1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,200 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history class from how 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:13,960 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,680 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Vie Wilson. Tracy, I 4 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:23,240 Speaker 1: have fantastic news. What is it? This episode is not creepy, 5 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:32,280 Speaker 1: it is not unsettling. Well, I love all that stuff. 6 00:00:32,440 --> 00:00:34,879 Speaker 1: I mean, I legit have a very sort of morbid 7 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,600 Speaker 1: and morose taste in many things, even though I'm pretty 8 00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 1: giggly in day to day life. But this one has 9 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:42,520 Speaker 1: none of that. It's just kind of a cool moment 10 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:49,360 Speaker 1: in the development of human technologies. Hooray. Yeah, you're your 11 00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:54,760 Speaker 1: episodes were disproportionately jerks there for a while. Yeah, these 12 00:00:54,800 --> 00:00:56,800 Speaker 1: people not jerks to the best of my knowledge, which 13 00:00:56,840 --> 00:01:02,600 Speaker 1: is fantastic. So back in October, we had an episode 14 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:06,520 Speaker 1: about female balloonists Sophie Blanchard and the balloon omania that 15 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:09,760 Speaker 1: was gripping Europe at the time. But today we're going 16 00:01:09,840 --> 00:01:12,000 Speaker 1: to talk about the roots of that balloon omania. It's 17 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,680 Speaker 1: pretty close because this was a very explosive moment in 18 00:01:15,800 --> 00:01:19,440 Speaker 1: terms of interest and excitement about air flight. Uh, and 19 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,000 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about the inventive minds of two 20 00:01:22,040 --> 00:01:25,480 Speaker 1: brothers that really shaped balloon ing, and we actually did 21 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:28,640 Speaker 1: talk about them briefly in the Blanchard episode, but their 22 00:01:28,680 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: work sort of deserves its own episode. Uh. And the 23 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:35,200 Speaker 1: inspiration for this episode actually came from working on a 24 00:01:35,200 --> 00:01:37,920 Speaker 1: house Stuff Works article a while back about drones that 25 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:40,839 Speaker 1: I was editing. UM and our art department put together 26 00:01:40,840 --> 00:01:44,679 Speaker 1: this really fantastic interactive graphic about the ways humans have 27 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: taken to the skies and unmanned vehicles over the years, 28 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 1: and one of the earliest points on that clickable timeline 29 00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:55,480 Speaker 1: featured Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Mongolfier, and so I 30 00:01:55,480 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: thought it might be fun to talk about them. Joseph 31 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,000 Speaker 1: Michel was the older of the others, born on August 32 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:05,640 Speaker 1: seventeen forty and Anna a France. He would go on 33 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: to go by Joseph Jacques, Etienne or Etienne Jacques, depending 34 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 1: on which the document you're looking at, was generally just 35 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:15,639 Speaker 1: called Etienne, and he was born about four and a 36 00:02:15,680 --> 00:02:21,440 Speaker 1: half years later on January six, seventeen. So for the timeline, 37 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,240 Speaker 1: if you are a fan of our prior UH Sophie 38 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: Blanchard episode, I was about three decades before she was born. Yeah, 39 00:02:29,760 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: and the discrepancy in terms of talking about Etienne is 40 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: that his name is listed different ways on different documents, 41 00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: so his birth certificate and death certificate are opposite. One 42 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:45,160 Speaker 1: says Jacque Etienne, one says Etienne Jacques. Just heads up 43 00:02:45,160 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: there if you're like, why, why are they flippy? Uh? 44 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:52,120 Speaker 1: And in addition to these two brothers, their father Pierre Mongolfier, 45 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:57,440 Speaker 1: and their mother Andre had fourteen other kids. Uh. That's 46 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: a lot of children. Unfortunately, was a very successful businessman, 47 00:03:02,160 --> 00:03:05,160 Speaker 1: so he was able to support that massive family, and 48 00:03:05,240 --> 00:03:08,680 Speaker 1: the way he did so was through a family business, 49 00:03:08,720 --> 00:03:12,919 Speaker 1: because the Mongolfier's owned a number of paper factories in France, 50 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 1: all of which were doing pretty darn well. Joseph attended 51 00:03:16,840 --> 00:03:20,040 Speaker 1: private school and then Jesuit College, but school just really 52 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:23,120 Speaker 1: didn't quite agree with him. His mind was really busy 53 00:03:23,160 --> 00:03:26,280 Speaker 1: and he had trouble focusing on one thing. Uh, sort 54 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,280 Speaker 1: of like some other people in the room right now. 55 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:33,320 Speaker 1: He eventually left to start his own chemical business in Paris. 56 00:03:33,919 --> 00:03:35,840 Speaker 1: At the end went to school to be an architect, 57 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:38,360 Speaker 1: although he was also interested in science, and it wasn't 58 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:41,680 Speaker 1: long before both he and his brother continued to run 59 00:03:41,840 --> 00:03:45,000 Speaker 1: the family business as adults at the end was better 60 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:47,640 Speaker 1: better at the business side of things. He had become 61 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: the head of the family's paper factories at age thirty 62 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: after Pierre retired and their brother Raymond, who had been 63 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:57,520 Speaker 1: in charge of the business, passed away. Joseph, on the 64 00:03:57,520 --> 00:04:00,920 Speaker 1: other hand, was always interested in innovating and his chemistry 65 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,520 Speaker 1: knowledge to work to improve the processes in the mills 66 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:08,440 Speaker 1: that they owned. Yeah, every time you see any mention 67 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:13,800 Speaker 1: of Joseph's business acumen, like at one point he was 68 00:04:13,880 --> 00:04:17,480 Speaker 1: running his own chemical business, he was not good at 69 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 1: that part of it. He tended to lose a lot 70 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:21,960 Speaker 1: of money because, as we said, well little focus issues. 71 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,400 Speaker 1: But the income from the paper factories would give Joseph 72 00:04:26,560 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: and Etienne the financial freedom to explore and experiment in 73 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:34,320 Speaker 1: the science of ballooning. And it's not entirely clear why 74 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:37,640 Speaker 1: or how the two began thinking about air flight. There 75 00:04:37,640 --> 00:04:42,360 Speaker 1: are so many apocryphal stories about how this happened. One 76 00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: was that watching bits of burning paper lift into the 77 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:48,359 Speaker 1: air from a fire got them started. Another was that 78 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: it was simply watching smoke arise from a fire that 79 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 1: gave them the inspiration to think about how air and 80 00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:58,240 Speaker 1: smoke and lift worked, and another suggests that Joseph was 81 00:04:58,279 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 1: watching his wife's chamis d over a fire and he 82 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:04,200 Speaker 1: noticed how the fabric billowed out as warm air was 83 00:05:04,240 --> 00:05:06,960 Speaker 1: trapped underneath it. But we do not know if any 84 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,080 Speaker 1: of those are true or not. They all sound like 85 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:15,400 Speaker 1: ballooning versions of being hit with an apple. Yeah, very much, 86 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 1: depending on which biography you are looking at. Uh, And 87 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:22,599 Speaker 1: most modern ones kind of acknowledge we don't know. But 88 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:25,920 Speaker 1: some of the older accounts and even accounts that the 89 00:05:26,440 --> 00:05:29,200 Speaker 1: gentleman gave in their lives, they shift a lot, and 90 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:30,719 Speaker 1: you can tell it's kind of like, we don't know, 91 00:05:30,839 --> 00:05:32,919 Speaker 1: so we're just going to plot something here that that 92 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,120 Speaker 1: makes some sort of sense. So that's why we have 93 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:39,160 Speaker 1: a billion different stories about it. But the important thing 94 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: is they did start thinking about it. In Sight two, 95 00:05:42,520 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: the brothers observed that when heated air was contained in 96 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 1: a lightweight vessel made of paper or fabric, that vessel 97 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:52,360 Speaker 1: would rise. They actually thought they had discovered a new 98 00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: type of gas that was lighter than air, and they 99 00:05:54,839 --> 00:05:59,919 Speaker 1: named that monolfier gas. Their theory was that mongolfier gas 100 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: was contained in the smoke from the fire and that 101 00:06:04,040 --> 00:06:08,560 Speaker 1: it possessed a property that they called levity, which brightens 102 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:12,880 Speaker 1: my day a little bit. It's very charming. Of course, 103 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:15,600 Speaker 1: over time, it would you know, prove that it was 104 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:17,800 Speaker 1: it was just the heat that was, you know, making 105 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:21,680 Speaker 1: the regular air rise, not activating some sort of hidden 106 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,159 Speaker 1: gas that was present in the air. And we should 107 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:28,520 Speaker 1: also point out that while the Mongolfier's are often credited 108 00:06:28,520 --> 00:06:30,960 Speaker 1: with inventing balloon ing, and while we were talking about 109 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 1: them specifically at length today, they were certainly not the 110 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,720 Speaker 1: only people experimenting with the idea of flight, and they 111 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:40,360 Speaker 1: were not even the first to be filling lightweight bags 112 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:45,039 Speaker 1: with air to make them float. Portuguese priest Bartolomeo Lorenzo 113 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:49,600 Speaker 1: du Goosemo, which I'm probably butchering, was floating small balloons 114 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:52,080 Speaker 1: in the early seventeen hundreds, and he was working on 115 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:56,080 Speaker 1: designs for a much more sophisticated airship based on those 116 00:06:56,120 --> 00:07:01,000 Speaker 1: balloon experiments when he died in seventeen twenty four. It appears, however, 117 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:04,560 Speaker 1: that the Mongolfiers did not know about those ballooning experiments 118 00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:08,400 Speaker 1: going on in Portugal earlier in the century. Filling balloons 119 00:07:08,440 --> 00:07:11,560 Speaker 1: with hot air to lift them up was also employed 120 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:16,360 Speaker 1: in China way before Europeans ever got this idea. Rising 121 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: Lanterns of this nature were common in China as early 122 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,559 Speaker 1: as the third century, so this was a long time 123 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:26,480 Speaker 1: before before Europeans were even thinking, Hey, maybe if I 124 00:07:26,520 --> 00:07:29,800 Speaker 1: failed a bag with this, it would rise. Yeah. Yeah, 125 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: Whenever I see like this sort of and I know, 126 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:35,200 Speaker 1: because we both work in editing and we do copy 127 00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 1: that sometimes you just have to like cut down extraneous 128 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:42,040 Speaker 1: stuff to make a point. But whenever I see like 129 00:07:42,080 --> 00:07:45,120 Speaker 1: a blurb or something that says the mongolfier's first ever 130 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,400 Speaker 1: you know, achieve balloon flight and like that means a 131 00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:53,040 Speaker 1: whole lot of qualifier really not yeah, um, And prior 132 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 1: to and during the time that Joseph and Etienne where 133 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:58,840 Speaker 1: at work on their ballooning efforts, there were also so 134 00:07:58,880 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 1: many other of their contemporaries in Europe working on similar ideas. 135 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: And we're mentioning all of this just to make clear 136 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: that while these two gentlemen do get a lot of 137 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:11,200 Speaker 1: credit for inventing manned flight, it might be more accurate 138 00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:13,400 Speaker 1: to say that they were two of many who were 139 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:16,240 Speaker 1: working towards that goal at the same time, and a 140 00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:18,600 Speaker 1: bit of lucky timing happened to be on their side. 141 00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:22,840 Speaker 1: In April of three, the Monk cal Fie has began 142 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: testing their theories and earnest creating various models of balloons 143 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:30,160 Speaker 1: from fabric and paper and then trying out their air worthiness. 144 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,360 Speaker 1: They also experimented with different flammable media to determine what 145 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:36,960 Speaker 1: would burn the best at the most controllable rate to 146 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:39,560 Speaker 1: heat the air so that it didn't just become an 147 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:44,319 Speaker 1: alarming conflagration of burning balloon. Yeah, there were some instances 148 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:49,640 Speaker 1: that happened, and they're testing. But on June four three, 149 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:52,559 Speaker 1: the brother duo went to the n and A marketplace 150 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:55,920 Speaker 1: to present their work in heated air by way of demonstration. 151 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 1: So they set up this silk balloon that was lined 152 00:08:58,679 --> 00:09:01,240 Speaker 1: with paper. It was huge, It had a diameter of 153 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 1: thirty three feet that's about ten ms, and they arranged 154 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,400 Speaker 1: straw and carded wool beneath the balloon. They had determined 155 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,560 Speaker 1: that burned the best under the bags only opening, so 156 00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:13,480 Speaker 1: then they burned that straw in the wall and it 157 00:09:13,600 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: heated the air within their vessel. I bet this was stinky. 158 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:23,080 Speaker 1: Probably it seems like especially the burning wool would be gross. 159 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:26,839 Speaker 1: So once the interior air was heated, the bag rose 160 00:09:26,960 --> 00:09:29,599 Speaker 1: up off the ground. Estimates placed at an altitude of 161 00:09:29,640 --> 00:09:31,920 Speaker 1: about three thousand feet which is a little more than 162 00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:35,960 Speaker 1: nine meters at the highest that it reached. After staying 163 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 1: aloft and drifting for about ten minutes, the balloon then 164 00:09:39,080 --> 00:09:41,920 Speaker 1: drifted back down to earth, finally landing about a mile 165 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:44,560 Speaker 1: and a half or two point four kilometers from the 166 00:09:44,679 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: marketplace where they started out this demonstration. And this was 167 00:09:48,800 --> 00:09:51,800 Speaker 1: pretty exciting to everyone, and the success of their n 168 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:55,480 Speaker 1: n A display led them to Paris Academy de Sience 169 00:09:55,640 --> 00:09:58,559 Speaker 1: wanted to hear all about the balloon experiments, so at 170 00:09:58,600 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 1: the end went to give a talk there about their work, 171 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:04,120 Speaker 1: and the pair were honored by the academy for that work. 172 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,520 Speaker 1: And if you're wondering why only Etienne spoke with the 173 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: Academy in Paris, it was because the pair were wanted 174 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:12,880 Speaker 1: in many places at once once they had done this demonstration, 175 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: So Joseph was speaking at the Lyon Academy at the 176 00:10:16,160 --> 00:10:19,320 Speaker 1: same time. We're going to talk briefly about how very 177 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:22,719 Speaker 1: not accidental the success of the monkl Fer Brothers was, 178 00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:26,079 Speaker 1: but first we will pause for a brief moment from 179 00:10:26,080 --> 00:10:37,559 Speaker 1: a sponsor. It sounds grand, so all of this attention 180 00:10:37,679 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: and praise was not as we mentioned a moment ago, 181 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: a situation where two gents were just goofing about and 182 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:47,640 Speaker 1: accidentally found themselves the toast of the country. Uh. Keep 183 00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:50,679 Speaker 1: in mind too, that these weren't like super young guys. 184 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:52,440 Speaker 1: They were in their thirties at this point, so they 185 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:55,559 Speaker 1: were strategic thinkers. They were very smart men, and they 186 00:10:55,559 --> 00:10:58,079 Speaker 1: had selected this date for their ant and a exhibition 187 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:01,000 Speaker 1: to coincide with a meeting of local leaders so that 188 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:04,160 Speaker 1: people with some influence could witness what they had been 189 00:11:04,200 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: working on. Etienne and Joseph were hoping to get the 190 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: attention of the crown and launched their careers as scientific 191 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:16,720 Speaker 1: elites financially supported by the king, and that plan to 192 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:19,040 Speaker 1: get the head of the country interested in their balloons 193 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: actually worked. From the presentation in Paris, the brothers headed 194 00:11:22,559 --> 00:11:25,880 Speaker 1: to Verside to repeat this balloon display for King Louis 195 00:11:25,960 --> 00:11:29,439 Speaker 1: the sixteenth, but this time they aimed for a bigger, 196 00:11:29,520 --> 00:11:32,480 Speaker 1: more ambitious experiment. They wanted to send a more structured 197 00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:36,559 Speaker 1: balloon up and this time have passengers, and to execute 198 00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:39,280 Speaker 1: the project, the Mongolfi's needed help, so they called on 199 00:11:39,320 --> 00:11:43,440 Speaker 1: the skills of wallpaper maker Jean Baptiste Laivellon, and with 200 00:11:43,440 --> 00:11:46,640 Speaker 1: Clavellan's help, they constructed a balloon that was slightly smaller 201 00:11:46,679 --> 00:11:49,040 Speaker 1: than the previous one. It had a diameter of thirty 202 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: ft about nine meters. But this balloon, which was also 203 00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:55,520 Speaker 1: made from taffida, was varnished with alum to fireproof it, 204 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:59,199 Speaker 1: and it had a decorative painted finish. The selection of 205 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:02,839 Speaker 1: passengers was also a significant step in the process. There 206 00:12:02,840 --> 00:12:05,880 Speaker 1: were some serious concerns about what flight in a balloon 207 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,480 Speaker 1: might do to a body. I'm assuming they were also 208 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: worried about what would happen if it crashed, So walk 209 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:16,680 Speaker 1: King Louis the sixteenth proposed that prisoners be used for 210 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,160 Speaker 1: the test. The montolf has decided to go with a 211 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:21,800 Speaker 1: different plan, and this is kind of one of those 212 00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:24,960 Speaker 1: things that you'll often see cited as a wacky thing, 213 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:27,360 Speaker 1: but the reasons for it are pretty cool. So those 214 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 1: first riders in in the Mongolfier balloon baskets, we're not humans. 215 00:12:32,280 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: They were a duck, a rooster, and a sheep, and 216 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: the logic was that since the duck was a naturally 217 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:40,959 Speaker 1: flying animal, it was considered something of a control elements, 218 00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:43,760 Speaker 1: and the rooster was selected because it was a bird, 219 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: but it was one which flew only short, short distances, 220 00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:49,880 Speaker 1: very close to the ground, so it was like the 221 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 1: next level of risk up from the duck in terms 222 00:12:52,440 --> 00:12:54,760 Speaker 1: of what its body might be able to handle. And 223 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,320 Speaker 1: then the sheep was believed to be similar enough to 224 00:12:57,360 --> 00:13:00,760 Speaker 1: a human physiologically that its success or failure as a 225 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,200 Speaker 1: passenger would give a pretty clear indication of whether ballooning 226 00:13:04,280 --> 00:13:07,679 Speaker 1: was safe for human kinds. Might be the silliest criteria 227 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:10,679 Speaker 1: for an experiment we have ever talked about. I love it, 228 00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,520 Speaker 1: though there's a logic to it. It's kind of silly. 229 00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:16,440 Speaker 1: But I always wonder what kept the duck from flying out, 230 00:13:16,520 --> 00:13:21,720 Speaker 1: but that's never covered. It's just, I mean, similarly to 231 00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: the one that we had about the volcano that the 232 00:13:24,960 --> 00:13:27,240 Speaker 1: people fought by spraying water at it. This whole idea 233 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: of the balloon animal tests just sounds like child logic 234 00:13:31,120 --> 00:13:34,800 Speaker 1: to me. It's like it's like the brainstorming effort of 235 00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:42,119 Speaker 1: a kindergarten class. However, this occasion was anticipated with great excitement. 236 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,200 Speaker 1: About a hundred and thirty thousand people, including the King 237 00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:49,080 Speaker 1: and Marie Antoinette, were on hand to witness this historic 238 00:13:49,160 --> 00:13:54,199 Speaker 1: moment and it's very odd cargo, and those three Barnyard 239 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:58,560 Speaker 1: aeronauts were successfully launched on September nineteenth, seventeen eighty three, 240 00:13:59,040 --> 00:14:01,800 Speaker 1: and they flew for eight minutes. So animal lovers in 241 00:14:01,840 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: the crowd you may have already guessed because I'm giggly 242 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:06,000 Speaker 1: about it, we'll be happy to know that the feathered 243 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:09,760 Speaker 1: and wally trio made a perfectly safe landing, although they 244 00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:12,679 Speaker 1: had drifted approximately two miles it's about three point two 245 00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:16,679 Speaker 1: kilometers while they were making history in the air. I 246 00:14:16,720 --> 00:14:20,040 Speaker 1: hope they weren't scared. I'm sure they were probably a 247 00:14:20,120 --> 00:14:23,560 Speaker 1: little confused and possibly scared. Like I said, I don't 248 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:25,360 Speaker 1: know why the duck wouldn't just be like I'm out. 249 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:29,720 Speaker 1: I'd be like, I'm not having your Shenanigans. A world 250 00:14:29,720 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: of note to this balloon. As the animal experiment had 251 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:39,800 Speaker 1: gone so well, the Mongolfie brothers were eager to step 252 00:14:39,840 --> 00:14:43,040 Speaker 1: things up and try a balloon carrying actual humans, and 253 00:14:43,080 --> 00:14:45,440 Speaker 1: after a couple of months of prep, on November twenty 254 00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:50,400 Speaker 1: one three they made history by launching the first manned, 255 00:14:50,640 --> 00:14:54,680 Speaker 1: untethered balloon flight. And the two men who got to 256 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: experience that exhilarating flight were not the Mongolfie brothers. Uh. 257 00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,560 Speaker 1: The brother stayed on the ground and kind of set 258 00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: up the whole thing. Though the two people were high 259 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: profile balloon enthusiasts. So one of the men was Jean 260 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:14,360 Speaker 1: Placois la Rosier, who was a chemist and head of 261 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:18,480 Speaker 1: the count of Countess de Pauvent's Cabinet of Physics, Chemistry 262 00:15:18,480 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: and natural History, who was known for his very flamboyant 263 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:25,280 Speaker 1: approaches to communicating science concepts. He would be a really 264 00:15:25,280 --> 00:15:27,720 Speaker 1: fun topic for the future f y I he might be. 265 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:32,240 Speaker 1: Uh and Rosier had actually been in the balloon before, 266 00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:36,280 Speaker 1: so about a month prior, on October fifteenth, the Mongolfies 267 00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:39,040 Speaker 1: had launched a tethered test flight with him as the 268 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:42,920 Speaker 1: human occupant, and that lasted just four minutes. The other 269 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:47,920 Speaker 1: gentleman was Francois Laurent Marquis Darland, who was a soldier 270 00:15:47,920 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: and a noble. His inclusion in the event is said 271 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:52,560 Speaker 1: to have been the result of effort on a part 272 00:15:52,560 --> 00:15:55,720 Speaker 1: of the king to ensure that someone from the nobility 273 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,000 Speaker 1: was part of this historic moment when human flight was achieved. 274 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,040 Speaker 1: And the balloon itself was a rather spectacular looking thing 275 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: if you do an Internet search for it, you'll see many, 276 00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:08,720 Speaker 1: many pictures and there are even modern balloons that have 277 00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: been designed to replicate it because it's it's so iconic 278 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:15,600 Speaker 1: and balloon ing. So it was blue with intricate gold 279 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:18,760 Speaker 1: designs on the exterior, including symbols that were associated with 280 00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:22,360 Speaker 1: King Louis ste Remember they were very into currying favor 281 00:16:22,440 --> 00:16:25,280 Speaker 1: with the king. And the passenger area this is kind 282 00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 1: of the part of it that I really love. The 283 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:28,920 Speaker 1: passenger area was not a basket like you'd see on 284 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:31,680 Speaker 1: a balloon today that sat underneath it, but rather a 285 00:16:31,840 --> 00:16:34,480 Speaker 1: ring around the opening at the bottom of the balloon, 286 00:16:35,240 --> 00:16:37,520 Speaker 1: uh where heat could be applied to the air within. 287 00:16:37,640 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: So you have to picture it's sort of like a 288 00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:42,520 Speaker 1: flanged bottom, and then the flange forms this little ring 289 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,080 Speaker 1: that that the the human occupants could be in, and 290 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:48,920 Speaker 1: there was also a red bunting around the passenger area. 291 00:16:48,960 --> 00:16:52,520 Speaker 1: It was very festive, thankfully, for less than half an hour, 292 00:16:52,640 --> 00:16:55,400 Speaker 1: about twenty five minutes, and that took them about five 293 00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 1: and a half miles or eight point six kilometers in 294 00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:01,160 Speaker 1: the process. As they rose up into the air, they 295 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 1: doffed their caps to the spectators below, and their balloon 296 00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,440 Speaker 1: had started at its lift at Chateau de la Meuette 297 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:11,359 Speaker 1: on the far western side of Paris, and it landed 298 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:16,080 Speaker 1: at LaBute, Okaya. The crowd, which included Benjamin Franklin, was 299 00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:19,320 Speaker 1: completely wowed. Yeah. Ben Franklin wrote about them a bit 300 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:23,040 Speaker 1: in his his accounts of his time in France, so uh, 301 00:17:23,080 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: they're on record in his writings. And ever looking to 302 00:17:27,280 --> 00:17:30,399 Speaker 1: the next level of achievement, the next plan for the 303 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:33,560 Speaker 1: French brothers was to carry larger groups of people by air, 304 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:36,560 Speaker 1: and to that end, just two months after that first 305 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:39,400 Speaker 1: untethered flight, and after a failed start that they had 306 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:42,840 Speaker 1: tried to make which was derailed by rain in a 307 00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:46,600 Speaker 1: small fire, they did launch a balloon carrying Joseph and 308 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,720 Speaker 1: several passengers into the air in Lyon, France on January 309 00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:56,000 Speaker 1: night four. This balloon was massive. It was a hundred 310 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,560 Speaker 1: and thirty feet about forty in diameter. Uh. And their 311 00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:02,639 Speaker 1: land they on this one was not ideal because the 312 00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:05,440 Speaker 1: air in the balloon cooled really rapidly and it caused 313 00:18:05,520 --> 00:18:08,560 Speaker 1: a much speedier descent than they were planning. But everyone 314 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: did make it back safely, although they had only been 315 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:14,399 Speaker 1: in the air for about fifteen minutes. However, even with 316 00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: their increasing triumphs, the Mongolfier's and other ballooning enthusiasts who 317 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:22,280 Speaker 1: were attempting their own projects at flight started running into 318 00:18:22,280 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 1: the same problems over and over. And for one thing, 319 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,600 Speaker 1: they hadn't figured out how to steer the balloons. They 320 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:30,320 Speaker 1: would pretty much go up and then be at the 321 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: mercy of the air. For another, the altitude that a 322 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: balloon could reach and the distance that it could travel 323 00:18:37,640 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: were limited by the air in the balloon, which of 324 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:44,480 Speaker 1: course was cooling off over time, and concerns about fire 325 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:48,440 Speaker 1: initially led people away from the idea of keeping some 326 00:18:48,480 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 1: sort of onboard flame going to stay in the air, 327 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:55,160 Speaker 1: and so alternate gases were considered. Uh. This is part 328 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:58,119 Speaker 1: of why just ten days after the mongolfier sent Pila 329 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:02,200 Speaker 1: Rosier and Laurent Aloft for the first time, another inventor, 330 00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:07,480 Speaker 1: Jacques Alexembles ces au Chaw, launched the first manned hydrogen 331 00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:11,960 Speaker 1: filled balloon, which is a terrible idea. Well, it had 332 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:17,960 Speaker 1: its pluses and minus. Ultimately, yes, yeah for the folks 333 00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:23,120 Speaker 1: who remember our Hindenburg episode. Yeah, Charles had been working 334 00:19:23,280 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 1: with hydrogen throughout the time that the mongolf Yer's had 335 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:29,480 Speaker 1: been developing their balloons. He actually started doing this because 336 00:19:29,520 --> 00:19:32,439 Speaker 1: he thought that was what they were doing. And although 337 00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,960 Speaker 1: the brothers barely beat him to man flight, his December 338 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:40,480 Speaker 1: one three launch flew twenty seven miles which is forty 339 00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:44,000 Speaker 1: three point five kilometers and it lasted for two hours. 340 00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:47,120 Speaker 1: This was quickly recognized as a superior way to get 341 00:19:47,160 --> 00:19:50,040 Speaker 1: people into the air. Yeah, so at that point everyone 342 00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:55,200 Speaker 1: was like, hydrogen, it's where it's at. On June fifteenth, however, 343 00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,160 Speaker 1: of Sight five, tragedy struck the ballooning world when Jean 344 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:03,919 Speaker 1: Francois pil Rosier died in a ballooning accident. He was 345 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:06,760 Speaker 1: crossing the English Channel in a balloon which was filled 346 00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: with a combination of hot air and hydrogen when it exploded, 347 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:13,560 Speaker 1: and so less than two years after he made history 348 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,800 Speaker 1: in untethered flight, the hobby for which he held so 349 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:19,840 Speaker 1: much enthusiasm claimed his life and also made him its 350 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:23,520 Speaker 1: first fatality. Next up, we will talk a little about 351 00:20:23,560 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: how all this balloon business was affecting the fashion culture 352 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:30,800 Speaker 1: of France. But before we get into hats and hair news, 353 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:34,400 Speaker 1: let's pause and talking about one of our fabulous sponsors. 354 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:41,440 Speaker 1: I have to confess up front, I feel a little 355 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: bit of guilt about this sponsor because their product is 356 00:20:44,320 --> 00:20:46,680 Speaker 1: fantastic and I have been too busy to make use 357 00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 1: of it lately. That is squares space dot Com. Tracy 358 00:20:51,080 --> 00:20:53,000 Speaker 1: and I have been traveling a lot. Work has been 359 00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:55,600 Speaker 1: a little busy and stressful, so I haven't had time 360 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: to keep up with my sewing blog. 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While all of this amazing stuff 393 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:38,919 Speaker 1: was going on, it was incredibly exciting to Europe, but 394 00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:42,479 Speaker 1: especially to France since a lot of the big steps 395 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:46,359 Speaker 1: were happening there and soon balloon themed items were popping 396 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:50,280 Speaker 1: up everywhere. There were balloon motifs on almost everything that 397 00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:54,760 Speaker 1: you could imagine including clothing. I would totally go for 398 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:59,960 Speaker 1: a T shirt with that first animal crew f balloons, 399 00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:05,199 Speaker 1: I would too. Everything from embroidered motifs to hats designed 400 00:23:05,240 --> 00:23:08,840 Speaker 1: to look like balloons became really trendy and fashionable. The 401 00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:12,800 Speaker 1: hairstyles that women started wearing, especially if they were fans 402 00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,000 Speaker 1: of balloon ing, were sometimes styled into these bulbous shapes 403 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:20,560 Speaker 1: to look like balloons. People were, in shortgoing short of 404 00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:23,679 Speaker 1: bananas with balloon fashion, to the point that a satirical 405 00:23:23,720 --> 00:23:28,879 Speaker 1: cartoon entitled lum oh ballon lafolly du jour that's the 406 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,320 Speaker 1: Man of balloons or the folly of the day was published. 407 00:23:33,359 --> 00:23:38,119 Speaker 1: And this illustration features a gentleman wearing basically balloon everything. 408 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:42,680 Speaker 1: His shirt and pantaloons are drawn to mimic the shape 409 00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:45,880 Speaker 1: of balloons, and his coat is adorned with both balloon 410 00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 1: cuffs and balloon buttons, and his epaulets and shoe buckles 411 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,399 Speaker 1: and hair adornments are all balloons, and in lieu of 412 00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:55,720 Speaker 1: a cocade, a mini balloon sits as a decorative element 413 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,679 Speaker 1: on his hat. And while all of this fascination with 414 00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:02,119 Speaker 1: balloon fashion started in France, it quickly started to spread 415 00:24:02,160 --> 00:24:05,240 Speaker 1: to London and New York over the course of seventeen 416 00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:08,800 Speaker 1: eighty three and s four. But of course fashion is 417 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,760 Speaker 1: pretty fickle. The more outlandish the trend often the shorter 418 00:24:12,840 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: it's lifespan. So by the time balloon everything had become 419 00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,640 Speaker 1: popular with the medal class, the trend setters who had 420 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:25,080 Speaker 1: initially adopted it were done with balloons. Balloons over next 421 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:31,760 Speaker 1: Mo went on to ships. Uh, yeah, it's started fabulous. 422 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,600 Speaker 1: There's a if you There was actually a hat called 423 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,879 Speaker 1: him on Golfier hat which was inspired by balloon ing, 424 00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: has kind of a big poofy crown on it. They 425 00:24:41,320 --> 00:24:44,160 Speaker 1: were into it. But going back to them on golf 426 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:47,560 Speaker 1: Ye specifically, the issues that they were encountering in their 427 00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,960 Speaker 1: balloon development efforts, particularly the flight control, eventually led the 428 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: brothers away from ballooning. They kind of felt like they 429 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:56,160 Speaker 1: had done as much as they could do, but their 430 00:24:56,200 --> 00:25:00,719 Speaker 1: careers in science and invention did not end there. Alongside 431 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: balloon development, the montolf Yer had also been working on 432 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: parachute ideas, which sounds like a good companion to ballooning Joseph. 433 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:13,000 Speaker 1: Joseph eventually designed one that consisted of a dozen fabric 434 00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:16,119 Speaker 1: panels stitched together and attached to a basket which was 435 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:21,400 Speaker 1: cushioned with inflatable pig bladders. They tested this parachute by 436 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:25,639 Speaker 1: dropping a sheep from from a tower. In it maybe 437 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:30,840 Speaker 1: not the most humane, like they were, I'm already I'm 438 00:25:30,840 --> 00:25:35,240 Speaker 1: a little both charted, both charmed and upset by sending 439 00:25:35,280 --> 00:25:39,680 Speaker 1: animals up in the balloon. But I'm more upset by 440 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: throwing a sheep off a tower. I actually was too 441 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:46,640 Speaker 1: when I was researching this, and I did not see 442 00:25:46,680 --> 00:25:49,720 Speaker 1: anything definitive about how the sheep fared in all of that. 443 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,399 Speaker 1: But in their minds, since they had already established that 444 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:55,119 Speaker 1: sheep were similar enough to humans to make a broad 445 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: sort of comparison in terms of safety, I guess that 446 00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:02,960 Speaker 1: was the most plausible here. I think, when we're done recording, 447 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,800 Speaker 1: I'm gonna just make a little comparison chart of sheep 448 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:10,719 Speaker 1: and human figure out how exactly are we that similar. 449 00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:15,480 Speaker 1: But after they stepped away from ballooning, et Tienne went 450 00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:17,439 Speaker 1: back to the family business. As you recall, he was 451 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:19,200 Speaker 1: the one that really had a head for business and 452 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:22,119 Speaker 1: was quite good at it, and he made strides in 453 00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:25,520 Speaker 1: the paper industry when he invented a vellum production process 454 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,320 Speaker 1: He was also recognized as a leader in the field 455 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:32,080 Speaker 1: of paper production, and he was given the title Manufacturer Royale, 456 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:34,959 Speaker 1: which basically meant he was at the top of his field. 457 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:37,840 Speaker 1: And perhaps his greatest achievement, though in this period of 458 00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: his life, was keeping that business running successfully throughout the 459 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: turmoil of the revolution in the economic timult that gripped 460 00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:48,120 Speaker 1: France in the wake of the power shift. He also 461 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:51,720 Speaker 1: got involved in community and government and eventually became the 462 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:55,080 Speaker 1: paymaster of the French War Department. He was serving in 463 00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: that position at the Lyon office when he became ill 464 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,080 Speaker 1: and decided to travel home to Anna, and en route 465 00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,520 Speaker 1: he got so ill that he decided to stop and 466 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 1: he actually died on August two, sevente Yeah, he was 467 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,960 Speaker 1: near Saire at the time. Uh. And as for Joseph, 468 00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:15,720 Speaker 1: he went on to invent a liquid distilling apparatus that 469 00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:19,640 Speaker 1: could function at reduced pressure and temperature compared to others UH. 470 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:22,159 Speaker 1: And he also invented an application of that device that 471 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:25,119 Speaker 1: could be used to dry fruits. And he also invented 472 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:27,880 Speaker 1: a hydraulic ram that was used for raising water. So 473 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,959 Speaker 1: he really was doing a lot of interesting things and 474 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,040 Speaker 1: for those accomplishments he was made a member of France's 475 00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:36,520 Speaker 1: Legion of Honor, and he was appointed to the Institute 476 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:40,040 Speaker 1: of France, and he basically worked constantly as both an 477 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:43,240 Speaker 1: inventor and a lecturer until eighteen o nine, when he 478 00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:46,760 Speaker 1: retired due to failing health. In June of eight ten, 479 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:50,320 Speaker 1: he traveled to Balarue, leban in the hopes that the 480 00:27:50,359 --> 00:27:53,040 Speaker 1: curative waters there would improve his condition, but in fact 481 00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:57,200 Speaker 1: he died there on June. And the paper company that 482 00:27:57,280 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: was in the Mongolfier family is actually still in busy ness, 483 00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,240 Speaker 1: although after changing names to cancel On Emmagoulfier and now 484 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:07,200 Speaker 1: it is just cancel On. Yeah, I kind of love 485 00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:09,359 Speaker 1: that it's still going on. I read a thing but 486 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,840 Speaker 1: didn't verify it, so don't take this as fact that 487 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,600 Speaker 1: it is in the midst of possibly being purchased. So 488 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 1: by the end of this year it might be owned 489 00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:18,720 Speaker 1: by a different company, and I don't know if it 490 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:21,879 Speaker 1: will change names, but right now it is cancel Paper 491 00:28:22,359 --> 00:28:24,679 Speaker 1: and it still exists and has been around since the 492 00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:27,879 Speaker 1: early seventeen hundreds. I was going to say Unilever, because 493 00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:30,960 Speaker 1: it seems like every consumer product we talked about ultimately 494 00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:34,800 Speaker 1: ends up. No, it's an Italian company that I think 495 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:38,680 Speaker 1: is allegedly buying them. They primarily focus on making art papers. 496 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,480 Speaker 1: It's not like a business paper manufacturer. So it's a 497 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:44,760 Speaker 1: little bit different kind of business, not quite not quite 498 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:46,360 Speaker 1: what you might think of when you think of business 499 00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:49,160 Speaker 1: as being bought by another big business. It's a little differ. 500 00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: And plus if you like if you like art supplies, 501 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:58,920 Speaker 1: then who doesn't like art supply? I do. Even though 502 00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:02,920 Speaker 1: I'm bad at art. Nobody is automatically very few people 503 00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:06,560 Speaker 1: are automatically really good at art. I know a lot 504 00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:10,000 Speaker 1: of artists. Uh. We actually did an interview for House 505 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: to Works. This will be my art proselytizing moment that 506 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:15,520 Speaker 1: I think everybody should try it. We did an interview 507 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: with Brian Stelfreze, who is a well known comic book 508 00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:21,440 Speaker 1: artist and has been working on the Black Panther comic. 509 00:29:21,840 --> 00:29:23,720 Speaker 1: And one of the things that came up in our 510 00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:26,320 Speaker 1: interview when I asked if he just ever has that 511 00:29:26,400 --> 00:29:28,240 Speaker 1: moment of like, man, I'm super good at this, and 512 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:30,520 Speaker 1: he said, you know what, I don't have natural talent. 513 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:32,680 Speaker 1: He has a brother that is very, very talented, and 514 00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,000 Speaker 1: he said, mine is just years and years of practice 515 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,920 Speaker 1: and skill and learning that masquerades is talent to people 516 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:39,360 Speaker 1: that do not know that I have put in all 517 00:29:39,360 --> 00:29:42,080 Speaker 1: that time. But he's kind of like the tale of 518 00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:44,000 Speaker 1: if you love something and you really work at it, 519 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:47,600 Speaker 1: you can just become skilled at it. Here's what happens 520 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: to me at arts of pastors buy beautiful paper and pens. 521 00:29:53,880 --> 00:30:01,560 Speaker 1: I bring them home and then they go in a drawer. Uh, 522 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:06,000 Speaker 1: you are are an artful consumer. That kind of am 523 00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:08,560 Speaker 1: if you also have some listener mail. I do, and 524 00:30:08,640 --> 00:30:11,040 Speaker 1: it's really cool and you haven't seen it yet, so 525 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:13,440 Speaker 1: here we go. It is from our listener Erica. It 526 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: is awesome, she says, dear Tracy and Holly, and she 527 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,280 Speaker 1: wrote it in a beautiful little fox card. I was 528 00:30:19,320 --> 00:30:21,800 Speaker 1: catching up on podcasts and was thrilled to hear your 529 00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:24,480 Speaker 1: mention of now bending in your History of Knitting episode. 530 00:30:24,640 --> 00:30:26,640 Speaker 1: I am a now bender and also teach it to 531 00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:29,280 Speaker 1: my students along with knitting at the college that I 532 00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:32,080 Speaker 1: work at. I learned now bending at a folk art 533 00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:34,320 Speaker 1: school in Iowa, and the teacher told us a lot 534 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:38,840 Speaker 1: about Norwegian history of the craft. Now bend items, when 535 00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 1: felted are very warm and virtually waterproof. Fisherman would wear 536 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:45,840 Speaker 1: now been stockings to keep warm and dry, for example. 537 00:30:46,320 --> 00:30:48,560 Speaker 1: Another neat thing about now bending is that if you 538 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:51,320 Speaker 1: cut or tear it, it won't unravel, which is very 539 00:30:51,320 --> 00:30:54,600 Speaker 1: different from knitted or crocheted items. I wanted you both 540 00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:57,000 Speaker 1: to be able to see and feel now bending, so 541 00:30:57,040 --> 00:30:59,480 Speaker 1: I made two phone cozies or whatever you want them 542 00:30:59,480 --> 00:31:01,840 Speaker 1: to be. One is not felted so that you can 543 00:31:01,840 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: see the herring bone stitches, and one is felted so 544 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:07,120 Speaker 1: that you can see what a more finished piece looks like. 545 00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: I hope you enjoy them. Now Bending is also I'm 546 00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:16,280 Speaker 1: laughing because Tracy's freaking out. Now Bending is a fun 547 00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:18,720 Speaker 1: and flexible craft, so I enjoy spreading the word. Thank 548 00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,840 Speaker 1: you for the great podcast. My students will be listening 549 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,239 Speaker 1: to the knitting one. Oh my goodness. So these are 550 00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:24,840 Speaker 1: really cool. I'm actually going to use mine as a 551 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:27,280 Speaker 1: glasses case because it's perfect size for that as well. 552 00:31:27,280 --> 00:31:33,960 Speaker 1: In my phone is chunky, so because I feel like 553 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 1: I should, but I don't think you would like that 554 00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:42,200 Speaker 1: at the moment. Yeah, it is a warm day and excited. Uh, 555 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,960 Speaker 1: it is so cool. These are absolutely beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. 556 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:47,920 Speaker 1: It's one of those things that as I was opening 557 00:31:47,960 --> 00:31:50,400 Speaker 1: the partial, I was like, what what what is this? 558 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: What is this? Is amazing? Uh? And then I read 559 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:54,480 Speaker 1: the card and it got even better. So thank you, 560 00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:59,280 Speaker 1: thank you, thank you. These are so cool. I'm actually 561 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:02,760 Speaker 1: borderline and speechless, which everybody knows is rare and freaky deaky. 562 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:05,680 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Erica. I will put a picture 563 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:08,480 Speaker 1: of those up on our social They are amazing. Like 564 00:32:08,480 --> 00:32:10,360 Speaker 1: I said, mine is getting due to use. I'm gonna 565 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,720 Speaker 1: use it as a glasses case. So we'll pick one 566 00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:16,080 Speaker 1: of each. That's awesome. We'll decide if we want the 567 00:32:16,080 --> 00:32:18,520 Speaker 1: felted one or the non felted one, and Tracy and 568 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:20,720 Speaker 1: I will duke it out. Not really, we just chat 569 00:32:20,760 --> 00:32:23,320 Speaker 1: and agree. We can work it out when we see 570 00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,720 Speaker 1: each other for our upcoming live shows, which maybe have 571 00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:29,880 Speaker 1: already happened by the time this episode comes out, because 572 00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:33,640 Speaker 1: that's soon soon. There's a lot of stuff going on. 573 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,040 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us, you can 574 00:32:36,080 --> 00:32:38,720 Speaker 1: do so at History Podcast at how Stuff works dot com. 575 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:43,840 Speaker 1: We are also on virtually every social network available as 576 00:32:43,880 --> 00:32:51,440 Speaker 1: Missed in History, so that includes Twitter as Missed in History, Pinterest, Facebook, Instagram, Tumbler. 577 00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:54,080 Speaker 1: We're just everywhere is missed in History. Look for that 578 00:32:54,120 --> 00:32:55,920 Speaker 1: and you will find us. If you would like to 579 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:58,320 Speaker 1: learn a little bit more about what we talked about today, 580 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:00,440 Speaker 1: go to our parents site how stuff Works Been hot 581 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:02,720 Speaker 1: air Balloon In the search bar you'll get an article 582 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,000 Speaker 1: about how hot air balloons work. It does mention them 583 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:07,200 Speaker 1: on Golfi's a little bit uh. If you would like 584 00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:09,320 Speaker 1: to visit us, come to miss in history dot com. 585 00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:11,920 Speaker 1: Look at all of the previous episodes the show has 586 00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 1: ever ever aired, going all the way back to the 587 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,760 Speaker 1: beginning with when they were very short, and there have 588 00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:18,640 Speaker 1: been many hosts through the years that you can enjoy. 589 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:22,120 Speaker 1: We also have show notes for all of the podcast 590 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: episodes that Tracy and I have worked on, as well 591 00:33:24,280 --> 00:33:26,920 Speaker 1: as occasional other blog posts and notes. So we hope 592 00:33:26,920 --> 00:33:28,800 Speaker 1: you come and visit us at missed in History dot 593 00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: com and how Stuff Works dot com for more on 594 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:38,760 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Is it has to 595 00:33:38,960 --> 00:33:39,440 Speaker 1: Works dot