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Speaker 1: Hey, Katie, do you have science words that you especially like?

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Speaker 3: Yeah?

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Speaker 4: I really like apoptosis. It makes me think of popcorn.

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Speaker 1: That does make me want to have a snack. Well,

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Speaker 1: I like the word fundamental. It sounds so.

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Speaker 4: Important, it's got fun in.

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Speaker 1: It, it does. So what science words don't you like?

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Speaker 4: Coagulate?

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Speaker 1: I was afraid you're gonna say moist. Coagulate's pretty gross. Also,

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Speaker 1: I'm not such a fan of the word hadron.

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Speaker 4: Oh really, No.

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Speaker 1: The problem is a lot of people end up with

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Speaker 1: a little typo that swaps a couple letters, and you

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Speaker 1: end up with something very not safe for work.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, that gives the lard hadron collider a whole different connotation.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel, I'm a particle. Physicist and I definitely

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Speaker 1: am Colliding Hadrons at the LHC.

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Speaker 4: And I am Katie Golden. I'm stepping in for Jorge

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Speaker 4: this week, and I am the host of Creature Feature.

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Speaker 4: I'm a science pod cast interested in evolutionary biology, human psychology,

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Speaker 4: and hate also physics.

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Speaker 1: And welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: in which we take you on a mental journey to

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Speaker 1: understand everything about the universe, from the tiniest things between

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Speaker 1: your toes to the things you see in the night

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Speaker 1: sky to the vast weird, crazy bonker stuff going out

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Speaker 1: in the depths of space. We take all of it,

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Speaker 1: roll it up and try to make sure that you

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Speaker 1: understand it.

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Speaker 4: Like a cosmic burrito.

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Speaker 1: How much hot sauce you want is up to you.

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Speaker 1: And we love to talk about stuff that we see

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Speaker 1: in the night sky, but we also love to talk

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Speaker 1: about stuff you might not have even heard of. When

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Speaker 1: you look up in the sky, you see stars, and

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Speaker 1: if you have a nice telescope, you can even see

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Speaker 1: further and maybe see those smudges that are galaxies. But

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of other stuff out there in the

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Speaker 1: universe that we are not familiar with that most people

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Speaker 1: don't even know exists.

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Speaker 4: Okay, So if I'm looking at the night sky, I

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Speaker 4: see a bunch of stars. Sometimes I see like, like

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Speaker 4: you said, it looks like someone spilled a bunch of

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Speaker 4: sugar up there, and it's a galaxy. But what can

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Speaker 4: I possibly be missing? I mean other than yeah, I

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Speaker 4: guess I can't see them in detail with a telescope.

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Speaker 4: But what's up there? Like you mean giant alien eyeballs?

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Speaker 1: Well, there's a lot of stuff out there, and basically,

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Speaker 1: every time we turn on a new telescope or a

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Speaker 1: new kind of device for listening to the cosmos, we

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Speaker 1: find something new. And every time we peer deeper and

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Speaker 1: deeper into the sky, we see stuff that we didn't expect.

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Speaker 1: On the podcast today, we'll be talking about a weird

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Speaker 1: thing that's in the sky that astronomers have known about

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Speaker 1: for hundreds of years but most people aren't aware of.

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Speaker 4: All Right, well, what's this big secret? What have astronomers

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Speaker 4: been keeping from us?

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Speaker 1: Well, unfortunately, it's got a really strange and kind of

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Speaker 1: an ugly name.

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Speaker 5: Uh.

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Speaker 4: Oh, it's not coagulate, is it?

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Speaker 1: Stars don't coagulate? I guess if a galaxy cuts itself, right,

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Speaker 1: a bunch of like stars could rush in to fill

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Speaker 1: in the gap planetary platelets.

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Speaker 6: No.

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Speaker 1: Today on the program, we'll be asking the question, what

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Speaker 1: are globular clusters? Eww doesn't sound like something you want

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Speaker 1: to order on the menu, does it.

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Speaker 4: No? No, it sounds like the worst kids cereal ever, Like,

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Speaker 4: be sure to get globios for your globular clusters.

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Speaker 1: I know, I imagine some like scoop of some very viscous

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Speaker 1: kind of stuff. It's like jello mixed with gravy or something.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, I don't I have a texture thing when

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Speaker 4: it comes to food, Like I don't like cottage cheese

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Speaker 4: or other like things little chunks suspended within gow. So

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Speaker 4: I don't know about this globular clusters thing. This does

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Speaker 4: not sound good.

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Speaker 1: Well, fortunately it was not designed as a menu item.

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Speaker 1: It's an astrophysical object. It's something out there in our

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Speaker 1: universe that might teach you something about how the galaxy

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Speaker 1: was formed and how old the universe is and weird

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Speaker 1: new kinds of stars and so it's an opportunity to

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Speaker 1: learn something. And fortunately we don't actually have to taste it.

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Speaker 4: That's good, that's good, all right, I'm still with you then,

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Speaker 4: But if you try to give me a spoon on

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Speaker 4: one of these globular clusters, I am check please. So

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Speaker 4: we ask what people think globular clusters are, and this

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Speaker 4: is what people had to say.

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Speaker 5: I don't know what a globular cluster is. I think

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Speaker 5: it might be something fond and out of space, but

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Speaker 5: I don't actually know.

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Speaker 6: I'm not sure entirely, but I think it's just some

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Speaker 6: type of grouping of stars. Assuming it's a term from cosmology.

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Speaker 6: A cluster is a collection enough stars, and globular means

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Speaker 6: that it's round, like a globe, and the eule as

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Speaker 6: in molecule or module, suggests that it's small, so it's

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Speaker 6: a small round a bunch of stars.

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Speaker 1: This one is like a gathering of stars, spherical. It's

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Speaker 1: not a galaxy.

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Speaker 7: It can be within a galaxy, but it may look

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Speaker 7: like a galaxy, like a spherical galaxy. I've heard the

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Speaker 7: phrase globular cluster, not one hundred percent sure what it means.

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Speaker 7: I thought that it had something to do with a

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Speaker 7: group of stars maybe that are clustered together in like

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Speaker 7: a spherical shape.

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Speaker 2: This is a gigantic group of stars that sit outside

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Speaker 2: and I think maybe even orbit the galaxies.

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Speaker 6: This has something to do with a group of stars,

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Speaker 6: maybe that they all for from the same nebula or.

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Speaker 2: Other event.

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Speaker 1: Thanks to everybody who volunteered to speculate baselessly without getting

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Speaker 1: to do any research or googling. If you'd like to

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Speaker 1: participate for a future episode, please write to me two

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Speaker 1: questions at Danielanjorge dot com.

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Speaker 4: I think it's interesting, so most of the answers more

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Speaker 4: along the same lines, like this is probably a big

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Speaker 4: cluster of stars or some kind of space junk.

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Speaker 1: Some kind of space junk. But there's no clue in

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Speaker 1: there that it's a cluster of stars, right, it could

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Speaker 1: have been a cluster of anything, you know, jello or

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Speaker 1: gravy or breakfast cereal or whatever.

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Speaker 4: I think when people think about space, you think of

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Speaker 4: it mostly stars. Right, you look out into space. What

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Speaker 4: do you see? You see stars? All the other stuff

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Speaker 4: that is out there is either hard to see or

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Speaker 4: is it really perceivable.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but you hear some people speculating like maybe a

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Speaker 1: cluster of galaxies or a cluster of galaxy clusters or

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Speaker 1: something like that, because there's this fascinating sort of hierarchy

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Speaker 1: of structure out there. In space, right, It's not like

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Speaker 1: there are just stars everywhere. Things are sort of grouped

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Speaker 1: together into galaxies, and those galaxies are grouped together into

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Speaker 1: clusters of galaxies, and so this really fascinating sort of

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Speaker 1: hierarchy of structures getting bigger and bigger and bigger. And

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Speaker 1: so I guess the question then is, you know, like,

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Speaker 1: what are globular clusters a cluster of.

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Speaker 4: Yes, what kind of pyramid scheme is a globular cluster?

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Speaker 4: Who's the downstream and who's the upstream?

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Speaker 1: Who's really making money off globular clusters? Right? Who's behind

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Speaker 1: big globular.

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Speaker 4: Taking globular clusters to the moon.

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Speaker 1: So the answer is that globular clusters are clusters of stars,

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Speaker 1: And to me, the fascinating thing is that there's something

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Speaker 1: in between, sort of like our solar system and the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: You think about like our cosmic address. We're here on

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Speaker 1: Earth where zooming around our star, and then we think

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Speaker 1: that our star is just like one of many stars

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Speaker 1: of hundreds of billions of stars in the galaxy. Right,

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Speaker 1: But it turns out that there's an intermediate step there.

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Speaker 1: It's not just solar system and then galaxy. You could

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Speaker 1: have organizations of solar systems.

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Speaker 4: So when you zoom out, like when you see these

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Speaker 4: videos of here, you are on planet Earth. You're a tiny,

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Speaker 4: insignificant flea like creature on this huge planet. Then you

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Speaker 4: zoom out to Solar system and usually goes right from

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Speaker 4: Solar system to galaxy. But no, there's an extra step.

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Speaker 1: You're saying, there's an extra step. Yeah, some stars, some

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Speaker 1: special stars, group together into these big clusters of stars

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Speaker 1: called globular clusters. Now, not every star is in one

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Speaker 1: of these things. It's not like you know, another layer

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Speaker 1: in this hierarchy. It's sort of like a special clumping.

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Speaker 1: Like most stars are just sort of like out they're

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Speaker 1: on their own, sort of like out in the middle

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Speaker 1: of the countryside by themselves. But it turns out that

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Speaker 1: there are these like urban areas where stars clump together

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Speaker 1: really densely and make these things called globular clusters, and

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Speaker 1: they're like a fascinating relic of the ancient formation of

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Speaker 1: the galaxy and can tell us a lot about how

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Speaker 1: things work out there.

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Speaker 4: So it's like you've got a bowl of granola and

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Speaker 4: yet you have your little oatmeal pieces in there. But

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Speaker 4: then you have the big clusters of oatmeal too.

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Speaker 1: Those are the best ones.

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Speaker 4: Those are the best ones. Those are nice. Yeah, I

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Speaker 4: always fish those out first, and then I'm left with

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Speaker 4: just sort of a bowl of sugary oatmeal, and that's

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Speaker 4: not great. But so that whole bowl is like the galaxy.

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Speaker 4: But within that bowl you have the globular clusters of

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Speaker 4: the nice, crunchy granolas.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. The stars are not evenly distributed through the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: I mean, the overall pattern is that there's more stars

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Speaker 1: in the center of the galaxy where the gravity stronger,

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Speaker 1: and then it sort of peters out along the galactic disc.

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Speaker 1: But inside there it's not smooth. There are these clumps

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Speaker 1: where you get these big collections of stars. And we're

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Speaker 1: not talking like, you know, five ten stars. We're talking

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Speaker 1: like a few hundreds of thousands of stars. It's a

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Speaker 1: big deal.

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Speaker 4: Sounds like when they were making the galaxy, they just

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Speaker 4: didn't stir enough. That's what I learned about. Like when

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Speaker 4: I'm trying to make polenta, you know, it gets clumpy.

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Speaker 4: You just didn't stir enough.

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Speaker 1: Katie's globular Polinda. That's not the foundation for your next

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Speaker 1: food truck run. And so these things have like a

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Speaker 1: few hundred thousand stars in them. But they're not actually

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Speaker 1: that big, right, They're only like ten to sometimes like

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Speaker 1: three hundred light years wide.

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Speaker 4: Okay, you say that's not that big. However, how long

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Speaker 4: would it take me to drive from one end to

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Speaker 4: the other of three hundred light years?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it would take you a while. I mean, even

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Speaker 1: in your light speed polenta powered vehicle, it would take

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Speaker 1: you three hundred years to go across three hundred light

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Speaker 1: years obviously, and in a much slower, more reasonable ship

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Speaker 1: it would take much much longer. But the reason I

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Speaker 1: say that it's not that big is that there are

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Speaker 1: so many stars in there, So what you end up

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Speaker 1: with is stars in a very unusually dense collection, Like

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Speaker 1: in our part of the galaxy, in our neighborhood, there

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Speaker 1: aren't that many stars, like the nearest stars more than

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Speaker 1: four light years away, right.

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Speaker 4: I mean, it seems like there would be conflict with

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Speaker 4: stars being that close together, right, because I know every

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Speaker 4: body in the universe has some kind of gravitational pull,

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Speaker 4: and stars are so big they seem like they would

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Speaker 4: be acting on each other, So it's odd that you

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Speaker 4: would have them so close together.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's exactly what makes them fascinating because in

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Speaker 1: these clusters we get to see stars doing something they

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Speaker 1: don't normally do, which is like dance around each other

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Speaker 1: and tug on each other and form new, weird kinds

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Speaker 1: of stars. And we're going to dig into all that

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Speaker 1: crazy stuff that's happening inside the globular clusters in a minute.

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Speaker 1: But here's some numbers for you, Like the density of

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Speaker 1: stars in our neighborhood, like around where we live in

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Speaker 1: the Galley, is like one star per three hundred cubic

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Speaker 1: light years, So that's a pretty big area just to

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Speaker 1: get one star. But inside one of these globular clusters,

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Speaker 1: there's like two stars per cubic light year, so it's

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Speaker 1: like six hundred times denser than it is in our neighborhood.

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Speaker 1: It's like going from the middle of nowhere to Manhattan.

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Speaker 4: You're really packed in there, like stardines.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, they really are. Imagine what it would be like

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Speaker 1: to live around a star in a globular cluster. You

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Speaker 1: would have so many other like bright stars in the

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Speaker 1: sky at night, the night itself might be a lot

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Speaker 1: brighter than it is here.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it seems like it'd be as bright as daylight.

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Speaker 4: You just have too many suns going on.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, if you're near the center one of these things,

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Speaker 1: I mean, the globular cluster itself is like twenty five

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Speaker 1: thousand times brighter than the sun. These things are really bright.

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Speaker 1: Some of them are up to like fifty times brighter

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Speaker 1: than even that. You'd be in the middle of like

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Speaker 1: a lot of light bulbs all the time. It would

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Speaker 1: be a pretty crazy experience.

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Speaker 4: Well, I need to get get some more high tech sunglasses.

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Speaker 4: It seems like to be able to live here. It's

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00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:09,320
Speaker 4: some of that those polarized shades. But before I do that,

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00:15:09,360 --> 00:15:11,760
Speaker 4: why don't we take a quick break and I will

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Speaker 4: return with all new sunglasses.

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Speaker 4: All Right, I've got my super polarized super extra tiglare

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Speaker 4: globular cluster sunglasses on it. I can't see a thing indoors,

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Speaker 4: but I think it'll help me see within the globular clusters.

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Speaker 4: So what's going on around me?

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Speaker 1: Yes, So these globular clusters, you have this big collection

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Speaker 1: of stars all packed into one spot. And one of

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Speaker 1: the amazing things is that there aren't actually that many

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Speaker 1: of these, Like the galaxy has hundreds of billions of stars,

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Speaker 1: but they're only about one hundred and fifty, maybe up

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Speaker 1: to two hundred of these globular clusters.

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Speaker 4: Why are they so rare?

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Speaker 1: We don't really understand, and we can talk in a

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Speaker 1: minute about how they form, but one clue is that

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Speaker 1: they're also not always contained within the galactic disk. Like

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Speaker 1: if you just look at the galaxy sort of from outside,

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Speaker 1: which we can't do but we can look at other galaxies,

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Speaker 1: of course, you see that it's mostly a flat swirl,

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Speaker 1: and that's because of how the galaxy formed.

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Speaker 3: Right.

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Speaker 1: The galaxy form from a huge collection of gas and

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Speaker 1: dust which collapsed into stars, and then gravity took over

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Speaker 1: and tried to pull all those stars together, and that's

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Speaker 1: why you have a galaxy, but it's much harder for

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Speaker 1: gravity to pull along the galactic plane because that's how

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00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:11,479
Speaker 1: the galaxy is spinning. That's spinning keeps things from falling

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00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:14,600
Speaker 1: in only along that plane. Perpendicular to that plane, it

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Speaker 1: can squish it flat like a pancake.

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Speaker 4: Is it sort of like when you have a bicycle wheel,

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Speaker 4: You have some torque there, so you have that kind

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Speaker 4: of like inward energy of the galaxy spinning, so it's

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00:19:27,040 --> 00:19:29,560
Speaker 4: easier for it to be flat and spinning inward than

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Speaker 4: it is to spin another direction.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, if you spin a bicycle wheel, then it's

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Speaker 1: harder for things to sort of fall in towards the center.

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Speaker 1: Or if you think, for example, about like a merry

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Speaker 1: go round with ping pong balls on it, right, you

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00:19:42,160 --> 00:19:44,199
Speaker 1: spin that thing, the ping pong balls are all going

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Speaker 1: to fly out, but they're going to fly out along

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Speaker 1: that plane. So that's what we call rotation supported the

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00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:53,560
Speaker 1: rotation of the galaxies keeping things from falling inwards, but

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00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:56,439
Speaker 1: again only along that plane. It's nothing that prevents the

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00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:59,359
Speaker 1: collapse perpendicular to that plane, which is what makes it

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Speaker 1: flat like.

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Speaker 4: Disc Next time I go on a merry go round,

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Speaker 4: I'm bringing a bunch of ping pong balls with me.

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Speaker 4: This is probably why I'm banned for Most Merry Go Round.

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Speaker 1: Maybe also because you try to eat polenta and then

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Speaker 1: you end up throwing up globular chunks of polenta from

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Speaker 1: the America.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, When I was a kid, I was a

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Speaker 4: throw upper kid, and I had some moments. I had

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Speaker 4: my moments, especially on the teacups.

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Speaker 1: All right, well, we don't want to revisit that with

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00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:28,920
Speaker 1: too much to tail. But the interesting thing about these

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00:20:28,920 --> 00:20:32,399
Speaker 1: globular clusters is that they don't tend to be along

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Speaker 1: this galactic disc. Like if you looked at a diagram

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00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:37,000
Speaker 1: of where they are, there's some of them that are

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00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,359
Speaker 1: in the disc, but they're also sort of just spherically

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00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:43,760
Speaker 1: distributed around the galaxy. It's almost like they come from

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00:20:43,760 --> 00:20:47,040
Speaker 1: a time when the galaxy was a big puffy spear

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00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:48,520
Speaker 1: before it collapsed.

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00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,280
Speaker 4: Right, And I'm looking at this image, and what it

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00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:54,159
Speaker 4: looks like to me is like a side view of

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00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:57,760
Speaker 4: like a fried egg, and then above it, like scattered

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00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:01,960
Speaker 4: around it our little little yell dots like you just

394
00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,400
Speaker 4: spilled a bunch of salt around. I man, I keep

395
00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,160
Speaker 4: coming back to food on this globular cluster episode, don't

396
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,879
Speaker 4: I we gotta stop recording these at lunch.

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Speaker 1: Who ever thought globular clusters would make you hungry?

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Speaker 4: I gotta bring a positive spin to it. So they're

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00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:23,040
Speaker 4: falling outside of that disc. You're saying that maybe these

400
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,560
Speaker 4: had formed back when the galaxy was sort of this

401
00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:31,919
Speaker 4: big puppy cloud, and even as it flattened down to

402
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,680
Speaker 4: the disk, they didn't come with the rest of the game.

403
00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:39,199
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. And there's a bigger topic here of the

404
00:21:39,240 --> 00:21:43,960
Speaker 1: galaxies halo. Remember that galaxies are not mostly stars. Most

405
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,800
Speaker 1: of what's in the galaxies actually dark matter. And if

406
00:21:46,840 --> 00:21:49,879
Speaker 1: you look at where the dark matter is in a galaxy,

407
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't collapse the same way that normal matter does.

408
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:56,720
Speaker 1: It tends to spin. And so there's this big spherical

409
00:21:56,880 --> 00:22:00,040
Speaker 1: halo of dark matter around the galaxy and that's the

410
00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,280
Speaker 1: original thing that's sort of like clustered together the gas

411
00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:05,920
Speaker 1: and the dust that made our galaxy. And so these

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00:22:05,960 --> 00:22:09,679
Speaker 1: globular clusters, they're sort of in this larger galactic halo,

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00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:12,760
Speaker 1: but they haven't collapsed down into this disc. And we

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00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,639
Speaker 1: don't know exactly why it could be that they didn't

415
00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:19,680
Speaker 1: form with the original galaxy, but are like their own

416
00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:23,520
Speaker 1: little mini galaxies that were then captured later and that's

417
00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:26,360
Speaker 1: why they're orbiting around. Or it could be that they

418
00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:28,959
Speaker 1: formed with the rest of the galaxy but then didn't

419
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,959
Speaker 1: collapse as well as the gas and dust because they

420
00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,200
Speaker 1: don't collide with each other as much as the gas

421
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,800
Speaker 1: clouds do, so they avoided like losing all that angular

422
00:22:37,840 --> 00:22:40,639
Speaker 1: momentum and they can keep spinning around out there in

423
00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:44,040
Speaker 1: crazy orbits. Or maybe they just prefer to hang out

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00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:45,359
Speaker 1: out in the dark matter Halo.

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00:22:45,680 --> 00:22:48,800
Speaker 4: Dark matter Halo is a really good metal band name.

426
00:22:48,880 --> 00:22:52,840
Speaker 4: I've got to say. Yeah, so that's interesting. We can't

427
00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:55,520
Speaker 4: see dark matter, but it is there, and so it's

428
00:22:55,640 --> 00:23:02,400
Speaker 4: like this halo around the glac disk. And suspended in

429
00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:05,399
Speaker 4: that halo are these little dots and those are each

430
00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:07,280
Speaker 4: a globular cluster.

431
00:23:07,880 --> 00:23:10,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And some of them happen to fall within

432
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:13,639
Speaker 1: the galactic disk, but most of them do not. You know,

433
00:23:13,760 --> 00:23:17,480
Speaker 1: the closest one to us is about sixteen thousand light

434
00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:20,720
Speaker 1: years away. It's called the Omega cluster. But there's a

435
00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:24,160
Speaker 1: bunch of these things, and what's really interesting is how

436
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,440
Speaker 1: they form, and as you said earlier, they might tell

437
00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:29,800
Speaker 1: us something about the age of the Milky Way, because

438
00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,040
Speaker 1: we think that they formed very very early on as

439
00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:35,600
Speaker 1: the galaxy was forming. You know, the way these things

440
00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:37,600
Speaker 1: happen is that you get, you know, a big clump

441
00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:39,520
Speaker 1: of gas and dust, and it may have been that

442
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,120
Speaker 1: you just got sort of like an over dense pocket

443
00:23:42,160 --> 00:23:44,159
Speaker 1: of gas and dust something which was like, you know,

444
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,720
Speaker 1: got more of a serving of globs than the rest

445
00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:49,120
Speaker 1: of the stuff around it, and it collapsed all at

446
00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:52,159
Speaker 1: once and made a big bunch of stars. And so

447
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:54,800
Speaker 1: these globular clusters, when we look at them, we see

448
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,959
Speaker 1: a bunch of stars and no gas and dust in between,

449
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,919
Speaker 1: which means like they're not forming any new stars. So

450
00:24:00,920 --> 00:24:03,480
Speaker 1: they're sort of like a little time capsule from the

451
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:05,720
Speaker 1: very very early formation of the galaxy.

452
00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:08,439
Speaker 4: So when you say it happens at the same time,

453
00:24:09,440 --> 00:24:12,200
Speaker 4: what are we talking about, Like it all happens within

454
00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:14,840
Speaker 4: sort of one of our human years or is it

455
00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:17,240
Speaker 4: literally like within a few moments?

456
00:24:17,480 --> 00:24:20,280
Speaker 1: Oh wow, No, we're talking like in within millions of years.

457
00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:23,119
Speaker 4: Right, Okay, so star times the star time. Yeah, we

458
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,200
Speaker 4: humans are sort of like dogs. We live in dog

459
00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:28,359
Speaker 4: years and they live in star years.

460
00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:30,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, they live in star years. We think that these

461
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:35,840
Speaker 1: globular clusters are about eleven to thirteen billion years old.

462
00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:36,359
Speaker 4: Wow.

463
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:39,920
Speaker 1: Now, remember the whole universe is only just under fourteen

464
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:42,439
Speaker 1: billion years old, which makes these things some of the

465
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,280
Speaker 1: oldest things in the galaxy, which is how we can

466
00:24:45,359 --> 00:24:47,600
Speaker 1: sort of use them to help understand the age of

467
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,040
Speaker 1: the galaxy, and also when we see them in other

468
00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:53,280
Speaker 1: galaxies like Andromeda, we can use them to help understand

469
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,199
Speaker 1: the age of Andromeda. And one way we can do

470
00:24:56,240 --> 00:24:58,800
Speaker 1: that is because we think that all the stars in

471
00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:01,640
Speaker 1: there were formed at the same same time, which means

472
00:25:01,680 --> 00:25:04,120
Speaker 1: they all sort of like start their own clock at

473
00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:06,679
Speaker 1: the same time. And you remember that the life cycle

474
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 1: of a star is that it burns for a while

475
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,000
Speaker 1: and then one's just done with all of its fuel.

476
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:14,040
Speaker 1: It either goes nova or collapses or something. But the

477
00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:17,680
Speaker 1: life span there depends on the original size of the star.

478
00:25:17,800 --> 00:25:21,040
Speaker 1: The more mass it has, the faster it burns. The

479
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:23,239
Speaker 1: smaller it is, the longer it burns. So we can

480
00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:25,360
Speaker 1: tell something about the age of these things just by

481
00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:27,679
Speaker 1: looking at like the distribution of stars, which ones have

482
00:25:27,720 --> 00:25:30,560
Speaker 1: burned out already, which ones have not. But the fact

483
00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:32,919
Speaker 1: that they've all formed at the same time makes it

484
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:35,359
Speaker 1: very easy to sort of like reverse that back and

485
00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:37,160
Speaker 1: understand how this thing started.

486
00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:41,080
Speaker 4: It's nice from a scientific perspective because you control for

487
00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:44,200
Speaker 4: the factor of age. You've got like these little test

488
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,600
Speaker 4: tubes out there that you can look at as physicists.

489
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And they're also an interesting collection of stars

490
00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:54,439
Speaker 1: because they're not stars like our sun. Our universe has

491
00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,200
Speaker 1: gone through a few cycles of making stars. You know,

492
00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,919
Speaker 1: in the very early universe, you had hydrogen helium that

493
00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,639
Speaker 1: fell together to make the original first generation of stars,

494
00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:08,920
Speaker 1: which weirdly astronomers called population three stars, and those were

495
00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:11,320
Speaker 1: really big and didn't burn for very long, but they

496
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:14,120
Speaker 1: made some like helium and some heavier stuff, some things

497
00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:17,239
Speaker 1: that astronomers called metals. And then when they blew up

498
00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:19,240
Speaker 1: and they spread their stuff through the galaxy, there was

499
00:26:19,240 --> 00:26:22,800
Speaker 1: a second generation of stars which formed, and those are

500
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,119
Speaker 1: called population two stars. Some of those burned up and

501
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,880
Speaker 1: collapsed then spread their stuff through the galaxy to make

502
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,800
Speaker 1: population three stars, which is like our sun is a

503
00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:34,520
Speaker 1: population three stars, I see, But these stars in the

504
00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:38,400
Speaker 1: globular clusters are only population two stars. There weren't any

505
00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:41,160
Speaker 1: of the population one stars, the ones like our sun

506
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,080
Speaker 1: when these things formed.

507
00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:45,640
Speaker 4: So you may have explained this, So it counts down,

508
00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:49,240
Speaker 4: it goes pop three, pop two, pop one is the newest.

509
00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:52,080
Speaker 1: Or yeah, exactly, which I guess makes the next generation

510
00:26:52,119 --> 00:26:54,280
Speaker 1: of stars are gonna be what pop zero and then

511
00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:56,920
Speaker 1: pop negative one, Like nobody really thought this.

512
00:26:56,880 --> 00:26:58,600
Speaker 4: Through pop zoomers.

513
00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:02,200
Speaker 1: And the other fun thing about these is that that

514
00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,840
Speaker 1: very low metallicity, Like there's basically just helium and hydrogen,

515
00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,280
Speaker 1: because that's what was around after the first generation of stars,

516
00:27:10,320 --> 00:27:13,359
Speaker 1: the population three stars. You know, astronomers have this weird

517
00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:16,480
Speaker 1: naming system for basically everything. Well, one thing that's especially

518
00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:18,800
Speaker 1: weird is what they call a metal, Like everything that's

519
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:21,560
Speaker 1: not hydrogen or helium is a metal to them because

520
00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:23,080
Speaker 1: it's like a big heavy element.

521
00:27:23,240 --> 00:27:25,680
Speaker 4: I see. I mean, like, you know, there's a lot

522
00:27:25,720 --> 00:27:28,480
Speaker 4: of controversy in the metal community of what can be

523
00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:31,720
Speaker 4: considered metal. There's prog metal, and some people say, no,

524
00:27:31,840 --> 00:27:33,840
Speaker 4: it's too much of a ballad to be metal, but

525
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,160
Speaker 4: you know, I think it's nice to be inclusive.

526
00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:41,040
Speaker 1: And so these globular clusters that have basically only very

527
00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:44,359
Speaker 1: low metal stars, and these stars are also not that big,

528
00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:46,480
Speaker 1: which is why they've been burning for so long, and

529
00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,680
Speaker 1: they might continue to burn for billions and billions of years. More.

530
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:52,320
Speaker 1: The smaller kinds of stars, like red dwarfs, they might

531
00:27:52,359 --> 00:27:54,119
Speaker 1: even last for trillions of years.

532
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:57,639
Speaker 4: So these are very I guess gasy stars would be

533
00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:58,560
Speaker 4: fair to say.

534
00:27:58,920 --> 00:28:01,560
Speaker 1: These are gas these stars. But the interesting thing is

535
00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:03,560
Speaker 1: that they've sort of cleared out all the gas and

536
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,400
Speaker 1: the dust inside of them. They're not making any new stars.

537
00:28:06,880 --> 00:28:10,119
Speaker 1: Other parts of our galaxy still have these big blobs

538
00:28:10,119 --> 00:28:12,880
Speaker 1: of gas and dusts, so there's still new stars being

539
00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:15,239
Speaker 1: made all the time, like our Sun was made, you know,

540
00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:18,399
Speaker 1: fairly recently on these timescales, only five billion years ago.

541
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:20,719
Speaker 1: But the globular clusters, they're sort of like you know

542
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:23,760
Speaker 1: old boys clubs. They made all their stars, they used

543
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:25,800
Speaker 1: up all their gas and dust, and then they're done.

544
00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:27,800
Speaker 1: They're just like, we're just gonna hang out. We're happy

545
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,240
Speaker 1: with a number of stars. We have no new members.

546
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:31,720
Speaker 4: Typical. Typical.

547
00:28:32,880 --> 00:28:36,120
Speaker 1: There are some places in the universe where globular clusters

548
00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,400
Speaker 1: are still forming, like in the large magallinin cloud there's

549
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:42,120
Speaker 1: a big post of gas and people think that it's

550
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:45,440
Speaker 1: now forming into a new globular cluster. And by now

551
00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:48,240
Speaker 1: we mean, you know, within the last twenty million years on.

552
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:52,520
Speaker 4: Star time, star Time, not little human dog Time.

553
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:55,400
Speaker 1: But there's still a lot of really interesting mysteries about

554
00:28:55,440 --> 00:28:57,880
Speaker 1: these things. Most of them have sort of like a

555
00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:00,440
Speaker 1: single population of stars that we think all formed at

556
00:29:00,440 --> 00:29:02,440
Speaker 1: the same time, and you can tell based on like

557
00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,719
Speaker 1: the star ages and sort of how they're like popping

558
00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:07,400
Speaker 1: off and dying. But some of them have like two

559
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,160
Speaker 1: or three different populations. It looks like there was a

560
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:12,880
Speaker 1: clump all made at once, and then another clump all

561
00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:14,840
Speaker 1: made at the same time that was different from the

562
00:29:14,920 --> 00:29:17,440
Speaker 1: first clump. So there's a lot of interesting mysteries there.

563
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,480
Speaker 4: So is it more rare for globular clusters to form

564
00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:25,080
Speaker 4: in our current universe than you think that it was

565
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:26,840
Speaker 4: like near the beginning of the universe.

566
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, because a lot of the gas has already

567
00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,880
Speaker 1: turned into stars or into globular clusters, and so it's

568
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,840
Speaker 1: very rare for globular clusters to still be made. Most

569
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: of them were made in the early universe, and they're

570
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:39,880
Speaker 1: just sort of like hanging around. They're like, you know,

571
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,400
Speaker 1: the old folks still smoking in the back of a bar,

572
00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,840
Speaker 1: you know, and they're just not really making them like

573
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:45,720
Speaker 1: they used to do anymore.

574
00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,080
Speaker 4: There's just not enough gas to go around, which I

575
00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:49,040
Speaker 4: can't believe I'm saying.

576
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,240
Speaker 1: And so we don't really understand like how these globular

577
00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:58,000
Speaker 1: clusters have multiple different populations. Like people think maybe different

578
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:00,760
Speaker 1: globular clusters might have merged, like had two of them

579
00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:03,480
Speaker 1: formed at different times and they sort of came together

580
00:30:03,640 --> 00:30:06,320
Speaker 1: to make one that had two different populations in it.

581
00:30:06,360 --> 00:30:08,280
Speaker 1: But it's, you know, it's an area of active research.

582
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,080
Speaker 1: It's not something we really understand.

583
00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:15,640
Speaker 4: So could I live in a globular clusters? What's going

584
00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:18,200
Speaker 4: on in there? Is it? Is there anywhere for me

585
00:30:18,280 --> 00:30:18,480
Speaker 4: to be?

586
00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:21,520
Speaker 1: Are you looking to move, Katie? You're happy with your

587
00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:22,240
Speaker 1: current apartment.

588
00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:25,400
Speaker 4: I've got my cool shades that I currently can't say

589
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:28,080
Speaker 4: anything through, So I've gotta gotta find a place as

590
00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:29,000
Speaker 4: bright as I am.

591
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,240
Speaker 1: It's a really fun question because it's fun to imagine

592
00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:35,120
Speaker 1: what it would be like to be on a planet

593
00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:38,360
Speaker 1: inside a globular cluster, And so people are wondering, like,

594
00:30:38,520 --> 00:30:42,480
Speaker 1: are there planets around these stars? Do these stars also

595
00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:46,000
Speaker 1: have like planetary disks which collapse and give you rocky

596
00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:48,320
Speaker 1: stuff that you could live on? Could there be alien

597
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:51,800
Speaker 1: life that evolved inside a globular cluster. We think, actually

598
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,239
Speaker 1: it's pretty unlikely for these things to have planets around them,

599
00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:57,440
Speaker 1: which is a bit disappointing when it comes to like

600
00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:00,880
Speaker 1: writing science fiction novel about it. But this really two reasons.

601
00:31:00,920 --> 00:31:03,480
Speaker 1: One is that most of the material just sort of

602
00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:07,760
Speaker 1: went to making stars, Like there's mostly gas there, so

603
00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:10,640
Speaker 1: it's hard to form planets. Planets you tend to want

604
00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:13,560
Speaker 1: to have like a rocky core with something heavy in it,

605
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:15,959
Speaker 1: But these things formed in the early universe when there

606
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:19,400
Speaker 1: was basically just hydrogen and helium and very small amounts

607
00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:21,240
Speaker 1: of heavier stuff, so you didn't have sort of the

608
00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:24,120
Speaker 1: raw ingredients to make planets. And the second is that

609
00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:27,720
Speaker 1: it's pretty hard for a planet to stay orbiting a

610
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,760
Speaker 1: star if there are so many other stars nearby constantly

611
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:32,520
Speaker 1: tugging on it.

612
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,280
Speaker 4: Right, it seems like even if you could have like

613
00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:39,240
Speaker 4: a gas planet, it would just get ripped apart by

614
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:41,240
Speaker 4: these quarreling stars.

615
00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:44,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, and it would just get tugged out of orbit.

616
00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:47,600
Speaker 1: You know, we think of our planet as mostly just

617
00:31:47,840 --> 00:31:51,360
Speaker 1: orbiting the Sun, but there are gravitational forces from other

618
00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:54,760
Speaker 1: nearby stars or things that pass nearby, and when the

619
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:58,800
Speaker 1: Sun comes nearby other stars, those things get stronger. So

620
00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:01,840
Speaker 1: in a glibular cluster, remember it's much much denser. There

621
00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:04,959
Speaker 1: are many more stars nearby, so these tugs are a

622
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:07,719
Speaker 1: lot stronger. So even if you did form a planet

623
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:10,120
Speaker 1: and it did survive being pulled apart as you said,

624
00:32:10,280 --> 00:32:12,720
Speaker 1: it would probably just get like passed around from star

625
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:15,200
Speaker 1: to star, wouldn't have like a stable orbit like a

626
00:32:15,280 --> 00:32:19,240
Speaker 1: volleyball exactly like a hot potato planet.

627
00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,800
Speaker 4: Well that doesn't sound ideal for me as a little

628
00:32:23,840 --> 00:32:26,720
Speaker 4: person living on this volleyball planet, So I'm gonna have

629
00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:31,320
Speaker 4: to rethink my travel plans. So we'll take a break

630
00:32:31,360 --> 00:32:34,200
Speaker 4: while I look into real estate in a different part

631
00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:34,880
Speaker 4: of the universe.

632
00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:40,960
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

633
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:44,200
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

634
00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:48,280
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

635
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:50,920
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

636
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:55,280
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

637
00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:57,880
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

638
00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,280
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

639
00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:04,520
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water.

640
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:07,680
Speaker 1: For example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

641
00:33:07,720 --> 00:33:11,200
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

642
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:14,040
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

643
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,800
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

644
00:33:17,840 --> 00:33:21,760
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

645
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:23,880
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

646
00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:25,920
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

647
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,680
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

648
00:33:28,720 --> 00:33:32,200
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

649
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:35,040
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

650
00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:37,920
Speaker 1: us dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

651
00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:42,480
Speaker 9: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

652
00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:44,920
Speaker 9: the roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

653
00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:47,120
Speaker 9: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

654
00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,680
Speaker 9: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California

655
00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 9: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

656
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:55,800
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657
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658
00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:01,280
Speaker 1: Secure as a financial freedom for a successful to.

659
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,080
Speaker 10: Tackle these situations and stride and y of course be

660
00:34:05,120 --> 00:34:07,960
Speaker 10: annoyed when planned expense comes up, but not let it

661
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,359
Speaker 10: be something that slows me down.

662
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:09,719
Speaker 1: Right.

663
00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:13,120
Speaker 10: And also, as I did with repairing my credit, you know,

664
00:34:13,239 --> 00:34:16,680
Speaker 10: hiring somebody to do credit repair for me, you know,

665
00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:20,320
Speaker 10: that was a gift that I gave myself that allowed

666
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:23,800
Speaker 10: me to then you know, get my first apartment, get

667
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,200
Speaker 10: you know, my first car under my name, then eventually

668
00:34:27,239 --> 00:34:29,080
Speaker 10: buy my own home. Like these are all things that.

669
00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:30,399
Speaker 4: Are possible for all of us.

670
00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:32,640
Speaker 10: We just have to educate ourselves and put in some

671
00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:35,680
Speaker 10: of the hard work that it takes to unlearn bad

672
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:38,240
Speaker 10: practices we might have, you know, inherited from our family,

673
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:40,239
Speaker 10: and then also educate ourselves on the things that we

674
00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:42,960
Speaker 10: don't know, you know, the information that wasn't passed down

675
00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:45,719
Speaker 10: to us because our parents weren't educating on these things.

676
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:48,919
Speaker 1: Like a good neighbor. State farm?

677
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:49,319
Speaker 7: Is there?

678
00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:52,600
Speaker 1: State Farm? Proud sponsor of Mikultura podcast network.

679
00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 4: All right, so we are back. I am looking at

680
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:10,800
Speaker 4: man Zillow just does not really go into like Beetlejuice area.

681
00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:15,000
Speaker 1: There aren't very many sales to track there, so who

682
00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:16,920
Speaker 1: knows how much those houses cost.

683
00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:22,759
Speaker 4: So we're talking about globular clusters. We have found out

684
00:35:22,840 --> 00:35:27,360
Speaker 4: that I cannot live there inside a globular cluster. Dream shattered.

685
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:29,680
Speaker 4: But maybe there's something else we can get out of

686
00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:30,920
Speaker 4: these globular clusters.

687
00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:34,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, we think that there aren't planets around these things.

688
00:35:34,760 --> 00:35:37,880
Speaker 1: And people actually went and looked and they studied a

689
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:41,120
Speaker 1: cluster and one of them had exactly zero planets in them.

690
00:35:41,320 --> 00:35:43,120
Speaker 1: And then they looked at another cluster and they actually

691
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:47,360
Speaker 1: did find one planet. It's this huge Jupiter sized planet,

692
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:51,120
Speaker 1: but it's orbiting a pulsar in a binary star system.

693
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:54,000
Speaker 1: It's like a really rare and unusual kind of situation,

694
00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:56,200
Speaker 1: and a pulsar is not the way you want for

695
00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:57,319
Speaker 1: like your home sun.

696
00:35:57,680 --> 00:35:59,000
Speaker 4: Well, so what is a pulsar.

697
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,560
Speaker 1: A pulsar is a star that's already collapsed, so it's

698
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,120
Speaker 1: burned it through its life and it doesn't have the

699
00:36:05,280 --> 00:36:08,319
Speaker 1: energy to prevent gravitational collapse, and so it falls down

700
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:11,480
Speaker 1: into a neutron star and then it starts spinning crazily

701
00:36:11,680 --> 00:36:15,280
Speaker 1: and emitting crazy radiation into the universe, which then sweeps

702
00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:17,879
Speaker 1: across the sky and pulses, which is why we call

703
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:20,560
Speaker 1: it a pulsar. We have a whole fun podcast episode

704
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 1: about pulsars people can dig into. But pulsars don't emit

705
00:36:24,360 --> 00:36:26,600
Speaker 1: light the same way like our sun does because there's

706
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,520
Speaker 1: no fusion going on inside. So it would be a

707
00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:31,120
Speaker 1: pretty chilly place to live.

708
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,880
Speaker 4: Well, I'll pack a sweater, pack.

709
00:36:35,719 --> 00:36:39,360
Speaker 1: All the sweaters. But there are some really interesting things

710
00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:43,320
Speaker 1: you can do with globular clusters, like experiments, you can do, questions,

711
00:36:43,400 --> 00:36:45,640
Speaker 1: you can ask things, you can learn about the universe.

712
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:48,319
Speaker 1: To me, what's really interesting is that you get all

713
00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:51,520
Speaker 1: these stars together, like really tightly packed, and so you

714
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:54,200
Speaker 1: get to see like what happens when stars get really dense,

715
00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:57,080
Speaker 1: when they're like all tugging on each other gravitationally, because

716
00:36:57,120 --> 00:36:59,960
Speaker 1: you know, normally stars are pretty far separated, they don't

717
00:37:00,360 --> 00:37:02,920
Speaker 1: really pull on each other that much. So it's like

718
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,000
Speaker 1: getting to study what happens when they get all crammed together.

719
00:37:06,160 --> 00:37:07,560
Speaker 4: It's a star mosh pit.

720
00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:12,560
Speaker 1: Exactly, and you get really interesting dynamics. Like some of

721
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:16,160
Speaker 1: these things have had what they call core collapse, where

722
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:18,560
Speaker 1: the center of the globular cluster has a bunch of

723
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,239
Speaker 1: really really big stars and all the smaller stars are

724
00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:23,880
Speaker 1: on the outside, and so they're trying to understand, like,

725
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,400
Speaker 1: are these because of gravitational interactions where like two stars

726
00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:29,399
Speaker 1: come near each other and then sort of like throw

727
00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:31,880
Speaker 1: each other in different directions, and the bigger star always

728
00:37:31,960 --> 00:37:34,720
Speaker 1: gets sort of thrown a little bit more towards the center,

729
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:37,239
Speaker 1: so that after billions of years, you end up with

730
00:37:37,280 --> 00:37:39,920
Speaker 1: the smaller ones like in the little halo around the

731
00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:41,120
Speaker 1: bigger ones at the center.

732
00:37:41,239 --> 00:37:44,040
Speaker 4: It's like you have a bunch of dance partners and

733
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:47,360
Speaker 4: you've got a bunch of little guys and some big guys,

734
00:37:47,760 --> 00:37:49,920
Speaker 4: and they're doing the dance from you know, the Titanic

735
00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:51,880
Speaker 4: where you hold hands and you spin around in a

736
00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:53,920
Speaker 4: circle and then you let the other person go and

737
00:37:53,960 --> 00:37:56,080
Speaker 4: they go flying. But it's a bunch of stars, and

738
00:37:56,160 --> 00:37:59,280
Speaker 4: so maybe the little ones, like when they go flying,

739
00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:03,400
Speaker 4: they fly out out further, keep getting slingshotted out to

740
00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:07,880
Speaker 4: the outside, whereas the bigger ones don't get tossed or

741
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:09,880
Speaker 4: yatd as the kids say as.

742
00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:12,520
Speaker 1: Far, Yeah, that's exactly what happens. That makes the core

743
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:15,520
Speaker 1: of these things even crazier because not only is it

744
00:38:15,560 --> 00:38:16,960
Speaker 1: a place where there are a lot of stars, but

745
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:20,720
Speaker 1: now you have even bigger stars all clustered towards the center.

746
00:38:21,320 --> 00:38:23,680
Speaker 1: So the heart of these globular clusters must be a

747
00:38:23,719 --> 00:38:26,160
Speaker 1: really crazy place to live or even to visit.

748
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:28,320
Speaker 4: It seems slightly deadly.

749
00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:33,640
Speaker 1: Potentially, you can also see really interesting new kinds of stars.

750
00:38:33,840 --> 00:38:36,640
Speaker 1: There's a kind of star that seems to only exist

751
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:40,200
Speaker 1: inside a globular cluster. Oh really, Yeah, And these actually

752
00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: I got to give astronomers kudos because they have a

753
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,200
Speaker 1: cool name. These stars are called blue Stragglers.

754
00:38:45,520 --> 00:38:48,560
Speaker 4: Oh man, this sounds like I can just hear sort

755
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:53,360
Speaker 4: of like a guitar twying going on and a country

756
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:55,720
Speaker 4: song starting about the blue stragglers.

757
00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:01,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, they lost their dog and their truck. But the

758
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,400
Speaker 1: interesting thing about these stars is that usually what happens

759
00:39:04,440 --> 00:39:07,080
Speaker 1: to a star is one hundred percent determined by how

760
00:39:07,160 --> 00:39:09,640
Speaker 1: much gas it started with and then how old it is.

761
00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:11,560
Speaker 1: So you start with a bunch of gas and it

762
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:13,920
Speaker 1: burns for a long time, and you know, it's color

763
00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:17,920
Speaker 1: depends on its temperature, which depends on the gravitational pressure,

764
00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:20,360
Speaker 1: which depends again on just how much stuff it is.

765
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:22,760
Speaker 1: So you get enough stuff, you're gonna have a red giant.

766
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:24,800
Speaker 1: You get a little more, you can have a blue giant,

767
00:39:24,880 --> 00:39:27,279
Speaker 1: for example. And so it's a very like well known,

768
00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,440
Speaker 1: well understood sequence, and stars should only appear like somewhere

769
00:39:31,480 --> 00:39:33,680
Speaker 1: on this curve that tells you the mass and the

770
00:39:33,719 --> 00:39:36,920
Speaker 1: age of the star. But inside these globular clusters is

771
00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:40,120
Speaker 1: a weird kind of star called a blue straggler, and

772
00:39:40,160 --> 00:39:43,400
Speaker 1: they're much bluer than you expect for a star of

773
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:45,160
Speaker 1: that size and that age.

774
00:39:45,840 --> 00:39:47,279
Speaker 4: Poor things.

775
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:50,399
Speaker 1: They got the blues, yes, that country music at all.

776
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:53,400
Speaker 4: It's the blues really all right, So why are they

777
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:55,200
Speaker 4: so down or are you talking about the color?

778
00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:58,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, we don't exactly know. It's a fascinating area

779
00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:01,719
Speaker 1: of study, something people are trying to understand. And that's

780
00:40:01,719 --> 00:40:04,319
Speaker 1: what's really interesting about these globular clusters. It's like a

781
00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:07,480
Speaker 1: new experiment. You know. Astrophysicists they don't get to do

782
00:40:07,719 --> 00:40:11,080
Speaker 1: experiments like particle physicists, where we like smash stuff together

783
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:13,400
Speaker 1: to see what happens. They don't just say I'm going

784
00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:15,560
Speaker 1: to smash two stars together and see what happens.

785
00:40:15,680 --> 00:40:18,720
Speaker 4: We don't have a star cannon yet, we can't do it, yeah, exactly.

786
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:21,279
Speaker 1: We asked for funding for the star cannon seventy two

787
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:23,719
Speaker 1: trillion dollars, but we haven't heard back yet. But what

788
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:25,799
Speaker 1: they can do is just sort of look out into

789
00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:29,440
Speaker 1: the universe and see if these experiments are already happening,

790
00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:32,480
Speaker 1: because the universe is chalk filled with weird stuff, and

791
00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:34,759
Speaker 1: if you look long enough, you'll see something that might

792
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,480
Speaker 1: answer your science question. And so we think that might

793
00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:43,440
Speaker 1: be what's happening inside globular clusters, that essentially star collisions happened.

794
00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:45,880
Speaker 1: That the reason these stars are like two or three

795
00:40:45,960 --> 00:40:49,200
Speaker 1: times bigger than you expect for a blue star is

796
00:40:49,239 --> 00:40:51,920
Speaker 1: that they sort of like got captured and fell together

797
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,000
Speaker 1: and formed an extra big star.

798
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,160
Speaker 4: So they just kind of like it's a collision and

799
00:40:57,239 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 4: instead of all spreading out, it all kind of just

800
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:03,279
Speaker 4: starts to I hate to say it, but congealed.

801
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:07,680
Speaker 1: Together, coagulated exactly. And you know, that tells us something

802
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:11,200
Speaker 1: about star formation, because most stars we see formed outside

803
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,920
Speaker 1: globular clusters, and that tells us about the distribution. You know,

804
00:41:13,960 --> 00:41:16,440
Speaker 1: you get a certain amount of helium and hydrogen, you

805
00:41:16,480 --> 00:41:18,040
Speaker 1: get this kind of star of that kind of star.

806
00:41:18,239 --> 00:41:21,400
Speaker 1: This tells us that under special circumstances, if you make

807
00:41:21,440 --> 00:41:23,600
Speaker 1: a bunch of big stars near each other, they can

808
00:41:23,640 --> 00:41:26,479
Speaker 1: combine together to make a super kind of star, a

809
00:41:26,520 --> 00:41:30,560
Speaker 1: blue straggler that doesn't appear anywhere else in the galaxy

810
00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:33,279
Speaker 1: or the universe. It's like a special star laboratory.

811
00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,919
Speaker 4: And what's the straggler part of the name referring to.

812
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:40,160
Speaker 1: If you look at the curve for where stars are,

813
00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:44,120
Speaker 1: it's like color versus mass. Then there's this population of

814
00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:47,040
Speaker 1: blue stragglers that are sort of off the curve. They're

815
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:49,239
Speaker 1: like to the left ic and so they're sort of

816
00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:51,120
Speaker 1: like not hanging out with the rest of them that

817
00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:53,440
Speaker 1: are like falling behind. You know, you don't want to

818
00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:56,000
Speaker 1: judge these stars and make them feel bad. They're just

819
00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:57,680
Speaker 1: sort of different. They're differently starred.

820
00:41:57,880 --> 00:41:59,880
Speaker 4: Yeah, they're differently starred exactly.

821
00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:03,600
Speaker 1: Globular clusters also give us a laboratory for trying to

822
00:42:03,640 --> 00:42:06,880
Speaker 1: understand another mystery of the universe, and that has to

823
00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:10,240
Speaker 1: do with black holes. Black holes form in our universe,

824
00:42:10,280 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 1: but sort of only in two different groups. Like we

825
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:16,480
Speaker 1: either get black holes that form when stars collapse, and

826
00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:18,680
Speaker 1: then they're about the mass of a star. And so

827
00:42:18,719 --> 00:42:21,000
Speaker 1: we see black holes from stellar collapse and they're out

828
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,440
Speaker 1: there and they have masses of like ten to one

829
00:42:23,520 --> 00:42:25,880
Speaker 1: hundred times the mass of our Sun, about what you

830
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:28,600
Speaker 1: would expect from the collapse of massive stars. Then there's

831
00:42:28,680 --> 00:42:32,000
Speaker 1: another whole group of black holes that are like millions

832
00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:34,279
Speaker 1: of solar masses, and these are the ones at the

833
00:42:34,280 --> 00:42:37,320
Speaker 1: centers of galaxies. So you got like stellar black holes

834
00:42:37,360 --> 00:42:39,720
Speaker 1: hanging out in the neighborhood, and then like the really

835
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:42,719
Speaker 1: big Papa black holes in the centers of galaxies. And

836
00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:45,920
Speaker 1: one question in astrophysics for a long time is like

837
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:48,680
Speaker 1: where are the intermediate ones? Like why are there no

838
00:42:48,800 --> 00:42:51,520
Speaker 1: black holes that are sort of like between one hundred

839
00:42:51,760 --> 00:42:53,560
Speaker 1: and ten thousand solar.

840
00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:55,520
Speaker 4: Masses right the Goldilocks black holes?

841
00:42:55,640 --> 00:42:58,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, you know, why don't black holes emerge to form

842
00:42:58,920 --> 00:43:01,600
Speaker 1: the bigger ones? Interesting question about like where they're made

843
00:43:01,640 --> 00:43:04,040
Speaker 1: and how often it happens, and so this is something

844
00:43:04,120 --> 00:43:07,480
Speaker 1: people have been trying to understand. And one possibility is

845
00:43:07,480 --> 00:43:10,160
Speaker 1: that you might be able to make intermediate mass black

846
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,560
Speaker 1: holes in globular clusters because here you have like an

847
00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:16,359
Speaker 1: unusual density of stars and if a bunch of them

848
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:18,920
Speaker 1: go black hole and then form together, you might be

849
00:43:18,960 --> 00:43:20,280
Speaker 1: able to make one of these things.

850
00:43:20,760 --> 00:43:22,440
Speaker 4: So how are we going to do this? What do

851
00:43:22,480 --> 00:43:25,080
Speaker 4: we need to make a black hole out of one

852
00:43:25,080 --> 00:43:26,920
Speaker 4: of these globular clusters?

853
00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:28,560
Speaker 1: Well, we don't have to do much. We just sort

854
00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:31,239
Speaker 1: of sit back like astronomers and look out in the

855
00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:33,719
Speaker 1: universe that's putting on a show for us. And the

856
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:36,320
Speaker 1: idea is sort of wait for one of these things

857
00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:38,480
Speaker 1: to turn into a black hole, and then if there

858
00:43:38,480 --> 00:43:40,439
Speaker 1: are a bunch of other black holes nearby, they could

859
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:43,360
Speaker 1: sort of swirl into each other. And remember what happens

860
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,120
Speaker 1: when you toss a black hole into a black hole

861
00:43:46,360 --> 00:43:49,680
Speaker 1: is you just get a bigger black hole. See, black

862
00:43:49,680 --> 00:43:52,640
Speaker 1: holes don't like tear each other apart. Anything you tossed

863
00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:55,120
Speaker 1: into a black hole just makes a black hole bigger.

864
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:57,280
Speaker 1: This is one of the favorite things people write in about,

865
00:43:57,320 --> 00:43:59,959
Speaker 1: like what if I threw in you know, anti mat

866
00:44:00,239 --> 00:44:01,920
Speaker 1: into a black hole? Or what if I shot a

867
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:04,680
Speaker 1: laser into a black hole? Right, you can't destroy a

868
00:44:04,680 --> 00:44:07,280
Speaker 1: black hole by adding more energy to it. A black

869
00:44:07,280 --> 00:44:10,400
Speaker 1: hole is just a big blob of dense energy. So

870
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:12,399
Speaker 1: the more you add to it, the more black hole

871
00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:13,040
Speaker 1: it gets.

872
00:44:13,160 --> 00:44:15,080
Speaker 4: This is called the Kirby principle.

873
00:44:17,080 --> 00:44:18,120
Speaker 1: Is that a cartooning joke.

874
00:44:18,280 --> 00:44:22,560
Speaker 4: It's a Nintendo character Kirby. He just sucks stuff up

875
00:44:22,640 --> 00:44:23,880
Speaker 4: and he gets bigger and bigger.

876
00:44:25,880 --> 00:44:29,200
Speaker 1: Awesome. Well, that's exactly what happens, and so black holes

877
00:44:29,239 --> 00:44:32,680
Speaker 1: can eat other black holes and then become super black holes.

878
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,120
Speaker 1: Or if you start out with a bunch of smaller ones,

879
00:44:35,480 --> 00:44:38,439
Speaker 1: you might get an intermediate mass black hole. And that'd

880
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:41,480
Speaker 1: be really interesting because maybe intermediate mass black holes do

881
00:44:41,560 --> 00:44:43,879
Speaker 1: something different from the really big ones or the really

882
00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 1: little ones. You know, the really big ones are, for example,

883
00:44:46,560 --> 00:44:50,520
Speaker 1: sometimes they're quasars. They make crazy radiation because of all

884
00:44:50,520 --> 00:44:53,040
Speaker 1: the gas and dust swirling around them. So this would

885
00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:55,560
Speaker 1: be like a cool opportunity to just see something new

886
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,920
Speaker 1: we'd never seen before. And so people are looking inside

887
00:44:58,960 --> 00:45:01,759
Speaker 1: these globular clusters trying to see if there are these

888
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,200
Speaker 1: intermediate mass black holes inside of them.

889
00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:07,040
Speaker 4: So when you're looking in a globular cluster, is there

890
00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:09,560
Speaker 4: a trick to being able to find a black hole

891
00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:10,439
Speaker 4: inside one of these?

892
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:13,840
Speaker 1: Yeah? Great question, because you can't obviously see them directly.

893
00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:16,120
Speaker 1: The way you can see a black hole is either

894
00:45:16,480 --> 00:45:20,040
Speaker 1: gravitational lensing of the stuff behind it. So for example,

895
00:45:20,040 --> 00:45:22,919
Speaker 1: if a star passes behind the black hole, then most

896
00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:25,080
Speaker 1: of the star would disappear or some of the light

897
00:45:25,120 --> 00:45:27,759
Speaker 1: from the star would bend around the black hole, and

898
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,160
Speaker 1: you could see that sort of distortion and actually a

899
00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:32,800
Speaker 1: globular cluster is a great place to do that because

900
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:35,160
Speaker 1: you have a lot of stars moving all around, so

901
00:45:35,239 --> 00:45:38,800
Speaker 1: it's easier to see this gravitational lensing effect I see.

902
00:45:38,880 --> 00:45:41,840
Speaker 4: So the more activity you have, like, the easier it

903
00:45:41,920 --> 00:45:45,720
Speaker 4: is to see the disruption of that activity as done

904
00:45:45,760 --> 00:45:46,839
Speaker 4: by the black hole.

905
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:49,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, because you can't see the black hole directly, you

906
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:52,359
Speaker 1: can only see its influence on stuff around it, So

907
00:45:52,560 --> 00:45:55,000
Speaker 1: you can either see it bending the light that comes

908
00:45:55,040 --> 00:45:57,880
Speaker 1: from behind it, or you can just see its gravitational

909
00:45:57,880 --> 00:46:00,920
Speaker 1: effects on the nearby stars. Black hole that's at the

910
00:46:00,920 --> 00:46:03,640
Speaker 1: center of our galaxy. We know it's there because we've

911
00:46:03,680 --> 00:46:06,200
Speaker 1: seen its pull on the stars that are around it.

912
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:09,600
Speaker 1: We see those stars orbiting something that isn't there but

913
00:46:09,719 --> 00:46:13,280
Speaker 1: obviously has a very strong gravitational pull. And so globular

914
00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:15,479
Speaker 1: clusters are a great way to see black holes because

915
00:46:15,480 --> 00:46:18,600
Speaker 1: there are so many of these gravitational probes. If there's

916
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:20,839
Speaker 1: a black hole somewhere, you should be able to see

917
00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:23,440
Speaker 1: its effect on the nearby stars. You can calculate, like,

918
00:46:23,480 --> 00:46:25,719
Speaker 1: how should these stars be moving if there wasn't a

919
00:46:25,760 --> 00:46:27,440
Speaker 1: black hole, And then you can see if there's a

920
00:46:27,480 --> 00:46:30,400
Speaker 1: deviation from what you expect and if that could be

921
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:33,880
Speaker 1: explained by putting an invisible heavy mass in one spot,

922
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:35,919
Speaker 1: and if so, then you think you've seen one.

923
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,400
Speaker 4: So have we found any inside a globular cluster.

924
00:46:38,680 --> 00:46:42,080
Speaker 1: So no confirmed sightings of intermedia mass black holes and

925
00:46:42,080 --> 00:46:45,680
Speaker 1: globular clusters. I know, stay tuned. There was one where

926
00:46:45,719 --> 00:46:49,080
Speaker 1: people thought maybe they saw one with four thousand solar masses,

927
00:46:49,239 --> 00:46:51,960
Speaker 1: but then follow up analysis didn't see the same results.

928
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:55,400
Speaker 1: And actually you could explain all the star paths without

929
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:57,600
Speaker 1: the black hole. And so it's a hard thing to

930
00:46:57,600 --> 00:46:59,680
Speaker 1: do because these things are not that close by and

931
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,840
Speaker 1: looking at individual stars in a cluster, you know, thousands

932
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:06,200
Speaker 1: of light years away. But it's an exciting thing. It's

933
00:47:06,239 --> 00:47:08,960
Speaker 1: a it's a cool new object for us to look

934
00:47:08,960 --> 00:47:11,720
Speaker 1: into and to ask questions about the way stars form

935
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:15,200
Speaker 1: and new weird kinds of stars and strange conditions for

936
00:47:15,360 --> 00:47:15,960
Speaker 1: black holes.

937
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:19,040
Speaker 4: I mean, it seems like a real, just fun happening

938
00:47:19,120 --> 00:47:21,560
Speaker 4: spot in the universe to really put your papers on.

939
00:47:21,840 --> 00:47:23,279
Speaker 4: As an astronomer.

940
00:47:23,880 --> 00:47:26,439
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think it's really interesting and I love these

941
00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:28,919
Speaker 1: bits of the universe that are sort of left over

942
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:32,040
Speaker 1: from an earlier time. Now, these things formed more than

943
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:35,239
Speaker 1: ten billion years ago and they're still around, which gives

944
00:47:35,320 --> 00:47:37,719
Speaker 1: us an opportunity to learn, like what was going on

945
00:47:37,880 --> 00:47:41,040
Speaker 1: back then, because what happened back then is what determined

946
00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:44,080
Speaker 1: the shape and the nature and the content of these things.

947
00:47:44,080 --> 00:47:46,560
Speaker 1: So they really are like a little time capsule of

948
00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:49,959
Speaker 1: the early universe. And everything we're doing in physics about

949
00:47:49,960 --> 00:47:52,880
Speaker 1: trying to understand the universe is about trying to rewind

950
00:47:52,920 --> 00:47:55,400
Speaker 1: it and trying to understand how did everything happen. So

951
00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:57,160
Speaker 1: to do that we have to find clues. We have

952
00:47:57,200 --> 00:47:59,719
Speaker 1: to look for places in the universe where stuff is

953
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:03,279
Speaker 1: left over. You know, this is like the astrophysics analogy

954
00:48:03,480 --> 00:48:05,719
Speaker 1: of a fossil. Yeah, you know, a little piece of

955
00:48:05,800 --> 00:48:07,840
Speaker 1: evidence left over from an earlier time.

956
00:48:07,880 --> 00:48:10,000
Speaker 4: Or like a living fossil, like a sela.

957
00:48:09,760 --> 00:48:13,640
Speaker 1: Camp Yeah, exactly, like a living fossil. Unfortunately, there probably

958
00:48:13,680 --> 00:48:17,520
Speaker 1: aren't any aliens living on planets swinging arounds from star

959
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,960
Speaker 1: to star inside a globular cluster, but maybe there are,

960
00:48:21,280 --> 00:48:23,600
Speaker 1: and if so, maybe they could tell us something fascinating

961
00:48:23,680 --> 00:48:26,680
Speaker 1: about what it's like to live inside such a bright environment.

962
00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:30,400
Speaker 4: I'm hoping to find a blobfish inside a globular cluster.

963
00:48:32,080 --> 00:48:34,719
Speaker 1: I think that's why globular cluster sounds gross to me

964
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:37,719
Speaker 1: because it resonates with the word blob. You know, every

965
00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:40,720
Speaker 1: time on this podcast I wanted to say globular cluster.

966
00:48:40,760 --> 00:48:42,760
Speaker 1: I've almost said blobular cluster.

967
00:48:43,760 --> 00:48:47,239
Speaker 4: Well, you know, it's interesting because globular clusters do not

968
00:48:47,440 --> 00:48:52,400
Speaker 4: deserve that kind of nasty name. Likewise, the blobfish actually

969
00:48:52,440 --> 00:48:55,239
Speaker 4: gets a bad reputation. It does not look like that.

970
00:48:55,680 --> 00:48:58,040
Speaker 4: Have you ever seen the blobfish. It looks sort of

971
00:48:58,080 --> 00:49:03,520
Speaker 4: like a sad exploded blob with a frown.

972
00:49:03,960 --> 00:49:05,400
Speaker 1: Yes, it's not very appetizing.

973
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,560
Speaker 4: No, No, it looks like a slimy blobble. That's because

974
00:49:08,560 --> 00:49:11,960
Speaker 4: it exploded when you brought it up from the deep sea. Oh,

975
00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:14,600
Speaker 4: and it's natural environment. I wouldn't say it's a looker.

976
00:49:14,760 --> 00:49:18,360
Speaker 4: It's not beautiful, but it looks a lot more solid.

977
00:49:18,360 --> 00:49:21,400
Speaker 4: It just kind of looks like this gray, sort of solid,

978
00:49:21,560 --> 00:49:23,800
Speaker 4: bony fish. But when you bring it to the surface,

979
00:49:23,920 --> 00:49:25,960
Speaker 4: it looks like a blob. And so you know you

980
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:29,520
Speaker 4: can't trust a glob or a blob by the name.

981
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:32,560
Speaker 1: Well, it must be very disappointed. You know. It looks

982
00:49:32,560 --> 00:49:34,319
Speaker 1: at itself in the mirror before it leads the house,

983
00:49:34,320 --> 00:49:36,600
Speaker 1: and it's like I'm looking good, and then it ends

984
00:49:36,640 --> 00:49:38,280
Speaker 1: up looking like a big blob when it's brought.

985
00:49:38,120 --> 00:49:41,359
Speaker 4: Up to the surface, and they truly do look quite

986
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:44,520
Speaker 4: pathetic because it looks like they're frowning. But maybe the

987
00:49:44,880 --> 00:49:48,680
Speaker 4: globular clusters and the blobfish can come together and get

988
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:50,719
Speaker 4: some better pr for themselves.

989
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:55,040
Speaker 1: Maybe the aliens that live in globular clusters look like

990
00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:58,600
Speaker 1: blobfish and they'll come here and they'll recognize the blobfish

991
00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:01,120
Speaker 1: as you know, really the the people they want.

992
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:03,120
Speaker 4: To talk to. It seems like you'd have to be

993
00:50:03,280 --> 00:50:06,239
Speaker 4: sort of blobular to live in a globular cluster because

994
00:50:06,239 --> 00:50:08,560
Speaker 4: of all those stars tugging on you all the time.

995
00:50:08,640 --> 00:50:10,799
Speaker 1: Like Taffy, your planet would be a bit of a

996
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,800
Speaker 1: blob as well. All right, well, thanks everyone for sharing

997
00:50:13,840 --> 00:50:16,400
Speaker 1: your curiosity with us and taking this tour of a

998
00:50:16,480 --> 00:50:20,359
Speaker 1: fascinating structure inside our galaxy, something that can tell us

999
00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:22,880
Speaker 1: all about the universe and how stars formed and the

1000
00:50:22,920 --> 00:50:25,960
Speaker 1: age of our galaxy and maybe about the future of

1001
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:26,760
Speaker 1: black holes.

1002
00:50:27,040 --> 00:50:29,400
Speaker 4: Yep. So when someone says, hey, would you like a

1003
00:50:29,440 --> 00:50:31,920
Speaker 4: globular cluster, don't turn your nose up at it. You

1004
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:33,960
Speaker 4: could teach you about the deepest secrets of.

1005
00:50:33,880 --> 00:50:37,399
Speaker 1: The universe, but please don't use that for your next

1006
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:40,919
Speaker 1: breakfast cereal. All right, everyone, thanks for tuning in, See

1007
00:50:40,920 --> 00:50:51,360
Speaker 1: you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1008
00:50:51,360 --> 00:50:54,840
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeart Radio.

1009
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