1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,920 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:07,400 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:11,480 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Welcome to 5 00:00:11,560 --> 00:00:14,200 Speaker 1: this Day in History class, where we bring you a 6 00:00:14,240 --> 00:00:26,599 Speaker 1: new tipbit from history every day. The day was March nine, 7 00:00:26,920 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty nine, in New York City, at the American 8 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:36,199 Speaker 1: Toy Fair, Barbie Millicent Roberts from Willows, Wisconsin made her 9 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: first appearance. The plastic doll was eleven inches or centimeters tall, 10 00:00:42,720 --> 00:00:48,040 Speaker 1: with blonde hair and idealistic body proportions. Up until this point, 11 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: the most popular toy dolls in the United States didn't 12 00:00:52,159 --> 00:00:56,400 Speaker 1: have adult features, but the first Barbie doll sold for 13 00:00:56,520 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: three dollars, and the toy quickly became a sensation for 14 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:06,199 Speaker 1: children all over the world. Since Barbie's birthday, she's gotten 15 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:10,240 Speaker 1: a family, had an impressive number of careers, been to 16 00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,800 Speaker 1: a ton of places, and taking part in plenty of 17 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:18,320 Speaker 1: entertaining storylines, and she can be worth a lot more 18 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:22,560 Speaker 1: than three bucks. Today, some Barbies fetch thousands of dollars, 19 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: but her popularity has not come without controversy. Ruth and 20 00:01:28,480 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: Elliott Handler, along with Harold Mattson, were co founders of 21 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:36,959 Speaker 1: the toy company Mattel. When the Handlers were on a 22 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: trip with their children, Barbara and Ken in nineteen fifty six, 23 00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: they saw a doll named build Lily that looked like 24 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:48,120 Speaker 1: an adult with feminine traits. That was different from the 25 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:52,320 Speaker 1: dolls American children usually play with, which typically looks like infants, 26 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: but Lily was on the complete opposite side of the spectrum. 27 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:59,559 Speaker 1: The Lily doll was based on a comic strip character 28 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,120 Speaker 1: and initially put in tobacco shops for guys to buy 29 00:02:03,240 --> 00:02:07,280 Speaker 1: as gags, but the adult figured doll, which could be 30 00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: dressed up in different outfits, soon became a hit for kids. 31 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:16,639 Speaker 1: When Ruth came across Lily, she had already realized that 32 00:02:16,680 --> 00:02:20,280 Speaker 1: her daughter preferred playing with paper dolls that she pretended 33 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:25,239 Speaker 1: were adults, and Lily was the perfect inspiration for Ruth's 34 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:29,920 Speaker 1: own version of an adult doll. Elliott and executives at 35 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,680 Speaker 1: Mattil weren't so hot about the idea of an adult doll, 36 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,520 Speaker 1: but when Ruth got back to the States, she an 37 00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 1: engineer Jack Ryan set to work on creating the tiny 38 00:02:41,080 --> 00:02:46,600 Speaker 1: waisted doll. The world came to know and love as Barbie. Barbie, 39 00:02:46,720 --> 00:02:49,919 Speaker 1: with her frilly bangs and blind or burnette hair pulled 40 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:54,120 Speaker 1: back into a ponytail, was marketed as a teenage fashion model. 41 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,799 Speaker 1: She wore a black and white striped swimsuit, had high 42 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:03,320 Speaker 1: arched eyebrows, stylish sunglasses, and her eyes were fixed in 43 00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,840 Speaker 1: a sideways glance. And like Lily, Barbie also had a 44 00:03:07,840 --> 00:03:14,320 Speaker 1: wardrobe that could be purchased separately. Barbie's pale skin, exaggerated proportions, 45 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:18,920 Speaker 1: and glamorous style were reminiscent of the stars America idolized 46 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:23,440 Speaker 1: at the time, like Rita Hayworth and Elizabeth Taylor, and 47 00:03:23,480 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: even though many parents complained that Barbie's measurements were unrealistic 48 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:32,679 Speaker 1: and could negatively affect kids self image, many others saw 49 00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:38,200 Speaker 1: Barbie as challenging stereotypical gender roles. About three hundred thousand 50 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:41,320 Speaker 1: Barbie dolls sold in the first year after it was released. 51 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: In nineteen sixty one, the German toymaker Griner and Hauser 52 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:50,120 Speaker 1: sued Mattel for patent infringement, saying that Barbie was a 53 00:03:50,200 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: quote direct takeoff and copy of Build Lily, and that 54 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: Mattel had falsely claimed it was the originator of Barbie's design, 55 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:01,840 Speaker 1: but the case was still out of court, and Mattel 56 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,520 Speaker 1: soon bought Grinder and Houser's copyright and patent rights for 57 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 1: Build Lily for twenty one thousand and six hundred dollars, 58 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:15,200 Speaker 1: and Barbie sales kept skyrocketing. Mattel had pioneered the use 59 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:18,799 Speaker 1: of commercials to market toys to kids, and they used 60 00:04:18,839 --> 00:04:23,120 Speaker 1: this tactic to grow the consumer base for Barbie. In 61 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:28,359 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, Ken Carson, Barbie's Boyfriend, was introduced. In 62 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:33,360 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty three, Mattel launched mid Hadley, Barbie's Best Friend, 63 00:04:33,760 --> 00:04:37,400 Speaker 1: to prove that Barbie wasn't just a sex symbol, and 64 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:41,839 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty four, Barbie's first little sister, Skipper Roberts, 65 00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: joined the family. Over the years, Barbie and her menagerie 66 00:04:46,640 --> 00:04:51,719 Speaker 1: of friends, family, boyfriends, celebrity companions, accessories and homes grew, 67 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:59,120 Speaker 1: and so did her resume, with jobs like registered nurse, astronaut, pilot, scientists, 68 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:03,920 Speaker 1: game developer, and president. Making the cut. Barbie also went 69 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: through a lot of changes in appearance. Her eyes were 70 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:10,279 Speaker 1: changed to look straight ahead. She now comes in different 71 00:05:10,320 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: body types and there are non white Barbies, representing people 72 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:19,479 Speaker 1: of many different ethnicities and nationalities. Barbie, a symbol of 73 00:05:19,520 --> 00:05:23,320 Speaker 1: the times when she was introduced, was culturally and economically 74 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:26,560 Speaker 1: compelled to reflect a changing society as time went on. 75 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,039 Speaker 1: Mattel has fought to keep Barbie relevant in recent years, 76 00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:35,800 Speaker 1: facing changing consumer habits and a mercurial market by focusing 77 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:40,440 Speaker 1: on inclusivity, but updates to the dolls, figure and background 78 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:45,159 Speaker 1: have kept Barbie alive for sixty years. I'm Eves, Jeff 79 00:05:45,240 --> 00:05:48,160 Speaker 1: Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history 80 00:05:48,160 --> 00:05:52,640 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. And if you like to 81 00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: follow us on social media, you can find us at 82 00:05:55,800 --> 00:06:01,839 Speaker 1: T D I h C Podcast on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. 83 00:06:02,520 --> 00:06:11,360 Speaker 1: We'll see you tomorrow. Hi everyone, I'm Eves and welcome 84 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,680 Speaker 1: to This Day in History Class, a podcast where we 85 00:06:14,760 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: rip out a page from the history books every day. 86 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:26,960 Speaker 1: The day was March nine, nineteen sixteen. The Battle of 87 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:30,120 Speaker 1: Columbus began as a rate that Pancho Villa led on 88 00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,599 Speaker 1: the border town of Columbus, New Mexico. When Ponto Villa 89 00:06:34,720 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: ran into the U. S Army, the raid turned into 90 00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:41,200 Speaker 1: an all out battle. Pancho Villa was a revolutionary and 91 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was the 92 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:47,240 Speaker 1: commander of the Da Vicion del Norte cavalry and for 93 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: a time the governor of the Mexican state of HuaHua. 94 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: At the beginning of the Mexican Revolution, which started around 95 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:59,479 Speaker 1: nineteen ten, Pancho Villa had widespread support. When Venustiano Carranza 96 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:02,359 Speaker 1: took over as head of state in nineteen fifteen, he 97 00:07:02,480 --> 00:07:06,799 Speaker 1: met opposition from Poncho Villa and US President Woodrow Wilson. 98 00:07:07,839 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: Wilson supported Poncho Villa at least for a short time. 99 00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: By late nineteen fifteen, after huge losses in the Battle 100 00:07:15,120 --> 00:07:18,560 Speaker 1: of Salaia, Pancho Villa had lost a lot of support. 101 00:07:19,640 --> 00:07:23,080 Speaker 1: He and his soldiers were in northern Mexico looking for supplies, 102 00:07:23,640 --> 00:07:25,920 Speaker 1: so he planned a raid on the military garrison in 103 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:29,280 Speaker 1: the U S town of Columbus, New Mexico. It's not 104 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: completely clear why he conducted the raid, but he sent 105 00:07:32,760 --> 00:07:37,280 Speaker 1: people to collect information on the garrison. Villa led around 106 00:07:37,320 --> 00:07:40,800 Speaker 1: fifteen hundred men across the border. Less than half of 107 00:07:40,840 --> 00:07:43,520 Speaker 1: that number of men attacked the garrison in the early 108 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:48,040 Speaker 1: hours of March ninth, nineteen sixteen. The army set about 109 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,720 Speaker 1: looting and burning the town, but the US quickly returned 110 00:07:51,760 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: the violence. The thirteenth Cavalry Regiment of the U. S 111 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,760 Speaker 1: Army was stationed at the garrison. They shot at VIA's 112 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:01,880 Speaker 1: men with machine gun and civilians living in the town 113 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:06,280 Speaker 1: fought back to the Division. Del Norte resisted the counter 114 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:09,640 Speaker 1: attacks and civilian force until they were forced to retreat. 115 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:13,040 Speaker 1: Vas men had managed to gather supplies from the raid, 116 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:16,560 Speaker 1: but they suffered a lot of losses. More than one 117 00:08:16,640 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: hundred people in the Division Del Norte were dead. On 118 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:22,520 Speaker 1: the U. S side, a couple dozen people were killed, 119 00:08:22,600 --> 00:08:27,160 Speaker 1: with more wounded. The US soon sent thousands of troops 120 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: to the border. President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing 121 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: to Mexico to capture or kill Pancho Villa in an 122 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:38,240 Speaker 1: effort known as the Punitive Expedition. The the US searched 123 00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:41,320 Speaker 1: for Villa for months, using airplanes and trucks to aid 124 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:45,280 Speaker 1: the operation. They did not find Villa by February of 125 00:08:45,360 --> 00:08:48,080 Speaker 1: nineteen seventeen, when the U. S is entry into World 126 00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:51,960 Speaker 1: War One was imminent, Pershing and the troops abandoned the effort. 127 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:57,120 Speaker 1: Kranza withdrew permission for the occupation and Pershing returned to 128 00:08:57,160 --> 00:09:01,640 Speaker 1: the US in nineteen twenty, Da was granted amnesty and 129 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:06,040 Speaker 1: a decent pension after agreeing to cease his independent military activities. 130 00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:09,079 Speaker 1: He stayed in a hacienda into ihuah Wa until ninete, 131 00:09:10,200 --> 00:09:14,680 Speaker 1: when he was assassinated. That year, a formal commission began 132 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: to negotiate claims against Mexico, including ones from Columbus residents. 133 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: Mexico didn't agree to pay off US claims until more 134 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:26,400 Speaker 1: than a decade later. I'm Eve Steff Coote and hopefully 135 00:09:26,480 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 136 00:09:28,760 --> 00:09:33,160 Speaker 1: did yesterday. You can find us on Twitter, Facebook, and 137 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: Instagram at t d i h C podcast. You can 138 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,960 Speaker 1: also shoot us an email at this Day at i 139 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:45,959 Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks for listening. I hope to 140 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: see you here again tomorrow. For more podcasts for my 141 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 142 00:09:55,960 --> 00:09:57,680 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.