1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,920 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: in history in this episode, one from me and one 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: from Tracy V. Wilson. They're both good, if I do 5 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: say so myself. One with the show, Welcome to this 6 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:16,319 Speaker 1: day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot Com 7 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:18,800 Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. 8 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:21,240 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day 9 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:23,320 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 10 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:31,160 Speaker 1: today in history. Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson, 11 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:34,519 Speaker 1: and it's August six. The United States dropped an atomic 12 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:37,159 Speaker 1: bomb known as Little Boy, on the Japanese city of 13 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:41,360 Speaker 1: Hiroshima on the state in nineteen. The United States had 14 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: entered World War Two after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 15 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:48,080 Speaker 1: on December seven of ninety one, and then by May 16 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:52,400 Speaker 1: of ninety five, the war in Europe had ended, but 17 00:00:52,440 --> 00:00:56,520 Speaker 1: it was raging on in the Pacific. Japan at that point, though, 18 00:00:56,680 --> 00:01:00,640 Speaker 1: was in dire straits. The Japanese Navy was almost destroyed. 19 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: The nation had seen colossal damage from Allied firebombing over 20 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,240 Speaker 1: major cities, and the conditions for Japanese civilians in a 21 00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:13,560 Speaker 1: lot of cases were just terrible. People had no food 22 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:16,679 Speaker 1: and we're on the verge of starvation. But even so, 23 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:19,479 Speaker 1: there were a lot of people within the Allied forces 24 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:23,480 Speaker 1: who thought that Japan would never surrender no matter how 25 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:26,360 Speaker 1: bad things got. And this was due to a combination 26 00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:30,759 Speaker 1: of some preconceptions about Japanese culture and society, and then 27 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:34,280 Speaker 1: just the tactics that the Japanese military had been using 28 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:37,959 Speaker 1: during the war. It's hard to imagine a fighting force 29 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: that uses kama kaze fighters ever backing down. So on July, 30 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:48,920 Speaker 1: ten days after the first successful test of an atomic bomb, 31 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:53,520 Speaker 1: the United States issued the Potsdam Declaration. This called for 32 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:59,360 Speaker 1: Japan to surrender unconditionally or face quote prompt and utter destruction. 33 00:01:59,600 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 1: But hand did not surrender, and the United States bombed 34 00:02:03,120 --> 00:02:09,919 Speaker 1: Hiroshima on August. Hiroshima had been chosen specifically for maximum 35 00:02:09,960 --> 00:02:12,520 Speaker 1: shock value. It was a major city that had not 36 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:16,080 Speaker 1: been targeted by fire bombing, so the damage would be colossal, 37 00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:20,040 Speaker 1: and then it was also believed that the surrounding hilly 38 00:02:20,280 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: territory would focus the blast and cause even more damage. 39 00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:29,560 Speaker 1: At least eighty thousand people died instantly, most of them civilians. 40 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,800 Speaker 1: Tens of thousands more died later from radiation poisoning and 41 00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:39,000 Speaker 1: radiation induced diseases. The blast also completely leveled the area 42 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:42,720 Speaker 1: near its hypo center, and a fire spread from there. 43 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:47,880 Speaker 1: First person accounts of that day are horrifying. Japan still 44 00:02:47,919 --> 00:02:51,200 Speaker 1: did not surrender, though, and the United States dropped a 45 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: second bomb on Nagasaki on the ninth. Other military operations 46 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:59,160 Speaker 1: were still ongoing during this time, and the Soviet Union 47 00:02:59,200 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: also started to deployed millions of troops to Manchuria to 48 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: be part of this fight. Japan's surrender was announced on 49 00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: August fifteenth, and the nation formally surrendered on September two. 50 00:03:10,720 --> 00:03:15,800 Speaker 1: There continues to be debates about what role exactly nuclear 51 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:18,400 Speaker 1: weapons played at the end of the war, as well 52 00:03:18,440 --> 00:03:22,120 Speaker 1: as whether their use on civilian cities was justified, and 53 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:26,480 Speaker 1: public opinion about that second question varies dramatically in the 54 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:30,240 Speaker 1: United States versus Japan. According to a report by the 55 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,520 Speaker 1: nonpartisan Pew Research Center, fifty six percent of Americans believe 56 00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 1: the use of nuclear weapons was justified, at percent say 57 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:42,720 Speaker 1: that it wasn't. Meanwhile, in Japan, just fourteen percent say 58 00:03:42,760 --> 00:03:45,520 Speaker 1: that it was justified, while seventy nine percent say that 59 00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:48,920 Speaker 1: it wasn't. Thanks to Tari Harrison for her audio editing 60 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 1: on these episodes, and you can learn more about what 61 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: happened in Hiroshima on the first part of the Stuff 62 00:03:56,280 --> 00:04:00,840 Speaker 1: You Missed in History Class episode Sadako Sasaki's one Thousand Cranes. 63 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:05,680 Speaker 1: That's from February. The second part of this episode is 64 00:04:05,840 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: also relevant, but not as directly connected to the bonding 65 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: of Hiroshima. You can subscribe to This Day in History 66 00:04:12,520 --> 00:04:16,080 Speaker 1: Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you 67 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: get your podcasts, and you can tune in tomorrow for 68 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:22,360 Speaker 1: another moment for more time, this time from the nineteen sixties. 69 00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:34,480 Speaker 1: Hi again, Welcome to This Day in History Class, where 70 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:46,840 Speaker 1: history waits for no One. The day was August six, 71 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:53,359 Speaker 1: British engineer and computer scientist Tim burners Lee published the 72 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: first ever website. Burners Lee got his degree in physics 73 00:04:57,960 --> 00:05:02,240 Speaker 1: from the University of Oxford. A few years after he graduated, 74 00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:06,640 Speaker 1: he began working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, 75 00:05:07,080 --> 00:05:11,040 Speaker 1: also known as CERN. He worked there for a while 76 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:15,280 Speaker 1: in nineteen eighty left to work elsewhere, and returned to 77 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:20,200 Speaker 1: CERN in nineteen eighty four. While there, he realized that 78 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: sharing information was difficult for the organization's researchers, who were 79 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:29,560 Speaker 1: in different places around the world and had different information 80 00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:35,400 Speaker 1: on different computers. The Internet was already connecting computers and 81 00:05:35,560 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: it was developing quickly, but berners Lee realized that people 82 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:45,280 Speaker 1: could share information using hypertext, or text that contains links 83 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:49,599 Speaker 1: to other texts. In March of nineteen eighty nine, he 84 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:53,000 Speaker 1: submitted to his managers at CERN a proposal for an 85 00:05:53,040 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 1: information management system that used hypertext to link documents on 86 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: different computers that work connected to the Internet. His boss, 87 00:06:03,360 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: Mike Sendall, wrote on the proposal document that it was 88 00:06:06,839 --> 00:06:11,880 Speaker 1: vague but exciting. In May of nineteen ninety, berners Lee 89 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:16,359 Speaker 1: wrote his second proposal, concerning quote the management of general 90 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 1: information about accelerators and experiments at CERN. It was not 91 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: an official CERN project, but burners Lee was allowed to 92 00:06:25,360 --> 00:06:28,560 Speaker 1: work on it. He began working with a Belgian engineer 93 00:06:28,600 --> 00:06:32,520 Speaker 1: at CERN named Robert Cayu, and the project was formalized 94 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:38,039 Speaker 1: as a management proposal in November of nineteen This proposal 95 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:42,479 Speaker 1: for a hypertext project called Worldwide Web described a web 96 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:47,280 Speaker 1: of hypertext documents that could be viewed by browsers by 97 00:06:47,279 --> 00:06:50,359 Speaker 1: the end of nineteen nine, burners Lee had developed the 98 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:54,840 Speaker 1: three technologies that were fundamental to the web. Hypertext Markup 99 00:06:54,920 --> 00:06:59,240 Speaker 1: Language or h t m L, Uniform Resource identifier or 100 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:04,160 Speaker 1: you are I, and Hypertext Transfer Protocol or h T 101 00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:08,520 Speaker 1: t P. H t m L is the formatting language 102 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: for the Web, the U R I is the unique 103 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: address that allows us to locate a resource on the web, 104 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:17,559 Speaker 1: and h T t P is a set of rules 105 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: that allows for the retrieval of linked resources from across 106 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:24,440 Speaker 1: the web. He also wrote the first web page browser 107 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:29,520 Speaker 1: and web server. Berners Lee released his Worldwide Web software 108 00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: in n making it available to colleagues using CERN computers 109 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: in March. The web was made publicly available on August six. 110 00:07:41,720 --> 00:07:45,000 Speaker 1: The site only contained text and links. It included a 111 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:49,280 Speaker 1: description of the Worldwide Web, defined as quote a wide 112 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:54,120 Speaker 1: area of hypermedia information retrieval initiative aiming to give universal 113 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:59,360 Speaker 1: access to a large universe of documents. It also described 114 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: how to use the web. The site was hosted at 115 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:07,160 Speaker 1: CERN on burners Lee's next computer, and its address was 116 00:08:07,240 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: info dot CERN dot c H. The first web pages 117 00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 1: address is listed in the description. Interest in the Web 118 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:20,119 Speaker 1: spread around the world. CERN wanted to patent the web, 119 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:24,040 Speaker 1: but burners Lee refused. He wanted the technology to be 120 00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 1: free and open, and advocated for the source code to 121 00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:31,960 Speaker 1: always be available on a royalty free basis. People began 122 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 1: creating browsers and websites, and by late nine there were 123 00:08:36,840 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: more than five hundred known servers. The first International Worldwide 124 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,959 Speaker 1: Web Conference was held at CERN in May of nine. 125 00:08:46,679 --> 00:08:49,160 Speaker 1: That same year, burners Lee left CERN and went to 126 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:53,840 Speaker 1: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There, he founded the Worldwide 127 00:08:53,840 --> 00:08:58,080 Speaker 1: Web Consortium, a web standards organization that he is currently 128 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: the director of. I'm Eves Jeff Coote and hopefully you 129 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 130 00:09:07,520 --> 00:09:12,000 Speaker 1: You can learn more about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, 131 00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: and Instagram. At t d I h C podcast Come 132 00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:36,520 Speaker 1: back tomorrow for another tipt from History. For more podcasts 133 00:09:36,520 --> 00:09:39,480 Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 134 00:09:39,559 --> 00:09:41,240 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.