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Speaker 1: Hey, history enthusiasts, you get not one, but two events

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Speaker 1: in history today on with the show. Hi, I'm Eves,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to this Day in History Class, a show

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Speaker 1: that uncovers history one day at a time. The day

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Speaker 1: was January twenty two. It was frigid and Nome, a

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Speaker 1: tiny town of about four hundred people on the west

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Speaker 1: coast of Alaska, right up against the Baring Sea. Long winters, blizzards,

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Speaker 1: and below freezing temperatures or the norm and Gnome, so

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Speaker 1: the icy town was often hard to get to. That

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Speaker 1: was to be expected. But on this day, when the

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Speaker 1: town was in desperate need of a theorem to stop

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Speaker 1: a diphtheria epidemic that inaccessibility posed a huge problem. An

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Speaker 1: epidemic of diphtheria is almost inevitable here stopped. I am

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Speaker 1: an urgent need of one million units of diphtheria antitoxin stop.

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Speaker 1: That's how Dr Curtis Welsh, Norm's only doctor started his

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Speaker 1: telegram to towns all over Alaska and the US Public

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Speaker 1: Health Service. People were dying and it was clear that

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Speaker 1: the outbreak was a crisis that needed immediate attention. See

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Speaker 1: diphtheria is a potentially deadly bacterial infection, especially in children.

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Speaker 1: It spreads easily, causing fever, chills, and a thick coating

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Speaker 1: on the throat and tonsils that makes it really hard

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Speaker 1: to breathe. And in the nineteen twenties there was a

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Speaker 1: vaccine for diphtheria, but it wasn't widely used yet, and

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Speaker 1: when the first person with symptoms of diftheria went to

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Speaker 1: Dr Wells for help in December nineteen, Welsh misdiagnosed the

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Speaker 1: condition is tonsilitis because no one else was showing signs

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Speaker 1: of the illness. That innuit boy died the next day,

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Speaker 1: and until January Welsh would misdiagnose more people, and more

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Speaker 1: people would die emily more in One of four nurses

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Speaker 1: at Maynard Columbus Hospital and Nome once had diftheroria and

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Speaker 1: soon recognized the symptoms. It wasn't until January nine when

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Speaker 1: Dr Welsh would correctly diagnosed diptheria in three year old

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Speaker 1: Billy Barnett. Dif Theoria is definitely not the diagnosis you

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Speaker 1: want to hear, but now that he knew the real issue,

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Speaker 1: he could move on to treating it properly, and there

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Speaker 1: was an antitoxin available that could cure diftheroria, but there

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Speaker 1: were a few problems. Maynard Columbus Hospital had eight thousand

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Speaker 1: units of the diftheria antitoxin on hand, but they were

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Speaker 1: expired and the doctor didn't want to risk making Little

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Speaker 1: Billy even sicker, and per Murphy's Law, Dr Wales had

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Speaker 1: ordered to supply of the anti toxin in the summer

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Speaker 1: of nineteen four, to be sent in from Juno, Alaska,

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Speaker 1: but the shipment didn't make it to Know before the

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Speaker 1: ports froze, so when another child was diagnosed with the

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Speaker 1: illness on January one, he gave her six thousand units

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Speaker 1: of the anti toxin. It didn't work. She died it

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Speaker 1: that day. With the number of diphtheria cases and deaths

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Speaker 1: quickly growing, Dr Wells reached out to the mayor to

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Speaker 1: call an emergency town council meeting, and on the evening

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Speaker 1: before he sent his urgent telegram, Dr Wells declared to

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Speaker 1: the council that he would need at least one million

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Speaker 1: units to curb the epidemic. The council called for a

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Speaker 1: quarantine and put Emily Morgan in charge of it, but

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Speaker 1: they still needed the anti toxin, so the next day

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Speaker 1: Dr Wells sent the telegram to let all major towns

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Speaker 1: in Alaska know about the epidemic and to Washington, d C.

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Speaker 1: To ask for assistance. Over a million units of the

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Speaker 1: anti toxin were available at hospitals across the west coast

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Speaker 1: of the US, but it would take them a while

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Speaker 1: to get to Seattle, Washington, where they would then have

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Speaker 1: to be sent to Alaska. Fortunately, a hospital and anchorage

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Speaker 1: had three hundred thousand units of the anti toxin, but

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Speaker 1: it was still over a thousand miles away. Daylight hours

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Speaker 1: were short, waterways were frozen, planes which had open cockpits

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Speaker 1: and water cool engines were just unreliable, and the closest

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Speaker 1: train statetion was in Ninana, Alaska, about seven hundred miles

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Speaker 1: or over a thousand kilometers away. So how would the

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Speaker 1: cure get from Ninana to Nome Dog slit, of course.

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Speaker 1: At a January Board of Health meaning Superintendent Mark Summers

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Speaker 1: proposed a dog slate relay. One team would leave from

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Speaker 1: Ninana with the anti toxin and the other team would

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Speaker 1: leave from Nome. The two teams would meet in New

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Speaker 1: Lative and the Nome team would head back with the

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Speaker 1: anti toxin. So on January, as Dr Welsh and the

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Speaker 1: nurses back at the hospital care for an increasing number

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Speaker 1: of sick people and waited on the larger shipment from Seattle.

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Speaker 1: The dog sled journey began. Driver William Shannon picked up

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Speaker 1: the twenty pound package of anti toxin at the train

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Speaker 1: station and took off with his team of nine Mala mutes.

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Speaker 1: The next several days would be a saga made for Hollywood,

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Speaker 1: a story complete with high stakes drama, ticking cloth, and

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Speaker 1: adorable heroic dogs. There were many cases of hypothermia and

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Speaker 1: fras fight, a pesky reindeer, a flip sled and lost package,

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Speaker 1: dogs that died of exposure, and wind tiels down to

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Speaker 1: minus eighty five degrees fahrenheit. In one of the tales

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Speaker 1: most dramatic moments, famed musher Leonard's Doppelo Josh's dogs led

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Speaker 1: by the Siberian husky Togo on a dangerous shortcut across

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Speaker 1: the Northern Sound, and of course US news outlet We're

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Speaker 1: soaking it all up every step of the way. On

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Speaker 1: February one, Gunner Cosin began what would turn out to

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Speaker 1: be the last leg of the relay. He headed out

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Speaker 1: in near blizzard conditions with now legendary Siberian husky Balto

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Speaker 1: as the lead dog, and on the morning of February second,

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Speaker 1: five and a half days after the relay started, Cosson

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Speaker 1: arrived at Front Street and Nome with the life saving serum.

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Speaker 1: Nurses went around the town and outlying villages, giving people

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Speaker 1: the anti toxines and comforting affective families. Nurse Emily Morgan

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Speaker 1: even helped to father build a coffin for his son.

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Speaker 1: Thanks to the assistance of huns of dogs and dozens

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Speaker 1: of people, the quarantine was lifted three weeks later. The

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Speaker 1: legacy of the relay lives on in the Iditarod Trail,

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Speaker 1: Split Dog Race and um all the shining tributes to Balto.

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Speaker 1: I'm Eaves, Jeffcote, and hopefully you know a little more

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Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. You can subscribe

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Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, the

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Speaker 1: iHeart Radio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks

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Speaker 1: to Chandler Mays, our producer. We'll see you here in

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Speaker 1: the same place tomorrow. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and you're

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Speaker 1: listening to This Day in History Class, a podcast where

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Speaker 1: we build the time machine and all you have to

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Speaker 1: do is hop in the day was January two, n

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Speaker 1: Apple introduced its new mac Intosh computer in an ad

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Speaker 1: during the Super Bowl. Though the Apple to first release

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Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy seven was super successful, it was being outclassed.

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Speaker 1: Apple released the Lisa, a personal computer with a graphical

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Speaker 1: user interface and mouse, in early nineteen eighty three, but

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Speaker 1: the computer was expensive at ten thousand dollars, and it

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Speaker 1: had other drawbacks that made it less than appealing. The

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Speaker 1: Macintosh project began in the late nineteen seventies. At the

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Speaker 1: same time the Lisa was under development. Apple employee Jeff

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Speaker 1: Raskin aimed to create an affordable, easy to use computer.

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Speaker 1: Steve Jobs, the co founder of Apple, took notice of

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Speaker 1: the project. The Macintosh was envisioned as less expensive than

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Speaker 1: the Lisa, but still powerful and accessible to the average user.

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Speaker 1: Apple announced the Macintosh one K to the press in

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Speaker 1: October of nineteen eighty three, and on January twenty two,

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Speaker 1: nineteen eighty four, the Macintosh was introduced to Super Bowl

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Speaker 1: viewers in a commercial known as nineteen eight four. Advertising

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Speaker 1: agency Shyatt Day created the ad. Lee Cloud was the

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Speaker 1: creative director, Steve Hayden was the copywriter, and Brent Thomas

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Speaker 1: was the art director. The ad was shot in one

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Speaker 1: week and cost about five hundred thousand dollars. Steve Jobs

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Speaker 1: loved it, but the Board of Directors was not impressed

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Speaker 1: by the commercial, but Apple ran with it anyway. The

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Speaker 1: commercial ran once in December of nine in a late

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Speaker 1: night spot in Twin Falls, Idaho, and was screened before

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Speaker 1: previews in movie theaters, but the Super Bowl spot was

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Speaker 1: its most famous showing. Britley Scott, director of the science

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Speaker 1: fiction films Alien and Blade Runner, directed the commercial. In

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Speaker 1: the sixties. Second commercial, a woman carrying a sledgehammer runs

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Speaker 1: through a dystopian landscape inspired by George Orwell's Four. A

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Speaker 1: televised Big Brother like figure is lecturing a room full

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Speaker 1: of workers when the runner throws the sledgehammer at the image.

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Speaker 1: The commercial ends with the following text in voiceover on January,

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Speaker 1: Apple Computer will introduce Macintosh and you'll see why four

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Speaker 1: won't be like four. The woman is interpreted as symbolizing

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Speaker 1: Apple and the Big Brother figure as representing IBM. Essentially,

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Speaker 1: Apple saves the masses from an IBM dominated future. The

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Speaker 1: commercial got a lot of attention, and it won several awards,

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Speaker 1: including the Grand Prize at the can International Advertising Festival.

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Speaker 1: The commercial is recognized as one of the most memorable

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Speaker 1: and Super Bowl history. It's also credited with making Super

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Speaker 1: Bowl commercials as important and popular as they are today. Later,

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Speaker 1: Apple created another version of the ad to include an iPod,

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Speaker 1: and the commercial has also been recreated by others. Two

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Speaker 1: days after the ad aired, Apple had its annual shareholders meeting,

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Speaker 1: where Steve Jobs presented the Macintosh. The Macintosh was the

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Speaker 1: first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and

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Speaker 1: a graphical user interface. In the three months after the

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Speaker 1: Super Bowl, people purchased one hundred and fifty five million

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Speaker 1: dollars worth of Macintosh is. By September, Apple had introduced

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Speaker 1: the Macintosh five twelve K, which had four times as

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Speaker 1: much memory as the original. I'm Eve Jeff Coote and

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Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than

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Speaker 1: you did yesterday. If you've seen any good history means lately,

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Speaker 1: you can send them to us on social media at

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Speaker 1: t D I h C Podcast, or you can go

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Speaker 1: the old fashioned route and send us an email at

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Speaker 1: this day at I heart media dot com. Thanks again

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Speaker 1: for listening. We'll see same place tomorrow. To beat the

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Speaker 1: painted patents to beat the bat