in fiber optic cable tend to travel at like 0:16:33.160 --> 0:16:35.560 sixty percent of the speed of light, And then I've 0:16:35.600 --> 0:16:38.400 seen others that say it's it's like nineties something percent, 0:16:38.520 --> 0:16:42.520 which is a huge difference. Yeah, exactly, even at it's 0:16:42.520 --> 0:16:45.720 still really fast, but no, thirty difference in claims is 0:16:45.800 --> 0:16:48.080 pretty amazing. Yeah, So I have no idea who to 0:16:48.120 --> 0:16:50.800 trust there, and I don't know how fast that blip 0:16:51.080 --> 0:16:53.480 really goes. Yeah, And again, I think part of that 0:16:53.600 --> 0:16:56.360 is that there's so many places where that blip could 0:16:56.440 --> 0:17:01.080 encounter congestion that it makes it problematic to measure that speed. 0:17:01.120 --> 0:17:03.880 Because if you're talking about just through a fiber optic cable, 0:17:04.640 --> 0:17:07.120 then you know, you would imagine that it would move 0:17:07.160 --> 0:17:10.480 at the speed that light would travel through that medium. Now, 0:17:10.720 --> 0:17:12.679 keep in mind that, of course, light does not travel 0:17:12.720 --> 0:17:15.120 through every medium at the same speed. When we say 0:17:15.119 --> 0:17:17.879 the speed of light, generally, what we're talking about is 0:17:17.920 --> 0:17:21.360 the speed of light through the vacuum of space. But 0:17:21.359 --> 0:17:25.000 but light just is not the vacuum of space exactly right, right, 0:17:25.280 --> 0:17:30.320 So light does travel through different media at different speeds. Right. So, 0:17:31.200 --> 0:17:34.679 but here's an interesting question. Why is fiber optic cable 0:17:35.160 --> 0:17:39.120 so much faster than a traditional cable, because, if I'm 0:17:39.160 --> 0:17:43.720 not wrong, both signals would technically be traveling at something 0:17:43.800 --> 0:17:46.919 like the speed of light. Right that one is sending 0:17:46.960 --> 0:17:49.959 blips of light through a through a tiny glass wire 0:17:50.600 --> 0:17:54.240 and it's being reflected down along the axis of that wire, 0:17:54.560 --> 0:17:58.199 And then the other is sending an electromagnetic pulse along 0:17:59.359 --> 0:18:02.720 electrons through again and and but wouldn't both of those 0:18:03.000 --> 0:18:04.920 essentially be traveling at the speed of light or is 0:18:05.000 --> 0:18:08.320 there a different speed of light in those two media? Well, 0:18:08.600 --> 0:18:11.159 there's I'm guessing that there is a difference in the 0:18:11.200 --> 0:18:13.120 speed of light in those two media. But I think 0:18:13.119 --> 0:18:16.280 the bigger the bigger issue here is again through put 0:18:16.760 --> 0:18:19.199 It's not it's not again, it's not the speed of 0:18:19.240 --> 0:18:22.600 the information traveling along the distance of the cable. It's 0:18:22.640 --> 0:18:26.359 how much of information can that cable accommodate at one time. 0:18:26.760 --> 0:18:29.600 So I've also read that I think the fiber optic 0:18:29.680 --> 0:18:33.400 cable has less interference. That's true. That, uh, it's less 0:18:33.400 --> 0:18:37.000 susceptible to I don't know what, maybe a magnetic field 0:18:37.160 --> 0:18:40.280 or something like that messing up the signal and causing 0:18:40.320 --> 0:18:42.159 you'd have to send it again. Have you ever have 0:18:42.280 --> 0:18:46.560 you ever listened to music over speaker and had a 0:18:46.640 --> 0:18:49.359 phone go off near it and then get that stuttering 0:18:49.359 --> 0:18:52.080 noise to day to day to day? Did it? Did it? 0:18:52.200 --> 0:18:56.080 You know? It sounds like a great premise for a 0:18:56.119 --> 0:18:58.240 sci fi movie, right, You know why are the phones 0:18:58.320 --> 0:19:00.680 doing that? Yeah? Well, yeah, it's it's because of that 0:19:00.720 --> 0:19:05.640 electromagnetic it's the electromagnetic field, and it's because your speakers 0:19:05.680 --> 0:19:10.320 have really lousy shielding around the cables. Because the electromagnetic 0:19:10.359 --> 0:19:15.000 field is interfering with the transmission of signals across those cables, 0:19:15.040 --> 0:19:18.200 and that's why you're picking up this erratic noise that 0:19:18.280 --> 0:19:21.120 shouldn't be there. So if you shield the cables more 0:19:21.200 --> 0:19:23.879 thoroughly than that protects against that same sort of thing. 0:19:23.960 --> 0:19:27.760 You also can get electron leakage through these cables, and 0:19:27.920 --> 0:19:31.639 that can cause errors in in uh transmissions. So if 0:19:31.640 --> 0:19:35.040 I were to send a message over a copper cable 0:19:35.160 --> 0:19:38.119 and there was a lot of leakage along the line, 0:19:38.600 --> 0:19:40.680 you could get errors on the other end of it. 0:19:40.760 --> 0:19:43.240 You know, the file would not would not end up 0:19:43.320 --> 0:19:47.440 loading correctly unless you had really good error protection on there. 0:19:47.600 --> 0:19:51.119 Whereas detection and protection and where they could account for 0:19:51.200 --> 0:19:53.520 the slow it down in anything when you have to 0:19:53.560 --> 0:19:57.000 send the packet again. Yeah, and then, and the Internet's 0:19:57.000 --> 0:19:59.359 designed to allow for that. I mean, that's one of 0:19:59.400 --> 0:20:02.959 the big advantages of the way the Internet works is that, uh, 0:20:03.280 --> 0:20:07.960 you know, the files are broken up into packets. Those 0:20:08.000 --> 0:20:11.240 packets go across the network. They don't all necessarily follow 0:20:11.320 --> 0:20:14.760 the exact same pathway, and there are duplicates that get across, 0:20:15.119 --> 0:20:18.440 so that when the receiving computer starts getting these packets together, 0:20:18.800 --> 0:20:20.879 it just starts putting it together like it's a puzzle. 0:20:21.160 --> 0:20:23.320 But it's a puzzle where you already know where every 0:20:23.400 --> 0:20:26.320 single piece is supposed to go. And once you have 0:20:27.000 --> 0:20:29.320 packet number twelve, you don't need any of the other 0:20:29.359 --> 0:20:31.960 packet number twelves and you just grab the packets that 0:20:32.000 --> 0:20:34.520 you need and put it back together. That's an oversimplification 0:20:34.560 --> 0:20:36.520 of what's going on with packet switching, but that's the 0:20:36.560 --> 0:20:38.880 general idea, and it's to make the Internet more robust 0:20:39.200 --> 0:20:41.840 and to allow for the fact that sometimes you run 0:20:41.880 --> 0:20:43.920 into these problems with congestion, and that's one way to 0:20:43.960 --> 0:20:47.080 get around it. Literally you're going around the congestion to 0:20:47.200 --> 0:20:49.680 go take a different pathway to get your destination. You 0:20:49.720 --> 0:20:53.119 can also compress the files uh down in various ways 0:20:53.200 --> 0:20:54.800 act sure, I mean even you know, not even just 0:20:54.960 --> 0:20:57.040 just like a ZIP file. But it's a process that 0:20:57.119 --> 0:20:59.840 many computers will go through while they are sending information, right, 0:21:00.000 --> 0:21:02.200 And that helps too, because you're actually reducing the amount 0:21:02.240 --> 0:21:04.440 of information that needs to be sent across the network. Thus, 0:21:05.119 --> 0:21:08.040 again you're not making the file move faster, You're just 0:21:08.200 --> 0:21:11.440 making less information so that you don't have to together 0:21:11.520 --> 0:21:15.160 on the other side. Yeah, what about what about microwaves? 0:21:15.200 --> 0:21:17.480 I've heard I've heard that especially on some really really 0:21:17.600 --> 0:21:20.960 high energy trading companies are starting to look at microwaves 0:21:21.000 --> 0:21:23.520 as a method of communication. Well, thirty Rock has taught 0:21:23.600 --> 0:21:27.719 me anything. Microwaves are really important. There's a whole division 0:21:27.760 --> 0:21:30.320 at G where it was am I thinking of the 0:21:30.440 --> 0:21:36.760 right thing I have? Yeah? Microwaves division. Yeah, yeah, No, 0:21:37.040 --> 0:21:39.200 these these these trading firms that are dealing with with 0:21:39.359 --> 0:21:42.720 with trades that are going on, you know, by by computers, Jo, 0:21:42.800 --> 0:21:44.760 you were talking about a little bit earlier. Yeah, they've 0:21:44.800 --> 0:21:47.520 got these these robots that do trades for him right there. 0:21:47.680 --> 0:21:50.959 They're big computer brains and and they're way smarter than 0:21:51.080 --> 0:21:53.400 us or at least, they're way better at way faster 0:21:53.480 --> 0:21:56.439 than us at process. Yeah, they're way better at playing 0:21:56.520 --> 0:21:59.960 this weird game where they make money by just making trade. 0:22:00.000 --> 0:22:03.280 It's faster than anybody else can UM. And so they 0:22:03.359 --> 0:22:06.120 might buy and sell a stock like eight times within 0:22:06.480 --> 0:22:12.119 half a second UM. And the the money they're making 0:22:12.720 --> 0:22:18.040