1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in History Class from house 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:13,920 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,760 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy D. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. As you 4 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:22,880 Speaker 1: may know, this podcast is initially being published on November one, 5 00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:26,800 Speaker 1: so that's the day after the five anniversary of Martin 6 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:31,320 Speaker 1: Luther famously posting his ninety five Secs, which is more 7 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: formally known as Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, 8 00:00:36,880 --> 00:00:39,600 Speaker 1: at the door of Vittenburgh Castle Church. So there's some 9 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:43,640 Speaker 1: historical debate over the tales of this. Martin Luther probably 10 00:00:43,680 --> 00:00:47,120 Speaker 1: didn't defiantly nail them up there, as a lot of 11 00:00:47,159 --> 00:00:50,360 Speaker 1: people imagine, and it might not have even happened at all, 12 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:54,920 Speaker 1: although the secs were basically points he planned to discuss 13 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:57,720 Speaker 1: at a public disputation, so it would have been customary 14 00:00:58,040 --> 00:01:00,920 Speaker 1: for him to post them there ahead of time. Regardless 15 00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:04,440 Speaker 1: of all that detail, though, October thirty one, fifteen seventeen, 16 00:01:04,480 --> 00:01:06,480 Speaker 1: has come to be marked as the beginning of the 17 00:01:06,560 --> 00:01:10,959 Speaker 1: Protestant Reformation, which was the religious and social and political 18 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:15,360 Speaker 1: schism that ultimately led to centuries of war and upheaval 19 00:01:15,440 --> 00:01:20,040 Speaker 1: and religious persecution and the Catholic counter Reformation and the 20 00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:25,720 Speaker 1: rise of seemingly countless Protestant denominations of Christianity, so obviously 21 00:01:25,760 --> 00:01:29,279 Speaker 1: that was a big moment in history. Consequently, we've gotten 22 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:34,039 Speaker 1: a lot of requests for a Reformation episode, including from Sarah, Many, Boris, 23 00:01:34,040 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: and Josh, and a recent note from Rachel was what 24 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:40,839 Speaker 1: finally sparked today's show. Rachel sent us a quick email 25 00:01:40,920 --> 00:01:43,759 Speaker 1: suggesting that we focus on some of the women involved 26 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:47,120 Speaker 1: in the Reformation. I was originally planning to focus on 27 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 1: just one, but I kept stumbling onto other tidbits from 28 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 1: other women's stories, so I've decided to make this episode 29 00:01:55,680 --> 00:01:59,919 Speaker 1: into one that focuses on three. Alrighty, We're gonna start 30 00:02:00,080 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: with Katerina von Bora, also known as Catherine. She was 31 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:08,200 Speaker 1: the former nun who in June of five married former 32 00:02:08,280 --> 00:02:11,240 Speaker 1: Monk Martin Luther when she was twenty five and he 33 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:15,799 Speaker 1: was forty one. Von Bora was born around four nine, 34 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:18,840 Speaker 1: although there aren't clear records of exactly when or where. 35 00:02:19,480 --> 00:02:21,720 Speaker 1: In fifteen o four her family sent her to the 36 00:02:21,720 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 1: Benedictine cloister at Breda to be educated. Then in fifteen 37 00:02:25,560 --> 00:02:29,000 Speaker 1: o eight she moved to a Cistercian monastery at Nemphon, 38 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 1: where her aunt also lived, and that is where she 39 00:02:31,680 --> 00:02:35,720 Speaker 1: eventually became a nun. Von Bora didn't really like her 40 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:38,360 Speaker 1: life as a nun, though, but being educated in a 41 00:02:38,440 --> 00:02:41,240 Speaker 1: convent meant that she knew how to read, and she 42 00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: and some of the other women living there managed to 43 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:46,720 Speaker 1: get access to the writings of Martin Luther, as well 44 00:02:46,760 --> 00:02:51,200 Speaker 1: as other reformers. This material was almost certainly banned behind 45 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 1: monastic walls, so bringing it in and keeping it relatively 46 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: secret would have taken some dumption. In fifteen twenty three, 47 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:03,079 Speaker 1: von Ura and several other women in her monastery contacted 48 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:06,799 Speaker 1: Martin Luther to ask him for help in escaping. This 49 00:03:06,880 --> 00:03:10,280 Speaker 1: was both dangerous and illegal. It was against Roman Catholic 50 00:03:10,360 --> 00:03:13,680 Speaker 1: law for a person to abandon their religious vows, and 51 00:03:13,720 --> 00:03:17,760 Speaker 1: people who were caught could be imprisoned. Helping someone escape 52 00:03:17,840 --> 00:03:22,080 Speaker 1: was also illegal, as was harboring or sheltering someone who had, 53 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:27,679 Speaker 1: but Luther agreed to help. On April fourth, three, which 54 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:31,720 Speaker 1: was Easter Eve, a merchant smuggled Katerina and eleven other 55 00:03:31,760 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: women out of the convent in a cart normally used 56 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: to deliver herring. According to some sources she got out 57 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:42,960 Speaker 1: while hiding in a fish barrel. Actually more likely that 58 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:47,000 Speaker 1: they were under the coverings used to cover the fish barrels, 59 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:51,160 Speaker 1: but the on the barrel was not a delightful smelling ride. 60 00:03:51,440 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 1: Probably not. Katerina and nine of the other women were 61 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: taken to Wittenburgh, where they met Martin Luther, and he 62 00:03:58,720 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: started trying to reunite them with their families. When their 63 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,160 Speaker 1: families weren't willing to take them back, Luther started trying 64 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: to find husbands for them, and he got some kind 65 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: of situation in place for everybody except von Bora pretty quickly. 66 00:04:12,160 --> 00:04:15,040 Speaker 1: She fell in love with one of Luther's students, but 67 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:18,960 Speaker 1: his family refused to allow their marriage for a year. 68 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: After that relationship fell through, von Bora refused every option 69 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:26,840 Speaker 1: that was presented to her. She steadfastly maintained that she 70 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,560 Speaker 1: would only marry someone worthy of her and of her choosing. 71 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:34,360 Speaker 1: She's not going to cut it for some random single 72 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 1: person to be her husband. She finally said she would 73 00:04:38,440 --> 00:04:43,480 Speaker 1: either marry Lutheran reformer Nicholas von Amsdorff or Luther himself. 74 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,080 Speaker 1: Those were her only options that she was willing to 75 00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:50,640 Speaker 1: agree to, and Luther ultimately agreed to do so. A 76 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:55,000 Speaker 1: lot of Luther's Reformation piers did not like this at all. 77 00:04:55,680 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 1: His collaborator Philip melanche Thon was particularly scathing, writing, in 78 00:05:00,800 --> 00:05:04,799 Speaker 1: these unhappy times in which good people are suffering so much, 79 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:09,280 Speaker 1: this man lacks compassion, and rather, as it seems, revels 80 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: and compromises his good reputation, precisely at a time when 81 00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,600 Speaker 1: Germany stands in particular need of his spirit and authority. 82 00:05:17,560 --> 00:05:20,240 Speaker 1: The good people suffering so much that he's referring to 83 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:23,159 Speaker 1: here is largely the peasant's Revolt, which was an incredibly 84 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:26,960 Speaker 1: bloody uprising against depression by landlords and members of the 85 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:29,680 Speaker 1: nobility that was going on in Germany at this time. 86 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:33,600 Speaker 1: Aside from this whole, it's not the time for this argument. 87 00:05:33,839 --> 00:05:37,039 Speaker 1: Reformers were worried that Luther's decision to get married was 88 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: going to add fuel to claims that the Catholic Church 89 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:43,480 Speaker 1: had made to try to undermine his work, namely that 90 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 1: he was only doing that work to try to get 91 00:05:45,560 --> 00:05:49,400 Speaker 1: out of his vows of celibacy. This was compounded by 92 00:05:49,440 --> 00:05:52,640 Speaker 1: the fact that only a year after renouncing his vows, 93 00:05:52,680 --> 00:05:57,840 Speaker 1: he was marrying someone who had abandoned her vows as well. Now, 94 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:00,960 Speaker 1: eventually it would become fairly common for former monks and 95 00:06:01,040 --> 00:06:05,200 Speaker 1: former nuns to marry one another, especially when convents and 96 00:06:05,279 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 1: monasteries closed down later in the Reformation. But at the 97 00:06:08,800 --> 00:06:11,680 Speaker 1: time that Martin Luther himself did this, what they were 98 00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:16,159 Speaker 1: doing was absolutely scandalous. So Luther's response to all of 99 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,720 Speaker 1: this criticism was that he had done it to please 100 00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:21,719 Speaker 1: his father, who had never approved of his decision to 101 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: become a monk, as well as to spite the Devil 102 00:06:24,720 --> 00:06:27,920 Speaker 1: and the Pope. Getting married also meant that Luther could 103 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:31,159 Speaker 1: stop feeling like a hypocrite for encouraging Protestant clergy to 104 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,000 Speaker 1: marry while not doing so himself. The two of them 105 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: finally wed on June thirteenth, fifty five, more than two 106 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:43,320 Speaker 1: years after Vambora escaped from the monastery. Although they definitely 107 00:06:43,440 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: did not get married for love, I mean, Luther's comments 108 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,640 Speaker 1: make that pretty clear, they ultimately wound up having what was, 109 00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,040 Speaker 1: by all accounts, a really supportive and loving and affectionate relationship. 110 00:06:55,560 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: They had six children, and all but one of them 111 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: survived infancy. Eventually, of Vambora's relatives and six of Luther's 112 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,520 Speaker 1: sisters children came to live with them as well. That 113 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:10,160 Speaker 1: is a full house. It is they had room for 114 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: so many because their home was the Black Cloister, which 115 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: was one of the Luther family holdings in a former 116 00:07:16,680 --> 00:07:21,680 Speaker 1: Augustinian monastery. This Vambora converted into a home as well 117 00:07:21,680 --> 00:07:25,240 Speaker 1: as a thriving business. She made the old monastic cells 118 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:28,440 Speaker 1: into student housing and she attracted scholars to live there 119 00:07:28,760 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: by playing up the association with Martin Luther. She managed 120 00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: the properties, farm and its brewery, and when she needed to, 121 00:07:36,200 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: she secured donations to improve the building in the grounds, 122 00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: making it into what was essentially a sixteenth century conference center. Unsurprisingly, 123 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,119 Speaker 1: she also got a lot of criticism, basically for being 124 00:07:48,160 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: really bossy. That's criticism often leveled at women taking charge 125 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 1: of matters in a way that needs to be done so. 126 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:01,920 Speaker 1: Martin Luther died in fifty six, sink Katarina was heartbroken. 127 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:05,560 Speaker 1: He had advised her to sell the Black Cloister if 128 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: if he died, but she really didn't want to do it. 129 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:11,760 Speaker 1: Even so, without his income and influence, she and the 130 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:14,680 Speaker 1: rest of the family really fell on financial hard times. 131 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:18,200 Speaker 1: This was followed by wars and bad harvests in an 132 00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 1: outbreak of plague. Fleeing the plague, Katerina went to Torgau, 133 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: where she died three months after having been seriously injured 134 00:08:26,640 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: in a cart accident. She died on December fIF fifty two, 135 00:08:31,040 --> 00:08:34,640 Speaker 1: at the age of about fifty three. In her marriage 136 00:08:34,679 --> 00:08:38,280 Speaker 1: to Martin Luther, Katerina von Bora became the prime example 137 00:08:38,400 --> 00:08:42,600 Speaker 1: of the idea of a clergyman's wife. In it is 138 00:08:42,679 --> 00:08:45,880 Speaker 1: highly annoying for a woman's own accomplishments to be framed 139 00:08:45,880 --> 00:08:48,840 Speaker 1: in terms of her husband, But in the sixteenth century, 140 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 1: a marriage like there's was really new territory for Christian women, 141 00:08:53,240 --> 00:08:56,960 Speaker 1: as emerging Protestant denominations encouraged members of the clergy to 142 00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: marry Martin Luther, and Katerina von Bora be came the 143 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,679 Speaker 1: most notable example of what such a marriage could be like. 144 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:07,560 Speaker 1: In their marriage, this was largely about her being his 145 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:11,360 Speaker 1: helpmate while also successfully running a home and a business, 146 00:09:11,400 --> 00:09:13,840 Speaker 1: and that left him free to really focus on his 147 00:09:13,920 --> 00:09:17,079 Speaker 1: religious lurk. But these marriages played out in other ways 148 00:09:17,120 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 1: as well. Some wives of the clergy essentially became partners 149 00:09:21,160 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: and their husband's ministry, influencing how scripture was interpreted and taught. 150 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,320 Speaker 1: Others became prominent members of their communities, educating children, and 151 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:32,960 Speaker 1: seeing to the health and welfare and spiritual wellness of 152 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:37,440 Speaker 1: their congregations. This was also part of an overall change 153 00:09:37,480 --> 00:09:40,200 Speaker 1: in the kinds of lives that were considered acceptable for 154 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:43,719 Speaker 1: Christian women to lead. Prior to the Reformation, there were 155 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:48,400 Speaker 1: basically two acceptable roles for a Christian woman, homemaker and none, 156 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: and one of those options effectively disappeared for a lot 157 00:09:51,840 --> 00:09:55,040 Speaker 1: of women during the Reformation as families converted away from 158 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: Catholicism and convents were closed down, displacing the women who 159 00:09:59,559 --> 00:10:02,920 Speaker 1: had lived there. Of course, men were also displaced with 160 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,040 Speaker 1: the closure of monasteries, but they generally had far more 161 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,480 Speaker 1: options open to them for what to do with their 162 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: lives afterward. Yeah, a man who was displaced from a 163 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:16,440 Speaker 1: monastery generally had an education, uh a lot of times 164 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:20,400 Speaker 1: a really good education. He often had connections with his community, 165 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: like he could go on to do other things. And 166 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:25,160 Speaker 1: often a woman who was displaced from a convent could 167 00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:27,520 Speaker 1: get married or go back home with her parents, and 168 00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:30,640 Speaker 1: that was pretty much all that was available now. Being 169 00:10:30,679 --> 00:10:33,599 Speaker 1: a clergyman's wife was not a one to one replacement 170 00:10:33,640 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: for being a nun. Women joined convents both voluntarily and 171 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 1: involuntarily for a whole range of reasons, and one of 172 00:10:40,679 --> 00:10:42,959 Speaker 1: those was the very practical fact that for a lot 173 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,679 Speaker 1: of women, a convent offered more freedom and autonomy than 174 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: a marriage could, so being married not the same thing. 175 00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:54,840 Speaker 1: At the same time, though the role of the clergy 176 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,640 Speaker 1: wife did allow some women into positions of prominence and 177 00:10:58,760 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: influence that they didn't really have access to before, we 178 00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:04,560 Speaker 1: should also note this wasn't the same as actually being 179 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: in the clergy, and today they are still plenty of 180 00:11:07,440 --> 00:11:11,160 Speaker 1: denominations that don't ordain women. Uh. Next, we're gonna move 181 00:11:11,200 --> 00:11:14,040 Speaker 1: on to talking about a couple of women occupying one 182 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:17,160 Speaker 1: of the few other roles considered to be suitable for 183 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 1: women in the sixteenth century, which was being royalty. We're 184 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:23,520 Speaker 1: gonna talk about that after we first paused for a 185 00:11:23,520 --> 00:11:31,959 Speaker 1: little sponsor break. Before we get onto our next subject, 186 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:34,040 Speaker 1: we need to take just a second table a little 187 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: bit more groundwork about the Reformation in general, because her 188 00:11:37,640 --> 00:11:43,120 Speaker 1: involvement began before October fifteen seventeen. So even though Martin, 189 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:46,960 Speaker 1: Luther and Hiss are generally considered to be the beginning 190 00:11:47,280 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 1: of the Reformation that didn't come out of thin air. 191 00:11:50,559 --> 00:11:53,600 Speaker 1: People had been criticizing and trying to reform the Church 192 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:57,120 Speaker 1: for centuries, and in a lot of ways, Martin's seces 193 00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:00,440 Speaker 1: recapped and outlined points that he and other people had 194 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,840 Speaker 1: already been making. This was sort of like the Twitter 195 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:08,199 Speaker 1: thread that encapsulates a lot of existing conversations and then 196 00:12:08,200 --> 00:12:12,479 Speaker 1: goes viral. Often these criticisms played out within the church itself. 197 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: As one example, when St. Francis of ASSISI established the 198 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,240 Speaker 1: Franciscan Order in twelve oh nine, it was with the 199 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:22,880 Speaker 1: approval of Pope Innocent the Third, but today he's seen 200 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,319 Speaker 1: in part as a reformer, and later followers did their 201 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: own work to reform the Franciscan Order itself as well 202 00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:34,480 Speaker 1: as the Greater Church. So the Protestant Reformation similarly started 203 00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:37,960 Speaker 1: as a reform effort within the Roman Catholic Church, not 204 00:12:38,120 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: as an attempt to start a new church. When Martin 205 00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:43,840 Speaker 1: Luther wrote his ninety five Theses, he wasn't intending to 206 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:46,720 Speaker 1: break away from the Church, but to address what he 207 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: saw as problems that the church should address. But in 208 00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: f one the church excommunicated him, and so what had 209 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:58,679 Speaker 1: started out as an internal reform movement, developed into a schism. 210 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:02,959 Speaker 1: It's also was the first schism in history. Another previous 211 00:13:03,440 --> 00:13:07,959 Speaker 1: schism within the Church included the East West Schism of 212 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,040 Speaker 1: fifteen o four, which is what split the Eastern Orthodox 213 00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,800 Speaker 1: and Roman Catholic Churches apart from one another. So when 214 00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:19,840 Speaker 1: Marguerite Dangouleme was born on April eleventh, fo Martin Luther 215 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:22,960 Speaker 1: was still twenty five years away from posting his ninety 216 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:27,160 Speaker 1: five Theses, but criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church, many 217 00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,680 Speaker 1: of which were incorporated into those theses, were well underway. 218 00:13:31,960 --> 00:13:36,199 Speaker 1: Marguerite was the daughter of Charles de Vaudois Orleans and 219 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:39,800 Speaker 1: Louise of Savoy, and she had a younger brother, Francois, 220 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:44,000 Speaker 1: who was born on September twelfth, fourtour. Although it seemed 221 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,200 Speaker 1: pretty likely that the French monarchs King Louis the twelfth 222 00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:49,440 Speaker 1: and Queen Anne would have an air of their own, 223 00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:52,320 Speaker 1: Francois is in the line of succession for the throne, 224 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:55,200 Speaker 1: so he received the sort of education that would prepare 225 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:58,760 Speaker 1: him for the possibility of becoming the king. Then Louise 226 00:13:58,880 --> 00:14:02,560 Speaker 1: made sure that Marguerite the same education as well. In 227 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:06,359 Speaker 1: fifteen o nine, Marguerite married Charles, the Duke of Allenson, 228 00:14:06,960 --> 00:14:08,960 Speaker 1: and took an active role in trying to improve the 229 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,959 Speaker 1: lives of the people of allen Soon. She raised money 230 00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:15,960 Speaker 1: for hospitals and almshouses, and prompted her brother to establish 231 00:14:15,960 --> 00:14:19,800 Speaker 1: an orphanage in Paris. She insisted that poor women be 232 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:22,600 Speaker 1: given shelter and food during the last days of their 233 00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:26,160 Speaker 1: pregnancies and after the birth, to try to combat ongoing 234 00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:31,000 Speaker 1: problems of infanticide and child abandonment. She also remedied the 235 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,160 Speaker 1: allen Soon's castle's lack of a library, and she began 236 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,640 Speaker 1: inviting scholars and poets to stay with them to enrich 237 00:14:37,720 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: the spiritual and emotional atmosphere at court. Her husband did 238 00:14:41,880 --> 00:14:46,360 Speaker 1: not have a reputation for being a particularly a scholarly man, 239 00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:49,480 Speaker 1: so when Louis the twelfth died without an heir in 240 00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:53,600 Speaker 1: fifteen fifteen, Marguerite's brother did become Francis, the first King 241 00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:57,400 Speaker 1: of France. She took this same sensibility that she had 242 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,200 Speaker 1: put into place in allan Soon to his court. One 243 00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,720 Speaker 1: of his advisers. Their mother was influential in the court 244 00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:06,800 Speaker 1: as well, and both of these women were really intelligent 245 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 1: and educated and politically aware. They were well read, and 246 00:15:10,520 --> 00:15:13,400 Speaker 1: they were informed about all the ongoing efforts to reform 247 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:15,960 Speaker 1: the church, some of which were considered to be heretical. 248 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: So with Marguerite and Louise both among King Francis's advisers, 249 00:15:20,320 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: the French court became one that welcomed scholars and other 250 00:15:24,280 --> 00:15:29,240 Speaker 1: figures who were advocating for religious reform. Marguerite herself never 251 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:32,440 Speaker 1: left the Roman Catholic Church, but she and those around 252 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:37,800 Speaker 1: her actively questioned and criticized church teachings and practices. Guests 253 00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:41,760 Speaker 1: at the court included Francois Rabelais, a humanist and former 254 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:46,800 Speaker 1: priest whose satirical work lampooned religious hypocrisy. Marguerite read and 255 00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: translated the work of Martin Luther and stridently advocated for 256 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: the Bible to be translated into French and available to 257 00:15:53,760 --> 00:15:57,480 Speaker 1: the French population. She was a patron to such artists 258 00:15:57,480 --> 00:16:00,880 Speaker 1: and scholars as Leonardo da Vinci, John cow Alvin, and 259 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 1: Desiderius Erasmus. She sometimes is known as the mother of 260 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: the French Renaissance. So she became a student of Guillaume 261 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:13,200 Speaker 1: Brichal name, the Bishop of mu whose followers, who were 262 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:15,840 Speaker 1: known as the Circle of Mu were at the heart 263 00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: of Reformation thinking in France at the time. Through the 264 00:16:19,480 --> 00:16:23,080 Speaker 1: Circle of Mu, Marguerite funded the printing and distribution of 265 00:16:23,080 --> 00:16:27,120 Speaker 1: a range of Reformation texts in France. She also sought 266 00:16:27,160 --> 00:16:30,080 Speaker 1: out and obtained translations of these texts to be brought 267 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:32,360 Speaker 1: to her in France so that she could stay up 268 00:16:32,360 --> 00:16:36,240 Speaker 1: to date about what's going on. Under Marguerite's influence, King 269 00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:40,480 Speaker 1: Frandsois the First Court also provided protection and shelter to 270 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:45,240 Speaker 1: a number of reformers whose work was considered heretical and blasphemous. 271 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:48,400 Speaker 1: Marguerite herself might have faced the same fate had she 272 00:16:48,480 --> 00:16:51,480 Speaker 1: not been sister to the king, even in spite of 273 00:16:51,520 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 1: her advocacy, though several of the reformers and scholars Marguerite 274 00:16:55,280 --> 00:17:00,640 Speaker 1: associated with were eventually executed for heresy. As all of 275 00:17:00,680 --> 00:17:06,399 Speaker 1: this was going on, on February, the forces of Francis 276 00:17:06,520 --> 00:17:10,320 Speaker 1: or Francois the First of France fought those of Habsburg 277 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:13,920 Speaker 1: Emperor Charles the Fifth at the Battle of Pavia, which 278 00:17:13,960 --> 00:17:16,440 Speaker 1: was part of the Italian Wars. This is a whole 279 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:19,840 Speaker 1: series of conflicts in which a number of nations, primarily 280 00:17:19,920 --> 00:17:23,480 Speaker 1: France and Spain, tried to take control of Italy. This 281 00:17:23,640 --> 00:17:27,040 Speaker 1: battle was a decisive victory for Charles the Fifth, and 282 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:31,400 Speaker 1: Francis wound up being taken prisoner. Marguerite's husband, Charles sort 283 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,119 Speaker 1: of took the fall for this whole thing. He died 284 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: not long after. Marguerite was actively involved in the negotiations 285 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,080 Speaker 1: for the release of her brother, including personally meeting with 286 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,359 Speaker 1: Charles the fifth. She returned to France only when her 287 00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 1: brother began to suspect that Charles was dragging out the 288 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:51,720 Speaker 1: negotiations on purpose in the hopes of taking her captive 289 00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:55,400 Speaker 1: as well. Her brother was only able to return home 290 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:59,000 Speaker 1: after signing the Treaty of Madrid in fifty six, which 291 00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:04,160 Speaker 1: surrendered all French claims to Italian territory. Later on that year, 292 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:07,080 Speaker 1: Marguerite got married again, this time to al Read the 293 00:18:07,119 --> 00:18:11,520 Speaker 1: second Balbre, the King of Navarre, on November sixteenth. They 294 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,399 Speaker 1: had a daughter, Jeanne, who will talk more about in 295 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: a bit. After remarrying and having a daughter, Marguerite became 296 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,720 Speaker 1: a lot less involved in her brother's court politics, focusing 297 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:24,920 Speaker 1: more on her own writing and her own personal religious studies. 298 00:18:25,320 --> 00:18:28,960 Speaker 1: She did continue to shelter Protestant refugees in Navarre, though 299 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,879 Speaker 1: in addition to her translations of others work, Marguerite was 300 00:18:33,920 --> 00:18:37,399 Speaker 1: also a writer herself. Her only work published during her 301 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:42,119 Speaker 1: lifetime was Marguerite de la Marguerite de Princess, which was 302 00:18:42,119 --> 00:18:45,760 Speaker 1: published in fifty seven. She died two years later on 303 00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:51,480 Speaker 1: December one. Her most notable work, Heptameron, was published posthumously 304 00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:55,080 Speaker 1: by Claude Gruge in fifteen fifty nine at the request 305 00:18:55,119 --> 00:19:00,760 Speaker 1: of Marguerite's daughter. Written in the style of Boccaccio's De Cameron, satirizes, 306 00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:05,280 Speaker 1: among other things, religious hypocrisy. She wrote volumes of work 307 00:19:05,359 --> 00:19:08,359 Speaker 1: beyond these two works, though much of it existed really 308 00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,120 Speaker 1: just as her own personal manuscripts until the nineteenth century, 309 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:15,200 Speaker 1: and a lot of it was explicitly religious and infused 310 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:19,640 Speaker 1: with Reformation ideas. They're really also were not very many 311 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:23,080 Speaker 1: women who had published work during their lifetimes at this 312 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:28,320 Speaker 1: point in history in Europe. Aside from her writing, Marguerite's 313 00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: support for the Reformation really helped it to survive in 314 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:34,600 Speaker 1: France and the early to mid sixteenth century. As we noted, 315 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,959 Speaker 1: earlier punishments for spreading material that was deemed to be 316 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:42,440 Speaker 1: blasphemous or or heretical were really severe, and they included execution. 317 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: So without having such consistent and vocal support from the 318 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: French court, as well as the act of sheltering of 319 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: Reformation leaders, the Reformation really might not have established much 320 00:19:52,840 --> 00:19:57,320 Speaker 1: of a foothold in France. Marguerite also actively mediated between 321 00:19:57,359 --> 00:20:01,000 Speaker 1: the Roman Catholic Church and French Protestants, real advocating for 322 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:05,639 Speaker 1: tolerance between the two of them. She never publicly converted 323 00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:09,160 Speaker 1: or left the Roman Catholic Church, likely because to her 324 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: her religious beliefs were private, even as they were mirrored 325 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: in her own writings. But she's so publicly supported reformers 326 00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:20,520 Speaker 1: and sheltered people accused of heresy that she's both credited 327 00:20:20,560 --> 00:20:24,960 Speaker 1: for nurturing Protestantism in France and criticized for weakening the 328 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: Catholic Church there. Unfortunately, that atmosphere of tolerance that Marguerite 329 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:32,880 Speaker 1: had tried to nurture did not last long beyond her 330 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,679 Speaker 1: death in fifteen forty nine, which is something we're going 331 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:46,000 Speaker 1: to talk about after another quick sponsor break. Laughed up 332 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:50,600 Speaker 1: in our trio of Reformation women is Marguerite dango Lem's daughter, 333 00:20:51,240 --> 00:20:56,280 Speaker 1: Jeanne Delbray. She was born on November six in San 334 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,280 Speaker 1: germinal a, and as was the case with her mother, 335 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,960 Speaker 1: her up wasn't exactly typical for the time, even for 336 00:21:03,080 --> 00:21:07,280 Speaker 1: a princess. She was tutored by humanist scholars, with Nicholas 337 00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:11,640 Speaker 1: Diburble overseeing her education. Her mother had the same sort 338 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,080 Speaker 1: of influence on Jenne's education as she had had on 339 00:21:15,119 --> 00:21:19,159 Speaker 1: her brother's court in France. In fifteen forty, when she 340 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:23,520 Speaker 1: was eleven, Jenne's uncle, King Francis of France or Francois 341 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:26,080 Speaker 1: as you heard to say, arranged for her to be 342 00:21:26,119 --> 00:21:29,640 Speaker 1: married to William, Duke of Cleves. As we've mentioned before 343 00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:32,960 Speaker 1: on the show, royal marriages to children were typically seen 344 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,199 Speaker 1: as political affairs, and they were not consummated until the 345 00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:41,720 Speaker 1: couple reached childbearing age, often not living together until that time. Regardless, 346 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,120 Speaker 1: Jenne's parents were not in favor of this match. Her 347 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:47,959 Speaker 1: father had been trying to negotiate her marriage to Philip 348 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:52,040 Speaker 1: of Spain. Either way, regardless of which of these two 349 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:54,760 Speaker 1: men she was going to marry, she was being used 350 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,440 Speaker 1: as a pawn for someone else's political ends, and she 351 00:21:58,840 --> 00:22:04,480 Speaker 1: was de fiantly opposed to marrying William, like just really 352 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 1: not okay with it. She wrote out a whole document 353 00:22:08,320 --> 00:22:11,320 Speaker 1: detailing that the marriage was taking place against her will 354 00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:16,159 Speaker 1: and had it witnessed. It began, I John de Navarre, 355 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:21,040 Speaker 1: continuing my protests already made, in which I persist, say, declare, 356 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:25,200 Speaker 1: and protest again by these presents, that the marriage proposed 357 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,520 Speaker 1: between me and the Duke of Cleves is against my will, 358 00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:31,240 Speaker 1: that I have never consented to it, and I never 359 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:34,679 Speaker 1: will anything that I may say or do after this, 360 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,280 Speaker 1: because of which it could be said that I may 361 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:41,119 Speaker 1: have given my consent, will have been because of force 362 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,360 Speaker 1: against my will, out of fear of the King, of 363 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:46,680 Speaker 1: my father, the king, and of my mother the Queen, 364 00:22:46,720 --> 00:22:49,760 Speaker 1: who had me threatened and beaten by the bf Decaan 365 00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:53,520 Speaker 1: my governess. That also went on from there some more. 366 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:57,680 Speaker 1: She didn't really hold back. I like it. She also 367 00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:00,480 Speaker 1: told King Frances to his face that she would rather 368 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,639 Speaker 1: enter a convent then go forward with this marriage he had. 369 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:06,640 Speaker 1: He reigned, and she yelled so loudly that she would 370 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:09,760 Speaker 1: rather throw herself down a well that people heard it 371 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:14,360 Speaker 1: in the next room. Jean protested so vehemently on her 372 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:16,760 Speaker 1: wedding day that she had to be forcibly carried to 373 00:23:16,840 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 1: the altar. Afterward, the King insisted that the couple observed 374 00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:24,840 Speaker 1: some kind of symbolic formality and lieu of consummating the 375 00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:28,480 Speaker 1: marriage since she was a child. So Jeanne and the 376 00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:31,440 Speaker 1: Duke were taken to a nuptial chamber where he put 377 00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:33,639 Speaker 1: one foot on the bed while she was sitting on it. 378 00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:37,160 Speaker 1: Jeanne's defiance did not stop once the wedding was over. 379 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,760 Speaker 1: She continued to object to the unwanted marriage for five 380 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:44,640 Speaker 1: full years. Her mother made a series of excuses why 381 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:47,600 Speaker 1: she couldn't leave for Cleaves to join her husband, until 382 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:50,199 Speaker 1: the Duke finally just agreed to end the marriage in 383 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 1: fifteen forty three. Pope Paul the third honored a request 384 00:23:54,119 --> 00:23:57,200 Speaker 1: for it to be annulled in fifteen forty five, And 385 00:23:57,240 --> 00:23:59,879 Speaker 1: all of this, of course, led to a huge rift 386 00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:03,199 Speaker 1: between Marguerite and her brother, who had ordered the marriage 387 00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,919 Speaker 1: in the first place. Yeah, one of the reasons that 388 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: she was not so involved in his court after getting 389 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:11,320 Speaker 1: married and having a child was that she literally moved away. 390 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:15,600 Speaker 1: But also this happened Jean's level of really stubborn defiance 391 00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:18,959 Speaker 1: and all this was startling to people, not just because 392 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,159 Speaker 1: it was not at all the behavior that was expected 393 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:25,800 Speaker 1: of a girl especially a princess he was raised too 394 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:30,960 Speaker 1: like have certain princess lee behaviors, but also because her 395 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,200 Speaker 1: health was really frail for pretty much her whole life, 396 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:36,960 Speaker 1: she sort of mustered up a level of strength that 397 00:24:37,080 --> 00:24:39,680 Speaker 1: people did not think was in her in all of this. 398 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,360 Speaker 1: Three years later, Jeanne married again, this time to Antoine 399 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:47,440 Speaker 1: de Bourbon, and this was another match arranged for her 400 00:24:47,520 --> 00:24:50,720 Speaker 1: for political reasons, this time by King Are the Second 401 00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: of France, who had become king after the death of 402 00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:57,760 Speaker 1: his father Francois the First or Francis the First. Antoine 403 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,280 Speaker 1: was next in line for the French throne after Read 404 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:04,200 Speaker 1: the Second's own sons. While jean agreed to this match 405 00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:08,280 Speaker 1: this time, her parents refused, putting off their departure so 406 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,120 Speaker 1: long that they were eventually informed that the wedding would 407 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:14,679 Speaker 1: take place whether they were there or not. Jeanne and 408 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:20,120 Speaker 1: Antoine married on October two. Of them had a son, 409 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,639 Speaker 1: on read A Navar in fifteen fifty three UH, and 410 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,920 Speaker 1: then in fifteen fifty five, Jean's father died, and so 411 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,639 Speaker 1: she and her husband became the Queen and King of Navar. 412 00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:33,480 Speaker 1: They later had a daughter, Catherine, in fifteen fifty nine. 413 00:25:33,680 --> 00:25:36,360 Speaker 1: The same stubborn defiance that had been such a hallmark 414 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:40,840 Speaker 1: of Jeanne's forced childhood marriage revealed itself once again in 415 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:44,439 Speaker 1: the matter of religion during her time as Queen of Navarre. 416 00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,600 Speaker 1: In this she actually butted heads with her mother. She 417 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:51,040 Speaker 1: didn't like the fact that her mother never really took 418 00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:54,760 Speaker 1: a strong stance one way or the other. Nevertheless, it 419 00:25:54,880 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 1: was only after her mother's death that jean officially announced 420 00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,520 Speaker 1: her conversion to calvin as them in fifteen sixty, and 421 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: the Kingdom of Navarre became increasingly explicitly Protestant under her 422 00:26:06,320 --> 00:26:09,440 Speaker 1: and her husband's rule. This ranged from having the New 423 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:13,040 Speaker 1: Testament printed in the Basque language, which was spoken locally 424 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:18,639 Speaker 1: too forcibly closing monasteries and outlying Catholic religious rituals, to 425 00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:25,440 Speaker 1: eventually establishing Calvinism as the official religion of Navarre. Apart 426 00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:29,800 Speaker 1: from Navarre's Catholics, who found themselves persecuted. This presented a 427 00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:33,879 Speaker 1: greater problem in the larger scope of Europe. Navarre was 428 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:38,080 Speaker 1: a tiny nation with much larger Catholic neighbors, and although 429 00:26:38,160 --> 00:26:41,960 Speaker 1: Jeanne's parents had tried to keep its territory independent from France, 430 00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: it was really considered to just be a semi autonomous state. 431 00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:51,040 Speaker 1: As France put increasing pressure on Navar to conform to Catholicism, 432 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:55,480 Speaker 1: Jeune and Antoine also found themselves caught between two other 433 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: powerful families. Catherine de Medici of France was at least 434 00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:03,280 Speaker 1: at the time relatively sympathetic to the French Huguenot cause, 435 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:08,119 Speaker 1: while the Roman Catholic House of Geese was not. Ultimately, 436 00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:11,960 Speaker 1: Antoine relented to this pressure and took up the Catholic side, 437 00:27:12,359 --> 00:27:16,960 Speaker 1: while Jeanne steadfastly supported the French Huguenome dis erupted in 438 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,240 Speaker 1: the French Wars of Religion beginning in fifteen sixty two. 439 00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:23,560 Speaker 1: That was a series of bloody conflicts and massacres that 440 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:26,680 Speaker 1: went on literally for decades, which was as much a 441 00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:30,160 Speaker 1: civil war as it was a religious one. For Jane's part, 442 00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:32,440 Speaker 1: in the earlier years of the French Wars of Religion, 443 00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:38,119 Speaker 1: she reinforced Navars defenses, She confiscated Catholic property, she established 444 00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:41,960 Speaker 1: a Calvinist community in Bairn, and she stayed out of 445 00:27:42,040 --> 00:27:45,080 Speaker 1: the actual fighting for the most part, even as she 446 00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:48,960 Speaker 1: was branded as a heretic and threatened with excommunication and 447 00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:52,240 Speaker 1: threatened with trial under the Inquisition, and even when her 448 00:27:52,240 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: son Ari was taking captive at the age of four, 449 00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:59,600 Speaker 1: she refused to convert. Fighting for the Catholic side, Antoine 450 00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:03,600 Speaker 1: lace Age to Ruin in September of fifteen sixty two, 451 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:07,600 Speaker 1: Although the Catholic side ultimately seized drew In from the Huguenome, 452 00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,600 Speaker 1: Antoine was fatally wounded in the process. He died on 453 00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:15,800 Speaker 1: November seventeenth, fifteen sixty two, and Jenne was denied entry 454 00:28:15,840 --> 00:28:19,240 Speaker 1: into France to be with him before he died. After 455 00:28:19,320 --> 00:28:22,159 Speaker 1: her husband's death, John was the sole monarch of Navarre, 456 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:26,080 Speaker 1: and she refused other offers of marriage, especially since the 457 00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:28,600 Speaker 1: number of them came along with the requirement that she 458 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:33,960 Speaker 1: convert back to Catholicism. Although Jeanne had been actively supporting 459 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,560 Speaker 1: the Huguenot cause throughout the French Wars of Religion, it 460 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:41,000 Speaker 1: wasn't until the Third that Navarre really became involved from 461 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,920 Speaker 1: a military perspective. Before that point, she had acted more 462 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,000 Speaker 1: as a diplomat, trying to negotiate between Catholic and Protestant 463 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:52,120 Speaker 1: forces and balancing a slew of international factors in the process. 464 00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:55,040 Speaker 1: But with the Third War of Religion, it was clear 465 00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:57,040 Speaker 1: that Navarre was going to be at the mercy of 466 00:28:57,080 --> 00:29:00,000 Speaker 1: France and Spain if it did not take a military stay. 467 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: Ants oh Jean rallied the troops. She left her counsel 468 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:06,760 Speaker 1: in charge of Navarre and moved to the Huguenot port 469 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:10,360 Speaker 1: of La Rochelle. For about three years. There she took 470 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 1: on the role of Minister of Propaganda and foreign affairs. 471 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 1: Just as the name sounds, she wrote letters and pamphlets 472 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,680 Speaker 1: and other literature and support of the Huguenot cause and 473 00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: against religious oppression of Protestants. This included her fifteen sixty 474 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,640 Speaker 1: eight Ample Declaration, which was her defense of her move 475 00:29:28,720 --> 00:29:31,760 Speaker 1: to La Rochelle. The French wars of religion came to 476 00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 1: an uneasy piece with the Piece of Saint germain Le 477 00:29:35,560 --> 00:29:40,240 Speaker 1: in fifteen seventy, which made specific allowances for Protestant worship. 478 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:44,160 Speaker 1: Members of the high nobility were allowed to practice Calvinism 479 00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:48,840 Speaker 1: in their own homes, and La Rochelle, Montalbant, Cognac and 480 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:55,000 Speaker 1: La Charite were designated as Huguenot strongholds. Treaty didn't really 481 00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:59,200 Speaker 1: please anyone. Staunch Catholics didn't want Calvinism to be practiced 482 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:03,080 Speaker 1: at all, and most Calvinists still could not worship freely, 483 00:30:03,160 --> 00:30:05,520 Speaker 1: since it was only the top of the nobility that 484 00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: had gotten that freedom. The piece also did not last 485 00:30:09,480 --> 00:30:13,240 Speaker 1: for long. After about two years of things being pretty 486 00:30:13,280 --> 00:30:16,920 Speaker 1: touch and go, the St. Bartholomeus Day Massacre began on 487 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 1: August fifteen, seventy two, and thousands of French Protestants were 488 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:25,800 Speaker 1: killed at the hands of Catholics. Jeanne had died of 489 00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: tuberculosis just a couple of months before the massacre, on 490 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:33,600 Speaker 1: June nine, seventy two. She was forty four. At the time, 491 00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:36,640 Speaker 1: she was negotiating the marriage of her son to Marguerite 492 00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,840 Speaker 1: de Vaudois, daughter of Catherine de Medici and are the 493 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:43,640 Speaker 1: second of France. Jeanne hoped that a marriage between the 494 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,200 Speaker 1: royal families of Navarre in France would lead to a 495 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:49,480 Speaker 1: longer lasting piece, and that it would give her Protestant 496 00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:52,280 Speaker 1: son a greater influence, and in a way it did 497 00:30:52,320 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 1: exactly the opposite. It was actually that very wedding that 498 00:30:56,280 --> 00:31:00,320 Speaker 1: attracted so many high ranking Huguenot to Paris, where the 499 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:04,720 Speaker 1: massacre began. So there are a lot of podcasts about 500 00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:08,479 Speaker 1: the Medici family, including this particular marriage, as well as 501 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:10,960 Speaker 1: a couple that get into the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 502 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:12,960 Speaker 1: in more detail in our archive, and we will link 503 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,000 Speaker 1: to them both in the show notes. The reason that 504 00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:20,320 Speaker 1: I wanted to talk about these particular women as as 505 00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:24,680 Speaker 1: the the episode expanded to be about three women instead 506 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:26,600 Speaker 1: of just one one of them is that each of 507 00:31:26,640 --> 00:31:29,920 Speaker 1: them had something just so particularly compelling to me and 508 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,920 Speaker 1: their stories. There was the fish barrel, and there was 509 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:38,520 Speaker 1: the siding of people who were um who were at 510 00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:42,120 Speaker 1: risk of being executed for harresy, this vehement opposition to 511 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 1: being married off to somebody as a child, Like each 512 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: of them had a moment that made me go, I 513 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:49,760 Speaker 1: really want to talk about this in the show. And 514 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,040 Speaker 1: the other is that all three of them were really 515 00:31:53,720 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: influential people in the Protestant Reformation, but in three really 516 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,360 Speaker 1: distinct ways. Like you had a woman who was basically 517 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 1: making room for Martin Luther to do all of this 518 00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:07,560 Speaker 1: religious work that he was doing, and he is I 519 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,440 Speaker 1: think probably the most He and and John Callin are 520 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: like the most notable people in the Reformation. I think, 521 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:18,360 Speaker 1: uh at least I think there's are the names that 522 00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,200 Speaker 1: people are most likely to recognize UM. And then Marguerite 523 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:25,520 Speaker 1: was really negotiating and trying to keep the peace and 524 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:29,680 Speaker 1: trying to also make room for there to be a 525 00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:32,720 Speaker 1: Protestant movement in France. And then we have John who 526 00:32:32,760 --> 00:32:35,440 Speaker 1: was the person who took on took up arms in 527 00:32:35,480 --> 00:32:39,520 Speaker 1: the very violent struggle that this blossomed into, that went 528 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: on for so long. Do you have a little bit 529 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:44,320 Speaker 1: of listener ma a on the top this one off? Sure? 530 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,640 Speaker 1: Do you? This is from Jennifer, and Jennifer writes about 531 00:32:47,640 --> 00:32:50,920 Speaker 1: our Green Children of lill Pit episode. But before I 532 00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:52,720 Speaker 1: get to this email, I do want to say that 533 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:55,120 Speaker 1: in our podcast about Esther Cox and the Great am 534 00:32:55,120 --> 00:33:00,400 Speaker 1: Perst Mystery, I totally said the word before I meant 535 00:33:00,440 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: to say the word after, and neither of us noticed 536 00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: it at the time or even a little know we 537 00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:09,680 Speaker 1: listened to the podcast before we let everybody else hear it. 538 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:13,320 Speaker 1: And since it was related in relation to when Esther's 539 00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 1: mother died, I said her mother died before she was born, 540 00:33:18,120 --> 00:33:20,800 Speaker 1: and that makes no sense. Her mother died a few 541 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:23,800 Speaker 1: weeks after she was born. Just to clear that up. 542 00:33:24,560 --> 00:33:27,440 Speaker 1: I mean, there is a whole haunting thing. Maybe we 543 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:29,680 Speaker 1: could put on it, but I think it's one of 544 00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:32,760 Speaker 1: those things where our brains both auto corrected it without 545 00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:35,640 Speaker 1: Sometimes that happens, like we know the story, so we 546 00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:38,440 Speaker 1: go yep, yep, yep. That sounds weird, even though it 547 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:42,040 Speaker 1: obviously is weird. We obviously it's so obvious from listening 548 00:33:42,080 --> 00:33:44,640 Speaker 1: to the episode that neither of us registered it in 549 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:47,680 Speaker 1: any way at the time, and then we neither of 550 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:50,280 Speaker 1: us registered it when doing QA on the episode. So 551 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,120 Speaker 1: yet Esther Cox's mother did not die before she was born. 552 00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,960 Speaker 1: That was me miss speaking. So now onto the Green 553 00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:02,400 Speaker 1: Children of Wolpit. Uh. Jennifer's note says was listening to 554 00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:05,120 Speaker 1: The Green Children of Littlepit episode today and was intrigued. 555 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: I hadn't heard the story before to fight, despite having 556 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,200 Speaker 1: lived in Suffolk for three years back in the nineties. 557 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:14,360 Speaker 1: Towards the end of the episode, you mentioned a theory 558 00:34:14,400 --> 00:34:17,239 Speaker 1: by a man named Paul Harris back in It was 559 00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:20,319 Speaker 1: an interesting and somewhat viable theory, which you debunked for 560 00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:24,239 Speaker 1: logical reasons, including that the journey to Thetford Forest is 561 00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,319 Speaker 1: the wrong direction from Fornhum, that you would not be 562 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,240 Speaker 1: able to heal hear the bells of Barry st Edmund's 563 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,680 Speaker 1: if you're all the way up in Thetford These things 564 00:34:32,719 --> 00:34:35,200 Speaker 1: are absolutely true. For three years I lived on the 565 00:34:35,239 --> 00:34:38,280 Speaker 1: western edge of Thepford Forest in the village of Brandon. 566 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:41,760 Speaker 1: It is quite a trek to bury from Thetford Forest 567 00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:43,719 Speaker 1: and then down to Woolpit, and there's no way you 568 00:34:43,719 --> 00:34:46,560 Speaker 1: could hear the bells from Barry, no matter how far 569 00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:51,040 Speaker 1: south in Theftford Forest you travel. But most importantly, Thetford 570 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:54,120 Speaker 1: Forest did not exist in the twelfth century. It is 571 00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:56,759 Speaker 1: a man made forest planted after World War One. There 572 00:34:56,840 --> 00:34:59,360 Speaker 1: is no way Flemish children could escape a battle in 573 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:02,040 Speaker 1: Formham by running into a forest that did not exist. 574 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: My guess is that at the time the area where 575 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:08,040 Speaker 1: Thetford Forest now lies was much like the rest of 576 00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,120 Speaker 1: East Anglia, fairly flat with a moderate number of trees. 577 00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:13,480 Speaker 1: So we can add that to the reasons why this 578 00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:17,480 Speaker 1: theory is probably not plausible. Thoroughly enjoyed the podcast and 579 00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:19,319 Speaker 1: enjoyed hearing a story from the part of the world 580 00:35:19,360 --> 00:35:22,040 Speaker 1: that I love. While the tale is probably just spokelore, 581 00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:23,960 Speaker 1: I love the idea that it could have really happened. 582 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:26,480 Speaker 1: I'll no doubt keep trying to figure out a plausible 583 00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:29,799 Speaker 1: explanation in my imagination for some time. Jennifer. Thank you 584 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:33,279 Speaker 1: so much, Jennifer. In the various debunkings I found of 585 00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:37,839 Speaker 1: that article, the forest wasn't there wasn't one of them, 586 00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:40,719 Speaker 1: so I am very glad to learn that also the 587 00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,640 Speaker 1: forest wasn't there. If you would like to write to 588 00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:46,280 Speaker 1: us about this ort any other podcast, where a history 589 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:49,200 Speaker 1: podcast at how stuff works dot com. We're also on 590 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,839 Speaker 1: Facebook at Facebook dot com, slash miss in History on 591 00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,640 Speaker 1: Twitter at miss in History, our tumbler and our interest 592 00:35:54,719 --> 00:35:57,600 Speaker 1: in our instagram. All that stuff is also Missed in History. 593 00:35:57,880 --> 00:35:59,680 Speaker 1: If you come to our website, which is missed in 594 00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:01,799 Speaker 1: History dot com, you'll find the show notes for all 595 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:03,920 Speaker 1: the episodes that Holly and I have ever done together. 596 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:06,759 Speaker 1: We're going to have those links to prior episodes that 597 00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,359 Speaker 1: we talked about in the show notes for today's show. 598 00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:13,359 Speaker 1: You'll also find searchable archive every episode we have ever done, 599 00:36:13,680 --> 00:36:23,000 Speaker 1: so come and visit us that Missed in History dot com. 600 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,520 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 601 00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:35,080 Speaker 1: how staff works dot com.