WEBVTT - Lab 006: Starchella 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:02.480 All right, everybody, it's the mid term. It is the 0:00:02.520 --> 0:00:05.440 midterms that we're halfway through the season. Yep, we're at 0:00:05.440 --> 0:00:08.280 episode six. How do y'all feel? I hope y'all have 0:00:08.280 --> 0:00:10.240 been studying and are ready for this quiz we're about 0:00:10.240 --> 0:00:14.880 to post. Don't worry, there'll be a curve. Anybody took 0:00:14.920 --> 0:00:16.480 a class with me, you will know that it's not 0:00:16.520 --> 0:00:21.280 how it goes. I'm TT and I'm Zachiah and from 0:00:21.360 --> 0:00:39.920 Spotify Studios. This is Dope Labs. Okay, so did you 0:00:39.960 --> 0:00:45.040 watch Homecoming? Did I how many times have you watched it? Right? 0:00:45.080 --> 0:00:47.159 I've only watched it one time, but I'm planning on 0:00:47.200 --> 0:00:49.960 watching it after this because I feel like every morning 0:00:50.040 --> 0:00:52.040 I need to I need to wake up two hours 0:00:52.080 --> 0:00:54.680 early so I can start Homecoming and really get my 0:00:54.760 --> 0:00:58.480 mind right for it'll be everyone's daily devotional. That's exactly 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.720 what it's like. I mean, she's been stre on y'all's next, okay, 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:05.240 but she's really saying like, bow down for real, Yeah, 0:01:05.319 --> 0:01:07.520 you have no choice. She showed us her not only 0:01:07.560 --> 0:01:10.200 that she is, you know, at the top of her 0:01:10.240 --> 0:01:12.840 game as far as vocals and entertaining, but also that 0:01:12.880 --> 0:01:16.199 she has the work ethic of there's not really nothing 0:01:16.200 --> 0:01:18.200 to compare her to she You have to have the 0:01:18.280 --> 0:01:22.320 Beyonce work ethic. That's the that's the new gold standard, honestly, 0:01:22.440 --> 0:01:26.040 Like Beyonce said that basically all she was eating was 0:01:26.240 --> 0:01:30.800 air molecules and eight counts for a year and a half. 0:01:31.920 --> 0:01:35.280 I don't understand. She was like, I rehears four months 0:01:35.720 --> 0:01:38.840 with the band and then four months with the dancers, 0:01:38.959 --> 0:01:41.720 and I was like, huh what, I don't do anything 0:01:41.720 --> 0:01:44.520 with that much advanced notice. I couldn't even get that prepared. 0:01:44.520 --> 0:01:47.120 If I wanted to write like something's happening in four months, 0:01:47.160 --> 0:01:48.840 I'm like, Okay, get back to me in three months 0:01:48.840 --> 0:01:50.600 and twenty five days. Yeah, I'll let you know if 0:01:50.600 --> 0:01:55.720 I'm up for it. It was just great to see 0:01:55.920 --> 0:01:58.880 that type of passion, you know, and just somebody that 0:01:59.000 --> 0:02:01.120 was just working day and night. Right, And why is 0:02:01.120 --> 0:02:03.880 Beyonce never out of breath? Ever? I don't know if 0:02:03.880 --> 0:02:07.120 she has a built in what's those things that the respirator. 0:02:07.120 --> 0:02:08.839 I don't know if she has a built in respirator. 0:02:09.200 --> 0:02:12.000 I don't know what's going on. I'm like, she was 0:02:12.280 --> 0:02:15.080 dropping down, getting up, moving around with the dancers and 0:02:15.080 --> 0:02:17.240 I'm like, the dancers gotta be tired. They not singing, 0:02:17.360 --> 0:02:21.200 They not singing, and they're heaving okay yeah, and Beyonce 0:02:21.360 --> 0:02:25.320 is like, y'all all right back there. I'm like, man, 0:02:25.360 --> 0:02:27.440 I would have had to crush up some a leave 0:02:27.600 --> 0:02:30.280 and make a paste. I would put the paste on 0:02:30.280 --> 0:02:33.400 my knees and saran rappids. I could not move like 0:02:33.440 --> 0:02:37.680 that for that long. That's crazy, just aching, And I'm like, 0:02:37.720 --> 0:02:40.200 do you know how do you get better than Beyonce? 0:02:40.680 --> 0:02:42.960 You don't. I think the only person who it's possible 0:02:43.080 --> 0:02:46.680 is Blue because she's watching Beyonce. She had Beyonce's breast milk. 0:02:46.800 --> 0:02:48.640 I think that's the only way you can get the 0:02:48.720 --> 0:02:54.840 levels Beyonce. You gotta have ingested her breast milk. Yeah. 0:02:55.000 --> 0:02:57.760 But I mean, when you think about it, that's the 0:02:57.800 --> 0:03:01.799 reason why we called somebody like Beyonce a star. Yeah, 0:03:01.840 --> 0:03:06.919 that's sheer star power for real. It's so concentrated it 0:03:07.040 --> 0:03:09.040 hurts your eyes to even look at her. It's not 0:03:09.120 --> 0:03:12.000 the sequence. Yeah, the sequence aren't even doing it. It's 0:03:12.000 --> 0:03:14.880 Beyonce herself. It's it's our ara and we're just all 0:03:15.160 --> 0:03:17.720 just happy to be there. She's a star and I'm 0:03:17.880 --> 0:03:21.840 just Stardust, just hanging out. Like so today we're gonna 0:03:21.840 --> 0:03:25.520 talk about stars and not just superstars here on Earth. 0:03:25.600 --> 0:03:27.880 We want to talk about the stars in our sky, 0:03:28.440 --> 0:03:31.000 but we actually think that there's a lot of similarities 0:03:31.040 --> 0:03:33.560 between the two, between the stars and the sky and 0:03:33.560 --> 0:03:36.600 Beyonce absolutely. Okay, so let's get into the recitation. So 0:03:36.680 --> 0:03:39.760 let's start with what we know. We know that Beyonce 0:03:40.000 --> 0:03:43.640 is unlike anybody else on this planet, and we also 0:03:43.680 --> 0:03:46.600 know that stars are very unique. So we know that 0:03:46.720 --> 0:03:48.480 the Sun is a star. Yes, we know the Sun 0:03:48.560 --> 0:03:51.360 is a star. I know a little bit about those planets. 0:03:52.160 --> 0:03:55.840 Men are from Venus, I mean, what does that from Mars? 0:03:55.880 --> 0:03:58.520 Women are from Venus? Okay, yeah, which, but I also 0:03:58.560 --> 0:04:01.119 know that that's actually not true. Yeah, and all here 0:04:01.120 --> 0:04:03.320 on Earth. And then we also know that, you know, 0:04:03.400 --> 0:04:05.600 that's saying that we learned in probably like middle school. 0:04:05.640 --> 0:04:10.360 My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas or 0:04:10.400 --> 0:04:12.960 something like that. But something happened to Pluto. Yeah, people 0:04:13.000 --> 0:04:14.720 not talking about it. Yeah, so that was supposed to 0:04:14.800 --> 0:04:20.400 let you know, like Murcury, Venus, Earth, Mars, your mother 0:04:20.440 --> 0:04:25.880 didn't serve the rights and I remember that's just good Okay, 0:04:25.880 --> 0:04:27.680 so I got to go back to middle school. Basically, 0:04:27.760 --> 0:04:30.120 the other thing we know is the big Dipper and 0:04:30.160 --> 0:04:34.520 a little dipper. Right, there are constellations, but that's it. 0:04:34.560 --> 0:04:36.760 That's the extent of my knowledge in the North Star 0:04:37.680 --> 0:04:41.040 wherever it is, nor Yeah, that's right, shout out to 0:04:41.040 --> 0:04:44.119 Harriet Tubman. And So I feel like when I started 0:04:44.120 --> 0:04:47.200 talking about space, there's so little that I know, and 0:04:47.240 --> 0:04:50.080 I feel like it's actually holding me back from really 0:04:50.200 --> 0:04:53.200 enjoying some of the films, Like some of the movies 0:04:53.240 --> 0:04:55.280 that I like, I'm like, why is it taking them 0:04:55.279 --> 0:04:56.599 a long time? Is that a short place to go? 0:04:57.360 --> 0:05:02.880 Because I always get gallic sees and universe and solar system, 0:05:02.920 --> 0:05:05.440 I get all those things mixed up, right. I hope 0:05:05.560 --> 0:05:07.719 that after this episode, I'm gonna go back and watch 0:05:07.839 --> 0:05:10.719 Interstellar and just try to see if I can make 0:05:10.920 --> 0:05:13.240 sense of some things. Probably won't. It was a very 0:05:13.279 --> 0:05:14.599 confusing movie. 0:05:16.200 --> 0:05:16.359 You know. 0:05:16.400 --> 0:05:18.480 One of the things I've always been really really interested 0:05:18.520 --> 0:05:22.240 in is like shine and shine and shine and shineing. Yeah, 0:05:22.400 --> 0:05:24.320 like when you think about the sun, how is the 0:05:24.360 --> 0:05:28.080 sun power? What is the fuel? What is power? And Beyonce, 0:05:28.640 --> 0:05:30.520 we saw a little bit of that in Homecoming yeah, 0:05:30.520 --> 0:05:33.280 we did, but I still was like, girl, what's the 0:05:33.320 --> 0:05:35.360 code so I can do a step left, left left, 0:05:35.600 --> 0:05:38.760 jump down? I'm like, I need the eight count so 0:05:38.800 --> 0:05:41.960 I can unlock a better meat. So that's a question 0:05:42.000 --> 0:05:45.680 I'm gonna have off gate, okay, Like what fuels? What's 0:05:45.720 --> 0:05:48.960 the star? What is it? I mean, I know what 0:05:49.000 --> 0:05:52.760 a star is, do we really what makes something a star? 0:05:52.880 --> 0:05:53.920 What makes something to start? 0:05:53.920 --> 0:05:54.000 Like? 0:05:54.000 --> 0:05:56.440 What are the properties? What are the qualities of a star? Right? 0:05:57.240 --> 0:06:02.039 I think I want to know, like what sustains a star? 0:06:02.880 --> 0:06:06.000 Like how does it keep going and going? Because I 0:06:06.000 --> 0:06:09.320 think that they last for ever, right or for a 0:06:09.360 --> 0:06:13.680 long time until they they burn out? But what keeps 0:06:13.720 --> 0:06:17.159 them going for so long? And what determines to burnout? Right? Yeah, 0:06:17.200 --> 0:06:19.279 that's a really good question. And then I also have 0:06:19.400 --> 0:06:25.440 questions about just like constellations and planets in general. I 0:06:25.480 --> 0:06:28.360 know that Pluto isn't a planet anymore, but I don't 0:06:28.480 --> 0:06:32.359 really get what makes a planet, Like how do you 0:06:32.400 --> 0:06:35.680 determine whether something is a planet or not? Yeah? Or constellation? 0:06:35.800 --> 0:06:38.400 We're in constellation? Like the only constellation I really know 0:06:38.480 --> 0:06:42.760 is the Big Dipper Orion's Belt, the stars, the cosmos. 0:06:43.080 --> 0:06:45.560 That's not my strong point, not mine either, Like I 0:06:45.600 --> 0:06:52.320 think I know maybe some physics, U huh, but nah, 0:06:52.400 --> 0:06:54.760 not really. I've always been terrible at that, and so 0:06:55.080 --> 0:06:58.159 you know, we had to call in the reinforcements. Absolutely, 0:06:58.279 --> 0:07:00.920 it's very needed in this episode. So let's get into 0:07:00.960 --> 0:07:04.480 the dissection, and in honor of homecoming, we brought out 0:07:04.480 --> 0:07:05.400 a student this week. 0:07:05.480 --> 0:07:08.200 So my name is Amy Steele, and I'm an astronomy 0:07:08.200 --> 0:07:12.360 PhD Candidate at the University of Maryland. That's fancy speak 0:07:12.440 --> 0:07:13.320 for I'm a student. 0:07:13.480 --> 0:07:16.360 There are some basic things that we know, right T T. Yeah. 0:07:16.480 --> 0:07:17.920 I think one of the things that we know about 0:07:17.920 --> 0:07:20.360 stars is that they're mostly hydrogen gas. 0:07:20.520 --> 0:07:25.280 Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and 0:07:25.560 --> 0:07:28.640 stars are mostly made up out of hydrogen. 0:07:28.720 --> 0:07:31.840 I understand they're mostly hydrogen, but then what what else? 0:07:31.960 --> 0:07:33.440 In the cores of stars? 0:07:33.600 --> 0:07:40.680 You have fusion going on, where you're combining hydrogen into helium, 0:07:40.840 --> 0:07:45.000 and that process releases not really that much energy, but 0:07:45.040 --> 0:07:47.840 it happens so many times that it ends up being 0:07:48.080 --> 0:07:49.000 a lot of energy. 0:07:49.160 --> 0:07:52.320 Yes, fusion, I remember you explaining that. Yeah, that's when 0:07:52.360 --> 0:07:57.040 you put to nuclei together and it gives off a 0:07:57.040 --> 0:07:57.840 lot of energy. 0:07:58.000 --> 0:08:02.880 That energy comes out at us the light that makes 0:08:02.920 --> 0:08:03.280 us hot. 0:08:03.480 --> 0:08:06.200 So hydrogen is like the IT factor. Yeah, the stars, 0:08:06.200 --> 0:08:09.280 that's what's making them glow, and so that IT factor 0:08:09.320 --> 0:08:12.720 can determine whether or not you're a big star or 0:08:12.760 --> 0:08:17.040 a little star. So that's the difference between being Rihanna 0:08:17.360 --> 0:08:28.200 or Rita Aura. Yeah. But stars have the same risk though, right, 0:08:28.280 --> 0:08:30.840 Like they can run out of fuel or not be relevant. Right, 0:08:31.320 --> 0:08:33.720 So what happens when a star runs out of fuel, 0:08:33.720 --> 0:08:34.800 like or it runs out of hydrogen. 0:08:34.840 --> 0:08:36.720 It's not like a star can go to a gas station. 0:08:37.280 --> 0:08:40.680 So it forms with a set amount of hydrogen and 0:08:41.520 --> 0:08:45.640 it uses up that hydrogen over the course of its lifetime, 0:08:45.640 --> 0:08:47.960 and when that hydrogen is gone, it's gone. 0:08:48.080 --> 0:08:50.080 So wait a second, does that mean that someday that 0:08:50.120 --> 0:08:53.520 the Sun is gonna run out of hydrogen? Yeah, but 0:08:53.600 --> 0:08:56.520 that's still like at least five billion years away. Oh 0:08:56.559 --> 0:08:58.480 so we're good. We're good. Okay, So now we know 0:08:58.520 --> 0:09:00.960 that it's not complete lights out for the Sun. The 0:09:01.000 --> 0:09:02.840 first thing that we have to know about a real 0:09:02.920 --> 0:09:08.200 star is that everything revolves around you, literally, but also 0:09:08.440 --> 0:09:12.439 everything exists because of you. So when the Sun, our 0:09:12.520 --> 0:09:16.680 star was being formed, it was basically like, okay, ladies, 0:09:16.760 --> 0:09:18.240 Dallat's get information. 0:09:20.080 --> 0:09:23.200 A stellar system isn't formed for the planets. The planets 0:09:23.280 --> 0:09:27.480 form as a result of the star forming itself. The 0:09:27.520 --> 0:09:29.920 star is the star of the show. 0:09:30.080 --> 0:09:32.080 And all of the planets, the Earth, the Moon, all 0:09:32.120 --> 0:09:34.200 of that is just leftovers from the formation of the Sun. 0:09:35.200 --> 0:09:38.120 We're just a byproduct. We're just like a little crumb. 0:09:38.240 --> 0:09:39.640 The Sun is the cookie. 0:09:40.640 --> 0:09:42.880 The Sun is the cookie, The Sun is the cake. 0:09:43.080 --> 0:09:45.960 It just like we saw in Homecoming, Beyonce was dancing, 0:09:46.000 --> 0:09:48.320 those people are moving around her doing all that stuff. 0:09:48.720 --> 0:09:51.440 But you know, if I had to say, who are 0:09:51.520 --> 0:09:56.080 my favorite planets that orbit Beyonce lay Twins, Yes, Oh 0:09:56.120 --> 0:10:01.280 my goodness. They really know how to shine and they 0:10:01.840 --> 0:10:04.959 probably wouldn't be as well known without Beyonce. Like they 0:10:05.000 --> 0:10:07.600 are stars in their own right. Yeah, don't get me wrong, 0:10:07.920 --> 0:10:11.680 but with Beyonce bringing them close to her definitely took 0:10:11.720 --> 0:10:14.680 them to another level. They're always together. Would they exist 0:10:14.679 --> 0:10:19.040 as real planets? Okay, so let's pull back a bit. 0:10:19.160 --> 0:10:21.600 If our solar system is made up the Sun the 0:10:21.679 --> 0:10:26.240 cookie and we're just the crumbs off the cookie, how 0:10:26.280 --> 0:10:28.920 did the cookie get made? How is the Sun formed? 0:10:29.200 --> 0:10:33.319 We want to see the ingredients. Yea, how many chocolate chips. 0:10:33.520 --> 0:10:36.319 The way that it starts is you have this cloud, 0:10:36.559 --> 0:10:43.520 huge cloud of gas and dust, and there's some little 0:10:43.520 --> 0:10:44.600 bit of motion to. 0:10:44.480 --> 0:10:47.240 It, but you need some kind of external stimulus, like 0:10:47.320 --> 0:10:51.200 you need something else nearby to go off and give 0:10:51.200 --> 0:10:53.600 a little bit of energy. Right, So sometimes it could 0:10:53.640 --> 0:10:55.280 be like a supernova nearby. 0:10:55.559 --> 0:10:59.920 Eventually it'll start to spin and flatten like a pancake. 0:11:00.200 --> 0:11:05.480 Once the conditions are right for hydrogen to start fusing 0:11:05.520 --> 0:11:09.880 into helium, that process that makes stars shine. The star 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:14.920 turns on and then the leftover bits that stuff starts 0:11:14.960 --> 0:11:19.640 to clump together, possibly sweeping up material as it's orbiting 0:11:19.679 --> 0:11:23.200 its new baby star. And that's how the planets form. 0:11:23.280 --> 0:11:27.640 Lots of these crimes are just aggregating together and making 0:11:28.440 --> 0:11:33.240 bigger cookies. Yeah, bigger crumb balls, right, what are those 0:11:33.280 --> 0:11:38.440 donut holes? Munchkins? Bigger little munchkins. But how do you 0:11:38.480 --> 0:11:42.240 tell this is just a clump of crumbs or this 0:11:42.320 --> 0:11:43.720 is a legit planet? 0:11:43.960 --> 0:11:47.959 So to be a planet, there are these three rules 0:11:48.000 --> 0:11:51.160 that you have to abide by, according to the International 0:11:51.320 --> 0:11:52.840 Astronomical Union. 0:11:53.000 --> 0:11:55.880 So first you have to orbit the Sun. You actually 0:11:55.880 --> 0:11:58.880 have to travel around the Sun and follow that path 0:11:58.960 --> 0:11:59.960 over and over again. 0:12:00.200 --> 0:12:03.040 So this is also why the Moon is not considered 0:12:03.040 --> 0:12:06.640 a planet because its primary orbit is around the Earth. 0:12:06.720 --> 0:12:08.040 So the second thing is that you have to be 0:12:08.080 --> 0:12:11.280 the largest thing in your orbit. And the third thing 0:12:11.559 --> 0:12:13.319 is that you need to be roughly spherical. 0:12:13.480 --> 0:12:15.920 So a lot of the asteroids that you'll see, they're 0:12:15.960 --> 0:12:20.200 elongated or they look like someone took two balls and 0:12:20.280 --> 0:12:21.520 just slapped them together. 0:12:22.080 --> 0:12:25.640 Like an asteroid. Asteroids are just two rocks slammed together, 0:12:25.720 --> 0:12:27.360 and they have this really weird shape. So they could 0:12:27.360 --> 0:12:32.000 never be a planet. Your faith could never you bad built. 0:12:31.880 --> 0:12:35.400 And so you have to have enough mass to have 0:12:35.920 --> 0:12:38.960 smoothed yourself into a roughly spherical shape. 0:12:39.160 --> 0:12:42.200 So now that we have laid down the rules for 0:12:42.240 --> 0:12:44.840 what it takes to be a planet, what about the 0:12:44.880 --> 0:12:47.719 differences we see between the planets, right? I know that 0:12:47.840 --> 0:12:53.640 like Saturn has rings yep, and Neptune is like has 0:12:53.720 --> 0:12:57.280 like a lot of water. I'm just out here guessing. 0:12:58.000 --> 0:13:00.320 Let's see what Amy has to say. 0:13:00.520 --> 0:13:05.760 Venus, Earth, and Mars are all pretty rocky, and then Jupiter, Soturn, 0:13:05.960 --> 0:13:10.640 you're in a Snaptune, those are all gassy. Overall, you 0:13:10.720 --> 0:13:14.320 have the small rocky things close to the star where 0:13:14.320 --> 0:13:17.880 it's hotter, and then you have the things that are 0:13:18.320 --> 0:13:22.240 more full of you know, gases that could potentially be 0:13:22.320 --> 0:13:24.839 boiled away if they were too close to something hot. 0:13:25.559 --> 0:13:28.959 Those are farther out. Oh So that makes sense, right, 0:13:29.040 --> 0:13:31.440 because if we have any of those gassy things, they 0:13:31.480 --> 0:13:33.360 need to be in the core somewhere where they're protected 0:13:33.360 --> 0:13:35.440 from the sun. Otherwise they're all evaporated off and all 0:13:35.480 --> 0:13:37.840 we have left is the rock exactly. So these planets 0:13:37.840 --> 0:13:40.360 are set up perfectly in order to sustain themselves. So 0:13:40.440 --> 0:13:43.480 that's really interesting because that's kind of what Amy's job is. 0:13:43.520 --> 0:13:46.920 So she looks at debris from the formation of stars 0:13:47.440 --> 0:13:48.920 and she tries to figure out what they're made of. 0:13:49.040 --> 0:13:51.560 So not our star, not the sun, but the formation 0:13:51.600 --> 0:13:53.959 of other stars. She looks at the debris around them. Well, 0:13:54.000 --> 0:13:57.040 why is there something going on with that? Like? Why 0:13:57.080 --> 0:14:00.440 is that stuff important? If it's just debris. When I 0:14:00.440 --> 0:14:02.280 think of debris, I think of trash on the side 0:14:02.280 --> 0:14:05.040 of the road, just blowing in the wind, But any things, 0:14:05.080 --> 0:14:05.680 it's important. 0:14:05.840 --> 0:14:10.439 Knowing what those asteroids and comments are made of is 0:14:10.880 --> 0:14:14.080 pretty important in terms of figuring out how the Solar 0:14:14.120 --> 0:14:14.880 system formed. 0:14:15.160 --> 0:14:17.800 In other words, in order to understand how a star 0:14:18.080 --> 0:14:20.960 is formed, you got to know what's going on around it. 0:14:21.080 --> 0:14:24.800 You want to see what the material around those stars 0:14:24.840 --> 0:14:28.000 it's made of, so that we can begin to assess 0:14:28.320 --> 0:14:32.480 just how unique or not unique the rocky material in 0:14:32.520 --> 0:14:34.080 our solar system actually is. 0:14:34.400 --> 0:14:39.360 Yes, and this gets me to my favorite thing, aliens. Right, 0:14:39.400 --> 0:14:41.680 because if the dust and rocks that surround other stars 0:14:41.680 --> 0:14:44.160 are similar to the dust and rocks that surround our star, 0:14:44.320 --> 0:14:46.280 the Sun, it helps us put our own star, our 0:14:46.280 --> 0:14:49.600 solar system in context. I feel like if those dust 0:14:49.640 --> 0:14:51.480 and rocks look like our dust and rocks, that means 0:14:51.480 --> 0:14:53.480 there could be an Earth in their solar system. Oh, 0:14:53.520 --> 0:14:56.360 I see where you're going. So you think that it's 0:14:56.480 --> 0:15:01.360 possible for there to be another Beyonce in another universe? 0:15:01.920 --> 0:15:05.600 Highly unlikely, but could it be. I feel like it's 0:15:05.600 --> 0:15:09.000 more likely that there's Aliens then there's another Beyonce. Do 0:15:09.040 --> 0:15:14.280 you think it's possible that Yonce is an extra terrestrial? Absolutely? 0:15:14.840 --> 0:15:17.720 Her a salon that would make complete sense to me. 0:15:17.960 --> 0:15:20.600 Let me tell you something, if you said, heyby Ransom, test, 0:15:20.920 --> 0:15:24.800 Beyonce does not have the same composition as the rest 0:15:24.800 --> 0:15:29.920 of y'all. I would say accurate, not surprised. The odds 0:15:29.920 --> 0:15:33.120 are in her favor. Okay, she got different kind of dust, 0:15:33.280 --> 0:15:37.200 she had different interstellar debris, everything different. It's crazy to 0:15:37.240 --> 0:15:41.200 think that our solar system is just one of many 0:15:41.240 --> 0:15:44.680 solar systems that's in our galaxy, and then our galaxy 0:15:44.760 --> 0:15:47.160 is just one tiny part of this huge universe. Right. 0:15:47.200 --> 0:15:49.640 You remember in Men in Black? When did you watch 0:15:49.680 --> 0:15:51.840 Men in Black? Yeah, at the end of the first 0:15:51.880 --> 0:15:55.040 Men in Black, when they were looking for that ball 0:15:55.160 --> 0:15:57.280 thing and it turned out to be a marble and 0:15:57.320 --> 0:15:59.040 it was all these galaxies and stuff like that. That was 0:15:59.040 --> 0:16:01.440 the only time that my brain was able to understand 0:16:02.000 --> 0:16:04.400 that there are other galaxies out there. I was like, 0:16:05.120 --> 0:16:08.600 there's other galaxies, and these aliens are just playing marbles 0:16:08.760 --> 0:16:11.200 with the galaxies. But when we get back, we're going 0:16:11.240 --> 0:16:13.360 to start talking about things that are outside of our 0:16:13.400 --> 0:16:16.080 solar system. And we've just been talking about things that 0:16:16.080 --> 0:16:18.680 are in our solar system, our sun and the planets 0:16:18.680 --> 0:16:21.000 around it. But there are whole other solar systems just 0:16:21.120 --> 0:16:30.240 like ours. Y'all thought y'all have a special didn't you. 0:16:41.520 --> 0:16:45.280 And we're back, so we've been talking mostly about our 0:16:45.320 --> 0:16:49.920 solar system, our Sun, our Earth, and the neighboring plants 0:16:49.960 --> 0:16:52.680 around it. But our solar system is just a small 0:16:52.800 --> 0:16:55.560 part of the Milky Way galaxy. And the Milky Way 0:16:55.640 --> 0:16:59.280 has over two hundred billion stars in it, which means 0:16:59.400 --> 0:17:02.640 billions of the planets, dust and debris that are a 0:17:02.680 --> 0:17:06.280 byproduct from the formation of those stars, and enough gas 0:17:06.320 --> 0:17:08.840 and dust to make billions more. But when we think 0:17:08.840 --> 0:17:10.919 about that, how big is the Milky Way really? 0:17:11.080 --> 0:17:13.719 So one way that you can think about that is 0:17:14.280 --> 0:17:16.200 in terms. 0:17:15.800 --> 0:17:17.000 Of light years. 0:17:17.640 --> 0:17:21.320 So a light year is a distance that light travels 0:17:21.359 --> 0:17:21.920 in one year. 0:17:22.560 --> 0:17:26.800 That distance a light year is huge, huge, As an 0:17:26.840 --> 0:17:30.640 understatement for real, one light year is five point nine 0:17:30.960 --> 0:17:35.400 trillion miles. So you can do a round trip from 0:17:35.480 --> 0:17:40.480 the Earth to the Sun over thirty thousand times. That's crazy. 0:17:40.640 --> 0:17:44.720 And the size of the Milky Way galaxy going from 0:17:44.760 --> 0:17:49.280 one end to the other is about one hundred thousand 0:17:49.560 --> 0:17:50.119 light years. 0:17:50.160 --> 0:17:52.439 So now we're just this is just getting ridiculous. So 0:17:53.080 --> 0:17:55.240 we already said it's crazy, you're gonna go over thirty 0:17:55.240 --> 0:17:57.879 thousand times to Sun back to dirt, to Sun back 0:17:57.920 --> 0:18:00.080 to dirt. Now you're telling me multiply that by one 0:18:00.119 --> 0:18:05.679 hundred thousand too much, cannot compute and that's so crazy. Right, 0:18:05.680 --> 0:18:08.120 So when we think about all those miles that makes 0:18:08.200 --> 0:18:11.520 up our Milky Way, and then we're in our galaxy, 0:18:11.560 --> 0:18:16.919 we're saying there are over two hundred billion stars. I 0:18:16.960 --> 0:18:19.480 think about us being able to see those stars. Like 0:18:19.520 --> 0:18:21.320 I used to go look at the stars at my grandparents' 0:18:21.320 --> 0:18:22.719 house and they didn't have a lot of light pollutions, 0:18:22.760 --> 0:18:26.000 so you can kind of see everything. And it just 0:18:26.080 --> 0:18:29.000 really occurred to me, like, hey, girl, you looking at 0:18:29.440 --> 0:18:34.440 other solar systems that are light years away, and because 0:18:34.480 --> 0:18:36.439 they're light years away, that light has to travel to me. 0:18:36.720 --> 0:18:38.639 That's not even what it looks like anymore. Oh, Like, 0:18:39.000 --> 0:18:40.960 refresh the screen. I want to see what the stars 0:18:40.960 --> 0:18:44.199 look like right now? How do we make sense of 0:18:44.240 --> 0:18:46.160 all that? Like the only thing I really remember about 0:18:46.200 --> 0:18:48.040 the stars was being able to see the Big Dipper 0:18:48.400 --> 0:18:50.760 and the Little Dipper, right, but I don't really know, Like, 0:18:51.080 --> 0:18:53.120 how do we determine what a constellation is? 0:18:53.280 --> 0:18:58.320 Constellations are just a way of dividing up the sky 0:18:58.680 --> 0:19:02.639 or the celestial sphere into different regions. 0:19:02.720 --> 0:19:06.760 So currently we have eighty eight constellations, So like, how 0:19:06.760 --> 0:19:09.240 on the surface of the Earth we have different countries 0:19:09.480 --> 0:19:15.280 cities states. Similarly, constellations help us organize the sky, and 0:19:15.359 --> 0:19:18.119 constellations have served a lot of practical purposes over the years, 0:19:18.480 --> 0:19:21.560 like agriculture. Yeah, way back before calendars, people used to 0:19:21.600 --> 0:19:24.080 use constellations to keep track of when the harvest crops. 0:19:24.480 --> 0:19:27.720 That's just crazy. Or navigation. You know, Molana, yes, is 0:19:27.800 --> 0:19:30.560 out there on the sea. You say the line where 0:19:30.560 --> 0:19:34.320 this guy needs to see it calls me, that's exactly 0:19:34.320 --> 0:19:37.119 the part where I start tearing up. And she was 0:19:37.119 --> 0:19:40.280 putting her hand up and navigating that boat. Yeah, same thing. 0:19:40.440 --> 0:19:42.920 And the interesting thing about constellations is that even though 0:19:42.920 --> 0:19:45.280 we look at them and say like, oh, this is 0:19:45.760 --> 0:19:48.600 this constellation, it's the Big Dipper, Little Dipper, Orion's belt. 0:19:49.760 --> 0:19:52.080 Two things that I found really interesting. One is that 0:19:52.119 --> 0:19:54.639 those stars aren't necessarily close to each other, right, So 0:19:54.720 --> 0:19:58.040 you could have a star that's really bright and it's 0:19:58.040 --> 0:20:00.359 close to you, or a star here that's dim, but 0:20:00.400 --> 0:20:03.080 it's dim because it's super far away compared to that 0:20:03.119 --> 0:20:05.119 bright star. And then the other thing is that the 0:20:05.200 --> 0:20:07.520 names we use for constellations, most of them come from 0:20:07.560 --> 0:20:11.880 like Greek mythology or ancient Roman stories, but they weren't 0:20:11.920 --> 0:20:14.560 the only ones that were looking at the star. Come on, somebody, 0:20:14.840 --> 0:20:17.919 so the Messiah. Native American tribes, all of these different 0:20:18.000 --> 0:20:21.160 groups have had different names for those constellations in the sky, 0:20:21.800 --> 0:20:23.880 but only some of those names are in your textbook, 0:20:24.160 --> 0:20:29.040 SIPs Tea. I ain't saying, but I'm just saying so 0:20:29.119 --> 0:20:31.640 in our galaxy, constellations are there to help us make 0:20:31.680 --> 0:20:34.240 sense of things. But there are other things in our 0:20:34.240 --> 0:20:36.960 galaxy that, no matter how hard we try, they may 0:20:37.040 --> 0:20:40.720 never make sense. Like black holes. We just got the 0:20:40.840 --> 0:20:44.240 very first picture of a black hole a couple weeks ago, 0:20:44.600 --> 0:20:47.919 and I don't know about you, but that terrified me. 0:20:48.080 --> 0:20:50.400 I don't want to see a black hole. Everybody dies 0:20:50.440 --> 0:20:52.080 in the movies when there's a black hole. Right, that 0:20:52.119 --> 0:20:54.440 black hole isn't even in our galaxy. I don't need 0:20:54.480 --> 0:20:57.680 that disrupting the space time continuum. Let things be as 0:20:57.720 --> 0:21:00.600 they are. Right. And so now people say, oh, pretty 0:21:00.640 --> 0:21:03.160 soon we should have a picture of a black hole 0:21:03.440 --> 0:21:06.080 in our galaxy. No, I don't want no smoke from 0:21:06.080 --> 0:21:08.560 a black hole. Listen, leave it be. It might not 0:21:08.640 --> 0:21:11.720 light flash photography. You need to carry on as you were. 0:21:11.800 --> 0:21:15.760 It's like the Sas squad. Stop looking for it. Black holes. 0:21:16.040 --> 0:21:19.680 I just my brain kind of gets a little too 0:21:19.720 --> 0:21:22.320 hot when I try to make sense of black holes. 0:21:22.359 --> 0:21:25.640 Black Holes are massive pits where gravitational force is so 0:21:25.680 --> 0:21:31.720 strong it sucks in everything in its path, debris, dust, planets, light. 0:21:32.280 --> 0:21:34.840 And the way a black hole is formed is when 0:21:34.920 --> 0:21:39.040 a star dies and collapses in on itself. I got 0:21:39.080 --> 0:21:41.240 some stuff to throw on a black hole. I've got 0:21:41.280 --> 0:21:43.959 plenty stuff to throw on the black hole. Take mine, Witchie. 0:21:45.200 --> 0:21:49.640 The Milky Way our galaxy. We have our own supermassive 0:21:49.640 --> 0:21:53.840