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Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast

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Speaker 1: are Tracy Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is part

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Speaker 1: two of what was Unearthed? Uh. In part one, we

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Speaker 1: had a few big collections of related to one another

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Speaker 1: in some way, of things that were unearthed. We had

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Speaker 1: a whole bunch of shipwrecks, a whole bunch of things

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Speaker 1: that turn out are a lot older than we thought.

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Speaker 1: That kind of thing today is more of a hodgepodge.

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Speaker 1: We've got some recurring favorites, including at least theoretically edible

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Speaker 1: finds yeah except maybe not probably not actually good art

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Speaker 1: and letters uh, some by you know, by a last

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Speaker 1: minute remembrance on my part, everyone's favorite uh exhumations, which

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Speaker 1: at first I almost entirely left out of this episode,

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Speaker 1: But but I discovered my oversight in time, and we're

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Speaker 1: gonna conclude with some historical debunking. Um. As we've noted before,

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Speaker 1: we found a lot more things to talk about this

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Speaker 1: year than can possibly be covered in a couple of episodes,

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Speaker 1: even having weeded out a bunch of things during our

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Speaker 1: special July installment that we did everything that we uh

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Speaker 1: that caught our eye this year is pinned in our

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Speaker 1: Unearthed Unearthed in twenty ten board at pinterest, which is

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Speaker 1: at pinterest dot com slash myths in history. So if

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Speaker 1: you want to see a whole lot more pins, including

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Speaker 1: anything that happened after December six, uh, go have a

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Speaker 1: look at that. Um so today. I mean, really, this

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Speaker 1: is just super super highlights, and I will be candid.

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Speaker 1: The criteria for being included became increasingly draconian. Farther I

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Speaker 1: went on because, uh, we probably pinned enough stuff to

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Speaker 1: have four teen parts of Unearthed, which some people would love,

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Speaker 1: other people would get tired of. That could be a

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Speaker 1: spinoff podcast. One day somebody suggested that we do this

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Speaker 1: or that we like we have this ongoing Unearthed segments. Uh,

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Speaker 1: but having these two episodes as a pretty important part

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Speaker 1: of our our year end ability to have poadcasts every week.

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Speaker 1: So yeah. Uh so. Lund University announced that a skeleton

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Speaker 1: found during a renovation at Lena Castle may belong to

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Speaker 1: Philip Christopher Koonug's Mark account, who disappeared more than three

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Speaker 1: hundred years ago. He was involved with Princess Sophia Dorthea,

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Speaker 1: who was married there three hundred love letters are in

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Speaker 1: the collection at Lund University, and if the skeleton is

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Speaker 1: indeed genuine, it may be the resolution to a very

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Speaker 1: old cold case. Research this year cleared the name of

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Speaker 1: Gaetan Duga, a flight attendant wrongly blamed for being patient

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Speaker 1: zero in the AIDS epidemic. God did die from AIDS

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Speaker 1: related causes in four, but he was portrayed as this

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Speaker 1: knowing vector for the disease in and the band played

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Speaker 1: on his name really became synonymous with the spread of

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Speaker 1: the disease. He was basically portrayed as a villain. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he gets blamed for an awful lot. Uh. However, do

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Speaker 1: Go was not patient zero. One notation in his medical

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Speaker 1: records was patient oh as in the letter O as

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Speaker 1: in from outside of California. RNA analysis of the virus

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Speaker 1: conclusively proves that HIV had been present in the United

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Speaker 1: States long before dog was. Just because I know folks

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Speaker 1: will probably ask since it's come up, you and I

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Speaker 1: are both currently still a little too close to the

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Speaker 1: origins of the HIV epidemic to be able to talk

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Speaker 1: about it rationally on the show. Yes, it's something very

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Speaker 1: important to both of us. Yes, I don't know that

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Speaker 1: people would enjoy thirty minutes of sobbing. That's what would

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Speaker 1: happen maybe someday, also after a little more historical time

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Speaker 1: has passed, because like this find, there are still things

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Speaker 1: that are that are coming out that are completely rewriting

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Speaker 1: that relatively recent history. UH By studying Chinese smog, researchers

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Speaker 1: believe they have identified the cause of the Great London Smog,

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Speaker 1: which we talked about in a previous episode. We already

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Speaker 1: knew that sulfur dioxide shared a lot of the blame,

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Speaker 1: but we didn't know what it was about that particular

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Speaker 1: fog that caused it to become so acidic and damaging

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Speaker 1: in London. The sulfur dioxide mixed with nitrogen dioxide and

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Speaker 1: that forms these particles that became increasingly concentrated as water

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Speaker 1: in the fog evaporated. So researchers are now using this

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Speaker 1: information to try to prevent such an occurrence from happening

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Speaker 1: in China, which is plagued by longstanding air quality issue use.

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Speaker 1: An international team took a crack at figuring out what

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Speaker 1: was behind the collection of Roman era decapitated skeletons. All

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Speaker 1: was a favorite originally found by York Archeological Trust or

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Speaker 1: y a T. The skeletons were significant not just because

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Speaker 1: many of them had been decapitated while still alive, but

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Speaker 1: also because their heads had typically been buried with them

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Speaker 1: somewhere other than where your head usually goes, like on

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Speaker 1: their chest or down by their feet. The study couldn't

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Speaker 1: clear up exactly who these men were. Even before this

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Speaker 1: round of research took place, there were several theories that

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Speaker 1: maybe they were gladiators, or soldiers or prisoners, and the

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Speaker 1: findings could support any of those conclusions. All of the

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Speaker 1: skeletons appeared to be male, all under the age of

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Speaker 1: forty five, with bone conditions that simultaneously suggested poor childhood

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Speaker 1: health an adult experience with both wielding weapons and being

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Speaker 1: the target of violence. What's notable about the study, besides

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Speaker 1: the fact that there were more than eighty decapitated skeletons

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Speaker 1: to look at, was that a study of several of

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Speaker 1: their genomes revealed that they weren't all from Britain. In

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Speaker 1: a sample of seven, one was from the Middle East.

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Speaker 1: So it's physical evidence to support the idea that people

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Speaker 1: really were quite mobile during the Roman Empire and that

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Speaker 1: the empire itself was cosmopolitan. Next up, we have a

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Speaker 1: collection of fines that are just big in some way.

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Speaker 1: I feel like I have to tell people that in

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Speaker 1: your outline that you put together, the subheader for this

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Speaker 1: is WHOA, that's big well, And this is actually the

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Speaker 1: thing I'm gonna talk about is one of the earlier

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Speaker 1: pins in the board, and I completely forget about what

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Speaker 1: things have previously been been pinned. And there are several

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Speaker 1: other pins from later in the year about this same thing,

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Speaker 1: because it was quite quite large and a big deal.

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Speaker 1: Back in and archaeologists noticed some wooden posts king out

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Speaker 1: of the edge of a quarry, and a small excavation

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Speaker 1: in two thousand and four and another one two years

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Speaker 1: later revealed that this was a fantastically well preserved Bronze

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Speaker 1: Age settlement. Originally, the plan was just to leave the

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Speaker 1: site after as it was after the end of an

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Speaker 1: excavation that ended in two thousand and six, because the

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Speaker 1: soil conditions were such that they could keep the site

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Speaker 1: pretty well preserved. But in more recent years routine monitoring

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Speaker 1: raised some concerns that this wasn't the case anymore, and

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Speaker 1: this led to a massive excavation of the entire site.

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Speaker 1: This year with the study and catalog of all of

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Speaker 1: its contents. This started in August of fifteen and ended

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Speaker 1: in August of sixteen. It was overseen by the Cambridge

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Speaker 1: Archaeological Unit. UH and this I did not see the

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Speaker 1: news about it for the August fifteen and later portion

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Speaker 1: of the study, but this year I saw a lot

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Speaker 1: about it. Three thousand years ago, this settlement in Cambridgeshire

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Speaker 1: in the UK, which is known as must Farm today,

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Speaker 1: was home to people who lived in round structures on

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Speaker 1: stilts over water, and the settlement was eventually destroyed in

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Speaker 1: a fire and the structures collapsed into the water where

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Speaker 1: silt preserved them. They have found so much stuff. It

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Speaker 1: must farm so much. Uh. We've we've had whole episodes

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Speaker 1: about sites like Cookia and Poverty Point, and maybe at

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Speaker 1: some point in the future this could be a similar

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Speaker 1: whole episode. There is of course lots of wood from

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Speaker 1: the settlement itself, things like post rings that would have

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Speaker 1: supported the structures and walls and roofs and a palisade.

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Speaker 1: But then there are also the things that people used

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Speaker 1: to live there. There pottery bowls and jars that still

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Speaker 1: contain the food that was in them. Three thousand years ago.

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Speaker 1: There are lots and lots of tools and weapons, and

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Speaker 1: some surprisingly well preserved textiles made from plant materials. Aside

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Speaker 1: from the site itself, which is one of the largest

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Speaker 1: and best preserved Bronze Age sites in Britain, they've also

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Speaker 1: found some artifacts that suggest that people living there were

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Speaker 1: more advanced than previously thought, in particular some glass beads

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Speaker 1: that are thought to have been part of a necklace.

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Speaker 1: We'll put a link to the must Farm website in

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Speaker 1: the show notes because there's so much cool stuff to

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Speaker 1: look at there that that will lose you a little

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Speaker 1: bit of time, but it's time well spent. This happened

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Speaker 1: to me while writing episode. Um, so yeah, that link

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Speaker 1: will be in our show notes. Researchers uncovered a huge

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Speaker 1: sixth century BC stone slam called a steely that's covered

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Speaker 1: in a Truscan writing. This thing weighs about five hundred

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Speaker 1: pounds and they're at least seventy legible letters and punctuation

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Speaker 1: marks on it. Apart from its size and weight, there's

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Speaker 1: a lot that's remarkable about this fine Most of what

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Speaker 1: we have from Etruscan civilization today is from grave and

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Speaker 1: funeral objects, and this is believed to be part of

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Speaker 1: a temple. It's covered in religious writing, which could yield

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Speaker 1: a whole other segment of knowledge about the Etruscan culture

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Speaker 1: and language. And when the find was first reported in March,

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Speaker 1: researchers were hoping that it would reveal the name of

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Speaker 1: the deity worship there, and in August it did. The

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Speaker 1: temple was dedicated to the fertility goddess Uni Consort of Tinia,

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Speaker 1: the Etruscan supreme deity. Chinese archaeologists excavated a huge network

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Speaker 1: of dikes and levies dating back five thousand years in

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Speaker 1: eastern coastal China. This is the largest water system ever

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Speaker 1: found in China and it's believed to have combined the

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Speaker 1: tasks of irrigation, flood control, and transportation into one system.

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Speaker 1: And this massive system was originally found in two thousand seven,

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Speaker 1: but the excavation took place over twenty and at this

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Speaker 1: point their purpose is somewhat speculative, but the going theory

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Speaker 1: is that they irrigated rice, controlled floodwaters and created three

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Speaker 1: huge reserve mars. Now we are going to take a

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Speaker 1: quick sponsor break before moving on to some more findings

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Speaker 1: and a fine that doesn't quite fit into some of

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Speaker 1: the other categories that we are talking about today. X

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Speaker 1: ray study has confirmed the oral history of Bonos, Lithuania,

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Speaker 1: which is believed to have been home to an escape

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Speaker 1: tunnel used by Jews during the Holocaust. During the Holocaust,

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Speaker 1: about of Lithuanian Jews were killed over the period of

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Speaker 1: about three years, but a story was passed down by survivors,

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Speaker 1: descendants and other people in the area that on the

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Speaker 1: last night of passover, eighty imprisoned Jews escaped through a

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Speaker 1: tunnel they had hand dug over the period of three months.

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Speaker 1: Researchers were reluctant to take on a physical search for

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Speaker 1: evidence of a tunnel at the site because of how

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Speaker 1: many human remains were buried there, But us here it

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Speaker 1: was announced that using ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity

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Speaker 1: tomography they found the tunnel exactly where they expected it

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Speaker 1: to be, and now we have some fines that are

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Speaker 1: related to art and to writing in some way. After

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Speaker 1: a two year study, an interdisciplinary team led by Mark

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Speaker 1: Walton presented their findings on a collection of two thousand

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Speaker 1: year old Roman Egyptian mummy portraits. These were first unearthed

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Speaker 1: at Taptunists which is now called um El Brigat, and

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Speaker 1: that was more than a hundred years ago that they

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Speaker 1: were originally found. These portraits were painted on wood panels

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Speaker 1: and then the wood panels would be affixed to mummies.

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Speaker 1: They're considered to be one of the precursors to the

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Speaker 1: tradition of European portraiture. Though through noninvasive, non destructive research,

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Speaker 1: the team found a lot about how the paintings were made.

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Speaker 1: They took extensive collections of pictures using an off the

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Speaker 1: shelf digital camera under different lighting conditions from different angles

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Speaker 1: to figure out exactly where the brushstrokes were and in

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Speaker 1: what order different parts of the works were painted. Spectroscopy

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Speaker 1: and other analysis found that both the pigments and the

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Speaker 1: wood itself came from far outside of Egypt, including iron

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Speaker 1: earth pigments from Greece, red lead from Spain, and wood

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Speaker 1: panels from Central Europe. Their conclusion was that these portraits

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Speaker 1: were all made in the same workshop and possibly even

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Speaker 1: by the same person. Uh In a brief little finding,

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Speaker 1: a ground penetrating radar scan of Shakespeare's grave revealed that

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Speaker 1: his skull is probably missing, most likely stolen in seventeen nine.

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Speaker 1: That's something that was reported in eighteen seventy nine but

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Speaker 1: was later dismissed. There's also been ongoing work this year

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Speaker 1: at at Shakespeare's Theater, the Curtain, which I didn't get

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Speaker 1: into you, and this particular and another thing because I

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Speaker 1: mean the but they were finding were the things you

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Speaker 1: expect to find in a theater. Uh. And also I

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Speaker 1: think that work is is still ongoing, so maybe next

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Speaker 1: year we will have to go a final final tally.

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Speaker 1: Researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington used astronomy

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Speaker 1: to figure out the date of Sappho's Midnight poem. Here

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Speaker 1: is a nineteenth century translation of Midnight poem. The silver

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Speaker 1: moon is set, the pleiades are gone, half the long

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Speaker 1: night is spent, and yet I lie alone. Assuming she

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Speaker 1: wrote the poem in Middleini, the capital city of Les Bus,

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Speaker 1: they used multiple pieces of software to compare the night

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Speaker 1: sky to her likely vantage point beginning in five seventy

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Speaker 1: b C. They concluded that the poem was set somewhere

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Speaker 1: between January and April six of that year, while acknowledging

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Speaker 1: that five seventy was somewhat arbitrary since it's not clear

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Speaker 1: exactly when during her life she wrote the poem. The

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Speaker 1: team also said that moving the year wouldn't appreciably change

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Speaker 1: their analysis, regardless of which year it would have been.

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Speaker 1: Still within that rough window of time was how I

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Speaker 1: understood it. The Groyer Codex, whose authenticity has been has

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Speaker 1: been suspects since it was first looted from a cave

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Speaker 1: in Mexico in the nineteen sixties, underwent analysis this year,

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Speaker 1: suggesting that it may indeed be genuine, and if it is,

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Speaker 1: it is the oldest manuscript in the America's This codex

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Speaker 1: is a ten page painted fragment of Maya iconography and

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Speaker 1: a chart of the movements of the planet Venus. There

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Speaker 1: are still a lot of unanswered questions about it, but

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Speaker 1: it appears to be the real thirteenth century deal. And

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Speaker 1: now we have some things that are in theory edible

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Speaker 1: or related to food. They were consumable at one poison

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Speaker 1: point in time someone might have eaten at some point.

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Speaker 1: We figured out where ancient Rome was getting its non

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Speaker 1: stick cookwear, which if you didn't know, the Roman Empire

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Speaker 1: had non stick cookwear. Uh. This red cookware has a

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Speaker 1: non stick coating that resembles Pompeian redware. Although the Roman

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Speaker 1: coatings in this particular fine we're reported to be a

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Speaker 1: higher quality than Pompeian red ware. It wasn't a total

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Speaker 1: mystery where to look for evidence of this Roman non

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Speaker 1: stick cooked cookwear. The first century Roman cookbook Direct Cooking Area.

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Speaker 1: We may or may not be butchering this, but because

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Speaker 1: Latin Uh mentions cumin a teste or qumine a patel,

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Speaker 1: also known as cookwear made in the city of Kuma

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Speaker 1: as the best pan for making a chicken stew. We

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Speaker 1: knew where Cuma was, so it was just a matter

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Speaker 1: of finding the pottery works where this cookwear was made.

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Speaker 1: So confirmation came from a discovery of the dump site

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Speaker 1: where the people at the factory would throw away their

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Speaker 1: defective goods. So thank you for not being perfect at

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Speaker 1: your jobs. Roman Area far a factory workers who helped

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Speaker 1: us track this down. I like that we're looking for

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Speaker 1: factory seconds as part of archaeology. I love it. Yeah. Well,

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Speaker 1: and that this particular report was like apart from the

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Speaker 1: fact that they were defective, somehow they were all in

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Speaker 1: really good quality. UH. Turf cutters in a peat bog

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Speaker 1: in Ireland found a two thousand year old clumb. This

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Speaker 1: was so popular because it is so funny. Inherently of

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Speaker 1: bog butter, that's a substance familiar to the folks who

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Speaker 1: listened to our show on Butter Versus Marjorie. Unlike some

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Speaker 1: bog butters, this one does appear to have started out

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Speaker 1: as actual dairy butter. But Andy Halpin at the National

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Speaker 1: Museum of Ireland so that they would not advise tasting it.

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Speaker 1: Some three d and forty year old cheese was found

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Speaker 1: in a Baltic Seas shipwreck, and we can put this

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Speaker 1: in the bog butter together we have quite a feast. Well,

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Speaker 1: this cheese smells pretty cheesy and also yeasty. It was

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Speaker 1: described as stinky. The team specifically recommended eating this either.

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Speaker 1: This cheese was found aboard a ship that sank in

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Speaker 1: sixteen seventy six. Uh, and I'm not laughing at that part.

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Speaker 1: Only about forty of the eight fifty or so people

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Speaker 1: aboard survived the shipwreck, But I'm laughing that there's this

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Speaker 1: cheese still from sixteen seventy six that smells strongly of

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Speaker 1: cheese and yeast. I like a stinky cheese, but I

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Speaker 1: still probably wouldn't taste that one, so not to be

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Speaker 1: outdone in our in our feast that we're putting together.

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Speaker 1: A clay pot found in central Jutland in has been

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Speaker 1: found to contain the burned residue of three thousand year

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Speaker 1: old cheese burn cheese. At first, the team who found

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Speaker 1: it were excited just because it was a very well

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Speaker 1: preserved Bronze age vessel, which is not common. It was

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Speaker 1: only after they cleaned it that they realized that there

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Speaker 1: was still cheese in there. Um, it's an important find.

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Speaker 1: I'm not laughing at the fine. It's just there's something

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Speaker 1: fundamentally comedic about ending old cheese. I don't know what

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Speaker 1: it is, specifically, this was probably This is where it

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Speaker 1: gets exciting for me. The brown Norwegian way cheese known

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Speaker 1: as Brunos or mysost. I love a brown Norwegian cheese

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Speaker 1: so good, so that makes it quite exciting. I know

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Speaker 1: where to get some locally. I'm thinking of maybe going

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Speaker 1: there after we finished recording, just to get some special.

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Speaker 1: Oh it's good stuff. Also. Now we're just on a

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Speaker 1: dairy kick. An interdisciplinary team found widespread evidence of dairying

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Speaker 1: all through the southern Mediterranean and southern Europe, going basically

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Speaker 1: as far back as the origins. Of agriculture or about

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Speaker 1: nine thousand years. Uh. This study hands on the contents

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Speaker 1: of pottery and whether the residues in the pottery came

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Speaker 1: from meat or from milk. And this could have gone

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Speaker 1: in uh last the previous episode about things from earlier

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Speaker 1: than we thought, because a lot of folks thought dairy

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Speaker 1: came along later. Yeah. Uh. So now we heart exclamation exclamations,

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Speaker 1: as do many listeners. So we've got a couple for

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Speaker 1: this year. First, a mass grave connected to the Spanish

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Speaker 1: Civil War was exhumed this year in the central Spanish

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Speaker 1: city of Valladolid. Uh. This spring and summer they removed

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Speaker 1: one eight five bodies from three graves and they sent

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Speaker 1: them for forensic analysis to try to identify them. And

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Speaker 1: this is one of as many as two thousand mass

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Speaker 1: burial sites in Spain connected to the war. This is

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Speaker 1: part of an ongoing effort to try to balance like

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Speaker 1: the desires of some people to leave remains undisturbed, with

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Speaker 1: also the need to try to identify the remains and

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Speaker 1: if possible, reconnect them with their families or at least

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Speaker 1: let families know what happened. Um. But because they're so

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Speaker 1: so many, it's just an immense, immense task, and I

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Speaker 1: imagine it will be ongoing for quite some time. The

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Speaker 1: room bins of a couple buried in Warwickshire were exhumed

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Speaker 1: and then reburied, which is not typical in their religious tradition,

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Speaker 1: because thieves were using their headstone to break into the

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Speaker 1: adjacent All Saints Church. I feel like we have had

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Speaker 1: a very similar like this just sounds very familiar to me,

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Speaker 1: So I don't recall if we have had a very

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Speaker 1: similar past unearthed uh incident in which people were moved

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Speaker 1: because their graves were being used to break into things.

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Speaker 1: Marjorie Griffin had been buried there in two thousand and

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Speaker 1: three and her her husband George, had been buried in

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Speaker 1: nineteen seventy one. So we're people like climbing atop of

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Speaker 1: the headstone and then jumping up to something else. They

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Speaker 1: were climbing onto the headstone and then jumping into onto

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Speaker 1: the church roof and then breaking into the church. I'm

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Speaker 1: so sorry Marjorie and George. That's terrible thing. It's not

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Speaker 1: respectful at all. The body of a teenager who was

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Speaker 1: killed while hitchhiking in nineteen sixty one was unearthed in Alabama,

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Speaker 1: with the hope of figuring out his identity to the

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Speaker 1: driver of the car that that hitchhiker had been in

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Speaker 1: was in a car accident and the driver survived, but

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Speaker 1: the passenger did not. UH. This body was reburied, and

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Speaker 1: it appears that the analysis that was done was not

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Speaker 1: conclusive yet, at least if if they did figure out

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Speaker 1: who he was, I was not able to find confirmation

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Speaker 1: of that. Remains of eighty three political prisoners hanged during

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Speaker 1: the apartheid era in South Africa were exhumed this year

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Speaker 1: as part of work by the Truth and Reconciliation Unit.

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Speaker 1: They similarly to with the Spanish Civil War mass burials,

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Speaker 1: we're wanting to identify their remains and return them to

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Speaker 1: their families. These eighty three prisoners were among a hundred

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Speaker 1: and thirty hanged for politically related offenses between nineteen sixty

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Speaker 1: and nine nine, and these in particular were buried in

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Speaker 1: unmarked graves. Uh. So we're gonna pause here for a

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Speaker 1: little sponsor break, and then we will come back for

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Speaker 1: a little bit of debunkery to end on a fun note. So,

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Speaker 1: I don't know about you, Holly, but when I was

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Speaker 1: in elementary school, I heard this sort of oversimplified issue

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Speaker 1: filled portrayal of the Roman Empire, but it basically spread

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Speaker 1: through the world as a civilizing, modernizing force and brought

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Speaker 1: along with it all kinds of hygienic improvements like clean

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Speaker 1: water and sewers and personal hygiene, which made everyone healthier

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Speaker 1: than before. Uh yeah, I don't know that I got

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Speaker 1: the hard sell of it. They made everybody healthier, but

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Speaker 1: it was definitely always portrayed as, uh, they were more

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Speaker 1: advanced than anyone else, and any sort of uh benefit

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Speaker 1: beyond that, like hygienic benefit, was kind of implied. But

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Speaker 1: it turns out that that that's not quite true. H

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Speaker 1: Aside from the fact that the Romans weren't the first

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Speaker 1: to come up with such things as plumbing, sewer systems,

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Speaker 1: and bathing, a paper published in the journal Parasitology shows

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Speaker 1: that the Roman focus on hygiene did not actually make

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Speaker 1: people health year, at least when it came to parasitic

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Speaker 1: illnesses spread through contact with poop. This study looked at

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Speaker 1: Rome's influence in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa,

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Speaker 1: comparing the prevalence of parasites in burial sites and latrines

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Speaker 1: and copper lights those are fossilized poop. Instead of seeing

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Speaker 1: a decrease in parasites during Roman times, the prevalence of

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00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:27,399
Speaker 1: parasites actually increased. Some theories for why include that the

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Speaker 1: Roman baths themselves that were uh so well hyped for

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Speaker 1: staying clean, We're not themselves being kept clean, and that

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Speaker 1: human waste was being used as fertalizer. I'm also making

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Speaker 1: a horrible cartoon reference in my head. I don't think

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Speaker 1: you stuck through all the futurama yet, but I do

397
00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:49,800
Speaker 1: know the thing about coming over on the sandwich. Yes,

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Speaker 1: so that there's a great episode where there are worms

399
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:57,200
Speaker 1: that fry and Jessin becomes smarter and stronger and better.

400
00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:00,679
Speaker 1: So maybe the Romans just had those worms. That's what

401
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:04,840
Speaker 1: made them seem really advanced. Uh No, I'm making that up.

402
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:08,440
Speaker 1: They probably did not have worms that made them better.

403
00:25:09,119 --> 00:25:13,199
Speaker 1: So moving on though, according to the lore, in nineteen one,

404
00:25:13,720 --> 00:25:17,159
Speaker 1: frozen mammoth hacked out of the permafrost in Alaska was

405
00:25:17,240 --> 00:25:20,520
Speaker 1: served for dinner at a meeting of the Explorers Club,

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Speaker 1: and this launched a tradition of Explorers Club dinners featuring

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Speaker 1: ever stranger meals, at least in terms of the usual

408
00:25:27,280 --> 00:25:31,960
Speaker 1: palettes of the Explorers Club membership. A team actually set

409
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Speaker 1: about to tackle the question of whether mammoth or perhaps

410
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,800
Speaker 1: even giant sloth really was served, and they published their

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00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:44,359
Speaker 1: findings in February. After analyzing a fragment preserved from the meal,

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Speaker 1: which was held at the Yale Peboty Museum and was

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Speaker 1: labeled there as giant sloth and not mammoth, they determined

414
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Speaker 1: that it was neither mammoth nor sloth. It was green

415
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Speaker 1: sea turtle, and the papers authors suggests that it was

416
00:25:57,560 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 1: just a publicity stunt, and, to quote from their act

417
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Speaker 1: abstract quote, our study emphasizes the value of museums collecting

418
00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:09,040
Speaker 1: and curating voucher specimens, particularly those used for evidence of

419
00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:14,040
Speaker 1: extraordinary claims. UH. In nineteen thirteen, Masons who were working

420
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Speaker 1: in a basement in southern France unearthed a skeleton, and

421
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,120
Speaker 1: soon the local newspaper had published an incredibly salacious story

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Speaker 1: about the skeleton's identity. It was purportedly Ernest Defont Albert,

423
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Speaker 1: who had left France in eighteen fifty to pursue the

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Speaker 1: California gold Rush, taking with him his sister Ernestine, and

425
00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:35,919
Speaker 1: when the two returned to France, earnest younger brother, Arthur

426
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,119
Speaker 1: supposedly killed him with a hatchet, having learned that Ernest

427
00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:42,160
Speaker 1: and Ernestine were not only in a relationship with each other,

428
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Speaker 1: but also had buried multiple stillborn babies or perhaps babies

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Speaker 1: killed after being born there at the manor. According to

430
00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:54,560
Speaker 1: this story, Arthur then buried Ernest under the floorboards and

431
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: butchered two bullocks in front of the manner, so that

432
00:26:57,280 --> 00:27:00,879
Speaker 1: the smell of their decomposition would mask the smell of

433
00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:03,960
Speaker 1: the decomposition of his brother. This is one of those

434
00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:07,159
Speaker 1: stories that as I was reading it, every turn was

435
00:27:07,240 --> 00:27:13,520
Speaker 1: like and what and it is very salacious. Historian Bernard

436
00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,920
Speaker 1: Amsson paired up with an American genealogist to get to

437
00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:19,760
Speaker 1: the bottom of these bones, which had been arranged and

438
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:23,760
Speaker 1: displayed in a small glass fronted coffin, and what they

439
00:27:23,760 --> 00:27:26,159
Speaker 1: confirmed was that Ernest had in fact been killed in

440
00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:29,239
Speaker 1: California during the gold rush in eighteen sixty two, and

441
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,560
Speaker 1: also robbed of all his gold. They did a more

442
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,200
Speaker 1: thorough analysis of the remains to try to figure out

443
00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:39,199
Speaker 1: who this particular skeleton really belonged to, but those were

444
00:27:39,280 --> 00:27:42,240
Speaker 1: largely inconclusive, so the bones have gone back to their

445
00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:49,359
Speaker 1: previous coffin slash display case. Unsurprisedly, folks local to the

446
00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:51,479
Speaker 1: area were kind of like, oh man, I'm kind of

447
00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:55,280
Speaker 1: sad that salacious story didn't really happen. It's a good

448
00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:58,679
Speaker 1: sort of ghost story drama, right, It's got lots of

449
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:03,119
Speaker 1: ingredients that people like to tell in lore. So to

450
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,600
Speaker 1: finish up today, we are going to tick through some

451
00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,440
Speaker 1: of this year's fins that connect to some really famous names,

452
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:20,480
Speaker 1: and some of them probably not legit. So to start,

453
00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,760
Speaker 1: several publications reported the Kublakan's palace had been found under

454
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,919
Speaker 1: the Forbidden City, but all of these seemed to be

455
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,160
Speaker 1: re reporting one news report and we couldn't conferment through

456
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:35,720
Speaker 1: a more academic source. Paul Sanino published a book in

457
00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:38,120
Speaker 1: which he claims that the man in the iron mask

458
00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:44,840
Speaker 1: was Eustache douj. He was quoted in reporting about the

459
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:48,200
Speaker 1: book that there had long been agreement among historians on

460
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:51,040
Speaker 1: this point. He then went on to make some pretty

461
00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:54,000
Speaker 1: snippy comments about historians to explain why this was not

462
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:59,480
Speaker 1: just common knowledge. Historians quote insist on making it antiseptic, moralistic, sensible.

463
00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:06,880
Speaker 1: There's also no peer review on this book. It's one

464
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:08,840
Speaker 1: of the many many people over the years who has

465
00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:11,240
Speaker 1: been put forth as possibly the identity of the man

466
00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:14,240
Speaker 1: in the Iron Mask. A bunch of news stories reported

467
00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:17,640
Speaker 1: that King Arthur's chapel and birthplace had been found in Cornwall,

468
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,480
Speaker 1: but really this is more like a chapel and a

469
00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:24,120
Speaker 1: castle type place that were found in Cornwall from approximately

470
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:27,040
Speaker 1: the time that King Arthur is believed to have lived

471
00:29:27,240 --> 00:29:31,360
Speaker 1: if he was actually real. The latest theory on the

472
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:36,640
Speaker 1: sources of Joe Arcs voices is epilepsi. That was once

473
00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:39,040
Speaker 1: again put forth as they have figured out why Joan

474
00:29:39,080 --> 00:29:43,920
Speaker 1: of Arc had voices. Once again real hard to make

475
00:29:43,920 --> 00:29:47,680
Speaker 1: such a determination for a long dead person. A skull

476
00:29:47,720 --> 00:29:51,400
Speaker 1: bone found found in Nanjing, China was reported as belonging

477
00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:55,080
Speaker 1: to the Buddha, primarily because there was writing on its

478
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:59,400
Speaker 1: very elaborate containing container saying it was the Buddhas. That's

479
00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:06,480
Speaker 1: the only There are many supposed pieces of remains from

480
00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:12,400
Speaker 1: many figures from many religious and cultural traditions that are

481
00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:18,800
Speaker 1: questionable in their authenticity. Uh some hair purportedly belonging to

482
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:21,480
Speaker 1: the mutineers from the HMS bounty is going to be

483
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:25,720
Speaker 1: tested to determine if it is actually hair belonging to

484
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,640
Speaker 1: mutineers from the HMS bounty. Results are not in yet,

485
00:30:28,680 --> 00:30:31,280
Speaker 1: maybe we will know that for sure next year. And

486
00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:34,800
Speaker 1: a new room was found at the Winchester Mystery House,

487
00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:37,520
Speaker 1: but all the coverage of that room seems to be

488
00:30:37,560 --> 00:30:39,800
Speaker 1: pickups of the same local news stories, so we don't

489
00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:43,320
Speaker 1: know much about it yet. Yep. And and one of

490
00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: the most recent of all things discussed in this a

491
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:53,560
Speaker 1: pair of money knees found in Nefertiti's tomb probably did

492
00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:59,680
Speaker 1: belong to Nefertiti. However, there's some debate about whether the

493
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,560
Speaker 1: nowls this that was done on them actually proved anything

494
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:05,240
Speaker 1: new because they didn't have like other DNA to compare

495
00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,160
Speaker 1: it to you. And then some Egyptologists also point out

496
00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:10,640
Speaker 1: that basically that's what everyone thought all the way back

497
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:13,240
Speaker 1: to when the knees were first found in the tomb

498
00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:17,920
Speaker 1: at its initial discovery in n four. So there was

499
00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:19,640
Speaker 1: like a lot of hubbub about it, but also a

500
00:31:19,680 --> 00:31:25,320
Speaker 1: lot of people that were like, really, uh, it's enticing

501
00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:27,440
Speaker 1: just because it's knees, you know what I mean. It's

502
00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:33,400
Speaker 1: an odd level of specificity, Yes, uh, just her knees.

503
00:31:33,760 --> 00:31:40,280
Speaker 1: So yeah, that is our somewhat snarky conclusion of things

504
00:31:40,520 --> 00:31:43,680
Speaker 1: of very famous names. It made some unearthed headlines this year.

505
00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:48,720
Speaker 1: Do you have some listener mail unearthed as well? I do.

506
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:52,280
Speaker 1: It's kind of related to unearthing things, but not exactly

507
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:56,200
Speaker 1: just from Ethan. Ethan says, my name is Ethan, recently

508
00:31:56,200 --> 00:32:00,280
Speaker 1: started listening to the podcast, recently graduated with a history degree,

509
00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:04,240
Speaker 1: talks about listening to the podcast gets gets him through

510
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:08,160
Speaker 1: days at work and visits visits back home. Uh to

511
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:11,560
Speaker 1: skip ahead. I know this was a little while ago,

512
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,440
Speaker 1: but I loved your episode on the exchange of artistic

513
00:32:14,480 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: culture between Asia, Latin America, and Europe in sixteenth century Mexico.

514
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:23,280
Speaker 1: In particular, you quickly mentioned the presence of she no

515
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: slaves in Mexico and the America's. Historical scholarship on this

516
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:32,400
Speaker 1: topic is relatively new and fast growing. The interesting thing

517
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,960
Speaker 1: about no Slaves and the America's is the official the

518
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:42,520
Speaker 1: colonial officials had trouble negotiating exactly which classified race they

519
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:47,480
Speaker 1: belonged to. A royal edict banning the enslavement of quote indeed,

520
00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:52,880
Speaker 1: you knows, precluded enslaving people we would call Native Americans. However,

521
00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:57,160
Speaker 1: clever quote she slaves argued in court that indeed, you

522
00:32:57,200 --> 00:33:00,960
Speaker 1: knows refers to those who are native to Pains colonies

523
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,600
Speaker 1: wherever they are. Because many she knows we're from India,

524
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,560
Speaker 1: Indonesia and the Philippines, they claimed to be Indios and

525
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:12,480
Speaker 1: thus not legally enslaved. This met with mixed legal success,

526
00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:15,400
Speaker 1: but it is a testimony to the fact that race

527
00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:20,640
Speaker 1: is a social construct that is constantly being negotiated. I

528
00:33:20,720 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 1: found that to be a fascinating piece of information, and

529
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:27,280
Speaker 1: it also plays into UM. One of the other things

530
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:30,200
Speaker 1: that we discussed in that episode, which was an interview

531
00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:32,920
Speaker 1: with a curator from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts

532
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:37,160
Speaker 1: about an exhibition that they had going on there UM,

533
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: which were these casta paintings which were sort of like

534
00:33:40,720 --> 00:33:46,200
Speaker 1: a a catalog of the racial and ethnic hierarchy UH

535
00:33:46,240 --> 00:33:52,240
Speaker 1: in Mexico during this this colonial period UM, which were

536
00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:55,160
Speaker 1: in some ways like propaganda to send back to Spain

537
00:33:55,240 --> 00:33:57,680
Speaker 1: to be like, look, everyone is happy here, we have

538
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,960
Speaker 1: good relations, but in some ways was also a hierarchical

539
00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:04,680
Speaker 1: answer key from people trying to figure out how to

540
00:34:04,760 --> 00:34:09,920
Speaker 1: negotiate these UH inter relationships between raith and race and ethnicity.

541
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:13,120
Speaker 1: So this idea that this was also um trickling down

542
00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:16,560
Speaker 1: to how enslaved people advocated for their own freedom is

543
00:34:16,640 --> 00:34:21,360
Speaker 1: super fascinating. Um Ethan then goes on to recommend a

544
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:25,719
Speaker 1: show topic h and he concludes by saying that he

545
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:30,240
Speaker 1: hopes he has persuaded us to do a show on them. Ah.

546
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:35,320
Speaker 1: I would like to just note that our current list

547
00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:41,760
Speaker 1: of listeners suggested podcasts is seven hundred and seventeen things long,

548
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,080
Speaker 1: which I am not saying at all to discourage people

549
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:45,840
Speaker 1: from sending them. We love getting them and they are

550
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:49,080
Speaker 1: a huge help, but it is incredibly hard to commit

551
00:34:49,160 --> 00:34:54,320
Speaker 1: to any individual request unless we are actively either working

552
00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:58,439
Speaker 1: on it right now, or have definitely done it already,

553
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:03,640
Speaker 1: or have definitely decided we're not doing it. Yeah. I

554
00:35:03,680 --> 00:35:07,280
Speaker 1: will often put stuff on the list, but even so,

555
00:35:07,480 --> 00:35:11,600
Speaker 1: that could mean that it's presuming you and I are still,

556
00:35:11,640 --> 00:35:14,080
Speaker 1: for example, working on the show in two years. It

557
00:35:14,120 --> 00:35:15,759
Speaker 1: could be at the end of two years from now.

558
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:20,560
Speaker 1: Like don't this is as Tracy said, not and asked

559
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:24,560
Speaker 1: to not send suggestions, but not to get maybe two

560
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:27,520
Speaker 1: in love with the idea that something will happen quickly, right,

561
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:31,399
Speaker 1: A lot of stuff is not not quickly at all,

562
00:35:32,960 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 1: Like our recent episode of the pilt dumb and I

563
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:37,560
Speaker 1: think people have been asking about since you and I

564
00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:40,799
Speaker 1: first started on the show, and we have several things

565
00:35:40,840 --> 00:35:43,000
Speaker 1: that are you know, we have requests that carry over

566
00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:47,440
Speaker 1: from past hosts that yes, super super interesting, but with

567
00:35:47,520 --> 00:35:52,040
Speaker 1: two episodes a week, that's not a lot of episodes. UM,

568
00:35:52,080 --> 00:35:56,560
Speaker 1: so yes, please send us suggestions. We love them really

569
00:35:56,600 --> 00:36:00,000
Speaker 1: hard to commit to whether we are doing them any

570
00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:02,560
Speaker 1: time soon. Uh. If you would like to write to

571
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcast where History podcast

572
00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:08,360
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. We're also on Facebook

573
00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:10,520
Speaker 1: at Facebook dot com slash miss in history and on

574
00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:13,920
Speaker 1: Twitter at miss in history, are tumbler is hims, Instry

575
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:16,279
Speaker 1: dot Tuller dot com, or on Pinterest at Penchrist dot

576
00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:19,439
Speaker 1: com slash miss in history and on Instagram and miss

577
00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:22,160
Speaker 1: in History. You can come to our parent companies website,

578
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:23,880
Speaker 1: which is how stuff Works dot com and find all

579
00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:26,759
Speaker 1: kinds of information about all kinds of fascinating subjects. And

580
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,800
Speaker 1: you can come to our website missed in history dot com,

581
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:31,560
Speaker 1: where you will find show notes for this and all

582
00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:33,880
Speaker 1: the other episodes Holly and I have done together and

583
00:36:33,920 --> 00:36:36,640
Speaker 1: an archive every episode we have ever done. We have

584
00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:39,399
Speaker 1: started working on some videos, and the videos you're going

585
00:36:39,480 --> 00:36:42,320
Speaker 1: up in our on our podcast are on our homepage

586
00:36:42,320 --> 00:36:44,800
Speaker 1: and our website, so you can do all that and

587
00:36:44,840 --> 00:36:47,279
Speaker 1: a whole lot more at how stuff works dot com

588
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:55,040
Speaker 1: or miss the History dot com for more on this

589
00:36:55,239 --> 00:36:57,719
Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Is it how stuff works

590
00:36:57,719 --> 00:37:01,759
Speaker 1: dot com In