1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us Dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:02,600
Speaker 2: Here's a little secret. Most smartphone deals aren't that exciting.

20
00:01:02,920 --> 00:01:06,560
Speaker 2: To be honest, they're barely worth mentioning. But then there's

21
00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,920
Speaker 2: AT and T and their best deals. Those are quite exciting.

22
00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,039
Speaker 2: They're the kind of deals that are really worth talking about,

23
00:01:13,560 --> 00:01:16,360
Speaker 2: like their deal in the new Samsung Galaxy Z flip six.

24
00:01:16,760 --> 00:01:19,600
Speaker 2: With this deal, you can trade in your eligible smartphone,

25
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,960
Speaker 2: any year, any condition for a new Samsung Galaxy Z

26
00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:23,680
Speaker 2: flip six.

27
00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:26,160
Speaker 3: It's so good, in fact, it will have.

28
00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:30,640
Speaker 2: You shouting from the rooftops. So get yourself down a

29
00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:33,360
Speaker 2: street level and learn how to snag the new Samsung

30
00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,880
Speaker 2: Galaxy Z flip six on AT and T and maybe

31
00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:39,320
Speaker 2: grab a ladder on the way home. AT and T

32
00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:44,119
Speaker 2: connecting changes everything requires trade in a Galaxy s Note

33
00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:46,960
Speaker 2: or Z series smartphone. Limited time offer two hundred and

34
00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:49,880
Speaker 2: fifty six gigabytes for zero dollars. Additional fees, terms and

35
00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,360
Speaker 2: restrictions apply. See att dot com, slash Samsung or visit

36
00:01:53,400 --> 00:01:54,920
Speaker 2: an AT and T store for details.

37
00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,400
Speaker 4: As a United Explorer Card member, you can earn fifty

38
00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:04,320
Speaker 4: thousand bonus miles plus look forward to extraordinary travel rewards,

39
00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:06,960
Speaker 4: including a free checked bag, two times the miles on

40
00:02:07,040 --> 00:02:09,720
Speaker 4: United purchases and two times the miles on dining and

41
00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:13,079
Speaker 4: at hotels. Become an explorer and seek out unforgettable places

42
00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:16,520
Speaker 4: while enjoying rewards everywhere you travel. Cards issued by JP

43
00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:20,600
Speaker 4: Morgan Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval Offer,

44
00:02:20,680 --> 00:02:22,480
Speaker 4: subject to change terms apply.

45
00:02:31,320 --> 00:02:34,480
Speaker 1: Hey Jorge, what is your go to snack these days?

46
00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:35,040
Speaker 5: Uh?

47
00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:37,120
Speaker 3: Have you met me? Bananas? Of course?

48
00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:39,400
Speaker 1: I knew you were going to say that.

49
00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:42,639
Speaker 3: I knew I was predictable, so I kind of thought

50
00:02:42,639 --> 00:02:44,880
Speaker 3: about saying something else, but you didn't. Yeah, then I

51
00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:47,079
Speaker 3: figured you were expecting me to say something else, so

52
00:02:47,120 --> 00:02:49,480
Speaker 3: I was saying banana was maybe the real surprise.

53
00:02:49,639 --> 00:02:52,440
Speaker 1: Well that's very clever, but I actually predicted that too.

54
00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:56,320
Speaker 3: What impossible? Did you also predict what I'm gonna say next?

55
00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:58,600
Speaker 3: Like weasel or yeah, my lama and ding dong?

56
00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:03,640
Speaker 1: Totally, that's exactly what I predicted. What how is that possible? Well,

57
00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:05,480
Speaker 1: I wrote the script for this gold.

58
00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:07,239
Speaker 3: Open, Yes, but I always go off script.

59
00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:09,320
Speaker 1: Yes, but you do so very predictably.

60
00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:26,800
Speaker 3: Hi. I am Jorham, a cartoonist and the co author

61
00:03:26,840 --> 00:03:29,120
Speaker 3: of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe.

62
00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:32,240
Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

63
00:03:32,240 --> 00:03:35,440
Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I am also quite predictable.

64
00:03:35,440 --> 00:03:37,600
Speaker 3: Oh yeah, do you have a regular routine that you

65
00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:38,320
Speaker 3: always stick to.

66
00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:42,000
Speaker 1: I do two podcast episodes a week with my friend Jorge.

67
00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:45,480
Speaker 3: Oh my goodness, that's a surprise that you're still friends

68
00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:47,200
Speaker 3: with this horney.

69
00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:49,040
Speaker 1: Guy and that people are still listening.

70
00:03:49,120 --> 00:03:51,240
Speaker 3: But what do you mean do you do not like surprises?

71
00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:53,240
Speaker 1: I am a creature of habit. I like to lay

72
00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:55,320
Speaker 1: out my schedule and follow it. My wife, on the

73
00:03:55,320 --> 00:03:58,800
Speaker 1: other hand, likes spontaneous adventure, so you know, at least

74
00:03:58,800 --> 00:03:59,880
Speaker 1: to some interesting conversation.

75
00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:01,680
Speaker 3: What about like lunch, Do you know what you're gonna

76
00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:02,800
Speaker 3: eat for lunch every day?

77
00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:06,000
Speaker 1: I do? Yeah, I eat exactly nothing for lunch every day,

78
00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:07,240
Speaker 1: so it's quite predictable.

79
00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:11,600
Speaker 3: So that makes choosing easy. You don't have to think

80
00:04:11,640 --> 00:04:13,840
Speaker 3: about it because there's nothing to think about exactly.

81
00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:15,960
Speaker 1: And you know, in our family, we used to argue

82
00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:17,600
Speaker 1: a lot about what to eat for dinner, and then

83
00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:20,080
Speaker 1: we hammered it out into a weekly schedule, so we have,

84
00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:23,080
Speaker 1: you know, pasta on Mondays and tacos on Tuesdays, et cetera,

85
00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:23,559
Speaker 1: et cetera.

86
00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:28,039
Speaker 3: Oh my goodness, completely predictable then until the end of time.

87
00:04:31,720 --> 00:04:34,240
Speaker 3: But what kind of tacos see, that's a big question.

88
00:04:34,480 --> 00:04:37,360
Speaker 3: You know, there's always room for improversation.

89
00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:39,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, we have to taco about it every time.

90
00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:45,320
Speaker 3: Do you have corn tortillas or flower tortillas? Is that

91
00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:46,159
Speaker 3: in your schedule too?

92
00:04:46,279 --> 00:04:47,560
Speaker 1: Oh, we make our own tortillas.

93
00:04:47,640 --> 00:04:50,599
Speaker 3: Yeah, corner flower combination, corn and flour.

94
00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:52,000
Speaker 1: Corner and flower. Yeah, a little bit of each.

95
00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:53,440
Speaker 3: It's like a quantum taco.

96
00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:56,520
Speaker 1: It's a superposition.

97
00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:01,200
Speaker 3: Yes, it's super taco and flower. Oh man, that's crazy.

98
00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:03,000
Speaker 3: Is it also chicken and carnitas?

99
00:05:05,440 --> 00:05:07,560
Speaker 1: It's one hundred percent delicious is what it is.

100
00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:10,200
Speaker 3: But anyways, welcome to our podcast Daniel lan Jorge Explain

101
00:05:10,279 --> 00:05:12,960
Speaker 3: the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

102
00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:15,360
Speaker 1: In which we roll up all the deliciousness of the

103
00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:20,080
Speaker 1: universe into a corn and flour and talk tortilla and

104
00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,159
Speaker 1: serve it all up to you. We fill that taco

105
00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:26,520
Speaker 1: up with the incredible mysteries that are the universe, the

106
00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,640
Speaker 1: weird quantum effects that seem to govern the microscopic nature

107
00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:35,159
Speaker 1: of reality, and the incredible emergent phenomena that we enjoy

108
00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:38,200
Speaker 1: and gaze at every night when we look at the stars.

109
00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,320
Speaker 1: We wonder about all of it, We talk about all

110
00:05:40,320 --> 00:05:42,440
Speaker 1: of it. We explain all of it, and we take

111
00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:44,320
Speaker 1: a big bite out of all of it with you.

112
00:05:44,480 --> 00:05:47,120
Speaker 3: That's right, we talk about it with you because it

113
00:05:47,200 --> 00:05:49,919
Speaker 3: is a pretty delicious and amazing universe ready to be

114
00:05:50,080 --> 00:05:54,360
Speaker 3: rolled up and sandwich between amazing conversation and dad jokes.

115
00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:56,560
Speaker 1: Hold on, do we just move from tacos to sandwiches,

116
00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:58,080
Speaker 1: because like, not the same thing? Man?

117
00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,400
Speaker 3: Well kind of? I think traditional timecos have two tortillas

118
00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:03,520
Speaker 3: and then you roll them up what or fold them?

119
00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:05,160
Speaker 1: What are you talking about? Seriously?

120
00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:07,800
Speaker 3: You not had taco from a taco truck?

121
00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:10,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, but that's two tortillas underneath the filling, right, That's

122
00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:12,720
Speaker 1: not the same as a sandwich.

123
00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:14,960
Speaker 3: And then you fold them over right. Gosh, so you're

124
00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:16,880
Speaker 3: sandwiching kind of things between them, right.

125
00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:19,920
Speaker 1: You're seeing a sandwich and a taco or topologically equivalent.

126
00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:22,840
Speaker 1: We are wading into a big question here. Pretty soon

127
00:06:22,839 --> 00:06:24,400
Speaker 1: you're going to be saying a hot dog is a taco?

128
00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:28,120
Speaker 3: Mathematical food science, Yeah.

129
00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:30,240
Speaker 1: Well, I think that pizzas and tacos and sandwiches are

130
00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:32,159
Speaker 1: topologically non identical.

131
00:06:33,040 --> 00:06:36,120
Speaker 3: Well, here's a question. Is a cauzone a pizza taco

132
00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:42,080
Speaker 3: really or a pizza sandwich? That's like second derivative food

133
00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:43,400
Speaker 3: caculas there.

134
00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:44,880
Speaker 1: I think I have to go ask my friends in

135
00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:46,120
Speaker 1: the math department about that one.

136
00:06:46,640 --> 00:06:48,479
Speaker 3: Yes, I knew you were going to say that. But

137
00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:51,200
Speaker 3: it is a wonderful universe full of amazing and incredible

138
00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,720
Speaker 3: things that sometimes seem kind of unpredictable and random and chaotic.

139
00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:57,360
Speaker 3: But it's amazing that we've sort of looked out into

140
00:06:57,400 --> 00:06:59,480
Speaker 3: the universe and figured out that there is a little

141
00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:01,719
Speaker 3: bit of order to all of that. There are laws

142
00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:02,560
Speaker 3: to the universe.

143
00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,839
Speaker 1: Yeah. The great sweep of philosophy and science is to

144
00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:07,960
Speaker 1: try to look out in the universe and to wonder

145
00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:11,640
Speaker 1: are their laws that describe the incredible complexity that we

146
00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:14,760
Speaker 1: see in the universe. Is that lightning striking that tree

147
00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:17,760
Speaker 1: because it's determined by some physical law or is it

148
00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:20,960
Speaker 1: just some god up there getting angry and deciding to

149
00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:24,320
Speaker 1: smite that tree. Can the universe actually be described in

150
00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:28,200
Speaker 1: a compact set of mathematical rules which determine everything that happened,

151
00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:30,800
Speaker 1: or is there still a little bit of fuzz left

152
00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:31,760
Speaker 1: in those rules?

153
00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:34,440
Speaker 3: Yeah? And if there are laws that govern how the

154
00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:37,960
Speaker 3: universe works down to the atomic and particle level, does

155
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,520
Speaker 3: that mean that the universe is totally predictable because if

156
00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:44,000
Speaker 3: it follows laws, then you know what it's going to do.

157
00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:46,560
Speaker 1: Right, that's exactly right. And a few hundred years ago

158
00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,160
Speaker 1: there was this growing realization that, Wow, the universe does

159
00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:53,040
Speaker 1: seem to be kind of explainable. And if the universe

160
00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:56,400
Speaker 1: is explainable even on a microscopic scale, doesn't that mean

161
00:07:56,400 --> 00:07:59,720
Speaker 1: it's explainable on a macroscopic scale if everything is made

162
00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:02,760
Speaker 1: out of tiny little billiard balls and you can describe

163
00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:05,280
Speaker 1: and predict what happens when two billiard balls bump into

164
00:08:05,360 --> 00:08:08,320
Speaker 1: each other, and in principle, can't you describe and predict

165
00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:11,160
Speaker 1: what happens when ten to the twenty six billiard balls

166
00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:14,240
Speaker 1: bump into each other? Or even if you can't describe

167
00:08:14,280 --> 00:08:17,880
Speaker 1: it computationally, doesn't that mean that it is determined? It's

168
00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:19,240
Speaker 1: decided in advance.

169
00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:21,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's kind of this idea that we sort of

170
00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:24,560
Speaker 3: started to realize as we came to understand science and

171
00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,119
Speaker 3: physics a little bit more. It's kind of this idea

172
00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,880
Speaker 3: that maybe the universe was kind of like a giant clock, right,

173
00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:32,600
Speaker 3: that everything was like clockwork, and that you could totally

174
00:08:32,679 --> 00:08:35,640
Speaker 3: maybe predict or at least it seemed possible to predict

175
00:08:35,720 --> 00:08:37,920
Speaker 3: what the universe was going to do in the long term.

176
00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:40,559
Speaker 1: And it's sort of mind blowing, right to imagine that

177
00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:43,000
Speaker 1: these tiny little brains on this little rock in the

178
00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:46,880
Speaker 1: corner of the universe could like derive physical laws, could

179
00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:51,600
Speaker 1: like get the universe to reveal its actual underlying mechanism,

180
00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:54,840
Speaker 1: and that might determine the whole future of the universe.

181
00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:58,080
Speaker 1: I mean, like what Hubris, right, what incredible ego to

182
00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:01,040
Speaker 1: imagine that we could understand the universe and predict its

183
00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:04,960
Speaker 1: future becaulse like reveal its deepest mechanism, the rules that

184
00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:08,000
Speaker 1: like force it to operate in a certain way. That

185
00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:11,119
Speaker 1: must have been a mind blowing sort of moment for physicists.

186
00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:13,840
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's pretty crazy. It's like a crazy plot, twis.

187
00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:16,160
Speaker 3: I wonder if the universe predicted that too.

188
00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:19,400
Speaker 1: And it's sort of terrifying and also a relief, you know,

189
00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:22,680
Speaker 1: Like it's terrifying to imagine that the universe is totally

190
00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,080
Speaker 1: predictable and that we are all sort of like locked

191
00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:28,400
Speaker 1: into a future that's determined by the past. But it's

192
00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:31,000
Speaker 1: also sort of terrifying to think that the universe like

193
00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:34,120
Speaker 1: doesn't make sense or doesn't follow laws that there are

194
00:09:34,160 --> 00:09:37,079
Speaker 1: like capricious beings up there that could just like decide

195
00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:39,880
Speaker 1: what gets zapp by lightning instead of, you know, following

196
00:09:39,920 --> 00:09:42,840
Speaker 1: some rules. I don't know which universe is more terrifying.

197
00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:44,960
Speaker 3: I mean, I guess the one that's unpredictable it's more

198
00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:45,679
Speaker 3: terrifying to.

199
00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:49,120
Speaker 1: You, Denny, all right, Yeah, exactly.

200
00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:51,440
Speaker 3: That was a hard question.

201
00:09:52,920 --> 00:09:55,240
Speaker 1: But emotionally it's sort of fascinating, you know, to think

202
00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:58,280
Speaker 1: about being locked into these physical laws. Of course, as

203
00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:00,240
Speaker 1: a person, as an individual, I want to know what

204
00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:02,600
Speaker 1: those laws are and how they work and spend my

205
00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:06,320
Speaker 1: life unraveling that mystery. But to imagine that the universe

206
00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:08,760
Speaker 1: is locked in, that everything that you do and that

207
00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:11,520
Speaker 1: happens to you is determined by what happened in the past,

208
00:10:11,559 --> 00:10:12,559
Speaker 1: that is sort of scary.

209
00:10:13,160 --> 00:10:15,960
Speaker 3: Yeah. I feel like this is getting a little psychological here, Daniel.

210
00:10:16,040 --> 00:10:18,320
Speaker 3: Is is physics for you? Just one big quest to

211
00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:20,760
Speaker 3: find order in the universe and predictability.

212
00:10:20,840 --> 00:10:22,480
Speaker 1: I do this instead of going to therapy.

213
00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:24,720
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's a lot cheaper too.

214
00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:29,120
Speaker 1: Probably I get paid to do this instead.

215
00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:32,800
Speaker 3: Instead of paying someone to do that to you.

216
00:10:32,840 --> 00:10:35,840
Speaker 1: No, I think it's psychological because it's philosophical and the

217
00:10:35,920 --> 00:10:38,839
Speaker 1: reason that we do physics is because there are big

218
00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,600
Speaker 1: consequences to the answers that we reveal. When we learn

219
00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:44,040
Speaker 1: the nature of the universe, it tells us something about

220
00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:45,880
Speaker 1: what it's like to be human and what the rules

221
00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,400
Speaker 1: are and what the boundaries are for our lives. And

222
00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:51,680
Speaker 1: so I think, yeah, there are big psychological implications to

223
00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,080
Speaker 1: understanding how the universe works.

224
00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:56,240
Speaker 3: And so open to maybe about one hundred years ago,

225
00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:58,560
Speaker 3: we thought that maybe the universe was like a big

226
00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:00,560
Speaker 3: clog and that you could predict what it was going

227
00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:03,439
Speaker 3: to do like a giant seat of a clockwork gears

228
00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:08,160
Speaker 3: following Newton's laws. But then somebody learned that things aren't

229
00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:11,320
Speaker 3: quite that way at the molecular level, at the atomic level.

230
00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:13,440
Speaker 1: That's right. You might be puzzling over why we're talking

231
00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:16,960
Speaker 1: about the universe as deterministic, because quantum mechanics paints a

232
00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:20,640
Speaker 1: different picture of the universe at its very smallest scale.

233
00:11:20,679 --> 00:11:22,600
Speaker 1: Even though you're made out of ten to the twenty

234
00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:26,199
Speaker 1: six little objects, those objects are quantum objects, and they

235
00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:29,040
Speaker 1: don't follow the same rules as billiard balls or base

236
00:11:29,080 --> 00:11:31,280
Speaker 1: balls or any other kind of balls. They might not

237
00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:35,240
Speaker 1: even be balls. They follow very strange rules, and their

238
00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:38,160
Speaker 1: futures are not necessarily determined by their past.

239
00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:41,360
Speaker 3: Are we talking about strange balls in this episode of that?

240
00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:45,840
Speaker 3: I feel like this might be going into not safer

241
00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:49,559
Speaker 3: work territory. But as you said, we learned that quantum

242
00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:51,319
Speaker 3: mechanic cells is that there is sort of like an

243
00:11:51,320 --> 00:11:55,920
Speaker 3: inherent randomness in the universe at the very smallest levels,

244
00:11:55,960 --> 00:11:58,680
Speaker 3: Like there are things we can't possibly ever know, Like

245
00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:02,760
Speaker 3: there's a certain uncertain tea at the very smallest levels

246
00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:04,040
Speaker 3: of velocity and position.

247
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, it gives you a really different view of how

248
00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:10,600
Speaker 1: the universe works, right, like the fundamental mechanism for how

249
00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:14,120
Speaker 1: things operate at the smallest level and really fascinating twist.

250
00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:16,360
Speaker 1: Of course, it doesn't change how things work at the

251
00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:19,320
Speaker 1: large level, right like you and me and baseballs and

252
00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:22,920
Speaker 1: billiard balls can all still be deterministic even if we're

253
00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:26,600
Speaker 1: made out of tiny little things which are fundamentally fuzzy.

254
00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:28,720
Speaker 3: I guess you can still predict what strange balls are

255
00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:29,120
Speaker 3: going to do.

256
00:12:31,240 --> 00:12:33,160
Speaker 1: You can still predict that they will make Daniel giggle

257
00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:33,920
Speaker 1: on the podcast.

258
00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:38,120
Speaker 3: Yeah, so that was a big revolution in our thinking,

259
00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:40,760
Speaker 3: going from like things are like clockwork in the universe too.

260
00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,240
Speaker 3: Maybe there is an inherent unpredictability or randomness to the

261
00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:46,360
Speaker 3: universe that we can never ever predict, right.

262
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:48,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, it was a big shift and also maybe a

263
00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,160
Speaker 1: bit of a relief, right, Like, who it turns out

264
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:53,880
Speaker 1: that maybe I'm not locked into a set of consequences

265
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,920
Speaker 1: that were determined by everything that happened in my childhood,

266
00:12:56,960 --> 00:12:59,959
Speaker 1: you know, And there's philosophical consequences there. People wonder if

267
00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:02,600
Speaker 1: it means there might be free will because our actions

268
00:13:02,640 --> 00:13:06,359
Speaker 1: are not predetermined. So this question of quantum mechanical randomness

269
00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:10,240
Speaker 1: and free will and like human autonomy and the soul

270
00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:12,199
Speaker 1: and all this kind of stuff, There's been a lot

271
00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:14,720
Speaker 1: of discussion about what it means for the universe to

272
00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:16,120
Speaker 1: be fundamentally random.

273
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:18,560
Speaker 3: Right, because I guess if tiny little particles are sort

274
00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:21,600
Speaker 3: of random, right, or they act in random ways, then

275
00:13:21,679 --> 00:13:24,240
Speaker 3: that means that as you add them up, then maybe

276
00:13:24,280 --> 00:13:26,760
Speaker 3: like people are random too, or like unpredictable.

277
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,000
Speaker 1: At least there's the whole field of people trying to

278
00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:32,880
Speaker 1: understand whether quantum particles and their randomness actually do add

279
00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,520
Speaker 1: up to unpredictability for larger objects like me and you

280
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,319
Speaker 1: and hippos, or if it's more like baseball's where the

281
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,360
Speaker 1: quantum randomness sort of like averages out and doesn't affect

282
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:43,480
Speaker 1: the path of a baseball.

283
00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:45,360
Speaker 3: So that's been kind of our thinking for the last

284
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,920
Speaker 3: one hundred years, and things are random at a fundamental level,

285
00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,880
Speaker 3: But maybe things are starting to come back around from

286
00:13:52,920 --> 00:13:53,760
Speaker 3: that today.

287
00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:55,800
Speaker 1: That's right. There are a series of experiments in last

288
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:59,880
Speaker 1: few decades which seem to conclusively prove that the universe

289
00:13:59,920 --> 00:14:03,600
Speaker 1: is fundamentally quantum mechanical, that it is not deterministic at

290
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,520
Speaker 1: the smallest scale. But there's a lot of controversy about

291
00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,480
Speaker 1: those experiments and exactly what they mean and what the

292
00:14:09,559 --> 00:14:13,439
Speaker 1: loopholes are in those experiments, and there's some really fun

293
00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:17,959
Speaker 1: ideas that might be able to recover deterministic thinking about

294
00:14:17,960 --> 00:14:18,680
Speaker 1: our universe.

295
00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:21,200
Speaker 3: So today on the podcast, we'll be asking the question

296
00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:28,920
Speaker 3: what is super determinism.

297
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,120
Speaker 1: I thought you were going to say that in a

298
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:31,680
Speaker 1: sort of like a Superman voice.

299
00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:37,840
Speaker 3: Super determinism is that like the alter ego of mild manner.

300
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:42,000
Speaker 1: Determinism exactly, determinism just works in the local newspaper and

301
00:14:42,040 --> 00:14:42,880
Speaker 1: wears glasses.

302
00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,560
Speaker 3: Did it escape from a dying planet in a pod?

303
00:14:48,040 --> 00:14:50,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, it must have a fatal flaw. So what is

304
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:51,840
Speaker 1: the fatal flaw of superdeterminism.

305
00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:56,080
Speaker 3: I think it's quantum mechanics reaps, it's physic site kryptonite

306
00:14:56,160 --> 00:14:58,760
Speaker 3: quantum mechanics. But this is an interesting idea. I feel

307
00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,240
Speaker 3: like we're sort of swinging back and forth like a pendulum.

308
00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:04,080
Speaker 3: Like we thought we were like clockwork and deterministic, but

309
00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:07,120
Speaker 3: then then quantum mechanics came around and we realized things

310
00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:09,400
Speaker 3: were actually kind of random. But now it's kind of

311
00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,040
Speaker 3: swinging all the other way around. That says that maybe

312
00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:13,960
Speaker 3: quantum mechanics is not totally random.

313
00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:16,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think it's because it's hard to grapple

314
00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:19,520
Speaker 1: with the consequences of these experiments. If you accept that

315
00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:22,840
Speaker 1: the universe is fundamentally random, like that is weird, man,

316
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:24,920
Speaker 1: even if it gives you an opportunity to not be

317
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,160
Speaker 1: predictable and you like that, it is strange to think

318
00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:32,640
Speaker 1: about the universe picking numbers at random, deciding for every electron,

319
00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:34,000
Speaker 1: oh it's going to go left, or oh it's going

320
00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:36,760
Speaker 1: to go right. That is really funky and it really

321
00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:40,400
Speaker 1: counter to our intuitive understanding of how the universe works.

322
00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:43,760
Speaker 1: And so that's been very difficult for people, including physicists, right,

323
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:47,120
Speaker 1: like Einstein to swallow, and so it makes people think

324
00:15:47,160 --> 00:15:49,520
Speaker 1: creatively and try to like find ways around it, like

325
00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:52,040
Speaker 1: are you really sure that it has to be that way?

326
00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:54,800
Speaker 1: Couldn't it possibly actually still be deterministic?

327
00:15:54,880 --> 00:15:57,000
Speaker 3: Yep. It's always good to ask these questions because you

328
00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:58,880
Speaker 3: never know. Maybe what do you think is true is

329
00:15:58,920 --> 00:16:01,440
Speaker 3: actually not true. You just have to ask the question

330
00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:02,560
Speaker 3: and come up with the experiment.

331
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:04,760
Speaker 1: And remember, it's the experiments that really tell us what

332
00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,000
Speaker 1: we know. It's not about these theoretical constructs. It's about

333
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:11,160
Speaker 1: what the experiments have said, and so it's really crucial

334
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,120
Speaker 1: to understand what are the loopholes in those experiments, what

335
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,920
Speaker 1: do they really measure, and what does that actually tell

336
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,880
Speaker 1: us about the universe, because sometimes all the interesting stuff

337
00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:21,880
Speaker 1: is in the loopholes.

338
00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:23,920
Speaker 3: So, as usual, we were wondering how many people out

339
00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:27,200
Speaker 3: there had heard of this theory of super determinism, So

340
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:29,760
Speaker 3: Daniel went out there into the wild of the internet.

341
00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:30,800
Speaker 3: I think right, yep.

342
00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:33,640
Speaker 1: These come from our cadre of Internet volunteers who are

343
00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:37,880
Speaker 1: willing to answer weird philosophical questions about tricky physics topics

344
00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:40,520
Speaker 1: without any chance to look things up. So thank you

345
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,360
Speaker 1: very much to everybody who participated. If you enjoy hearing

346
00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:45,960
Speaker 1: these and you'd like to hear your voice on the podcast,

347
00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:48,520
Speaker 1: please don't be shy. Write to us to questions at

348
00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:50,160
Speaker 1: Danielandjorge dot com.

349
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:51,680
Speaker 3: So think about it for a second. What do you

350
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:55,680
Speaker 3: think super determinism is. Here's what people had to say.

351
00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:57,000
Speaker 2: Sounds like a made up word.

352
00:16:58,160 --> 00:16:59,960
Speaker 6: So I'm going to say it's the kind of intense

353
00:17:00,120 --> 00:17:03,600
Speaker 6: determination thanus exhibited when obtaining the infinity stones.

354
00:17:04,160 --> 00:17:05,960
Speaker 7: I have absolutely no idea. I'm going to say it

355
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:10,880
Speaker 7: has something to do with the fact that I've heard

356
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:13,520
Speaker 7: it said we actually have no free will, and cause

357
00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:15,960
Speaker 7: and effect stems from entropy or something like that. I

358
00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:16,320
Speaker 7: don't know.

359
00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:20,080
Speaker 8: I guess that super determinism means that the universe at

360
00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:23,840
Speaker 8: the macroscopic level is predictable. It does indeed act like

361
00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:28,160
Speaker 8: clockwork because of the quantum effects being statistically averaged away

362
00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:31,840
Speaker 8: on a large scale. So perhaps at the macroscopic level,

363
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:33,160
Speaker 8: God doesn't play dice.

364
00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:33,760
Speaker 3: Well.

365
00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:40,000
Speaker 1: I don't know exactly, but it must be something, something

366
00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:42,720
Speaker 1: interesting because starts with super I think it.

367
00:17:42,680 --> 00:17:45,879
Speaker 9: Has to do with determinism, with the fact that knowing

368
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,760
Speaker 9: a particle's position and velocity at any given time you

369
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:55,760
Speaker 9: could determine the position and velocity of that particle any

370
00:17:55,800 --> 00:18:00,040
Speaker 9: other point in time, so you could say that the

371
00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:01,960
Speaker 9: future is fixed.

372
00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:05,240
Speaker 1: I say it has something to do with that.

373
00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:10,359
Speaker 6: Super determinism is something that only philosophers worry about at

374
00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,679
Speaker 6: night or particle physicists, and it must have to do

375
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:15,639
Speaker 6: with fate destiny.

376
00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:21,080
Speaker 10: If determinism is just things being very determined, superdeterminism would

377
00:18:21,119 --> 00:18:25,199
Speaker 10: be things being very much so very determined. So I

378
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:30,480
Speaker 10: guess like that everything is very much predetermined, so like

379
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,480
Speaker 10: extreme cause and effect of things and particles.

380
00:18:34,560 --> 00:18:34,959
Speaker 4: I don't know.

381
00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:39,119
Speaker 11: I'm just gonna guess on this one. Also, I think,

382
00:18:39,359 --> 00:18:41,800
Speaker 11: you know, determinism is the fact that there's no such

383
00:18:41,840 --> 00:18:46,280
Speaker 11: thing as free will, So maybe super determinism is the

384
00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:50,400
Speaker 11: opposite that there is a way to find free will

385
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:52,000
Speaker 11: in the world.

386
00:18:52,240 --> 00:19:00,000
Speaker 3: All right, very determined answers, very very determined, a little predictable.

387
00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:02,880
Speaker 3: So I knew that we're going to say this, Yeah, exactly.

388
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,000
Speaker 3: Some people here confused with the idea of being determined,

389
00:19:06,240 --> 00:19:09,080
Speaker 3: like having a lot of purpose and willpower.

390
00:19:09,160 --> 00:19:11,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, I think my teenagers are super deterministic.

391
00:19:11,440 --> 00:19:16,000
Speaker 3: Sometimes they're determined to be undetermined.

392
00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:18,200
Speaker 1: Exactly, They're determined not to listen.

393
00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:20,960
Speaker 3: To me, So let's dive into this Daniels superdeterminism. I

394
00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:23,440
Speaker 3: guess determinism wasn't doing it, so they had to call

395
00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:27,760
Speaker 3: in superdeterminism, you know as reinforcements. But then, who knows,

396
00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:32,320
Speaker 3: maybe the next episode will cover ultra quantum mechanics, ubermin

397
00:19:32,920 --> 00:19:33,920
Speaker 3: quantum mechanics.

398
00:19:34,560 --> 00:19:36,960
Speaker 1: You knock it down, we just come back with something stronger.

399
00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:38,919
Speaker 3: So maybe it's start with the basics here. Is there

400
00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:42,680
Speaker 3: sort of like a physical or mathematical definition of determinism.

401
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:45,359
Speaker 1: Yes, So a deterministic view of the universe is one

402
00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,199
Speaker 1: in which the future is completely determined by the past.

403
00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:51,840
Speaker 1: So you have a set of initial conditions, meaning like

404
00:19:52,080 --> 00:19:55,000
Speaker 1: you know the location and the velocity of every object

405
00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:57,600
Speaker 1: in the universe, and you have rules for what's going

406
00:19:57,640 --> 00:20:01,000
Speaker 1: to happen to those next, including like collision or near misses.

407
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:04,479
Speaker 1: Then you can predict exactly what's going to happen. So

408
00:20:04,520 --> 00:20:08,320
Speaker 1: the future is determined by the past. The initial conditions

409
00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:11,520
Speaker 1: and the rules of the universe determine exactly what will happen.

410
00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:13,560
Speaker 1: That's a deterministic set of laws.

411
00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:15,600
Speaker 3: Right, Like if you have a little ball strange or not,

412
00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:17,000
Speaker 3: and you have a little ball, and you know where

413
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,320
Speaker 3: it is and what velocity is going at. You can

414
00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:21,760
Speaker 3: sort of know the future, right, Like you know the

415
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:23,680
Speaker 3: trajectory that ball is going to take through the air,

416
00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:25,200
Speaker 3: and you know where it's going to land, and so

417
00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:27,199
Speaker 3: you can go there and catch it. That's really like

418
00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:28,360
Speaker 3: predicting the future, right.

419
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,520
Speaker 1: It really is predicting the future. And when I was

420
00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:32,840
Speaker 1: a high schooler first taking physics, that's the thing that

421
00:20:33,080 --> 00:20:34,960
Speaker 1: attracted me to it the most. I was like, oh

422
00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:38,360
Speaker 1: my gosh, you can actually predict the future with physics.

423
00:20:38,359 --> 00:20:41,119
Speaker 1: It's sort of incredible. It's an amazing power, and it's

424
00:20:41,160 --> 00:20:44,479
Speaker 1: something that you also sort of know intuitively, right, if

425
00:20:44,520 --> 00:20:47,159
Speaker 1: you are throwing the ball to somebody who's running really fast,

426
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,159
Speaker 1: you know sort of how to throw it so that

427
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,040
Speaker 1: it gets to them at the right moment. You know,

428
00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:53,359
Speaker 1: you factor in their velocity and their direction and all

429
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:55,359
Speaker 1: this kind of stuff. You don't expect that when you

430
00:20:55,359 --> 00:20:57,320
Speaker 1: throw the ball it's going to take like a random

431
00:20:57,400 --> 00:20:59,800
Speaker 1: left turn or a random right turn. You think that

432
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,080
Speaker 1: mostly it follows the same rules. And that's why we

433
00:21:02,160 --> 00:21:05,800
Speaker 1: practice sports, right. Pictures practice pitching because they can throw

434
00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:07,680
Speaker 1: them ball the same way over and over again and

435
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,160
Speaker 1: get it into the catcher's mid.

436
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,120
Speaker 3: Right, right, Unless you're using strange balls, then who knows

437
00:21:12,119 --> 00:21:13,680
Speaker 3: what they thought?

438
00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:17,080
Speaker 1: We were staying away from that joke man.

439
00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:19,920
Speaker 3: Predictably, I cannot.

440
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,160
Speaker 1: Strange balls and strange strikes in this case.

441
00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:25,119
Speaker 3: So that's the deterministic university idea that like, you know,

442
00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:26,720
Speaker 3: if you can predict where a ball is going to land, me,

443
00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:29,960
Speaker 3: you can predict everything down to like planets and galaxies,

444
00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,359
Speaker 3: and also down to the small levels, like you know,

445
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,200
Speaker 3: tiny little particles if they move like little balls, and

446
00:21:36,280 --> 00:21:37,720
Speaker 3: you can sort of predict what they're going to do,

447
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,720
Speaker 3: and you can maybe predict the entire universe exactly.

448
00:21:41,359 --> 00:21:44,040
Speaker 1: So that's fascinating. But then, of course quantum mechanics sort

449
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:45,119
Speaker 1: of upends that, right.

450
00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:49,359
Speaker 3: Quantum mechanics says that things are not determined. Things are

451
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:51,720
Speaker 3: sort of random at a very basic level, like you

452
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,600
Speaker 3: can't know something's position of velocity perfectly.

453
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,879
Speaker 1: And it's important to understand what quantum mechanics sort of

454
00:21:57,960 --> 00:22:00,680
Speaker 1: does and doesn't say about the universe. It doesn't say

455
00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:03,280
Speaker 1: that like things are totally random, that electrons just like

456
00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:05,960
Speaker 1: do whatever they want. You know, there's no like brain

457
00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:08,359
Speaker 1: in there deciding that's just going to cruise over here

458
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:11,880
Speaker 1: and cruise over there. Right, Quantum mechanics is still deterministic

459
00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:15,760
Speaker 1: in one way, it's just not deterministic about specific outcomes. Instead,

460
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,440
Speaker 1: it's deterministic about probabilities. So, like quantum mechanics, there are

461
00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:22,400
Speaker 1: laws and it says the electron has a certain probability

462
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:24,480
Speaker 1: to be here and a certain probability to be there.

463
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,840
Speaker 1: That's fixed based on the previous data, Like what happened

464
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,520
Speaker 1: to the electron in the past determines the probabilities for

465
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,240
Speaker 1: its future. It just doesn't determine the actual outcome. When

466
00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,960
Speaker 1: it comes to like measuring where the electron is, the

467
00:22:37,080 --> 00:22:39,919
Speaker 1: universe then decides, well, is it actually over here or

468
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,159
Speaker 1: is it actually over there? Is it spin up or

469
00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:45,560
Speaker 1: is it spin down? So the actual specific outcome for

470
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,639
Speaker 1: a quantum object isn't determined until you measure it, but

471
00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:51,240
Speaker 1: the probabilities are determined in advance.

472
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:51,600
Speaker 12: Right.

473
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:54,159
Speaker 3: Although in quantum mechanics, isn't it sort of impossible to

474
00:22:54,240 --> 00:22:57,200
Speaker 3: know the initial conditions of something of like an electron

475
00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,439
Speaker 3: or a particle that you can't ever know where it

476
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:01,240
Speaker 3: is and where it's going, Right.

477
00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:03,480
Speaker 1: You're exactly right. You can't know all of the information

478
00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:06,359
Speaker 1: about its specific location and its velocity. Here. What we

479
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:09,680
Speaker 1: mean is you know it's quantum state, which includes all

480
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:12,160
Speaker 1: of that fuzz. So if you know the quantum state

481
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:14,880
Speaker 1: of the electron, it's probability for where it is right now,

482
00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:17,359
Speaker 1: then you can predict its quantum state in the future.

483
00:23:17,520 --> 00:23:20,240
Speaker 1: It's probabilities for where it's going to be in the future.

484
00:23:20,280 --> 00:23:22,400
Speaker 1: So you have an electron over here and it's doing something.

485
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:24,320
Speaker 1: You don't know exactly where it is, but it has

486
00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:26,760
Speaker 1: some probabilities to be here or there, and you do

487
00:23:26,840 --> 00:23:28,720
Speaker 1: something out of it, like you fire a photon at it,

488
00:23:28,760 --> 00:23:32,199
Speaker 1: then you can predict what its new probabilities are. So

489
00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:34,199
Speaker 1: you don't have to know exactly where it was, but

490
00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:37,760
Speaker 1: you can predict how its probabilities will evolve with time.

491
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,159
Speaker 3: Right, it's almost like if you throw a ball, you

492
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:41,920
Speaker 3: don't know if it's going to be a right or left,

493
00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:44,080
Speaker 3: but you know that half of the time maybe it's

494
00:23:44,119 --> 00:23:45,800
Speaker 3: going to vir right and half of the time it's

495
00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:47,119
Speaker 3: going to bear to the left, but you know you

496
00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:49,760
Speaker 3: don't know any particular throw which way it's going.

497
00:23:49,760 --> 00:23:52,440
Speaker 1: To hear exactly. Or if you roll to dice, then

498
00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,160
Speaker 1: you know what the distribution of outcomes are, even though

499
00:23:55,160 --> 00:23:58,000
Speaker 1: you don't know what any individual outcome are. Now that's

500
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,439
Speaker 1: a little bit of a tricky analogy because dice actually

501
00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,200
Speaker 1: are deterministic, and the reason you don't know the outcome

502
00:24:03,280 --> 00:24:06,000
Speaker 1: is not because they're truly quantum mechanical and random. They're

503
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,679
Speaker 1: actually just chaotic. So it's approximately random. The universe, we

504
00:24:09,680 --> 00:24:11,960
Speaker 1: think is actually random, but it's sort of in the

505
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:16,120
Speaker 1: same way that it describes the probabilities of various outcomes

506
00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:19,280
Speaker 1: very specifically, but doesn't actually pick which outcome until you

507
00:24:19,320 --> 00:24:21,800
Speaker 1: collapse the wave function. For those of you who wonder, like, well,

508
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:23,760
Speaker 1: how does that happen? What does it mean to collapse

509
00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:25,879
Speaker 1: the wave function? What's going on there? Check out our

510
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:28,960
Speaker 1: episode about wave functions and collapse with Adam Becker.

511
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:31,399
Speaker 3: Cool. So that's kind of the prevailing view of the universe,

512
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,760
Speaker 3: that it's quantum mechanical and that it's random at a

513
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:37,360
Speaker 3: very fundamental level, that it's not deterministic. But maybe there's

514
00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:40,640
Speaker 3: something wrong with the experiments that nat us think that way.

515
00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:43,720
Speaker 3: So let's get into what those experiments are and what

516
00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,960
Speaker 3: is superdeterminism. But first, let's take a quick break.

517
00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:53,480
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers. What you see is never what

518
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,280
Speaker 1: you get somewhere between the store and your first month's bill.

519
00:24:56,320 --> 00:24:59,399
Speaker 1: The price you thoughts you we're paying magically skyrockets With

520
00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:02,240
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, Well you'll never have to worry about gotcha's

521
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: ever again. When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month

522
00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:07,560
Speaker 1: for a three month plan, they really mean it. I've

523
00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:09,879
Speaker 1: used mint Mobile and the call quality is always so

524
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:12,399
Speaker 1: crisp and so clear. I can recommend it to you.

525
00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:15,400
Speaker 1: So say bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw

526
00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:18,800
Speaker 1: dropping monthly bills and unexpected overages. You can use your

527
00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:21,480
Speaker 1: own phone with any Mint Mobile plan and bring your

528
00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:24,600
Speaker 1: phone number along with your existing contacts. So dit your

529
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:27,240
Speaker 1: overpriced wireless with mint Mobiles deal and get three months

530
00:25:27,240 --> 00:25:30,040
Speaker 1: a premium wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To

531
00:25:30,080 --> 00:25:32,040
Speaker 1: get this new customer offer and your new three month

532
00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:34,199
Speaker 1: premium wireless plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go

533
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:37,560
Speaker 1: to mintmobile dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com

534
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,040
Speaker 1: slash universe. Cut your wireless bill to fifteen bucks a

535
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:42,880
Speaker 1: month At mintmobile dot com slash universe. Forty five dollars

536
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:45,679
Speaker 1: upfront payment required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month. New

537
00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:48,440
Speaker 1: customers on first three month plan only speeds slower about

538
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:51,639
Speaker 1: forty gigabytes on unlimited plan. Additional taxi speed and restrictions apply.

539
00:25:51,720 --> 00:25:53,119
Speaker 1: See mint Mobile for details.

540
00:25:53,320 --> 00:25:56,359
Speaker 13: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

541
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,760
Speaker 13: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

542
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:04,080
Speaker 13: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

543
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,040
Speaker 13: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

544
00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:10,200
Speaker 13: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

545
00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:12,560
Speaker 13: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

546
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:18,040
Speaker 13: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform

547
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:22,960
Speaker 13: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

548
00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:25,480
Speaker 13: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

549
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:29,399
Speaker 13: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

550
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,600
Speaker 13: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

551
00:26:32,640 --> 00:26:34,840
Speaker 13: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

552
00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:37,359
Speaker 13: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

553
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,600
Speaker 13: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber

554
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:42,400
Speaker 13: eight y eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free

555
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,320
Speaker 13: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

556
00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:51,880
Speaker 13: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic Oracle dot com slash strategic.

557
00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

558
00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

559
00:26:59,119 --> 00:27:02,120
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

560
00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:05,040
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high yield savings

561
00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:07,919
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Apple Card in the

562
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,200
Speaker 1: wallet app. Subject to credit approval. Savings is available to

563
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,760
Speaker 1: Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings

564
00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:17,639
Speaker 1: by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member,

565
00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:21,119
Speaker 1: FDIC terms and more at applecard dot com. When you

566
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:23,160
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth or enjoy

567
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,439
Speaker 1: a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking

568
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,040
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact of each and every bite, But

569
00:27:30,119 --> 00:27:32,800
Speaker 1: the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy has

570
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse gas

571
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:40,080
Speaker 1: neutral by twenty fifty. That's why they're working hard every

572
00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:43,240
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

573
00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,800
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water, for example,

574
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:49,960
Speaker 1: most dairy farms reuse water up to four times. The

575
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,240
Speaker 1: same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

576
00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:57,080
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is us dairy Tackling greenhouse gases,

577
00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:00,160
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

578
00:28:00,160 --> 00:28:03,520
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

579
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:05,800
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

580
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:07,680
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

581
00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:10,439
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

582
00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:14,240
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intense dairy

583
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,960
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

584
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:19,560
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

585
00:28:28,359 --> 00:28:31,280
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about superdeterminism, which is I guess

586
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:35,840
Speaker 3: it's superpowered determinism, Like it can run faster than a

587
00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:36,680
Speaker 3: speeding prediction.

588
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:38,959
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's a soup up version. It's got like,

589
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:41,320
Speaker 1: you know, extra exhausts, and it's a low rider and

590
00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:42,280
Speaker 1: it's got shiny paint.

591
00:28:42,480 --> 00:28:44,480
Speaker 3: I see. You should have gone with turbo determinism. That

592
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:47,120
Speaker 3: would have been a more fun name. So there's this

593
00:28:47,240 --> 00:28:50,440
Speaker 3: idea that quantum mechanics tells us that the universe is

594
00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:53,560
Speaker 3: random and unpredictable, and you can actually sort of test

595
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:55,920
Speaker 3: this right, like you can do an experiment that tells

596
00:28:55,960 --> 00:28:59,280
Speaker 3: you if something truly is random or not, or maybe

597
00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:02,000
Speaker 3: like it's actually not random, but you just think it's random.

598
00:29:02,080 --> 00:29:04,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, Because when this whole idea came out, people were

599
00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,080
Speaker 1: skeptical because you don't see this process, right. You can

600
00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:10,640
Speaker 1: never like see the universe going from fuzzy to specific,

601
00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:13,040
Speaker 1: going from like oh, the electron has a probability to

602
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,960
Speaker 1: do this, to the electron is actually here. You can't

603
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,200
Speaker 1: observe that process because of course any observation collapses the

604
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,560
Speaker 1: wave function. So people were wondering, like, how do we

605
00:29:21,640 --> 00:29:23,840
Speaker 1: know this is real? How do we know that the

606
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:27,080
Speaker 1: path of the electron isn't actually just determined, but there's

607
00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:29,760
Speaker 1: some information we're missing, you know, like the electron was

608
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: going to go that way the whole time, we just

609
00:29:32,440 --> 00:29:35,280
Speaker 1: didn't know it. You're not comfortable thinking about electrons, you know.

610
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:38,360
Speaker 1: Think about a scenario where you have, for example, two balls,

611
00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:40,520
Speaker 1: a red one and a blue one, and you put

612
00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 1: one red ball in a bag and the blue ball

613
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,200
Speaker 1: in another bag so you can't see them, and then

614
00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:46,720
Speaker 1: you and your friend just like randomly picked bags. You

615
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:48,880
Speaker 1: look in your bag, You're going to have either a

616
00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,720
Speaker 1: red ball or a blue ball, right, and you might say, oh,

617
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:54,200
Speaker 1: well it was determined the whole time, Like the ball

618
00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:57,240
Speaker 1: is either red or blue the whole time. Right, It's

619
00:29:57,240 --> 00:29:59,240
Speaker 1: not like magic that I have a red ball or

620
00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 1: a blue ball. And so people are wondering, like if

621
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:04,160
Speaker 1: the same thing holds for quantum particles, like are they

622
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,320
Speaker 1: actually determined in advance? How can we tell the difference

623
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: between there being really random until the moment you check,

624
00:30:10,560 --> 00:30:12,680
Speaker 1: or them having been determined the whole time.

625
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:15,400
Speaker 3: Right, that's kind of the basis of this famous experiment

626
00:30:15,480 --> 00:30:18,720
Speaker 3: that sort of proves the randomness of quantum mechanics called

627
00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,240
Speaker 3: Bell's experiment. Right, It's sort of like if you take

628
00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:23,440
Speaker 3: a as you said, a red ball and a blue ball,

629
00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:25,240
Speaker 3: and you put them each in two bags so you

630
00:30:25,280 --> 00:30:27,520
Speaker 3: can't see their color, and then I guess what do

631
00:30:27,560 --> 00:30:29,880
Speaker 3: you do? You like hide them behind your back and

632
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:31,640
Speaker 3: make them up, and then you give one to one

633
00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:33,600
Speaker 3: person and they know they want to the other person.

634
00:30:33,680 --> 00:30:36,160
Speaker 3: It's not like the balls suddenly loser color or they're

635
00:30:36,160 --> 00:30:38,120
Speaker 3: both colors at the same time. It's like, you know,

636
00:30:38,200 --> 00:30:39,760
Speaker 3: one of them clearly has the red ball and the

637
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:41,680
Speaker 3: other one clearly has the blue wall. We just don't

638
00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:43,080
Speaker 3: know what it is. And so that's kind of the

639
00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:46,960
Speaker 3: alternative to the idea of randomness and quantum mechanics. It's like, well,

640
00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:49,400
Speaker 3: it's not like the balls like do something magical. We

641
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,320
Speaker 3: just don't know which balls and which bag exactly. And

642
00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:55,400
Speaker 3: the philosophically that goes by the name of hidden variables.

643
00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 3: People think, well, maybe there's just some information we don't

644
00:30:58,280 --> 00:31:01,000
Speaker 3: have access to, so it seems random to us. But

645
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:04,240
Speaker 3: it's not actually random, right, there's some hidden variable, some details,

646
00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,400
Speaker 3: some information that's being carried along with the ball or

647
00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:10,640
Speaker 3: the electron whatever that's determining the actual outcome, and you

648
00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:12,840
Speaker 3: can't actually change it. The quantum mechanics is a very

649
00:31:12,880 --> 00:31:14,920
Speaker 3: different view. Right in the analogy of the balls, it

650
00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:16,880
Speaker 3: would be like, you know, the ball has not always

651
00:31:16,920 --> 00:31:19,160
Speaker 3: been red or always been blue the whole time. It

652
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,400
Speaker 3: has a probability to be either, and it's in some

653
00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:25,040
Speaker 3: weird quantum mechanical mixture state that you can never see.

654
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:27,440
Speaker 3: But once you look at it, boom, it collapses into

655
00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,480
Speaker 3: red or blue. And the craziest thing about the quantum

656
00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,680
Speaker 3: mechanical interpretation is that this can happen even if you're

657
00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:35,920
Speaker 3: really far apart, Like you know, if I take one

658
00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:37,440
Speaker 3: bag and you take the other, bag, and we get

659
00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:40,760
Speaker 3: on spaceships and go ten light years in opposite directions

660
00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:44,920
Speaker 3: and then look at our bags simultaneously. Quantum mechanics says

661
00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:47,960
Speaker 3: that those balls are not determined until one of us looks.

662
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:49,680
Speaker 3: If I look in my bag and I see red,

663
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:54,280
Speaker 3: then your bag instantaneously goes from undetermined to blue, even

664
00:31:54,320 --> 00:31:56,640
Speaker 3: if you're ten light years away from me. So that's

665
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,400
Speaker 3: the part that really got people confused, especially Einstein and

666
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:02,840
Speaker 3: his collaboration, and made them think, like, this can't be true,

667
00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:05,720
Speaker 3: because it would mean that the universe is like non local,

668
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:10,080
Speaker 3: that there's this like instantaneous effect that happens across space time,

669
00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:13,000
Speaker 3: which really bothered folks like Einstein, right, because as soon

670
00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:15,080
Speaker 3: as you open one bag, you're sort of like you're

671
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:18,320
Speaker 3: determining what the other bag's gonna be, even though it's

672
00:32:18,360 --> 00:32:21,200
Speaker 3: really far away, exactly right, And I guess the interesting

673
00:32:21,240 --> 00:32:24,000
Speaker 3: thing is that the universe, or quantum mechanics, seems to

674
00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:27,480
Speaker 3: have these bags in them, right, Like there's something about

675
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:30,800
Speaker 3: the universe sort of obscures things or hides them from

676
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:33,360
Speaker 3: us until we actually look at them. Right. That's a

677
00:32:33,360 --> 00:32:34,640
Speaker 3: weird thing about the universe, right.

678
00:32:34,560 --> 00:32:36,880
Speaker 1: As a very weird thing about the universe, and it

679
00:32:36,920 --> 00:32:40,720
Speaker 1: relies on this interpretation or quantum mechanics called the Copenhagen interpretation.

680
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,200
Speaker 1: It says, the quantum objects are quantum objects, and they

681
00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:46,480
Speaker 1: like have weird fuzziness to them, and that's cool, except

682
00:32:46,480 --> 00:32:49,400
Speaker 1: when a classical object like a person, looks at them,

683
00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:51,400
Speaker 1: then all of a sudden they collapse and they can

684
00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:54,680
Speaker 1: only have one possible result instead of having probabilities of

685
00:32:54,760 --> 00:32:57,120
Speaker 1: multiple results. And as we've talked about the podcast a lot,

686
00:32:57,120 --> 00:32:59,520
Speaker 1: that's really problematic because we don't know what we mean

687
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:02,560
Speaker 1: by classical object. We talked about this in the quantum

688
00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:05,680
Speaker 1: eraser experiment. It's really weird and fuzzy. And so there

689
00:33:05,680 --> 00:33:08,200
Speaker 1: are other views of quantum mechanics that try to avoid this,

690
00:33:08,320 --> 00:33:11,400
Speaker 1: like Boonemyan mechanics that says that there are these weird

691
00:33:11,440 --> 00:33:14,960
Speaker 1: initial conditions. But all this weird quantum behavior was described

692
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:18,320
Speaker 1: by Einstein as spooky action at a distance, Like he

693
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:21,000
Speaker 1: couldn't imagine a way for the universe to do that.

694
00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 1: If I look at my ball and it goes from

695
00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:26,440
Speaker 1: like undetermined to red, that somehow that's going to make

696
00:33:26,480 --> 00:33:29,000
Speaker 1: your ball go from undetermined to blue. He couldn't imagine

697
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:31,200
Speaker 1: that happening. He proposed this as a thought experiment. He

698
00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 1: was like, isn't this ridiculous. Here's an example of what

699
00:33:34,760 --> 00:33:37,840
Speaker 1: your quantum mechanics would have to do for it to work.

700
00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:40,400
Speaker 1: So then John Bell came up with a series of experiments,

701
00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:42,720
Speaker 1: try to see if we could tell the difference. Can

702
00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:45,960
Speaker 1: you tell the difference between those balls being actually determined

703
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,480
Speaker 1: the whole time or them being undetermined until the moment

704
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:51,680
Speaker 1: you look at them and those wave functions sort of

705
00:33:51,720 --> 00:33:54,760
Speaker 1: simultaneously collapsing across space time, right.

706
00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:57,200
Speaker 3: And I think the idea is that, you know, if

707
00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,520
Speaker 3: you do this experiment or this like hiding balls and

708
00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:02,200
Speaker 3: put them in and take them far apart with like

709
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,240
Speaker 3: actual physical billiard balls, like a red billiard ball and

710
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:07,920
Speaker 3: a blue biller ball, then there's no question, like, there's

711
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:10,239
Speaker 3: no randomness that in there, right, Like there is an

712
00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:13,239
Speaker 3: actual blue ball in my bag and the actual red

713
00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:15,840
Speaker 3: ball in your bag. There's no randomness there. But I

714
00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:17,440
Speaker 3: think the idea is that if you do it with

715
00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:20,440
Speaker 3: electrons or something really really small, where you maybe have

716
00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:23,200
Speaker 3: with some experiment that takes an electron and splits it

717
00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:26,040
Speaker 3: into two, like a red electron and a blue electron,

718
00:34:26,239 --> 00:34:29,320
Speaker 3: and it's a quantum mechanical process. Then that's when things

719
00:34:29,680 --> 00:34:32,080
Speaker 3: start to get weird, right, that's when things sort of

720
00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:33,160
Speaker 3: become spooky.

721
00:34:33,239 --> 00:34:36,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Nobody thinks that the ball is actually red

722
00:34:36,360 --> 00:34:39,399
Speaker 1: and blue simultaneously, because it's not a quantum object. We're

723
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:40,759
Speaker 1: just using that as a way for you to sort

724
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:42,920
Speaker 1: of grapple with these things because it's hard to think

725
00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:45,680
Speaker 1: about electrons. But now let's think about electrons. Let's think

726
00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,160
Speaker 1: about a quantum object. As you say, electrons have these

727
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,399
Speaker 1: weird properties, and so the key is that those two

728
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:52,840
Speaker 1: things are somehow constrained. Right. We used red ball and

729
00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:55,799
Speaker 1: blue ball because implicitly we were saying there could only

730
00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:58,040
Speaker 1: be one red ball and only one blue ball. So

731
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:00,480
Speaker 1: if mine is red, yours has to be blue. The

732
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:03,400
Speaker 1: constraints for the quantum objects is things like spin. You

733
00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,799
Speaker 1: create two electrons together or electron depositron or whatever so

734
00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:09,360
Speaker 1: that their total spin is zero, and if I measure

735
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:11,080
Speaker 1: mine to be spin up, then yours has to be

736
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:13,839
Speaker 1: spinned down, even if you are ten light years away

737
00:35:13,840 --> 00:35:15,719
Speaker 1: from each other. Now, the cool thing about this, the

738
00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:18,960
Speaker 1: reason that it's different for electrons and for balls is

739
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:22,040
Speaker 1: not just because they're tiny. Quantum objects, but because they

740
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:25,000
Speaker 1: can have multiple versions of these properties. Like when I

741
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,840
Speaker 1: measure the spin of the electron, I can choose what

742
00:35:28,080 --> 00:35:31,440
Speaker 1: direction to measure the spin around right like the top

743
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,839
Speaker 1: when you spin it, it spins around in axis. So

744
00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:36,799
Speaker 1: when I measured the spin of the electron, I can

745
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:40,360
Speaker 1: choose like some direction and measure the electron spin, and

746
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:43,279
Speaker 1: the other electron ten light years away has to have

747
00:35:43,320 --> 00:35:46,880
Speaker 1: the opposite spin along the same axis. The crazy thing

748
00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:49,319
Speaker 1: about electron spin is that you can't measure it spin

749
00:35:49,440 --> 00:35:53,040
Speaker 1: simultaneously multiple directions. You measure it in one direction that

750
00:35:53,120 --> 00:35:55,400
Speaker 1: fuzzes the spin in the other direction. It's sort of

751
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,279
Speaker 1: like momentum and position. John Bell was able to take

752
00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:00,520
Speaker 1: advantage of this and came up with this easye set

753
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:03,960
Speaker 1: of experiments. We take our electrons far apart, we agree

754
00:36:04,239 --> 00:36:07,560
Speaker 1: randomly on three directions that we can measure the electron

755
00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,680
Speaker 1: on three axes, and then we do a bunch of measurements.

756
00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:13,759
Speaker 1: And he showed that in the quantum mechanical case, where

757
00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:15,640
Speaker 1: these things are not determined and they sort of like

758
00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:19,000
Speaker 1: measurement along one axis fuzzes the measurement along the other axis,

759
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,160
Speaker 1: then in that case you'll get a different set of

760
00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:24,680
Speaker 1: statistical correlations between your measurement than in the classical case

761
00:36:24,719 --> 00:36:27,840
Speaker 1: where it's hidden variables, where things are like determined in advance.

762
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:30,160
Speaker 1: So sort of mind blowing that he came up with

763
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:34,319
Speaker 1: this crazy, beautiful, elegant set of experiments to force the

764
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,399
Speaker 1: universe to reveal the fact that it was making these

765
00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,840
Speaker 1: decisions on the fly, that these things were really collapsing

766
00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:43,440
Speaker 1: at the last moment, not in advance. That there's no

767
00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:47,640
Speaker 1: information going with these electrons that's helping you determine where

768
00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:48,440
Speaker 1: their spin is.

769
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,520
Speaker 3: Right, because I guess you know, the counter theory or

770
00:36:52,560 --> 00:36:55,600
Speaker 3: the counter proposition is that you know, you took this

771
00:36:55,680 --> 00:36:57,640
Speaker 3: electron and you split it into a spin up and

772
00:36:57,640 --> 00:36:59,719
Speaker 3: a spin down, you put them into different bags. He

773
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:02,200
Speaker 3: took and far apart, and so you could say that, well,

774
00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:04,759
Speaker 3: you know, we don't know whether the electrons are spin

775
00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:06,960
Speaker 3: up and down, but the electrons sort of know, like

776
00:37:07,239 --> 00:37:08,799
Speaker 3: just like the red ball and the blue ball, like

777
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:10,480
Speaker 3: obviously one of them has spin up and the other

778
00:37:10,520 --> 00:37:12,359
Speaker 3: one's spin down. We just don't know what it is.

779
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:14,759
Speaker 3: And then when you open it you might be surprised.

780
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:17,520
Speaker 3: But you know, somebody who is tracking these electrons all

781
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,160
Speaker 3: along totally knew which one was up and which one's down.

782
00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:22,440
Speaker 3: But I think the kind of the power of the

783
00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:26,000
Speaker 3: Bell's experiment is that it's somehow, through you know, complicated

784
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:29,120
Speaker 3: probabilities and scenarios, it sort of proves that no, like

785
00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 3: not nobody knows what these electrons were the whole time,

786
00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:36,960
Speaker 3: like nobody, not even like whoever's making the universe or

787
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:37,319
Speaker 3: running the.

788
00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:41,279
Speaker 1: Universe exactly, it's not determined. And the important thing to

789
00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:43,920
Speaker 1: understand here is that it's not a single measurement. It's

790
00:37:43,960 --> 00:37:46,319
Speaker 1: not like I measure spin up and you measure spin

791
00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:48,920
Speaker 1: down and then we say, Aha, it wasn't determined. You

792
00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:51,759
Speaker 1: can't decide that from one measurement, right because that could

793
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,560
Speaker 1: have been determined. And if we're measuring along the same axis,

794
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:56,719
Speaker 1: like I'm always going to get the opposite answer as you.

795
00:37:57,160 --> 00:38:00,400
Speaker 1: The genius of Bell's experiment is that it's statistical is

796
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:02,880
Speaker 1: that I'm measuring a bunch of different directions. You're measuring

797
00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:05,480
Speaker 1: a bunch of different directions, and the quantum mechanics comes

798
00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:09,000
Speaker 1: in with a correlation of our multiple measurements. It's very

799
00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,400
Speaker 1: subtle effect. You can't see it from just one measurement.

800
00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,520
Speaker 1: You have to do multiple measurements and study their correlations.

801
00:38:14,719 --> 00:38:17,719
Speaker 1: So it's not like super smoking gun, but it is

802
00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:20,200
Speaker 1: very clear evidence because the correlations you get from quantum

803
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,279
Speaker 1: mechanics are very different from the correlations you expect in

804
00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:26,000
Speaker 1: the case you describe where it's like all secretly determined

805
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:28,640
Speaker 1: in advance. And when we do these measurements and people

806
00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:31,360
Speaker 1: have actually done these experiments, they get the numbers that

807
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:35,040
Speaker 1: agree with the quantum mechanical prediction, not the hidden variable prediction.

808
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:35,520
Speaker 13: Right.

809
00:38:35,560 --> 00:38:37,400
Speaker 3: It's kind of like you can't tell of a coin

810
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:40,520
Speaker 3: is like a fake coin or a bias coin, but

811
00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:42,600
Speaker 3: with one flip of the coin, you need to like

812
00:38:42,640 --> 00:38:44,960
Speaker 3: flip it a lot of times, you know, like, oh wait,

813
00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:47,960
Speaker 3: well actually it's heads. You know, fifty one percent of

814
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,080
Speaker 3: the time. This is a teeter's coin. Right. That's kind

815
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,279
Speaker 3: of like the idea behind Bill's experiment is that you

816
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:56,439
Speaker 3: run this experiment where you split the electrons a whole

817
00:38:56,480 --> 00:38:59,320
Speaker 3: bunch of times, and somehow you know the probabilities the

818
00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,520
Speaker 3: way you set up experiment. It tells you that the

819
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:02,880
Speaker 3: universe is actually random.

820
00:39:03,040 --> 00:39:05,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it's more than just that it's random, right,

821
00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:07,880
Speaker 1: It's more than just that it's not determined until the

822
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,560
Speaker 1: moment you look at the electron. It's also that it's

823
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:15,560
Speaker 1: weirdly non local, right. These effects are somehow happening across

824
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:19,080
Speaker 1: great distances in space time. And they've done these experiments,

825
00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:20,759
Speaker 1: you know, where things are close to each other because

826
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:23,400
Speaker 1: they're complicated, and then they've managed to do them further apart,

827
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:26,319
Speaker 1: and further apart and further apart. And now we've done

828
00:39:26,360 --> 00:39:29,600
Speaker 1: them so far apart that there's no possible way information

829
00:39:29,719 --> 00:39:31,879
Speaker 1: can travel from one of the electrons to the other.

830
00:39:31,960 --> 00:39:34,040
Speaker 1: It's not like you're looking at one electron and then

831
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:35,960
Speaker 1: zoom at the speed of light. It tells the other

832
00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:39,160
Speaker 1: electron what to be. You know, I'm red, quick be blue? Right,

833
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:41,400
Speaker 1: there's no time for that to happen. These experiments have

834
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,480
Speaker 1: been done so far apart with synchronized clocks and everything,

835
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:46,759
Speaker 1: so there's no time for that to happen. And yet

836
00:39:46,760 --> 00:39:49,120
Speaker 1: they still see these results, which means that the universe

837
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:52,520
Speaker 1: must be non local, right, that like things happening in

838
00:39:52,520 --> 00:39:56,239
Speaker 1: one place can instantaneously affect things happening somewhere else. That's

839
00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:58,320
Speaker 1: like really hard to swallow.

840
00:39:58,040 --> 00:39:59,640
Speaker 3: Right, And here I thought we were supposed to shop

841
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:03,040
Speaker 3: local for the environment. Well, I think the point is that,

842
00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:05,680
Speaker 3: you know, we thought that maybe quantum mechanics meant that

843
00:40:05,719 --> 00:40:08,120
Speaker 3: the universe was random, and we've actually proved it with

844
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:11,400
Speaker 3: Bell's experiments, and we're actually going to dive into or

845
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:13,719
Speaker 3: at least trying to dive into Bell's experiment in a

846
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:15,920
Speaker 3: later episode. But I think the main point is that,

847
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,640
Speaker 3: you know, at least until a few years ago, Bell's

848
00:40:18,640 --> 00:40:20,640
Speaker 3: experiment sort of put the nail on the coffin that

849
00:40:20,719 --> 00:40:23,440
Speaker 3: said that quantum mechanics is right, things are sort of

850
00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:25,839
Speaker 3: unknowable and truly random at their core.

851
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,280
Speaker 1: And so Bell's experiment shows that there can't be any

852
00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:32,800
Speaker 1: local hidden variables, right, that there's no information being carried

853
00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:36,319
Speaker 1: along with the electron that secretly determines in advance the

854
00:40:36,360 --> 00:40:38,040
Speaker 1: outcome of all of those experiments.

855
00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:40,640
Speaker 3: And so now there's a theory that says that maybe

856
00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:43,560
Speaker 3: Bell's experiments are not all they are supposed to be,

857
00:40:43,640 --> 00:40:45,319
Speaker 3: or may they're not set up right, or may there

858
00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:47,840
Speaker 3: are things actually in the universe that we're not seeing

859
00:40:47,880 --> 00:40:51,120
Speaker 3: that maybe do make the universe totally deterministic or at

860
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:54,080
Speaker 3: least super deterministic. So let's get into that. But first

861
00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:55,479
Speaker 3: let's take another quick break.

862
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:01,399
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

863
00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:04,640
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

864
00:41:04,719 --> 00:41:08,760
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

865
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:11,400
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

866
00:41:11,440 --> 00:41:15,719
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

867
00:41:15,760 --> 00:41:18,600
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty fifty. That's why they're working hard

868
00:41:18,680 --> 00:41:21,120
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

869
00:41:21,239 --> 00:41:25,000
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

870
00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:28,120
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

871
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:31,640
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

872
00:41:31,680 --> 00:41:34,480
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

873
00:41:34,520 --> 00:41:38,279
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

874
00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:42,240
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

875
00:41:42,239 --> 00:41:44,320
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

876
00:41:44,360 --> 00:41:46,360
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

877
00:41:46,440 --> 00:41:49,120
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

878
00:41:49,160 --> 00:41:52,640
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

879
00:41:52,760 --> 00:41:55,479
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

880
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:58,600
Speaker 1: US Dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

881
00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:02,200
Speaker 4: With the United Explorer car, earn fifty thousand bonus miles,

882
00:42:02,400 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 4: then head for places unseen and destinations unknown. Wherever your

883
00:42:05,840 --> 00:42:09,439
Speaker 4: journey takes you, you'll enjoy remarkable rewards, including a free

884
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:12,360
Speaker 4: checked bag and two times the miles on every United purchase.

885
00:42:12,480 --> 00:42:14,840
Speaker 4: You'll also receive two times the miles on dining and

886
00:42:14,880 --> 00:42:18,680
Speaker 4: at hotels, so every experience is even more rewarding. Plus,

887
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,280
Speaker 4: when you fly United, you can look forward to United

888
00:42:21,280 --> 00:42:24,560
Speaker 4: Club Access with two United Club one time passes per year.

889
00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:27,799
Speaker 4: Become a United Explorer Card member today and take off

890
00:42:27,840 --> 00:42:29,600
Speaker 4: on more trips so you can take in once in

891
00:42:29,600 --> 00:42:33,279
Speaker 4: a lifetime experiences everywhere you travel. Visit the Explorer Card

892
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:36,640
Speaker 4: dot com to apply today. Cards issued by JP Morgan

893
00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:40,319
Speaker 4: Chase Bank NA Member FDIC subject to credit approval offer

894
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,240
Speaker 4: subject to change. Terms apply.

895
00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:46,959
Speaker 14: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

896
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,479
Speaker 14: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

897
00:42:49,480 --> 00:42:51,680
Speaker 14: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

898
00:42:51,680 --> 00:42:55,239
Speaker 14: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely. California

899
00:42:55,239 --> 00:42:58,080
Speaker 14: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

900
00:42:58,640 --> 00:43:02,399
Speaker 5: When you walk through our door, your world expands. Your

901
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:06,840
Speaker 5: adventure begins with a spectacle of violuminescent light, a symphony

902
00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:10,239
Speaker 5: of shore bird sounds, or a touch of wonder as

903
00:43:10,239 --> 00:43:13,160
Speaker 5: you hold a hermit crab in your palm. Every moment

904
00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:16,480
Speaker 5: is filled with the promise of discovery as you become

905
00:43:16,520 --> 00:43:20,520
Speaker 5: an advocate for the ocean. Book your tickets today Monterey

906
00:43:20,560 --> 00:43:25,080
Speaker 5: Bay Aquarium, Inspiring Conservation of the Ocean. Visit Monterey Bay

907
00:43:25,160 --> 00:43:27,080
Speaker 5: Aquarium dot org slash together.

908
00:43:36,160 --> 00:43:40,800
Speaker 3: All Right, we're talking about superdeterminism, which is pretty super

909
00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:44,040
Speaker 3: I guess at least super recent. Right, it's sort of

910
00:43:44,080 --> 00:43:46,880
Speaker 3: a new idea that maybe Bell's experiments are not quite

911
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:47,759
Speaker 3: properly set up.

912
00:43:47,760 --> 00:43:50,719
Speaker 1: Right, Why the superdeterminism maybe over sells it. You know,

913
00:43:50,800 --> 00:43:55,400
Speaker 1: I would call it like bonkers determinism. It's like deterministic determinism.

914
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:59,040
Speaker 1: It's like people who are really determined to find deterministic loopholes.

915
00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:01,240
Speaker 1: You know, I think most people are convinced by Bell's

916
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,600
Speaker 1: experiments and the way that they've been done. It's really

917
00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:06,840
Speaker 1: impressive tour to force Experimentally, I think people are pushing

918
00:44:06,880 --> 00:44:09,760
Speaker 1: hard to find loopholes to say, like, are we absolutely

919
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,759
Speaker 1: sure is there a way you could interpret these experiments

920
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:15,840
Speaker 1: and still have the universe be deterministic. Not like we

921
00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:18,280
Speaker 1: want to reject Bell or anything. It's just like, let's

922
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:22,400
Speaker 1: just make absolutely sure there's no other interpretation. So this

923
00:44:22,480 --> 00:44:26,240
Speaker 1: is sort of like an exercise in philosophical thoroughness.

924
00:44:27,160 --> 00:44:30,160
Speaker 3: So it's more philosophical, it's not physics. Do you know

925
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:31,920
Speaker 3: what I mean? Like, are you looking for loopholes in

926
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:35,920
Speaker 3: like the arguments of Bell's experiment, or looking for loopholes

927
00:44:35,920 --> 00:44:38,440
Speaker 3: in like the mechanics, or like the details of how

928
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:39,200
Speaker 3: it's carried out?

929
00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:41,480
Speaker 1: Well, I think it's all connected, right. The details of

930
00:44:41,480 --> 00:44:44,160
Speaker 1: how it's carried out tell us exactly what we can

931
00:44:44,239 --> 00:44:47,480
Speaker 1: and can't conclude. The first iterations of Bell's experiments, they

932
00:44:47,480 --> 00:44:50,239
Speaker 1: did them sort of close by, because it's hard to

933
00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:54,560
Speaker 1: have quantum particles that are entangled survive travels long distances

934
00:44:54,719 --> 00:44:57,680
Speaker 1: without getting perturbed by other stuff. To preserve that entanglement

935
00:44:57,719 --> 00:45:01,120
Speaker 1: over distances is challenging. So the first iteration of Bell's experiments,

936
00:45:01,280 --> 00:45:04,680
Speaker 1: we're sort of nearby, and there weren't that precise. People thought, well,

937
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:07,919
Speaker 1: you know, these electrons could still be communicating. There's still

938
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:10,280
Speaker 1: time for them to send messages. Back and forth somehow,

939
00:45:10,360 --> 00:45:12,399
Speaker 1: So then they did them further and further apart, which

940
00:45:12,440 --> 00:45:14,759
Speaker 1: is harder and harder, and now we're sure that they

941
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:17,279
Speaker 1: can't be communicating. So that's the kind of thing we're doing,

942
00:45:17,360 --> 00:45:19,680
Speaker 1: is like looking for those loopholes and then trying to

943
00:45:19,719 --> 00:45:22,080
Speaker 1: close them, wondering is there a way we could do

944
00:45:22,160 --> 00:45:25,360
Speaker 1: this experiment in a way that proves that that crazy

945
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:29,600
Speaker 1: alternative interpretation of Bell's experiment can't be the case. So

946
00:45:29,680 --> 00:45:32,680
Speaker 1: superdeterminism is in that category. It's like, well, are you

947
00:45:32,760 --> 00:45:35,400
Speaker 1: sure it's not this crazy other Bonker's idea? How do

948
00:45:35,440 --> 00:45:36,160
Speaker 1: you actually know?

949
00:45:36,280 --> 00:45:38,160
Speaker 3: All right, Well, then what are the sort of the

950
00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:41,600
Speaker 3: arguments of superdeterminism. What are they saying about Bell's experiments?

951
00:45:41,640 --> 00:45:44,120
Speaker 1: So superdeterminism and this is going to sound sort of

952
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:47,200
Speaker 1: nutty says that, like, the whole universe has basically been

953
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:52,480
Speaker 1: contrived to trick us into thinking that the universe is

954
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,160
Speaker 1: random and quantum mechanical, but actually the whole thing is

955
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:55,960
Speaker 1: just like a setup.

956
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:01,360
Speaker 3: You're right, it does sound Bunkers saying the idea is

957
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,200
Speaker 3: that the universe is not random, it is just sort

958
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:06,880
Speaker 3: of built in a way to make it look random.

959
00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:10,160
Speaker 1: Mm hmm. Maybe everything really is determined, and it's like

960
00:46:10,200 --> 00:46:13,080
Speaker 1: determined all the way back to the Big Bang. You know,

961
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:16,040
Speaker 1: like things back in the very early times in the universe,

962
00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:19,680
Speaker 1: determine things that happen now, including things that seem to

963
00:46:19,680 --> 00:46:22,920
Speaker 1: be spatially separated in a way that you couldn't coordinate them.

964
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:24,920
Speaker 1: Maybe if you just go like far enough back in

965
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:28,719
Speaker 1: time and hatch your plot, you can arrange things so

966
00:46:28,760 --> 00:46:31,840
Speaker 1: that they look random, but they're actually determined.

967
00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:34,640
Speaker 3: I guess, how do you make something look random? And

968
00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:37,840
Speaker 3: what's the difference between something looking random and actually being random.

969
00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:39,920
Speaker 1: Well, let's take your example of the coin. Right Let's

970
00:46:39,960 --> 00:46:41,520
Speaker 1: say I give you a coin and I want you

971
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:43,279
Speaker 1: to test to see if it's fair. What are you

972
00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:45,640
Speaker 1: gonna do. You're gonna flip it a thousand times or

973
00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:48,359
Speaker 1: a million times. You'll measure the fraction of times that

974
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:51,000
Speaker 1: you get heads or tails. Right now, what if I

975
00:46:51,080 --> 00:46:54,000
Speaker 1: give you a biased coin, one that gives you heads

976
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:56,760
Speaker 1: seventy five percent of the time. But I somehow arrange

977
00:46:56,840 --> 00:46:59,960
Speaker 1: to influence you and the way that you do your experiment.

978
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:02,560
Speaker 1: I distract you with bananas, or you know, I do

979
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:05,160
Speaker 1: a silly dance because I know how you flip the coin,

980
00:47:05,280 --> 00:47:07,440
Speaker 1: and I know how to affect you and bias your

981
00:47:07,480 --> 00:47:09,560
Speaker 1: experiments so that it looks like it's fifty percent of

982
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,640
Speaker 1: the time. Then you're going to measure the coin to

983
00:47:11,680 --> 00:47:13,520
Speaker 1: be fifty percent of the time heads. You're going to

984
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,040
Speaker 1: declare that it's a fair coin even though it's not.

985
00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:18,680
Speaker 1: So if I can somehow interfere with the way you

986
00:47:18,800 --> 00:47:21,360
Speaker 1: do your experiment because I know you and I know

987
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:24,480
Speaker 1: how to manipulate you, then maybe I can affect your

988
00:47:24,520 --> 00:47:26,400
Speaker 1: conclusions of that experiment.

989
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:29,080
Speaker 3: Whoa, whoa wa wait a minute, Okay, So here's the setup.

990
00:47:29,239 --> 00:47:31,920
Speaker 3: The setup is you gave me a bias coin, like

991
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:34,280
Speaker 3: a cheaters coin that's actually going to give me heads

992
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:37,080
Speaker 3: seventy five percent of the time. But you're saying that somehow,

993
00:47:37,160 --> 00:47:39,760
Speaker 3: when I go to flip my coin a thousand times,

994
00:47:39,920 --> 00:47:43,480
Speaker 3: you're somehow going to you know, blow some air or

995
00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:46,840
Speaker 3: something so that it lands heads fifty percent of the

996
00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:49,799
Speaker 3: time during my experiments. But then when I go place

997
00:47:49,840 --> 00:47:53,480
Speaker 3: a big bed, then you don't do that. Is that

998
00:47:53,480 --> 00:47:54,040
Speaker 3: what you're saying?

999
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, something like that, And it's not even as involved

1000
00:47:57,280 --> 00:47:58,719
Speaker 1: as I'm going to blow some air. I'm going to

1001
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:01,360
Speaker 1: specifically interfere with the experiment. I'm gonna let you do

1002
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:04,880
Speaker 1: your experiment, but I'm going to manipulate you somehow into

1003
00:48:05,239 --> 00:48:07,759
Speaker 1: thinking you've done it randomly, because when you flip a coin,

1004
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:10,120
Speaker 1: you know it's not actually truly random, right, Like you

1005
00:48:10,120 --> 00:48:12,160
Speaker 1: flip a coin the same way twice, you're going to

1006
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:14,520
Speaker 1: get the same answer. It's just sort of very difficult

1007
00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:17,400
Speaker 1: to do that. So imagine I'm some super powerful demon

1008
00:48:17,640 --> 00:48:19,640
Speaker 1: and I know exactly how to make you flip the

1009
00:48:19,680 --> 00:48:22,920
Speaker 1: coin in just the right way to get heads or tails.

1010
00:48:23,280 --> 00:48:26,200
Speaker 1: And I'm some super powerful mind controller guy, and I

1011
00:48:26,200 --> 00:48:29,440
Speaker 1: can make you do that somehow. This is all very ridiculous, obviously,

1012
00:48:29,719 --> 00:48:33,160
Speaker 1: but it is a possible interpretation of the experiment, right,

1013
00:48:33,239 --> 00:48:36,360
Speaker 1: I mean, it's absurd and outlandish, but it's sort of possible.

1014
00:48:36,480 --> 00:48:38,480
Speaker 3: But I guess my question is how exactly are you

1015
00:48:38,520 --> 00:48:42,200
Speaker 3: manipulating me? Like somehow you know how I'm holding the coin,

1016
00:48:42,440 --> 00:48:44,799
Speaker 3: or somehow you know, like if I start with my

1017
00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:47,360
Speaker 3: coin one way in my palm before I toss it,

1018
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:49,800
Speaker 3: then you're going to do something so that it actually

1019
00:48:50,320 --> 00:48:53,080
Speaker 3: I read it as heads or tails later on? Is

1020
00:48:53,080 --> 00:48:53,560
Speaker 3: that what you mean?

1021
00:48:53,719 --> 00:48:55,040
Speaker 1: I'm not going to change how you read the coin.

1022
00:48:55,080 --> 00:48:56,640
Speaker 1: I'm not going to change how the coin flies through

1023
00:48:56,640 --> 00:48:58,760
Speaker 1: the air. I'm just going to change how you throw

1024
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:01,960
Speaker 1: the coin, because how you throw the coin determines actually

1025
00:49:01,960 --> 00:49:03,919
Speaker 1: what happens. So if I can get you to throw

1026
00:49:03,960 --> 00:49:05,719
Speaker 1: it in a certain way, then I can change the

1027
00:49:05,719 --> 00:49:06,760
Speaker 1: outcome of the experiment.

1028
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,000
Speaker 3: Oh, I see, like somehow this cheater's goin. If you

1029
00:49:09,160 --> 00:49:11,759
Speaker 3: throw it a certain way, you'll get fifty percent heads

1030
00:49:11,760 --> 00:49:14,200
Speaker 3: fifty percent tails. But if you throw it maybe a

1031
00:49:14,239 --> 00:49:18,280
Speaker 3: regular way, then you get seventy percent heads thirty percent tails.

1032
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:20,799
Speaker 3: You're sort of controlling how I throw it either way

1033
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:23,759
Speaker 3: exactly the fifty percent way or the seventy percent way.

1034
00:49:24,040 --> 00:49:26,880
Speaker 3: When I do the experiments, you're controlling me to toss

1035
00:49:26,920 --> 00:49:28,680
Speaker 3: it to fifty percent way. But when you when I

1036
00:49:28,719 --> 00:49:32,040
Speaker 3: go to place of bed, like for reals, then you

1037
00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:34,120
Speaker 3: you have me throw it the other way, the seventy

1038
00:49:34,160 --> 00:49:34,640
Speaker 3: percent way.

1039
00:49:35,440 --> 00:49:38,600
Speaker 1: And so if that sounds ridiculous and contrived and implausible

1040
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:41,840
Speaker 1: to you, then get ready for Bell's experiment and the

1041
00:49:41,840 --> 00:49:45,840
Speaker 1: effects of superdeterminism. That says that maybe the whole universe

1042
00:49:45,920 --> 00:49:48,360
Speaker 1: is set up in a way such that the people

1043
00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:52,160
Speaker 1: who have been doing these experiments, which requires some randomness, right,

1044
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:54,520
Speaker 1: because they're choosing these axes on which to make these

1045
00:49:54,560 --> 00:49:58,200
Speaker 1: electron spin measurements. What if those aren't actually random? What

1046
00:49:58,239 --> 00:50:01,600
Speaker 1: if that's been sort of like contral throughout the history

1047
00:50:01,640 --> 00:50:04,040
Speaker 1: of the universe, including like how these people grew up,

1048
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:06,600
Speaker 1: how they designed their experiments, how they chose to try

1049
00:50:06,640 --> 00:50:10,160
Speaker 1: to find random information to conduct their experiments. All of

1050
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,359
Speaker 1: that has been controlled since the beginning of time such

1051
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:16,120
Speaker 1: that these experiments would look like they're random even though

1052
00:50:16,120 --> 00:50:18,440
Speaker 1: they're not. That's super determinism.

1053
00:50:18,719 --> 00:50:22,839
Speaker 3: You're saying that, Like in Bell's experiments, you know, it's

1054
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:25,800
Speaker 3: an experiment and it's random, and so even if you

1055
00:50:25,880 --> 00:50:29,400
Speaker 3: like do the experiment perfectly, there is a possibility, because

1056
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,680
Speaker 3: it is sort of an experiment, that it might tell

1057
00:50:32,719 --> 00:50:36,319
Speaker 3: you that the coin is fifty percent fair even though

1058
00:50:36,320 --> 00:50:38,560
Speaker 3: it's not right, because it's still a coin. Like even

1059
00:50:38,560 --> 00:50:41,400
Speaker 3: if I take a fake bias coin, you know, and

1060
00:50:41,480 --> 00:50:43,880
Speaker 3: I tossed it a thousand times, it's still technically possible

1061
00:50:43,920 --> 00:50:46,600
Speaker 3: for me to get fifty percent head fifty percent tail.

1062
00:50:46,680 --> 00:50:50,759
Speaker 3: And so I think you're saying that some my coincidence,

1063
00:50:51,120 --> 00:50:53,640
Speaker 3: the universe since the beginning of time has been set

1064
00:50:53,719 --> 00:50:56,120
Speaker 3: up in a way so that every time somebody runs

1065
00:50:56,120 --> 00:50:59,200
Speaker 3: Bell's experiments, somehow they always picked the direction that tells

1066
00:50:59,239 --> 00:51:01,399
Speaker 3: me that the coin is two percent, when actually it's

1067
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:02,640
Speaker 3: seventy percent exactly.

1068
00:51:02,640 --> 00:51:05,440
Speaker 1: Because there's this step in these experiments when you have

1069
00:51:05,480 --> 00:51:07,600
Speaker 1: to pick what axis am I going to measure my

1070
00:51:07,680 --> 00:51:09,960
Speaker 1: electron on. You have one electron over here and one

1071
00:51:09,960 --> 00:51:12,520
Speaker 1: electron over there, and each electron you need to pick

1072
00:51:12,600 --> 00:51:15,160
Speaker 1: one of three axis, and then Bell's experiment tells you

1073
00:51:15,480 --> 00:51:17,719
Speaker 1: how often you'll get the same result and how often

1074
00:51:17,719 --> 00:51:19,680
Speaker 1: you'll get opposite spins. But you need to pick the

1075
00:51:19,719 --> 00:51:22,680
Speaker 1: axis randomly so that you add up to the right correlations.

1076
00:51:22,920 --> 00:51:25,319
Speaker 1: And so if you're not picking those randomly, if you're

1077
00:51:25,320 --> 00:51:28,440
Speaker 1: like contriving those to always be the same direction, for example,

1078
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:30,239
Speaker 1: then you're not going to get one third, you're going

1079
00:51:30,320 --> 00:51:32,960
Speaker 1: to get fifty percent. This kind of stuff, And so

1080
00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:37,919
Speaker 1: it's possible to manipulate these experiments in theory to make

1081
00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:41,480
Speaker 1: that happen. Now in practice, the folks that do these experiments,

1082
00:51:41,480 --> 00:51:44,319
Speaker 1: they're very careful about this. They don't just like use

1083
00:51:44,320 --> 00:51:47,200
Speaker 1: some random number generator off the internet, like. They have

1084
00:51:47,320 --> 00:51:51,520
Speaker 1: developed these hilarious efforts to make their experiments like really

1085
00:51:51,640 --> 00:51:54,680
Speaker 1: random and impossible to manipulate. And in the case of

1086
00:51:54,719 --> 00:51:57,239
Speaker 1: these experiments I was reading about in twenty fifteen, the

1087
00:51:57,280 --> 00:52:01,520
Speaker 1: measurement decisions were determined by applying some operation to three

1088
00:52:01,640 --> 00:52:05,400
Speaker 1: bits of information from three independent sources, one of which

1089
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:10,800
Speaker 1: was random digits of pie. Another was binary strings derived

1090
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:14,360
Speaker 1: from Monty Python and the Holy Grail transformed into a

1091
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:18,560
Speaker 1: bit sequence. Another from episodes of Saved by the Bell,

1092
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:23,600
Speaker 1: which I love because you know, this is Bell's experiment,

1093
00:52:23,640 --> 00:52:26,000
Speaker 1: and so they're using episodes of Saved by the Bell,

1094
00:52:26,480 --> 00:52:29,520
Speaker 1: converting that script into a series of numbers and using

1095
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:31,680
Speaker 1: that to generate part of their input.

1096
00:52:31,880 --> 00:52:34,040
Speaker 3: I'm not sure this is making the experiment more legit,

1097
00:52:34,160 --> 00:52:35,759
Speaker 3: you know what I'm saying, Like, I'm listening to this

1098
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:39,960
Speaker 3: and I'm thinking it's less legit because of these crazy antics.

1099
00:52:40,120 --> 00:52:42,680
Speaker 1: No, you know how television production works. In order to

1100
00:52:42,719 --> 00:52:45,120
Speaker 1: manipulate Bell's experiment, Not only do you have to manipulate

1101
00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:47,680
Speaker 1: all these experiments across space and time, you also have

1102
00:52:47,719 --> 00:52:50,319
Speaker 1: to somehow manipulate these meetings where they talk about the

1103
00:52:50,360 --> 00:52:54,000
Speaker 1: script for these television episodes in a way that determines

1104
00:52:54,040 --> 00:52:56,759
Speaker 1: the outcome of these experiments. Like it's ridiculous. You know

1105
00:52:57,040 --> 00:52:59,640
Speaker 1: how impossible it is to get that through network executives.

1106
00:53:00,560 --> 00:53:02,120
Speaker 3: Well, I think the idea is that, you know, when

1107
00:53:02,160 --> 00:53:04,440
Speaker 3: you run Bell's experiment, and again we'll get into more

1108
00:53:04,480 --> 00:53:06,480
Speaker 3: details of it in a later episode, but I think

1109
00:53:06,520 --> 00:53:08,960
Speaker 3: the idea is that there's some choice in the experiments,

1110
00:53:08,960 --> 00:53:11,560
Speaker 3: Like you say, okay, we'll measure along this axis, and

1111
00:53:11,680 --> 00:53:14,600
Speaker 3: it is technically possible to pick an axis that tells

1112
00:53:14,719 --> 00:53:18,400
Speaker 3: you that the coin is fifty percent fair, right, Like,

1113
00:53:18,560 --> 00:53:21,120
Speaker 3: technically it's possible. And so the idea is that, you know,

1114
00:53:21,280 --> 00:53:24,919
Speaker 3: maybe every time they've run this experiment and they've picked

1115
00:53:24,920 --> 00:53:28,680
Speaker 3: a random direction, they've somehow picked the direction that tells

1116
00:53:28,680 --> 00:53:31,680
Speaker 3: you that the coin is fair, meaning like it's some strange,

1117
00:53:31,760 --> 00:53:35,160
Speaker 3: super weird coincidence that someone We think the universe is random,

1118
00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:38,200
Speaker 3: but really we just live in this crazy universe where

1119
00:53:38,440 --> 00:53:41,240
Speaker 3: every time we run Bell's experiments, we've always somehow chosen

1120
00:53:41,320 --> 00:53:44,040
Speaker 3: the direction that makes it look fifty percent fair.

1121
00:53:44,160 --> 00:53:48,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe these electrons really are determined by local information

1122
00:53:48,480 --> 00:53:51,600
Speaker 1: that's not available to us, and we do these experiments

1123
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:53,960
Speaker 1: to try to suss that out. But the experiments have

1124
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:56,040
Speaker 1: a bit of a random element to them, and if

1125
00:53:56,040 --> 00:53:58,840
Speaker 1: it's not actually random, and we think it's random, but

1126
00:53:59,040 --> 00:54:01,680
Speaker 1: we're being tricked them in manipulated. Then we could conclude

1127
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:04,640
Speaker 1: that the universe has this random element, that there is

1128
00:54:04,719 --> 00:54:08,279
Speaker 1: this non local random thing happening, when in reality it's not.

1129
00:54:08,960 --> 00:54:12,120
Speaker 1: And so that sounds ridiculous and unlikely, and it is.

1130
00:54:12,680 --> 00:54:14,640
Speaker 1: But you know, it's the state we're at where we're

1131
00:54:14,640 --> 00:54:17,799
Speaker 1: like trying to swallow the weirdness of quantum mechanics and

1132
00:54:17,920 --> 00:54:20,000
Speaker 1: just trying to make sure before we accept that the

1133
00:54:20,080 --> 00:54:22,799
Speaker 1: universe is this weird way, that there is no other

1134
00:54:22,920 --> 00:54:26,080
Speaker 1: possible explanation. And so again this is like an exercise

1135
00:54:26,120 --> 00:54:28,560
Speaker 1: and philosophical thorough in this just to make sure we've

1136
00:54:28,560 --> 00:54:30,320
Speaker 1: thought about all the other possibilities.

1137
00:54:30,680 --> 00:54:34,320
Speaker 3: Well, I guess you know, it could be like maybe

1138
00:54:34,320 --> 00:54:36,319
Speaker 3: we live in some kind of multiverse and we just

1139
00:54:36,360 --> 00:54:38,520
Speaker 3: happen to live in the multiverse where every time we

1140
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:41,319
Speaker 3: run Bell's experiments, we think it's a fair coin, but

1141
00:54:41,520 --> 00:54:44,759
Speaker 3: really we're just somehow fooling ourselves into thinking the coin

1142
00:54:44,840 --> 00:54:45,160
Speaker 3: is fair.

1143
00:54:45,480 --> 00:54:48,839
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's possible, right, it seems really unlikely because there's

1144
00:54:48,880 --> 00:54:52,040
Speaker 1: been so many iterations in these experiments in different conditions,

1145
00:54:52,320 --> 00:54:54,839
Speaker 1: and so it just gets more and more implausible. The

1146
00:54:54,880 --> 00:54:56,560
Speaker 1: more times we test it, and the more times it

1147
00:54:56,600 --> 00:55:00,000
Speaker 1: comes out like bang on, exactly what quantum mechanics predict.

1148
00:55:00,440 --> 00:55:02,920
Speaker 1: So it's not something anybody should take seriously as anything

1149
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:05,719
Speaker 1: other than like an interesting thought experiment, like how far

1150
00:55:05,840 --> 00:55:09,560
Speaker 1: do you have to go to rescue determinism? How ridiculous

1151
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:12,200
Speaker 1: do you have to imagine the universe is in order

1152
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:14,479
Speaker 1: for it to not be quantum mechanical in this way

1153
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:16,480
Speaker 1: that we are slowly coming to grips with.

1154
00:55:17,440 --> 00:55:20,080
Speaker 3: I see, so when you say superdeterminism, it's really more

1155
00:55:20,120 --> 00:55:25,439
Speaker 3: like super stubborn determinism. Like it's not actually like likely

1156
00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:28,920
Speaker 3: that it's true, but it's you're still clinging to the

1157
00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:32,000
Speaker 3: idea that maybe the universe is determined.

1158
00:55:32,120 --> 00:55:35,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like super desperatism. People are desperate not to

1159
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:36,920
Speaker 1: give up on determinism.

1160
00:55:37,440 --> 00:55:42,000
Speaker 3: Super desperate determinism. Yeah, it's like the bizarro Superman. All right, Well,

1161
00:55:42,040 --> 00:55:44,960
Speaker 3: what does it all mean? Doesn't mean that that we're

1162
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,960
Speaker 3: increasingly thinking that there is free will or unpredictability in

1163
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:52,720
Speaker 3: the universe, right, that we now maybe are getting closer

1164
00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:56,760
Speaker 3: to leaving behind this idea that the universe is determined.

1165
00:55:56,880 --> 00:55:59,200
Speaker 1: Well, we are definitely coming to grips with and accepting

1166
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,560
Speaker 1: this consequence that the universe is non local, that it

1167
00:56:02,680 --> 00:56:06,160
Speaker 1: has to somehow make this collapse decision across space in

1168
00:56:06,520 --> 00:56:09,239
Speaker 1: no time, which is sort of amazing. And you know,

1169
00:56:09,320 --> 00:56:12,560
Speaker 1: another interesting loophole or wrinkle to this interpretation of Bell's

1170
00:56:12,560 --> 00:56:14,800
Speaker 1: experiment is that we have to remember that Bell's experiment

1171
00:56:14,880 --> 00:56:17,560
Speaker 1: just tells us that there are no local hidden variables.

1172
00:56:17,760 --> 00:56:21,520
Speaker 1: It's possible for there to be global hidden variables. Maybe

1173
00:56:21,520 --> 00:56:24,840
Speaker 1: there's like some bank somewhere that keeps all this information

1174
00:56:25,160 --> 00:56:27,680
Speaker 1: and is arranging all of this stuff and can transmit

1175
00:56:27,760 --> 00:56:31,360
Speaker 1: it across space and time instantaneously. That's basically Bomian mechanics.

1176
00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:33,680
Speaker 1: We had an episode about that last year, so check

1177
00:56:33,680 --> 00:56:37,080
Speaker 1: that out if you're curious about that interpretation of Bell's experiment,

1178
00:56:37,160 --> 00:56:40,719
Speaker 1: which is actually one of Bell himself's favorite interpretations. But

1179
00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:42,920
Speaker 1: I think that most people understand it to mean that

1180
00:56:42,960 --> 00:56:46,319
Speaker 1: the universe is fundamentally random, that there are these decisions

1181
00:56:46,480 --> 00:56:48,880
Speaker 1: being made sort of at the last minute by the

1182
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,120
Speaker 1: universe when the wave function collapses. What that means for

1183
00:56:52,200 --> 00:56:54,239
Speaker 1: free will is a question for philosophers.

1184
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:57,440
Speaker 3: All right, well, I guess maybe we should change it

1185
00:56:57,480 --> 00:57:01,600
Speaker 3: into sad determinism. But do you know. I thought maybe

1186
00:57:01,640 --> 00:57:04,120
Speaker 3: in our last episode we talked about how there is

1187
00:57:04,160 --> 00:57:07,560
Speaker 3: no simultaneity in the universe, right, this idea that there's

1188
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:10,040
Speaker 3: no real sort of like fixed time in the universe.

1189
00:57:10,160 --> 00:57:11,960
Speaker 3: Could there be some sort of loophole there?

1190
00:57:12,080 --> 00:57:13,600
Speaker 1: Oh no, that's a good point, right, How can you

1191
00:57:13,640 --> 00:57:16,240
Speaker 1: even talk about simultan ady across space and time? There

1192
00:57:16,280 --> 00:57:18,800
Speaker 1: isn't a loophole there because they've separated them so far

1193
00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:21,800
Speaker 1: apart that we know that these things cannot be cousantly

1194
00:57:21,840 --> 00:57:24,600
Speaker 1: linked to each other. So while we can't say exactly

1195
00:57:24,640 --> 00:57:28,320
Speaker 1: which one happens first, this electron measurement or that electron measurement,

1196
00:57:28,440 --> 00:57:30,800
Speaker 1: we do know that they can't be costantly linked because

1197
00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:32,320
Speaker 1: they're so far apart in space.

1198
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,720
Speaker 3: All right, Well, then I guess maybe the universe really

1199
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,360
Speaker 3: is random and unpredictable. Let's test this right now, Daniel,

1200
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:40,400
Speaker 3: what am I going to say next?

1201
00:57:41,680 --> 00:57:46,440
Speaker 1: It's going to be some joke about strange balls. Wrong.

1202
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:51,680
Speaker 3: I was going to say, thanks for joining us. We

1203
00:57:51,760 --> 00:57:53,560
Speaker 3: hope you enjoyed that. See you next time.

1204
00:58:01,440 --> 00:58:04,240
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain

1205
00:58:04,280 --> 00:58:08,280
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1206
00:58:08,280 --> 00:58:12,960
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio Visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1207
00:58:13,040 --> 00:58:26,680
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1208
00:58:26,680 --> 00:58:29,000
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1209
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:31,920
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1210
00:58:31,920 --> 00:58:35,080
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1211
00:58:35,120 --> 00:58:38,160
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1212
00:58:38,280 --> 00:58:43,080
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases.

1213
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:46,480
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from

1214
00:58:46,520 --> 00:58:50,480
Speaker 1: manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

1215
00:58:50,640 --> 00:58:54,640
Speaker 1: electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to

1216
00:58:54,760 --> 00:58:55,320
Speaker 1: learn more.

1217
00:58:56,080 --> 00:58:59,720
Speaker 12: The all electric Chevy Equinoxy EVA combines everything you need

1218
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:02,240
Speaker 12: you are ready to go EV starting at thirty four

1219
00:59:02,360 --> 00:59:05,840
Speaker 12: nine ninety five. That twenty twenty five Equinox evlt gives

1220
00:59:05,840 --> 00:59:09,120
Speaker 12: you an impressive balance of all electric range, safety features

1221
00:59:09,120 --> 00:59:12,520
Speaker 12: for peace of mind, and effortless technology, including the seventeen

1222
00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:14,600
Speaker 12: point seven inch diagonal display.

1223
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:15,919
Speaker 1: Screen, all at a price you'll love.

1224
00:59:16,080 --> 00:59:18,520
Speaker 12: The Chevy Equinox EV is the fund to drive all

1225
00:59:18,560 --> 00:59:21,160
Speaker 12: electric SUV that gives you what you need to do

1226
00:59:21,240 --> 00:59:24,680
Speaker 12: exactly what you want. The manufacturer suggested retail price excludes tax,

1227
00:59:24,720 --> 00:59:27,320
Speaker 12: title licensed dealer fees at optional equipment dealer sets final price.

1228
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,400
Speaker 12: To learn more, visit Chevy dot com slash equinox EV.

1229
00:59:32,480 --> 00:59:34,920
Speaker 1: This episode is brought to you by FX Is the

1230
00:59:34,960 --> 00:59:35,520
Speaker 1: Old Man.

1231
00:59:35,760 --> 00:59:39,120
Speaker 13: The hit show returns starring Jeff Bridges and John Lithgow.

1232
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,800
Speaker 12: The former CIA agent sets off on his most important

1233
00:59:42,840 --> 00:59:46,400
Speaker 12: mission to date to recover his daughter after she's kidnapped.

1234
00:59:46,640 --> 00:59:50,200
Speaker 1: The stakes get higher and more secrets are uncovered. FX

1235
00:59:50,280 --> 00:59:53,840
Speaker 1: Is the Old Man All new Thursdays on FX, Stream

1236
00:59:53,920 --> 00:59:54,480
Speaker 1: on Hulu