1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:11,000 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:11,960 --> 00:00:15,240 Speaker 2: Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson 4 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 2: and I'm Holly Fry. Today we are going to talk 5 00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:22,640 Speaker 2: about Jovita Edar, who was a journalist and a teacher 6 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:26,640 Speaker 2: and an activist in South Texas in the early twentieth century, 7 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 2: and researching her life can be a little bit tricky. 8 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:34,159 Speaker 2: There are some family papers and newspapers she worked on 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:37,640 Speaker 2: that are held in various libraries and archives today, but 10 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:42,320 Speaker 2: the newspaper collections are incomplete, and a lot of personal 11 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:47,159 Speaker 2: documentation was lost in fires at family members' homes in 12 00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:52,080 Speaker 2: the decades after her death. Also, after Hovi Ta Edar died, 13 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:55,720 Speaker 2: her husband remarried, and then after he died in nineteen 14 00:00:55,760 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 2: fifty eight, his widow burned a trunk full of Hovita's 15 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:05,160 Speaker 2: personal papers. So sometimes what we know about her comes 16 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:09,920 Speaker 2: from like family members recollections from later on. As is 17 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:12,559 Speaker 2: often the case when you are talking to somebody about 18 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:16,720 Speaker 2: something they remember from decades before, it's not always completely 19 00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 2: clear which order things happened in or exactly who was involved. Regardless, 20 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:23,400 Speaker 2: though it is very clear that she was a force 21 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,280 Speaker 2: to be reckoned with I do have a couple of 22 00:01:26,360 --> 00:01:31,559 Speaker 2: language notes. One is, there is not consistency about whether 23 00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:34,800 Speaker 2: the name Dar should have an accent mark over the a, 24 00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:40,240 Speaker 2: including in some Spanish language sources today. Based on the 25 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:44,600 Speaker 2: rules of how accent marks work in Spanish, there typically 26 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,280 Speaker 2: would not be one there, so we have not used 27 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:51,080 Speaker 2: one in the text descriptions of the episode. Also, we 28 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:54,040 Speaker 2: do recognize that there are a lot of Spanish speaking 29 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:57,520 Speaker 2: people in Texas who have a lot of different ancestries. 30 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 2: But Dar and her family were really folk focused on 31 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:06,040 Speaker 2: Mexicans specifically, often regardless of whether they were born in 32 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 2: the United States or Mexico or which nation they were 33 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,600 Speaker 2: a citizen of. So when they talked about Mexicans, they 34 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:18,360 Speaker 2: were usually talking about both Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants 35 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 2: to the US, and also Mexicans living in Mexico. And 36 00:02:23,040 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 2: also last thing, I do want to note upfront that 37 00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:28,800 Speaker 2: there's going to be some discussion of some particularly horrifying 38 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 2: racial violence in this episode. Jovina Dar was born on 39 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:37,359 Speaker 2: September seventh, eighteen eighty five, in Laredo, Texas, so as 40 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:40,360 Speaker 2: about fifty years after Texas ceased to be part of 41 00:02:40,400 --> 00:02:44,280 Speaker 2: Mexico and forty years after Texas became a US state. 42 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,919 Speaker 2: Her parents were Nicasio and Jovina Vivero. Darjovino was the 43 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 2: second of their nine surviving children, although a lot of 44 00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:56,519 Speaker 2: articles say she was the second of eight. It's possible 45 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,359 Speaker 2: that this discrepancy comes from a misreading of an oral 46 00:02:59,440 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 2: history in given by her brother Aquiliano, who went by 47 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,640 Speaker 2: Ike and his wife Guadaloupe in nineteen eighty four. He 48 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:10,000 Speaker 2: lists off seven siblings and himself who were born in 49 00:03:10,040 --> 00:03:13,160 Speaker 2: the United States, but then he goes on to say 50 00:03:13,160 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 2: their brother, Federico, was born in Monterey, Mexico. Later in 51 00:03:17,280 --> 00:03:20,480 Speaker 2: the same oral history, he describes their family as including 52 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 2: seven brothers and two sisters. So this may just be 53 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:28,239 Speaker 2: a math reckoning problem. Yeah, I think people I don't. 54 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:31,040 Speaker 2: I'm just this is sort of my conjecture. I think 55 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 2: there may have been an account that read that first 56 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 2: sentence and said that was eight people, and then a 57 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 2: lot of other people have picked it up from there 58 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:42,520 Speaker 2: or sort of misunderstood that when he said seven brothers 59 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 2: and two sisters, like he's counting everyone. I sat there 60 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:51,720 Speaker 2: for a while, kind of counting the children in a 61 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:54,680 Speaker 2: family tree, going this is nine? Why does everyone say eight? 62 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:57,920 Speaker 2: And then I read that oral history later on this 63 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:02,600 Speaker 2: whole family. It was very politically aware and active, so 64 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 2: the kind of family that regularly sat down together to 65 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,800 Speaker 2: discuss all the social and political issues of the day. 66 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 2: They were also a middle class family, so they had 67 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 2: more money and more opportunities than a lot of other 68 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:18,520 Speaker 2: people of Mexican descent who were living in South Texas. 69 00:04:19,120 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 2: This included more educational opportunities for Hovita and her siblings 70 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 2: than a lot of people in their community had access to. 71 00:04:27,480 --> 00:04:30,279 Speaker 1: In this part of South Texas, when Hovita was born, 72 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: less than a quarter of the population was Anglo or white, 73 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:39,159 Speaker 1: without Mexican or other Latin American ancestry. Even so, the 74 00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: Mexican population faced ongoing bigotry and racism and racist stereotypes 75 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,159 Speaker 1: at the hands of the Anglo minority. This was true 76 00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:51,279 Speaker 1: for the ADARs, although their class often gave them some 77 00:04:51,440 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: amount of protection. In general, the Anglo community saw families 78 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:58,800 Speaker 1: like the ADARs as more respectable and a little bit 79 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:01,760 Speaker 1: closer to white than and other Mexican Americans. 80 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 2: Within their community. The ADARs were seen as leaders. This 81 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:09,400 Speaker 2: was during the progressive era in the United States and 82 00:05:09,480 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 2: a lot of the reform movements and organizations of this 83 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 2: period were established by people who were a little more 84 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:19,240 Speaker 2: affluent and wanted to try to improve the lives and 85 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,880 Speaker 2: circumstances of people who had less. So this was also 86 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 2: true of the ADARs, and for the Adar family, this 87 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:30,599 Speaker 2: was also connected to a very strong sense of Mexican identity. 88 00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 2: Nicasio was a member of a Mexican Masonic lodge as 89 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:38,400 Speaker 2: well as a number of fraternal organizations, including one he 90 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 2: established along with some of Hovita's brothers called Lusosiodad Caballero's 91 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 2: to honor Or the Knights of Honor. He served as 92 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 2: a Justice of the Peace and as a US Marshal, 93 00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:52,360 Speaker 2: and he was a publisher. He published a Masonic review 94 00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 2: called laure Vista, as well as a newspaper called Lacronica. 95 00:05:56,680 --> 00:06:00,599 Speaker 2: Lacronica's motto, translated into English, was we work for the 96 00:06:00,640 --> 00:06:04,839 Speaker 2: progress and industrial, moral and intellectual development of all of 97 00:06:04,880 --> 00:06:10,120 Speaker 2: the Mexican inhabitants of Texas. Theodars were also devout Methodists, 98 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:13,640 Speaker 2: and Hovita went to Methodist schools. This included the Holding 99 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 2: Institute originally known as Laredo Seminary, where she earned a 100 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:22,360 Speaker 2: teaching certificate in nineteen oh three. Her brother Ike described 101 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:25,440 Speaker 2: Hovita as a very patient woman and teaching as her 102 00:06:25,480 --> 00:06:29,159 Speaker 2: true passion. Even before getting her teaching certificate, if she 103 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:32,080 Speaker 2: ran into a child who couldn't read, she'd invite them 104 00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:35,120 Speaker 2: home for daily lessons in reading and writing with her. 105 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:39,240 Speaker 1: But then she got a job teaching in Los Ojuelos, 106 00:06:39,320 --> 00:06:41,760 Speaker 1: a very small town to the east of Laredo that 107 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:44,960 Speaker 1: at the time had less than two hundred residents. In 108 00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:48,599 Speaker 1: earlier years, this town had been bigger and more prosperous, 109 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:51,839 Speaker 1: but it had gone into economic decline after a newly 110 00:06:51,880 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: built railroad passed it by. Dar quickly became frustrated with 111 00:06:56,600 --> 00:07:01,200 Speaker 1: the realities of teaching there. Racial segregation was widespread in 112 00:07:01,279 --> 00:07:04,000 Speaker 1: much of the US at this point, and while segregated 113 00:07:04,040 --> 00:07:07,919 Speaker 1: schools for black children often get the most focused, areas 114 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:12,280 Speaker 1: with large Mexican populations followed a similar system, including a 115 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: lack of funding and resources at the schools for Mexican children. 116 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:19,679 Speaker 1: It wasn't just that the school where Adar was teaching 117 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:23,640 Speaker 1: was inadequate. She also felt powerless to do anything about it. 118 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:26,600 Speaker 1: She cared about what she was doing, and she cared 119 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,320 Speaker 1: about her students. But she doubted that she could really 120 00:07:29,320 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: make a difference in their lives and circumstances. 121 00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,080 Speaker 2: So she switched careers to one where she thought she 122 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 2: could make a difference, and that was journalism. She went 123 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:43,640 Speaker 2: to work at Lacronica. The newspaper had at that point 124 00:07:43,720 --> 00:07:47,200 Speaker 2: grown into a family business, with her brothers Clemente and 125 00:07:47,400 --> 00:07:52,000 Speaker 2: Eduardo also working there. There were other Spanish language periodicals 126 00:07:52,040 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 2: being published in and around Laredo, but Lakronica became the 127 00:07:56,000 --> 00:08:01,120 Speaker 2: leading Spanish language newspaper. Jovita's brothers and father published articles 128 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:04,880 Speaker 2: under their own names, but Hovita used a number of pseudonyms. 129 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:08,800 Speaker 2: One was a vi Negra, which read aloud, sounded like 130 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:13,480 Speaker 2: ave negra, meaning blackbird. Another was Astrea, for the Greek 131 00:08:13,480 --> 00:08:17,120 Speaker 2: goddess of justice. There were also articles in Lacronica that 132 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 2: ran without a byeline, and some of these were also 133 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 2: Hoveda's work. Hovita also wasn't the only woman who contributed 134 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 2: to the paper. Another was poet and teacher Sarah Estella Ramirez, 135 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:31,320 Speaker 2: who had been born in Mexico and moved to Laredo 136 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 2: in eighteen ninety eight. Ramirez also published newspapers of her own, 137 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:41,200 Speaker 2: one in Mexico City and another in Laredo. Lacronica's reporting 138 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:45,400 Speaker 2: included a big focus on civil rights. The systemic bias 139 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:48,680 Speaker 2: and racism that were prevalent in areas with a large 140 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,760 Speaker 2: Mexican population has become known as je Crow as a 141 00:08:52,840 --> 00:08:56,240 Speaker 2: counterpart to Jim Crow, although that's not a term that 142 00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 2: was actually in use at the time. Hovita and her 143 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:03,040 Speaker 2: brother CLB. Memente both wrote a lot about school segregation 144 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:08,960 Speaker 2: and discrimination within the schools. Articles in Lacronica also described 145 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 2: how the loss of Spanish language skills in children who 146 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:15,760 Speaker 2: were taught only English at school was leading to the 147 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:20,079 Speaker 2: erosion of Mexican culture. The paper called for the creation 148 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:24,160 Speaker 2: of schools that were taught exclusively in Spanish, with teachers 149 00:09:24,400 --> 00:09:28,440 Speaker 2: recruited from Mexico. Jovita also wrote about the need to 150 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:34,040 Speaker 2: teach children Mexican history, not just Anglo history. Various sources 151 00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:37,520 Speaker 2: translate her thoughts on this as quote, Mexican children in 152 00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:40,320 Speaker 2: Texas need an education, but if they are taught the 153 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:44,760 Speaker 2: biography of Washington, but not Hidalgo, the exploits of Lincoln 154 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:49,960 Speaker 2: but not Juarez, that child will be indifferent to his heritage. 155 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:53,120 Speaker 2: The paper also criticized the treatment of women by the 156 00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:56,960 Speaker 2: Catholic Church, and Hovita in particular wrote a lot about 157 00:09:57,040 --> 00:10:01,440 Speaker 2: women's access to social and educational opportunity. She had a 158 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 2: column called par la mucher quelas, or for the woman 159 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,600 Speaker 2: who reads, and she liked to say quote, educate a 160 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:12,320 Speaker 2: woman and you educate her family. She also wrote about 161 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:15,199 Speaker 2: the suffrage movement in Texas and the need for women 162 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:18,240 Speaker 2: to have the right to vote. Just as a note, 163 00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:20,440 Speaker 2: women in Texas were given the right to vote in 164 00:10:20,559 --> 00:10:24,160 Speaker 2: primaries in nineteen eighteen and then in other elections when 165 00:10:24,200 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 2: Texas ratified the nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in nineteen nineteen, 166 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:32,920 Speaker 2: but non white people still faced discriminatory laws and practices 167 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:36,280 Speaker 2: that often prevented them from being able to exercise their 168 00:10:36,360 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 2: right to vote. 169 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:41,200 Speaker 1: In addition to her work at Lachronica, in nineteen ten, 170 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:44,280 Speaker 1: jove te Adar applied and was approved to be a 171 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:48,560 Speaker 1: census taker. In nineteen eleven, she also started publishing a 172 00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,320 Speaker 1: four page bilingual newspaper with two pages in English and 173 00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 1: two in Spanish. This was by and for the school 174 00:10:55,720 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: children of Laredo, with students and teachers both writing and 175 00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:02,720 Speaker 1: editing the paper. I find that whole project Very Charming 176 00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:06,920 Speaker 1: Me Too. In nineteen eleven, Edar and her family were 177 00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:09,760 Speaker 1: also involved in a civil rights conference that was held 178 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:12,559 Speaker 1: in Laredo, and we will get to that after a 179 00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 1: sponsor break. 180 00:11:22,840 --> 00:11:26,040 Speaker 2: One of the subjects that the newspaper Lactronica covered in 181 00:11:26,040 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 2: the early twentieth century was the lynching of Mexicans and 182 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 2: Mexican Americans in South Texas. Exact numbers are hard to 183 00:11:34,440 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 2: quantify because official records didn't consistently reflect whether a person 184 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:45,679 Speaker 2: had Mexican ancestry. Sometimes Mexican Americans were described as Mexican 185 00:11:45,960 --> 00:11:49,480 Speaker 2: and sometimes as white, and often that was based more 186 00:11:49,559 --> 00:11:53,240 Speaker 2: on what suited Anglo authorities than how a person framed 187 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:57,240 Speaker 2: their own identity. We have talked about this before in 188 00:11:57,320 --> 00:12:00,640 Speaker 2: our episode on Hernandez versus Texas, which we ran as 189 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:04,640 Speaker 2: a Saturday Classic in October of twenty twenty one. Hernandez 190 00:12:04,720 --> 00:12:08,200 Speaker 2: versus Texas was a nineteen fifty four Supreme Court case 191 00:12:08,320 --> 00:12:11,920 Speaker 2: in which the court unanimously ruled that Pedro Hernandez, who 192 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,200 Speaker 2: was known as Pete, had been denied a jury of 193 00:12:15,240 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 2: his peers in his murder trial. That trial was held 194 00:12:19,040 --> 00:12:23,200 Speaker 2: before an all white jury with nobody of Mexican ancestry, 195 00:12:23,679 --> 00:12:27,400 Speaker 2: and while Mexican Americans were officially defined as white, they 196 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:31,640 Speaker 2: were being treated as a class apart. Even with that caveat, 197 00:12:31,679 --> 00:12:36,319 Speaker 2: though factoring in their relative population sizes, Mexicans seemed to 198 00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 2: effaced the threat of lynching at a similar rate to 199 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:43,359 Speaker 2: Black Americans in other parts of the US. In another similarity, 200 00:12:43,440 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 2: the rate of lynching often rose and fell alongside other social, political, 201 00:12:48,240 --> 00:12:52,600 Speaker 2: and economic issues. For example, we've discussed the Red Summer 202 00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:56,280 Speaker 2: of nineteen nineteen, in which white mobs responded to black 203 00:12:56,320 --> 00:12:59,800 Speaker 2: soldiers returning from World War One and the Great Migration 204 00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:02,600 Speaker 2: of Black Americans out of the South with a wave 205 00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:08,439 Speaker 2: of violence that included riots, massacres, and lynchings. Similarly, lynchings 206 00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:12,480 Speaker 2: of Mexicans increased during the Mexican Revolution as it stoked 207 00:13:12,520 --> 00:13:15,959 Speaker 2: Anglo community's fears around what was happening along the border. 208 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,199 Speaker 2: White authorities often showed a lack of concern over these 209 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:25,719 Speaker 2: extra judicial murders for both Mexican and black victims. Sometimes 210 00:13:25,760 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 2: authorities actively covered these killings up or were directly involved. 211 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:34,920 Speaker 2: Two particular lynchings had a profound impact on the Adar 212 00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:40,240 Speaker 2: family and their community during this period. Antonio Rodriguez, aged twenty, 213 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:44,280 Speaker 2: was accused of killing a white woman in Rock Springs, Texas, 214 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:48,920 Speaker 2: northwest of San Antonio, in nineteen ten. On November three 215 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,000 Speaker 2: of that year, an Anglo mob broke into the jail 216 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:55,680 Speaker 2: where he was being held, abducted him, tied him to 217 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:59,360 Speaker 2: a mesquite tree, and burned him to death. San Antonio 218 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:03,079 Speaker 2: newspapers described the town as basically returning to business as 219 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:07,520 Speaker 2: usual after Rodriguez was murdered, and no one was arrested 220 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:11,880 Speaker 2: or tried for that crime. Since Rodriguez didn't face trial, 221 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 2: there was also no further investigation into the original murder. 222 00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,920 Speaker 2: This was just days before the start of the Mexican Revolution, 223 00:14:20,240 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 2: as tensions were rising in Mexico. We'll have more detail 224 00:14:23,480 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 2: on that later. Rodriguez was a Mexican national, and the 225 00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:31,440 Speaker 2: lack of response from American authorities led to outrage across Mexico, 226 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:35,920 Speaker 2: which fed into the ongoing issues there. There were riots 227 00:14:35,920 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 2: in Mexico City and proposed boycotts of American imports. This 228 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:43,880 Speaker 2: became further complicated when rumors surfaced that Rodriguez had been 229 00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:47,200 Speaker 2: born in the state of New Mexico, not in Mexico. 230 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,160 Speaker 2: Throughout all of this, a lot of American authorities framed 231 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:55,560 Speaker 2: the Mexican response to this injustice as barbaric. Then, on 232 00:14:55,680 --> 00:14:59,920 Speaker 2: June nineteenth, nineteen eleven, fourteen year old Antonio Gomez was 233 00:15:00,160 --> 00:15:04,040 Speaker 2: arrested for murder in Thorndale, Texas, which is outside of Austin. 234 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 2: Antonio had been whittling a shingle while walking down the 235 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:11,600 Speaker 2: street and bits of wood were dropping onto the ground. 236 00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 2: The owner of a saloon scolded him for littering, and 237 00:15:15,760 --> 00:15:19,600 Speaker 2: a man named Charles Zischung grabbed the shingle out of 238 00:15:19,640 --> 00:15:23,200 Speaker 2: Antonio's hand and swore at him. This led to a 239 00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:27,480 Speaker 2: physical fight in which Antonio stabbed Xishung in the chest. 240 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 2: This was a small knife and Xishung didn't immediately realize 241 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:36,520 Speaker 2: that he had been stabbed, but Antonio had hit a 242 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:39,640 Speaker 2: major of blood vessel and Xishang bled to death. 243 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:44,040 Speaker 1: Constable Robert L. McCoy seemed to recognize that Antonio was 244 00:15:44,080 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: in danger of being lynched and planned to take him 245 00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:50,120 Speaker 1: to another town until he could face trial. But less 246 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 1: than three hours after Zishuk's murder, a mob intercepted them, 247 00:15:54,480 --> 00:15:57,440 Speaker 1: dragged Antonio's through tone by a chain around his neck, 248 00:15:57,880 --> 00:16:01,560 Speaker 1: beat him, and hanged him although a court of inquiry 249 00:16:01,680 --> 00:16:04,960 Speaker 1: was condemed, only four men were indicted, although it's certainly 250 00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: likely that more were involved. Charges against one of them 251 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 1: were dropped and the other three men were acquitted. Their 252 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:15,120 Speaker 1: reporting on this is all over the place, depending on 253 00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:18,680 Speaker 1: which newspaper you're looking at, so like there are Spanish 254 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: language newspapers that described this mob as one hundred people, 255 00:16:22,640 --> 00:16:26,280 Speaker 1: and then there are English language newspapers that say much 256 00:16:26,320 --> 00:16:30,080 Speaker 1: smaller numbers. It was almost certainly a lot more than four. 257 00:16:30,320 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: Though these were not the only lynchings that were carried 258 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:37,080 Speaker 1: out in South Texas during these years, but these two 259 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: were a big motivating force for Mexican communities and organizers. 260 00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:45,520 Speaker 1: In response, people in San Antonio created a federation of 261 00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:50,560 Speaker 1: mutual aid societies called Agripascio and Protectora Mexicana to offer 262 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: basic social services to the community and to try to 263 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 1: protect people from lynching and other violence. And through the 264 00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:02,320 Speaker 1: pages of Lacronica, our family called on Mexican leaders to 265 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:06,680 Speaker 1: attend a conference to discuss and organize around these issues. 266 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:11,520 Speaker 1: This conference, called El premier Congresso Mexicanista, or the First 267 00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:15,399 Speaker 1: Mexicanist Congress, was held in Laredo from September fourteenth to 268 00:17:15,480 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: twenty second, nineteen eleven. It was described as poor larasa 269 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:23,679 Speaker 1: i para larazza, or for the people and by the people. 270 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,879 Speaker 1: The term LaRaza is still used sometimes today, but with 271 00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:31,440 Speaker 1: somewhat different connotations depending on where a person is from, 272 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:35,480 Speaker 1: but the term Mexicanist isn't really used in this way anymore. 273 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: At the time, though, both terms were used to describe 274 00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: Mexicans and people with Mexican ancestry as one group with 275 00:17:43,119 --> 00:17:47,240 Speaker 1: a similar racial or ethnic identity, often regardless of whether 276 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,040 Speaker 1: they were born in or living in Mexico or the 277 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:54,399 Speaker 1: United States. So this conference was underpinned by a sense 278 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:57,560 Speaker 1: of Mexican identity, and it was something of a precursor 279 00:17:57,880 --> 00:18:00,480 Speaker 1: to the Chicano movement that would evolve decade later. 280 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:05,960 Speaker 2: Yeah sometimes people also translate larraza as the race, which 281 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:10,479 Speaker 2: has like a similar connotation to the people, but like 282 00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:15,240 Speaker 2: slightly different. This conference was one of the first known 283 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,960 Speaker 2: gatherings in the United States that was held specifically to 284 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:24,200 Speaker 2: focus on civil rights for these communities. Attendees included members 285 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 2: of various fraternal organizations, including Freemasons, and members of churches 286 00:18:29,080 --> 00:18:33,359 Speaker 2: and community service organizations. This included people from both South 287 00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:38,520 Speaker 2: Texas and Northern Mexico. Topics under discussion included the need 288 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 2: for Spanish to be taught and spoken in schools, equal 289 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:46,680 Speaker 2: rights for women, and land rights and protections. There was 290 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:51,800 Speaker 2: an ongoing pattern of Mexican and Mexican American landowners losing 291 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:55,600 Speaker 2: their land to Anglos through both legal and illegal or 292 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,480 Speaker 2: deceptive means. As a note, a lot of Mexicans have 293 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:03,440 Speaker 2: indoous ancestry, but of course this was also following and 294 00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:09,160 Speaker 2: connected to other indigenous communities similarly losing their land to Europeans. 295 00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,159 Speaker 2: Another big focus at this conference was on labor rights 296 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:17,760 Speaker 2: and worker organization, as Mexican workers often faced low pay, 297 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:21,800 Speaker 2: poor working conditions, and other exploitation, and. 298 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:24,919 Speaker 1: There were also discussions of how to obtain equal civil 299 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:29,119 Speaker 1: and legal rights from Mexicans and Mexican Americans. This was 300 00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:32,040 Speaker 1: something that was already supposed to exist under the Treaty 301 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:35,640 Speaker 1: of Guadalupe Hidalgo of eighteen forty eight, which had ended 302 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:39,399 Speaker 1: the Mexican American War and led to former Mexican territory 303 00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:44,040 Speaker 1: becoming part of the United States, including Mexico relinquishing all 304 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:48,240 Speaker 1: claims on Texas. Yeah under that treaty, Mexicans who remained 305 00:19:48,280 --> 00:19:50,760 Speaker 1: in the US and became US citizens were supposed to 306 00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: have all the same access to the rights and privileges 307 00:19:54,080 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: of citizenship as white people were. Hovita Edar was elected 308 00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:03,879 Speaker 1: pre president of the Women's Division of the First Mexicanist Congress, 309 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:08,600 Speaker 1: and a new organization, La Liga Feminil Mechganista, was announced 310 00:20:08,640 --> 00:20:13,200 Speaker 1: on October fifteenth, with Hovita Dar also selected as its president. 311 00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: La Liga Feumanil Mehganista was both a political and a 312 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:22,680 Speaker 1: charitable organization. They established free schools for Mexican children, as 313 00:20:22,720 --> 00:20:26,520 Speaker 1: well as doing other community work. Although the creation of 314 00:20:26,560 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: this organization was announced on October fifteenth, Hovita's brother Ike 315 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: said that it had been her idea from before the 316 00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:39,399 Speaker 1: First Mexicanist Congress took place. Another organization created through the 317 00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:43,680 Speaker 1: Congress was La grand Liga Mexicanista de Beneficia e Portession, 318 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:48,600 Speaker 1: which was open to everyone, regardless of their citizenship or gender. 319 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: While these organizations don't seem to have lasted beyond the 320 00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:56,480 Speaker 1: nineteen teens, they are seen as precursors to the League 321 00:20:56,520 --> 00:21:01,120 Speaker 1: of United Latin American Citizens or LULAC. LULAC was founded 322 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:04,439 Speaker 1: in nineteen twenty nine and still exists today and is 323 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:08,639 Speaker 1: recognized as the first organization dedicated to civil rights for 324 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:13,040 Speaker 1: Hispanic and Latin Americans in the United States. Hovi To's brother, 325 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:15,480 Speaker 1: Eduardo was one of the founders of lou LAC. 326 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's come up in some of our other episodes 327 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 2: that have been related to civil rights for Mexican Americans. 328 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,159 Speaker 2: Some of the most dramatic events in Hovey to Edar's 329 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,040 Speaker 2: life happened a couple of years after this conference, and 330 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 2: we will get to that after another sponsor break. The 331 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,439 Speaker 2: final act of this episode today is going to involve 332 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:48,160 Speaker 2: a lot about the Mexican Revolution. So here's an overview 333 00:21:48,320 --> 00:21:51,600 Speaker 2: of the Mexican Revolution that's just as concise as I 334 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:56,159 Speaker 2: could manage. Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from eighteen 335 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,159 Speaker 2: seventy seven to eighteen eighty and then again from eighteen 336 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:03,120 Speaker 2: eighty four to nineteen eleven, and in the interim the 337 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:07,200 Speaker 2: president was somebody that Diaz had personally selected to run. 338 00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 2: Diaz essentially governed Mexico as a dictator, consolidating his power 339 00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:17,920 Speaker 2: and undermining the autonomy of local and regional governments. Overall, 340 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 2: his policies were seen as benefiting industrialists and wealthy landowners, 341 00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:25,280 Speaker 2: not the common people who made up the vast majority 342 00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 2: of the population. That is a very sketchy overview. Over time, 343 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:34,120 Speaker 2: Mexico also started to face a number of economic issues, 344 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 2: including declining wages and ongoing labor disputes, and there were 345 00:22:38,520 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 2: increasing calls for Diaz to be replaced. Diaz announced his 346 00:22:43,240 --> 00:22:47,280 Speaker 2: retirement in nineteen oh eight, but didn't actually retire and 347 00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 2: instead ran for reelection against Francisco Madero, but this was 348 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,920 Speaker 2: not a fair election. Diaz had Madero imprisoned and declared 349 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,800 Speaker 2: himself the winner. This led to a revolt and Diaz 350 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:03,200 Speaker 2: was forced to leave office in nineteen eleven. But once 351 00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,560 Speaker 2: Madero was in office, Diaz's nephew and others conspired against him, 352 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:11,400 Speaker 2: launching a coup de ta and replacing him with Victoriano Huerta. 353 00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,920 Speaker 2: In February of nineteen thirteen, Madero and his vice president 354 00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:20,120 Speaker 2: were both arrested and shot. This period became known as 355 00:23:20,160 --> 00:23:23,760 Speaker 2: the Ten Tragic Days, and initially the war that followed 356 00:23:24,119 --> 00:23:27,760 Speaker 2: was between the constitutionalists who opposed Huerta and wanted to 357 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 2: restore Mexico's constitutional government, and the Mexican Federal Army. During 358 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 2: the Mexican Revolution, there was often fighting directly across the 359 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,320 Speaker 2: border from the United States. That's something we just talked 360 00:23:41,359 --> 00:23:44,560 Speaker 2: more about in July and our Saturday Classic on the 361 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 2: Battle of Ambos Noogalles. This was also the case in Laredo, 362 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:51,440 Speaker 2: which is right across the Rio Grande from the Mexican 363 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:56,800 Speaker 2: city of Nuevo Laredo. General Jesus Carranza of the Constitutional 364 00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:01,880 Speaker 2: Army attacked the garrison at Nuevo Laredo on March seventeenth, 365 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:06,960 Speaker 2: nineteen thirteen. Leonor vie Gas de Magnol was a friend 366 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 2: of Jovita Ador, who had been born to a wealthy 367 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:13,879 Speaker 2: family in Nuevo Laredo in eighteen seventy six. She had 368 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:17,280 Speaker 2: been educated in the US and had married an American citizen, 369 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:19,359 Speaker 2: and they had been living in the US at some 370 00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:23,240 Speaker 2: points and in Mexico at others. The border between the 371 00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,760 Speaker 2: two nations was almost entirely open, and it wasn't unusual 372 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:30,040 Speaker 2: for people to travel or move between them. She was 373 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 2: in Laredo during this attack, and after she heard about it, 374 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 2: she wasn't able to reach her family or friends back 375 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:40,000 Speaker 2: in Nuevo Laredo. So, as she described in her memoir, 376 00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:43,840 Speaker 2: which is titled la Rebelde, or the Rebel. She flagged 377 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:46,920 Speaker 2: down a car driven by a chauffeur. She had him 378 00:24:46,960 --> 00:24:49,359 Speaker 2: take her to a pharmacy, where the pharmacist gave her 379 00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:52,920 Speaker 2: a basket of first aid supplies. I got the impression 380 00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:56,040 Speaker 2: that this pharmacist was somebody that she knew. She drew 381 00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:58,280 Speaker 2: a red cross on a piece of paper to put 382 00:24:58,280 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 2: in the car's window, and she recr did some of 383 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:04,040 Speaker 2: her friends, including jove To Dar and her sister Elvira, 384 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:06,600 Speaker 2: and they all went with her. And then they all 385 00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,720 Speaker 2: in this car headed toward the border. When they got 386 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 2: to the bridge that crossed the Rio Grande, the driver 387 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:16,119 Speaker 2: refused to go on, understandably fearful of driving into an 388 00:25:16,160 --> 00:25:19,520 Speaker 2: active war zone. Leonor, in the back seat, took a 389 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,120 Speaker 2: bottle of whiskey from the basket of first aid supplies, 390 00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:24,560 Speaker 2: held the neck of it to the back of the 391 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:28,920 Speaker 2: driver's neck, and told him to drive. He, not knowing 392 00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:30,920 Speaker 2: that this was just a whiskey bottle and not a. 393 00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:34,480 Speaker 1: Gun, drove on. Leonor held a white cloth out the 394 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:36,880 Speaker 1: window as they approached the other side of the bridge, 395 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:39,200 Speaker 1: and the women were allowed to enter Mexico. 396 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:43,720 Speaker 2: This was the beginning of Lacruz Blanca, or the White Cross. 397 00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:48,680 Speaker 2: This was a different organization from the similarly named Lacruz 398 00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:53,199 Speaker 2: Blanca Utral, which was established by Elena Aresmindi Mehia in 399 00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:56,720 Speaker 2: nineteen eleven because the Mexican Red Cross was refusing to 400 00:25:56,760 --> 00:26:02,160 Speaker 2: treat the insurgents. Members of Leannor's organization La Cruz Blanca 401 00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,920 Speaker 2: included the Adar sisters and their brother Clemente, who worked 402 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:09,080 Speaker 2: as a journalist. He basically documented the work that the 403 00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 2: organization was doing. They provided aid in Mexico and also 404 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,960 Speaker 2: smuggled revolutionaries into Texas to be cared for at an 405 00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:23,240 Speaker 2: improvised hospital that Leonor established in her home. At one point, 406 00:26:23,359 --> 00:26:26,439 Speaker 2: national guardsmen tried to shut this hospital down, and at 407 00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:30,400 Speaker 2: another Army officials came to try to arrest Mexican soldiers 408 00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:33,680 Speaker 2: who were being treated there. Leonor refused to let them 409 00:26:33,720 --> 00:26:36,960 Speaker 2: in and then arranged for visitors to bring these men 410 00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:40,840 Speaker 2: clean civilian clothes so that they could sneak out later 411 00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:42,439 Speaker 2: without attracting suspicion. 412 00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:45,600 Speaker 1: The next moment in Nidar's life that has gotten a 413 00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,320 Speaker 1: lot of attention is one that's a little unclear in 414 00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:53,399 Speaker 1: terms of some of the details and the Timeline. Hovita's father, Nicasio, 415 00:26:53,560 --> 00:26:57,080 Speaker 1: died of some kind of intestinal disorder in nineteen fourteen. 416 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,480 Speaker 1: His newspaper Lacronica, shut down, and Jovita went to work 417 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,240 Speaker 1: at a newspaper called El Progresso. By that point, the 418 00:27:05,280 --> 00:27:09,520 Speaker 1: Mexican Revolution had also gone through a shift. Victoriano Huerta 419 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:11,960 Speaker 1: had been forced to step down and he had gone 420 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,520 Speaker 1: into exile, but the fighting had continued and now was 421 00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:17,640 Speaker 1: going on among multiple factions. 422 00:27:18,359 --> 00:27:21,760 Speaker 2: President Woodrow Wilson dispatched US troops to the border in 423 00:27:21,880 --> 00:27:26,360 Speaker 2: nineteen fourteen. In one version of this story, Jovita Dar 424 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,199 Speaker 2: wrote an editorial that was strongly critical of this. In 425 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:33,879 Speaker 2: another version, the editorial had been written by Manuel Garcia Vihiel, 426 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:36,879 Speaker 2: who was a Mexican national who wrote for the newspaper. 427 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:42,520 Speaker 2: Either way, it's possible there were two different editorials. It 428 00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:46,040 Speaker 2: offended members of the Texas Rangers and the US military. 429 00:27:46,800 --> 00:27:49,639 Speaker 2: Rangers then came to the offices of El Progresso to 430 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:54,280 Speaker 2: demand that the newspaper be shut down. Jovita Adar physically 431 00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:57,239 Speaker 2: blocked them from entering, telling them that what they were 432 00:27:57,280 --> 00:27:59,840 Speaker 2: doing was unlawful and was a violation of the First 433 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,920 Speaker 2: Amendment to the US Constitution. In one account, she said, quote, 434 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,640 Speaker 2: when a woman stands at the door, you cannot enter. 435 00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:10,320 Speaker 2: The Texas Rangers left, but they returned the next day 436 00:28:10,359 --> 00:28:13,320 Speaker 2: when she was not there, and destroyed the newspaper's press. 437 00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:17,800 Speaker 2: There was another incident at the paper, possibly connected to 438 00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:19,320 Speaker 2: this story, but possibly not. 439 00:28:19,880 --> 00:28:24,640 Speaker 1: In nineteen sixteen. The paper's managing editor, Leo D. Walker, 440 00:28:24,760 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 1: had also written and published material that was critical of 441 00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,760 Speaker 1: the US and its military policy and of Venustiano Caranza. 442 00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: Carranza had been a leader in the Constitutionalist Army before 443 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:38,120 Speaker 1: it had splintered into factions, and he was on the 444 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:41,680 Speaker 1: paths of becoming Mexico's first president under a new constitution. 445 00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:45,960 Speaker 1: The Texas Rangers had arrested Walker on a libel charge, 446 00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:48,760 Speaker 1: and after he was released on bond, a mob of 447 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:51,400 Speaker 1: men kidnapped him and forced him to cross the Rio 448 00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:55,360 Speaker 1: Grande into Mexico at gunpoint. Then they went to the 449 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,480 Speaker 1: newspaper offices to shut it down. In some versions of 450 00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,960 Speaker 1: the story, this is when Jovita faced down the Texas Rangers, 451 00:29:03,520 --> 00:29:06,880 Speaker 1: but reporting in English language newspapers which did not name 452 00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:10,280 Speaker 1: anyone specifically, said two women had been working at the 453 00:29:10,320 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: newspaper offices and that those women left when they were 454 00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:13,760 Speaker 1: asked to. 455 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,760 Speaker 2: There are various reasons for the vagueness that's around this story. 456 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:23,240 Speaker 2: One is that there aren't any surviving copies of some 457 00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:26,680 Speaker 2: of the Spanish language newspapers that might have contained more 458 00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:32,240 Speaker 2: detail from the perspective of Laredo's Mexican American community. There 459 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:36,560 Speaker 2: are some, but really not a lot. Coverage in English 460 00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:40,200 Speaker 2: language newspapers, on the other hand, is very spotty, and 461 00:29:40,520 --> 00:29:43,880 Speaker 2: this coverage generally frames the Texas Rangers as the heroes 462 00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:47,480 Speaker 2: of this whole story and the journalists's unruly miscreants or 463 00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:51,560 Speaker 2: even traders. Another issue is that a major source on 464 00:29:51,640 --> 00:29:54,920 Speaker 2: this is the oral history testimony given by Ike dar 465 00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:58,600 Speaker 2: in nineteen eighty four. At that point, he was eighty 466 00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:01,040 Speaker 2: and he was recounting events that had happened when he 467 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:01,720 Speaker 2: was ten. 468 00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:05,240 Speaker 1: Or twelve years old. At various points in the interview, 469 00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:09,440 Speaker 1: including in relating this story, he jumps around in the timeline, 470 00:30:09,720 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: or he switches topics or asks for clarification about things 471 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,480 Speaker 1: like the names of people that he knew long ago. 472 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:19,320 Speaker 1: At the same time, the questions being asked in the 473 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:22,280 Speaker 1: interview make it clear that Hoveta's facing down the Texas 474 00:30:22,360 --> 00:30:26,200 Speaker 1: Rangers was already well known in the family and the community, 475 00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: and not something that had first come to light in 476 00:30:28,960 --> 00:30:29,680 Speaker 1: this interview. 477 00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:35,120 Speaker 2: Yes, this oral history does kind of wander, not in 478 00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:39,000 Speaker 2: a way that seems alarming to me, just in the 479 00:30:39,040 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 2: way that seems very natural when somebody is trying to 480 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,520 Speaker 2: talk about things that happened decades ago, often when they 481 00:30:45,520 --> 00:30:49,520 Speaker 2: were a child. So while there are some question marks 482 00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 2: around the exact details of this, the idea of Hovita 483 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,400 Speaker 2: Adar having a standoff with the Texas Rangers is, in 484 00:30:56,440 --> 00:31:00,360 Speaker 2: my opinion, absolutely believable. We've already talked about her crossing 485 00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:02,760 Speaker 2: the border into an active war zone in the company 486 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:04,760 Speaker 2: of somebody who was pretending to hold a gun on 487 00:31:04,800 --> 00:31:08,640 Speaker 2: the driver. Aside from that, though, the Texas Rangers had 488 00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:12,520 Speaker 2: a long established and well documented history of violence and 489 00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 2: harassment against non white people and their communities. This included 490 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:21,720 Speaker 2: killing at least five thousand Hispanics between nineteen fourteen and 491 00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,880 Speaker 2: nineteen nineteen. One of these incidents was the Porvenir massacre 492 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:30,040 Speaker 2: on January twenty eighth, nineteen eighteen, when Texas Rangers shot 493 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,880 Speaker 2: and killed fifteen people at a ranch that belonged to 494 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:37,440 Speaker 2: Manuel Morales. These killings and other reports of abuses led 495 00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:39,560 Speaker 2: to the joint Committee of the Senate and the House 496 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:43,560 Speaker 2: in the investigation of the Texas State Ranger Force, also 497 00:31:43,600 --> 00:31:48,240 Speaker 2: called the Canales Investigation, in nineteen nineteen. This was named 498 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,640 Speaker 2: for J. T. Canaliz, the only Mexican Americans serving in 499 00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:55,000 Speaker 2: the Texas legislature at the time who had been critical 500 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:58,760 Speaker 2: of the Texas Rangers conduct and had introduced legislation related 501 00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:02,880 Speaker 2: to it. The committee that investigated these allegations of misconduct 502 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:07,520 Speaker 2: found evidence of quote gross violations of civil and criminal statutes, 503 00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:11,800 Speaker 2: but did not implicate specific rangers or recommend that the 504 00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:16,400 Speaker 2: force be disbanded. This stand off against members of the 505 00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,480 Speaker 2: Texas Rangers is one of the things that Hovita Edar 506 00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 2: is probably the most known for today. It's mentioned in 507 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:26,800 Speaker 2: most biographical sketches of her, and it's what is depicted 508 00:32:26,880 --> 00:32:31,000 Speaker 2: in the twenty twenty Google doodle honoring her. But of 509 00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:35,160 Speaker 2: course her life continued after these events. In nineteen sixteen, 510 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:39,080 Speaker 2: she founded her own newspaper, of Lucien. A year later, 511 00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:43,800 Speaker 2: she married plumber and tensmith Bartolo Warez. Their wedding was 512 00:32:43,840 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 2: described as a quiet one, with only immediate family members there. 513 00:32:48,080 --> 00:32:51,040 Speaker 2: They didn't have children together, but Hovita was a big 514 00:32:51,120 --> 00:32:55,080 Speaker 2: part of raising her sister Elvira's children after Elvira's death 515 00:32:55,160 --> 00:32:56,440 Speaker 2: in nineteen twenty five. 516 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:01,040 Speaker 1: By that point, the Mexican Revolution had ended. A new 517 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:04,640 Speaker 1: constitution was passed in nineteen seventeen, although there was one 518 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:08,720 Speaker 1: more coup in nineteen twenty. Jovita and Bartolo had also 519 00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:12,480 Speaker 1: moved to San Antonio. In San Antonio, Adar founded a 520 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: democratic club and established a free kindergarten. She also served 521 00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:20,840 Speaker 1: as conference officer for the Women's Society of Christian Service 522 00:33:20,920 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: at La Trinidad Methodist Church, and she worked on a 523 00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:26,960 Speaker 1: Methodist publication called El Haraldo Cristiano. 524 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:31,640 Speaker 2: In the nineteen twenties, the US border with Mexico became 525 00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:37,120 Speaker 2: progressively less open. As we've talked about, people had basically 526 00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,520 Speaker 2: been able to cross back and forth without really worrying 527 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:44,080 Speaker 2: about it for a long time. The US Border Patrol 528 00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:47,720 Speaker 2: was established in nineteen twenty four, and while Mexicans were 529 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:51,120 Speaker 2: initially exempt from the quotas that were becoming part of 530 00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:55,480 Speaker 2: immigration law for immigrants from other countries, they were charged 531 00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:59,280 Speaker 2: a head tax and visa fees. In nineteen twenty nine, 532 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:02,920 Speaker 2: the US all So started requiring visas for Mexicans to 533 00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:06,040 Speaker 2: enter the United States, which had not been the case before. 534 00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:10,359 Speaker 2: During these years, Edar worked with Mexican immigrants to help 535 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:15,279 Speaker 2: them obtain the necessary documentation, including naturalization papers for people 536 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:17,239 Speaker 2: who wanted to become US citizens. 537 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:24,080 Speaker 1: Jovita Adar eventually developed diabetes, and she contracted tuberculosis, possibly 538 00:34:24,160 --> 00:34:27,360 Speaker 1: through her work as a medical interpreter for hospital patients. 539 00:34:28,120 --> 00:34:31,720 Speaker 1: She died in San Antonio, Texas, on June fifteenth, nineteen 540 00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:35,360 Speaker 1: forty six, at the age of sixty. In addition to 541 00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:38,239 Speaker 1: being honored with a Google Doodle and covered in the 542 00:34:38,280 --> 00:34:43,000 Speaker 1: New York Times Overlooked series, Laredo's Jovita Edar's El Progresso 543 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:46,840 Speaker 1: Park was renamed for her in twenty twenty. She was 544 00:34:46,920 --> 00:34:50,920 Speaker 1: also included in the American Women Quarters series in twenty 545 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:54,680 Speaker 1: twenty three. Other Quarters in this series have included the 546 00:34:54,719 --> 00:34:58,760 Speaker 1: subjects of several prior episodes of our show, including Nina Otero, 547 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:03,640 Speaker 1: Warren Besie Coleman, Maria Talchief, and doctor Mary Edwards Walker. 548 00:35:04,520 --> 00:35:07,480 Speaker 1: Quarters that are forthcoming in twenty twenty five include other 549 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:10,520 Speaker 1: people we've talked about, including I B. Wells and Juliette 550 00:35:10,520 --> 00:35:11,240 Speaker 1: Gordon Lowe. 551 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:15,440 Speaker 2: The Jovita Adar quarter features a depiction of her with 552 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:18,279 Speaker 2: her blouse made of words. Some of them are the 553 00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,960 Speaker 2: language that's usually on a US quarter, like United States 554 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,160 Speaker 2: of America and e pluribus unham, but there are also 555 00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:29,160 Speaker 2: words making up her blouse that include things like astrea, nurse, 556 00:35:29,320 --> 00:35:33,680 Speaker 2: la cruz blanca, la liga, fumani, mehig nisida, and Mexican 557 00:35:33,719 --> 00:35:37,880 Speaker 2: American rights. That is hopey to dar. I think I 558 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,600 Speaker 2: actually stumbled across her name for the first time looking 559 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:44,640 Speaker 2: at that list of women quarters, because it came up 560 00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:47,880 Speaker 2: and for some reason, relatively recently. Do you have a 561 00:35:47,880 --> 00:35:50,759 Speaker 2: listener mail? I do have listener mail. We've gotten a 562 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:54,319 Speaker 2: number of great emails from people about Mammoth Cave and 563 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:56,759 Speaker 2: the Kentucky Cave Wars, so we're going to read one 564 00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 2: of those today that is from Kim. Kim wrote, Hello 565 00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:02,560 Speaker 2: and Tracy, I just finished your episode on the Kentucky 566 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 2: Cave Wards and was so excited to share some of 567 00:36:05,080 --> 00:36:08,359 Speaker 2: my personal experiences of Mammoth Cave with you. I grew 568 00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:11,200 Speaker 2: up in Barren County, Kentucky, which is right next door 569 00:36:11,239 --> 00:36:13,920 Speaker 2: to Mammoth Cave. Because of that, it was a yearly 570 00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,640 Speaker 2: occurrence to take a school field trip to the cave. 571 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:19,600 Speaker 2: I'm pretty sure we went every year from first grade 572 00:36:19,640 --> 00:36:22,880 Speaker 2: up through senior year. We also took countless trips there 573 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,080 Speaker 2: as a family, both to visit the cave and to 574 00:36:25,160 --> 00:36:28,279 Speaker 2: hike in the surrounding park, which is beautiful. Every time 575 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:30,719 Speaker 2: we had family or friends visit, we would go to 576 00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:33,040 Speaker 2: the park, tour the cave, and picnic in one of 577 00:36:33,080 --> 00:36:36,279 Speaker 2: the picnic areas. To this day, I know most of 578 00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:39,400 Speaker 2: the older cave tours by heart, especially the historic and 579 00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:42,279 Speaker 2: Frisen Niagara tours, and I can recite all the fun 580 00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:45,520 Speaker 2: facts told by the guides right along with them, and 581 00:36:45,560 --> 00:36:47,919 Speaker 2: pretty much every tour there's a time where they turn 582 00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:50,680 Speaker 2: off the lights and you can experience the pure, total 583 00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:54,759 Speaker 2: darkness That really is something completely strange. You can sit 584 00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:56,840 Speaker 2: there for hours and never see anything because of the 585 00:36:56,880 --> 00:36:59,680 Speaker 2: total lack of light. It is both beautiful and terrifying. 586 00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:02,839 Speaker 2: It is true that there are still many signs on 587 00:37:02,880 --> 00:37:05,520 Speaker 2: your way to the park that try to mislead, slash 588 00:37:05,560 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 2: waylay unknowing tourists into taking the quote shortest route to 589 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:12,000 Speaker 2: Mammoth Cave, which is not at all the shortest route, 590 00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:15,360 Speaker 2: so that you drive by their cave slash rock shop 591 00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:19,000 Speaker 2: slash gift shop. Locals know to avoid these routs, but 592 00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:21,279 Speaker 2: love to laugh at the unwitting out of town folks 593 00:37:21,320 --> 00:37:24,359 Speaker 2: who do not. And all of the non Mammoth show 594 00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:27,400 Speaker 2: caves will claim to be the most beautiful, most wonderful, 595 00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:30,799 Speaker 2: or world's best. Many of them are nice to visit 596 00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:33,719 Speaker 2: as well, but nothing beats the original Mammoth Cave in 597 00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:38,120 Speaker 2: terms of diversity of formations and history. The TB Hospital 598 00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:40,400 Speaker 2: was always a favorite area of the cave, as it 599 00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:42,759 Speaker 2: is the location where they still I think called shirt 600 00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 2: services a few times a year, with a naturally elevated 601 00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:49,680 Speaker 2: place for the pulpit and great acoustics. As a child, 602 00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:52,520 Speaker 2: my neighbor and elementary school principal was one of the 603 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:54,520 Speaker 2: most senior cave guides. 604 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:54,800 Speaker 1: In the park. 605 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:57,120 Speaker 2: He worked on summers and school breaks and it was 606 00:37:57,160 --> 00:37:59,839 Speaker 2: always fun to see your principal lead your cave tour. 607 00:38:00,600 --> 00:38:03,160 Speaker 2: He was one of only two people to know the 608 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 2: final resting place of one of the indigenous mummies that 609 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:08,760 Speaker 2: was found in the early days of the cave, displayed 610 00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:11,520 Speaker 2: in the visitor center for years, and then finally returned 611 00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:14,000 Speaker 2: to the cave once society realized that was not an 612 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,520 Speaker 2: okay thing to do. Supposedly, he and another guide took 613 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:19,520 Speaker 2: the mummy back into the cave and placed it in 614 00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:22,000 Speaker 2: a hidden location where it would not be disturbed and 615 00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:24,560 Speaker 2: only those who knew where it was. He passed away 616 00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:26,360 Speaker 2: about a decade ago, and I never knew who the 617 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:28,640 Speaker 2: other person was, so I have no idea if anyone 618 00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:31,080 Speaker 2: knows the location of the mummy today, although I imagine 619 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,000 Speaker 2: the National Park would have some sort of records. He 620 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:35,879 Speaker 2: once took me and my college friends on a tour 621 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:37,879 Speaker 2: as his special guests when they came to visit, even 622 00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:40,240 Speaker 2: though all the tickets were sold out. I still remember 623 00:38:40,320 --> 00:38:43,200 Speaker 2: him patting his breast pocket and telling the ticket taker 624 00:38:43,239 --> 00:38:45,239 Speaker 2: at the cave entrance, I've got the tickets for these 625 00:38:45,280 --> 00:38:47,279 Speaker 2: ladies right here in my pocket as we went into 626 00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:49,800 Speaker 2: the cave. This, of course, gave me some great street 627 00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:52,600 Speaker 2: cred with my college friends. You can still take a 628 00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:55,359 Speaker 2: hike up to the entrance of Sand Cave and see 629 00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:57,920 Speaker 2: some memorial plaques and signs that tell the story of 630 00:38:57,960 --> 00:39:00,520 Speaker 2: Floyd Collins. It was one of my favorite heikes to 631 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:02,560 Speaker 2: do as a kid because the sandy mouth of the 632 00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:04,920 Speaker 2: cave was a great place to have a picnic. I 633 00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:07,759 Speaker 2: was also really interested in the story of Floyd and 634 00:39:07,800 --> 00:39:10,279 Speaker 2: the terror of getting stuck in the cave. It was 635 00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:12,480 Speaker 2: and still is hard to reconcile the idea of this 636 00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:16,360 Speaker 2: beautiful location being the site of such an awful thing. Anyway, 637 00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:18,600 Speaker 2: I have so many stories of Mammoth Cave, both the 638 00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:20,640 Speaker 2: cave and the park, but I'll just leave you with 639 00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:24,400 Speaker 2: some pictures of my furry babies. First, my sweet boy 640 00:39:24,440 --> 00:39:26,879 Speaker 2: Malcolm the flame Point. We lost him about a year 641 00:39:26,880 --> 00:39:29,640 Speaker 2: ago to lymphoma, but he was and is my heart kitty, 642 00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:33,720 Speaker 2: but never fear. Last November, we adopted two new fur babies. 643 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,920 Speaker 2: The beautiful Torty and her total torty Tude is Jupiter, 644 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,520 Speaker 2: who had fallen in love with my husband and loves 645 00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:42,200 Speaker 2: to play fetch with her mylar balls, the gray and 646 00:39:42,239 --> 00:39:45,239 Speaker 2: white kitten. And Calypso, who is a total toddler in 647 00:39:45,320 --> 00:39:47,680 Speaker 2: kitten form and is into everything and makes me wonder 648 00:39:47,680 --> 00:39:50,239 Speaker 2: why we keep on bringing these tiny furry terrors into 649 00:39:50,239 --> 00:39:52,520 Speaker 2: our house, Spoiler, because they are cute and sweet too. 650 00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:56,280 Speaker 2: Thank you for the excellent podcast. You keep me company 651 00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:58,360 Speaker 2: at work and on my commute and are one of 652 00:39:58,360 --> 00:40:00,279 Speaker 2: the few podcasts I can listen to with my kids 653 00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:03,000 Speaker 2: in the car. I always learn something new and come 654 00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:05,359 Speaker 2: away with new things to think about. Kim, thank you 655 00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:09,400 Speaker 2: so much for this email. Like I said, we've gotten 656 00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:13,720 Speaker 2: a bunch of emails about Mammoth Cave and other caves 657 00:40:13,719 --> 00:40:15,880 Speaker 2: in the area and they've all been great. We'll probably 658 00:40:15,920 --> 00:40:25,320 Speaker 2: read some others of them. Man, what incredibly cute kitty cat. 659 00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:29,480 Speaker 2: This little tory definitely has the face of like, I 660 00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:33,080 Speaker 2: am inquisitive and smart and you better be careful what 661 00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,480 Speaker 2: you try to keep me from doing, because I'll figure 662 00:40:35,520 --> 00:40:38,480 Speaker 2: it out. And then we have a little kitty with 663 00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:41,520 Speaker 2: a little gray and white face with a white stripe 664 00:40:42,239 --> 00:40:44,600 Speaker 2: down to a pink nose and then kind of making 665 00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:51,600 Speaker 2: like a little a little white mustache, lying with feed up, 666 00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,000 Speaker 2: like on the back with feed up like uh, I 667 00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:57,760 Speaker 2: don't know, I don't even know what it is. Super 668 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:04,919 Speaker 2: cute tummy time. Yeah. Also a cute white kitty only 669 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:08,160 Speaker 2: halfway in the box. The box does not quite fits 670 00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:12,880 Speaker 2: trying to sit anyway, So thank you so much for this. 671 00:41:13,840 --> 00:41:17,800 Speaker 2: I am kind of curious about the story of the Mummy. 672 00:41:18,120 --> 00:41:20,760 Speaker 2: We did talk in the episode about how the National 673 00:41:20,840 --> 00:41:23,840 Speaker 2: Park Service has tried to work with indigenous communities to 674 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,239 Speaker 2: like lay people to rest in a respectful place that 675 00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:30,719 Speaker 2: is not accessible. So it's not clear whether this was 676 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:34,320 Speaker 2: part of that effort or not, but it is still 677 00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:38,799 Speaker 2: an interesting story to know that that was, you know, 678 00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:43,799 Speaker 2: something that was kept that secret to keep people from 679 00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:48,080 Speaker 2: stumbling in quotation marks back across it. So thank you 680 00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:51,000 Speaker 2: for this email. If you would like to send us 681 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:54,480 Speaker 2: a note, we're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com 682 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,520 Speaker 2: and we're on social media ad Mission History, which is 683 00:41:58,840 --> 00:42:01,960 Speaker 2: where you can find us on places like the thing 684 00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,719 Speaker 2: that used to be called Twitter. You can subscribe to 685 00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:07,600 Speaker 2: our show on the iHeartRadio app or wherever else you'd 686 00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:15,520 Speaker 2: like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History 687 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:19,879 Speaker 2: Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 688 00:42:20,080 --> 00:42:23,640 Speaker 2: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 689 00:42:23,719 --> 00:42:24,680 Speaker 2: to your favorite shows.