1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,480 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,520 --> 00:00:17,000 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy Vie Wilson. Oh, it's 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:22,040 Speaker 1: more medical history. So exciting. I've been doing so much 5 00:00:22,079 --> 00:00:25,159 Speaker 1: over the pandemic um and we've just had lots of 6 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:27,320 Speaker 1: medical things come up. But this time we're going to 7 00:00:27,400 --> 00:00:30,080 Speaker 1: talk about early surgery, and I mean very early surgery. 8 00:00:30,240 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: We're going to talk about Amboise Parrey, who has been 9 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:35,879 Speaker 1: called everything from the gentle surgeon to the father of 10 00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: modern surgery, and he really really did advance the field 11 00:00:39,040 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 1: of medicine significantly during his fifty plus years in practice. 12 00:00:43,440 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: And just for a level set, so you get a 13 00:00:45,159 --> 00:00:48,840 Speaker 1: sense of how ahead of of other things we've talked 14 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:52,279 Speaker 1: about he is. When we recently talked about Jean Baptiste 15 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:56,120 Speaker 1: Deny in our two parter about the development of blood transfusions, 16 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:59,480 Speaker 1: those events took place more than one hundred years after 17 00:00:59,520 --> 00:01:02,280 Speaker 1: what we're talking think about today. And when we talked about, 18 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:06,199 Speaker 1: for example, uh Scottish surgeon Robert Liston, who was famed 19 00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:11,399 Speaker 1: for his speedy amputations, that was three hundred years after Parrey. 20 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:13,760 Speaker 1: And so first though to set the stage, we have 21 00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: to talk a little bit about barber surgeons and some 22 00:01:16,680 --> 00:01:18,680 Speaker 1: of the other stuff that was going on in Europe 23 00:01:18,720 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: regarding this trade leading up to the sixteenth century, which 24 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:25,120 Speaker 1: is when Parrey was doing his work, and then we 25 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: will get into Amboise Parrey's story. Now, when you sent 26 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:31,040 Speaker 1: me um, when I asked what you were working on 27 00:01:31,040 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: this week and you told me, I googled it and 28 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:35,880 Speaker 1: saw the word surgeon and then saw the year and 29 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 1: kind of went Woa. We've talked about some very early 30 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:42,520 Speaker 1: surgical history before, but it was this was one that 31 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: jumped out at me. So yes, I'm glad you picked it. Yea. 32 00:01:46,720 --> 00:01:50,320 Speaker 1: So before we get into Paris story, as Holly just said, 33 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: we need to have a little overview of barber surgeons 34 00:01:54,120 --> 00:01:55,960 Speaker 1: and where they were at when he was working in 35 00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: this field. We have mentioned barber surgeons before, I don't 36 00:02:00,800 --> 00:02:04,080 Speaker 1: think we've really talked about the origins of barber surgeons 37 00:02:04,120 --> 00:02:06,960 Speaker 1: and how exactly we got to a point that you 38 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:09,880 Speaker 1: would hire the same person to shave your face as 39 00:02:09,919 --> 00:02:12,919 Speaker 1: you would to extract a tooth or amputate a limb, 40 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:17,359 Speaker 1: so wide range of job responsibilities. It seems like such 41 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:20,120 Speaker 1: a strange grouping today, but for a long time I 42 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:23,040 Speaker 1: was totally normal. Yeah, and we know that specialists in 43 00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:26,400 Speaker 1: grooming go all the way back to ancient Egypt. But 44 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 1: there's this question of like, when did the cosmetic occupation 45 00:02:30,520 --> 00:02:33,640 Speaker 1: take on all of these other duties? So the answer 46 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:37,040 Speaker 1: to that lies in the Hippocratic Oath. We won't read 47 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:39,080 Speaker 1: the whole thing. It is quite long. It includes a 48 00:02:39,120 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: lot of language about holding your teacher in the same 49 00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:44,880 Speaker 1: regard as your parents, and administering healthy diets and all 50 00:02:44,919 --> 00:02:47,600 Speaker 1: kinds of other things. But the section of it that's 51 00:02:47,639 --> 00:02:50,920 Speaker 1: germane to today's topic is this quote, I will not 52 00:02:51,120 --> 00:02:54,720 Speaker 1: use the knife, not even on sufferers from Stone, but 53 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:57,880 Speaker 1: will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged 54 00:02:57,919 --> 00:03:01,200 Speaker 1: in this work. So we should note two things here 55 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,519 Speaker 1: because you also may have heard or read a different 56 00:03:03,639 --> 00:03:06,720 Speaker 1: version of the Hippocratic Oath. First, the oath was originally 57 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:10,840 Speaker 1: written in Greek, so obviously there are translations. Second, there 58 00:03:10,919 --> 00:03:13,240 Speaker 1: is a modern version that is quite different, and you 59 00:03:13,280 --> 00:03:15,639 Speaker 1: may have heard that one. That one, though, was not 60 00:03:15,680 --> 00:03:18,600 Speaker 1: written until nineteen sixty four, so long long after m. 61 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:22,200 Speaker 1: Bois Paray's time. It was written by Toughs University academic 62 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: dean of the School of Medicine, Louis Lasagna, that phrase, 63 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:30,760 Speaker 1: though about not using the knife on patients, meant that 64 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:33,120 Speaker 1: if somebody did need surgery, there has to be a 65 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: different profession who could handle it. Physicians could take care 66 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:39,680 Speaker 1: of their patients in every way that didn't require surgery, 67 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:42,480 Speaker 1: but then if things reached a point where a knife 68 00:03:42,560 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: was involved, then the patient needed to be handed off 69 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,840 Speaker 1: to someone else, so a surgeon, or very often a 70 00:03:48,880 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 1: barber surgeon. So, from their beginnings which had the religious 71 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:56,680 Speaker 1: significance of being in charge of things like tonsuring clergy, 72 00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: barber's over time adopted additional do ease as standard for 73 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: the barber trade. Needs like bleeding or tooth extraction were 74 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:08,760 Speaker 1: handled by barbers for the simple reason that in eleven 75 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:11,520 Speaker 1: sixty three, monks, who up to that point had been 76 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:15,120 Speaker 1: providing services like blood letting, were then forbidden to do 77 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:18,840 Speaker 1: so by a papal decree issued by Pope Alexander the Third. 78 00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:22,000 Speaker 1: So at this point Hippocrates has said that physicians can't 79 00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:25,320 Speaker 1: do it, and the papal decrease said that, uh, none 80 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,760 Speaker 1: of the monks could do anything like this. So additionally, 81 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:32,920 Speaker 1: actual trained surgeons were pretty thin on the ground. Uh 82 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,400 Speaker 1: So the role of the barber continued to expand to 83 00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:40,600 Speaker 1: include more and more complex procedures until barber surgeon had 84 00:04:40,600 --> 00:04:46,000 Speaker 1: emerged as a career. Basically, basically, somebody in Europe's got 85 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:51,279 Speaker 1: to do it, and that's where we landed. In London. 86 00:04:51,600 --> 00:04:54,560 Speaker 1: The Worshipful Company of Barbers, which was founded in the 87 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,599 Speaker 1: early hundreds and still exists, was a guild for the 88 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:01,359 Speaker 1: barber profession and it supported this exp ending role. But 89 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:05,480 Speaker 1: there were also surgeons who were just surgeons. They had 90 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:09,520 Speaker 1: made their careers specializing in that field. So naturally this 91 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:13,640 Speaker 1: led to some tension. Barber surgeons felt that they were 92 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:16,880 Speaker 1: filling a really vital need for their clientele, and they were, 93 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:21,279 Speaker 1: but surgeons felt that barber surgeons were beneath them and 94 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:23,679 Speaker 1: they didn't have the same skill level because they hadn't 95 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:28,160 Speaker 1: learned Latin or gone to university, and that these combination 96 00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: shops that handled the tasks of multiple professions should really 97 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:34,960 Speaker 1: just be relegated to the country, where professionals in general 98 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:38,760 Speaker 1: were a lot more sparse. But most surgeons were employed 99 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:42,520 Speaker 1: by royal or high ranking households exclusively, so even in 100 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: the city there was still a lot of need for 101 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:48,080 Speaker 1: somebody who could do all of this stuff to compound matters. 102 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:50,960 Speaker 1: A lot of doctors thought that some of the tasks 103 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:54,760 Speaker 1: that a barber surgeon could perform, like blood letting, was 104 00:05:54,880 --> 00:05:58,240 Speaker 1: really beneath them. In the nineteen two paper, R. S. 105 00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:01,960 Speaker 1: Roberts wrote quote, despite the pretensions of the physicians, it 106 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:06,960 Speaker 1: was impossible to keep medicine, surgery and pharmacy as separate activities, 107 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,160 Speaker 1: and a more general form of practice which combined all 108 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:13,880 Speaker 1: that was necessary did develop in London just as quickly 109 00:06:13,920 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: as the provinces. There was so much strife in London 110 00:06:17,520 --> 00:06:20,400 Speaker 1: over all of this that Henry the Eighth surgeon Thomas 111 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:23,560 Speaker 1: Lineaker used his influence with the King to ask that 112 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: some sort of supervisory guidelines be put in place for surgeons. 113 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:32,400 Speaker 1: Similar requests for medical regulation came from other scholars who 114 00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:34,839 Speaker 1: had the King's ear, and for just about the entirety 115 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: of Henry the Eighth's reign, there was this sort of 116 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:40,560 Speaker 1: constant effort and struggle to get London on par with 117 00:06:40,600 --> 00:06:44,359 Speaker 1: other cities in terms of medical licensing and education. In 118 00:06:44,480 --> 00:06:47,640 Speaker 1: fifteen forty, the Company of Barber Surgeons was formed and 119 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:51,640 Speaker 1: that combined the two professions although surgeons and barber surgeons 120 00:06:51,640 --> 00:06:55,239 Speaker 1: were still separate things, but under this larger group medical 121 00:06:55,279 --> 00:06:59,120 Speaker 1: care was regulated. In France. The two had joined under 122 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: one guild eighty years earlier. In three during the reign 123 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 1: of Charles the sixth of France, the king's first barber 124 00:07:06,960 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: and valet was made head of that guild. But then 125 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: Paris had its own complexities and conflicts in the medical field. 126 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 1: Barber surgeons were sometimes called doctors of the short robe, 127 00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:20,880 Speaker 1: with doctors of the long robe being used to refer 128 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: to members of the Confraternity of Saint Come. These were 129 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: theoretically surgeons, although they often had sort of a snooty 130 00:07:28,920 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: attitude it seems, about performing surgery themselves. These doctors of 131 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:35,080 Speaker 1: the long robe had a lot of friction with the 132 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:39,760 Speaker 1: university trained physicians and with the barber surgeons. It's made 133 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:43,480 Speaker 1: Paris a very contentious place to practice medicine at all. 134 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:48,000 Speaker 1: It's so soon. All of the posturing that goes on 135 00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:51,440 Speaker 1: in the hierarchy of these medical fields is very fascinating 136 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,720 Speaker 1: to me. There was reformed to this very problematic system 137 00:07:55,840 --> 00:07:59,240 Speaker 1: just before m boise Pere was born. The Faculty de 138 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:02,400 Speaker 1: medicent assigned on a course of action to try to 139 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:06,920 Speaker 1: alleviate the tension by making barber surgeon a legitimate licensed title. 140 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:09,920 Speaker 1: That meant the barber surgeons could attend classes at the 141 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:13,200 Speaker 1: university and they had to take two exams after completing 142 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 1: their training in order to be licensed. As part of 143 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:20,600 Speaker 1: this reformation, the existing surgeons could move up in title 144 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: to doctor's region at the faculty. So this ended up 145 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:28,760 Speaker 1: consolidating these three factions into two, and it elevated both 146 00:08:28,880 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: barber surgeons and surgeons. And while this did not by 147 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:35,400 Speaker 1: any means eliminate all of these problems and posturing, it 148 00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: definitely did improve things and m las Pie was working 149 00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:42,120 Speaker 1: in the medical field right in the middle of this 150 00:08:42,280 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: unique and sometimes tense culture. We will talk about his 151 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:47,839 Speaker 1: life and career in just a moment, but first we 152 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:58,440 Speaker 1: will pause for equick sponsor break a. Boise Parrey was 153 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:02,200 Speaker 1: born in fifteen o nine or ten in Burgersson in 154 00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:05,880 Speaker 1: western France, and his path in medicine was actually set 155 00:09:05,880 --> 00:09:08,960 Speaker 1: fairly early on. Both he and his brother were set 156 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,400 Speaker 1: on educational tracks to become surgeons by their father, who 157 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:14,720 Speaker 1: was not in the medical field but did well for 158 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:18,280 Speaker 1: himself as a master carpenter. One of the key pieces 159 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,440 Speaker 1: of education that a surgeon needed was Latin, and a 160 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:26,440 Speaker 1: working knowledge of Latin was considered vital for that career, 161 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:30,000 Speaker 1: but and was never quite mastered it. That was even 162 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:31,920 Speaker 1: though he had been sent to a boarding school that 163 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: was run by a chaplain who could focus on that language. Yes, 164 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:41,200 Speaker 1: and there was a lot of very dedicated educational effort 165 00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:43,200 Speaker 1: to getting him to learn Latin, but that was just 166 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: not happening. When he was in his early twenties, Parray 167 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:50,199 Speaker 1: traveled to Paris to pursue a position as an apprentice. 168 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:53,839 Speaker 1: Despite his Latin still lacking, he did get an apprenticeship 169 00:09:53,880 --> 00:09:56,400 Speaker 1: with a master barber surgeon, so that at that point 170 00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 1: was the only possible path because that Latin requirement was 171 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:03,280 Speaker 1: not quite as vital for a barber surgeon. He didn't 172 00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,160 Speaker 1: really get a whole lot of time with the surgeon 173 00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:07,840 Speaker 1: part of the job, though. He mostly tied it up 174 00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:10,720 Speaker 1: in a shop by sweeping hair and he was occasionally 175 00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:14,000 Speaker 1: allowed to give beard trims. This was not, we should say, 176 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,000 Speaker 1: because his mentor was particularly cruel. The shop just had 177 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,840 Speaker 1: to be maintained during business hours, so most apprentices faced 178 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:24,520 Speaker 1: kind of similarly challenging schedules. There just wasn't really a 179 00:10:24,559 --> 00:10:28,280 Speaker 1: way to attend medical lectures because of this, unless they 180 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,040 Speaker 1: were lectures that were given unusually early in the morning 181 00:10:31,559 --> 00:10:34,880 Speaker 1: or late in the evening, so study of the surgery 182 00:10:34,880 --> 00:10:38,400 Speaker 1: side of the job was usually done via late night reading, 183 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 1: although there were some procedures like leaching that were taught 184 00:10:41,760 --> 00:10:46,040 Speaker 1: their hands on in the shop. I accepted this sometimes 185 00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:49,040 Speaker 1: ruling schedule and he applied himself to get to his 186 00:10:49,120 --> 00:10:52,640 Speaker 1: goal of being accredited as a barber surgeon. But the 187 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 1: diploma from the Master Barber was really just the first step. 188 00:10:56,080 --> 00:10:59,000 Speaker 1: The next phase of his education was pretty similar to 189 00:10:59,040 --> 00:11:01,960 Speaker 1: the way a modern medical doctor goes through a residency 190 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:06,360 Speaker 1: training period. For Paris, this meant a surgeon trainee position 191 00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:11,400 Speaker 1: at Hotel du de Paris starting in two As an 192 00:11:11,400 --> 00:11:14,880 Speaker 1: assigned the Hotel Dieu may one debut its own episode. 193 00:11:14,920 --> 00:11:17,839 Speaker 1: It is the oldest operating hospital in the world, It 194 00:11:17,920 --> 00:11:20,520 Speaker 1: still operates and it has its roots reaching back at 195 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,880 Speaker 1: least eleven hundred years. But for the purposes of m 196 00:11:23,880 --> 00:11:26,600 Speaker 1: Boise Pareis story, the key here is that the hotel 197 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:29,280 Speaker 1: had started as a home for the poor of Paris 198 00:11:29,679 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: that eventually added medical care for the residents to its mission. 199 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:36,840 Speaker 1: And it had actually become essentially a teaching hospital by 200 00:11:36,880 --> 00:11:40,319 Speaker 1: Parreise time. There was also sort of a weird setup 201 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:44,320 Speaker 1: for surgical training because the hospital was run by the church, 202 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:48,280 Speaker 1: and the church looked upon cutting a human body as anathema. 203 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:52,000 Speaker 1: This meant that any kind of actual surgery that m 204 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:54,680 Speaker 1: bois Parres was able to perform had to be on 205 00:11:54,840 --> 00:11:58,720 Speaker 1: deceased patients. The hospital was packed, though it was often 206 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:01,800 Speaker 1: really overcrowded, with patients having to share beds, so he 207 00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: had plenty to do. Over the course of four years, 208 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:09,880 Speaker 1: he provided care to thousands of residents, including through a 209 00:12:09,960 --> 00:12:13,360 Speaker 1: cholera outbreak, and he studied surgery in books and by 210 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 1: doing autopsies. But even though he had done all this 211 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:19,480 Speaker 1: hands on training and work to qualify for a surgical license, 212 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: stories go that this lack of Latin continued to hold 213 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 1: him back. He was not able to obtain a license. 214 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: But really most accounts indicate that it wasn't so much 215 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,839 Speaker 1: the Latin issue. It was that he was too poor 216 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:35,760 Speaker 1: to take the required certification exam. Yeah, the Latin hold 217 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:39,080 Speaker 1: back is like a nice story, but it really seems 218 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:42,360 Speaker 1: more to have been a financial issue. Regardless though, of 219 00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:44,600 Speaker 1: which of those factors was the one holding him back. 220 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:47,199 Speaker 1: He ended up on another path, and that was one 221 00:12:47,240 --> 00:12:50,000 Speaker 1: that would enable him to practice medicine even if he 222 00:12:50,040 --> 00:12:52,640 Speaker 1: did not have a license, and that was as a 223 00:12:52,679 --> 00:12:55,800 Speaker 1: member of the French military, Paray was able to get 224 00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:58,439 Speaker 1: a position as the surgeon attending the General Martial de 225 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 1: Monjan and the impact this role had on the way 226 00:13:02,200 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: Parreis practiced medicine and consequently a lot of other people. 227 00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:07,200 Speaker 1: UH kind of reminds me a little bit of the 228 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:11,120 Speaker 1: episode we did about fame Chef Augusta Scofier, because if 229 00:13:11,120 --> 00:13:13,840 Speaker 1: you heard that one and recall it, A Scofier had 230 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,880 Speaker 1: learned to improvise really impressive meals for the troops that 231 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:20,000 Speaker 1: he cooked for with minimal supplies during his time in 232 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:23,200 Speaker 1: the military. UH and m Boise Parre in kind of 233 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,680 Speaker 1: a similar move improvised treatment of wounds when his medical 234 00:13:26,760 --> 00:13:30,560 Speaker 1: supplies ran low. Paia described a key moment and his 235 00:13:30,679 --> 00:13:34,160 Speaker 1: military career during the fifteen thirty seven Siege of Turin 236 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:36,600 Speaker 1: when he ran out of the oil that they normally 237 00:13:36,880 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 1: boiled to cauterize amputation and gunshot wounds. This is the 238 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: treatment that he had always felt was often really damaging 239 00:13:44,559 --> 00:13:48,600 Speaker 1: and risky to the soldiers, So it is very easy 240 00:13:48,760 --> 00:13:51,480 Speaker 1: to the modern ear to immediately hear that whole boiling 241 00:13:51,480 --> 00:13:53,640 Speaker 1: oil thing and think, WHOA, what were they thinking? They're 242 00:13:53,679 --> 00:13:56,800 Speaker 1: so foolish. Keep in mind, though, this is really still 243 00:13:56,880 --> 00:14:01,079 Speaker 1: pretty early in the use of gunpowder artillery in ar Uh. 244 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:03,960 Speaker 1: There are references to artillery on battlefields as early as 245 00:14:03,960 --> 00:14:06,960 Speaker 1: the mid fourteenth century, but in the years between then 246 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,400 Speaker 1: and when Parrey was deployed, the use of such weapons 247 00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:13,880 Speaker 1: had grown pretty slowly. In the Italian wars which Parret 248 00:14:13,960 --> 00:14:17,360 Speaker 1: found himself part of as France and Spain battled over 249 00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:21,760 Speaker 1: control of Italian territories, were marked by a significant uptick 250 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 1: in the amount and variety of firearms used, and there 251 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: was still a commonly held belief that there was poison 252 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: in gunpowder, so the oil was thought to somehow counter that. 253 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: Parret listed the weapons of war, and his writing as 254 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:41,440 Speaker 1: quote all sorts of minds, countermines, pots of fire, trains, 255 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: fiery arrows, lances, crossbows, barrels, balls of fire, and all 256 00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:53,240 Speaker 1: such fiery engines and inventions. They are certainly a most 257 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:57,240 Speaker 1: miserable and pernicious kind of invention by which we often 258 00:14:57,280 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: see a thousand unsuspecting men blown up with a mind 259 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:04,400 Speaker 1: by the force of gunpowder. For these modern inventions are 260 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: such as easily exceed all the best appointed and cruel engines, 261 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:12,280 Speaker 1: which can be mentioned or thought upon in the shape, cruelty, 262 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: and appearance of their operations. Yeah, as many physicians, he 263 00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:21,200 Speaker 1: had very strong opinions about firearms, But his improvisation in 264 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: this moment and its results changed the way he looked 265 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: at medicine forever, and he wrote about it. This is translated. Obviously. 266 00:15:28,320 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: At last my oil ran short, and I was forced 267 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:34,360 Speaker 1: instead thereof to apply a digestive made of the yolks 268 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,560 Speaker 1: of eggs, oil of roses, and turpentine. In the night 269 00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,800 Speaker 1: I could not sleep in quiet, fearing some default in 270 00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:44,880 Speaker 1: not cauterizing that I should find the sounded to whom 271 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:47,400 Speaker 1: I had not used the said oil dead from the 272 00:15:47,440 --> 00:15:50,440 Speaker 1: poison of their wounds, which made me rise very early 273 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:54,000 Speaker 1: to visit them, where beyond my expectation, I found that 274 00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:56,880 Speaker 1: those to whom I had applied my digestive medicament had 275 00:15:56,920 --> 00:16:00,440 Speaker 1: but little pain in their wounds, without inflammation or swelling, 276 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:04,200 Speaker 1: having rested fairly well that night. The others to whom 277 00:16:04,240 --> 00:16:07,400 Speaker 1: the boiling oil was used, I found feverish, with great 278 00:16:07,440 --> 00:16:11,040 Speaker 1: pain and swelling about the edges of their wounds. Then 279 00:16:11,120 --> 00:16:14,480 Speaker 1: I resolved never more to burn thus cruelly poor men 280 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: with gunshot wounds. So to be clear, this was hugely risky. 281 00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: If these soldiers had died because of Pare's experimental treatment, 282 00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: not only would he have felt responsible, he also probably 283 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:30,800 Speaker 1: would have been kicked out of the military. Additionally, it 284 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: would have also likely ended any hope he had of 285 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: being a barber surgeon beyond the battlefield. So it's really 286 00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:40,720 Speaker 1: no surprise that he couldn't sleep. And this discovery that 287 00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: an alternate approach to treating wounds, one that did not 288 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:48,760 Speaker 1: involve pouring boiling oil on already suffering patients, was successful, 289 00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,200 Speaker 1: gave Paris a new degree of confidence. He started to 290 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:56,360 Speaker 1: extol the virtues of observing patients and treating based on 291 00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,400 Speaker 1: assessment of the individual, rather than only going by what 292 00:16:59,480 --> 00:17:02,800 Speaker 1: appeared in books as the prescribed method for a particular 293 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:06,639 Speaker 1: type of injury. He had also decided from that moment 294 00:17:06,680 --> 00:17:09,480 Speaker 1: that he would only use treatments that he truly believed 295 00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:11,879 Speaker 1: to be useful, So in a way, he was making 296 00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:14,760 Speaker 1: a conscious decision to trust his instincts because he had 297 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,960 Speaker 1: always suspected that scalding oil was not the best idea, 298 00:17:18,480 --> 00:17:22,040 Speaker 1: but now he had experiential proof that another approach created 299 00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:24,720 Speaker 1: a far better outcome. Up to the time that he 300 00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:28,359 Speaker 1: became a military medic, Claret's knowledge about surgery was like 301 00:17:28,520 --> 00:17:31,400 Speaker 1: most medical professionals of the time, based on the writings 302 00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,560 Speaker 1: of Galen. Galen moved medical practice forward in a lot 303 00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:40,120 Speaker 1: of ways. He clarified understanding of anatomy, particularly the circulatory 304 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,680 Speaker 1: system and the workings of respiration, and he also did 305 00:17:43,720 --> 00:17:47,679 Speaker 1: a lot of surgeries. He cared for gladiators and accompanied 306 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:50,800 Speaker 1: Marcus Aurelius into battle to care for the troops, so 307 00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 1: he had plenty of injuries to treat and to learn from. 308 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:57,879 Speaker 1: But Galen lived in the first century, so a lot 309 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:01,120 Speaker 1: of his ideas were outdated by the I Parry was working, 310 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:03,560 Speaker 1: even though he was still a really key part of 311 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 1: standard medical education. His writing, for example, was based on 312 00:18:07,760 --> 00:18:11,880 Speaker 1: the idea of bodily humors that Hippocrates had developed. Most 313 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:14,879 Speaker 1: of the early sixteenth century medical profession still had an 314 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:19,160 Speaker 1: almost dogmatic devotion to following Galen's writings to the letter, 315 00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: even though Galen himself wrote about the importance of personal observation. 316 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:27,600 Speaker 1: Paris continued to elevate the care of wounded soldiers as 317 00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,000 Speaker 1: a field medic and surgeon over the course of several 318 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:34,199 Speaker 1: military tours, and that dedication paid off. Although he was 319 00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,160 Speaker 1: encouraged to stay in the military because of his usefulness. 320 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:40,040 Speaker 1: In fifteen forty one he returned to Paris and he 321 00:18:40,080 --> 00:18:42,960 Speaker 1: was able to take the necessary examinations that he needed, 322 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: and he was given the title of Master barber surgeon. 323 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,000 Speaker 1: He also got married after he went home to Paris, 324 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:51,200 Speaker 1: and he basically set himself up with a house and 325 00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:53,840 Speaker 1: a shop in what is modern day Place de Michel. 326 00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:57,480 Speaker 1: Pire went back to the military in fifteen forty two 327 00:18:57,480 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: when he was selected by the Grand Lord of Britain 328 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,280 Speaker 1: name to be his surgeon on campaigns. It was during 329 00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,239 Speaker 1: this phase of military touring that Parre developed a new 330 00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: technique for dislodging bullets from wounds by having the wounded 331 00:19:10,520 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: person placed their body in the position they had been 332 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: in when they were shot, so that he could more 333 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:18,879 Speaker 1: easily track the bullets trajectory. It seems like such a 334 00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:22,080 Speaker 1: cool and interesting thing, rather than people digging around in 335 00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:25,480 Speaker 1: wounds going how exactly were you standing. I see it 336 00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: entered here. It probably went here. It seems so obvious, 337 00:19:28,640 --> 00:19:31,280 Speaker 1: and yet was not standard at all. And one of 338 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: the reasons that we know about m. Bois Pararey's experiences 339 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,040 Speaker 1: and his refinement of surgical techniques is because he wrote 340 00:19:38,160 --> 00:19:40,520 Speaker 1: numerous books on those subjects. And we're going to talk 341 00:19:40,520 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: about the beginning of his work as an author after 342 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:44,920 Speaker 1: we hear from some of the sponsors that keep stuff 343 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:55,240 Speaker 1: you missed in history class going. After he returned to 344 00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:57,760 Speaker 1: Paris again and on the advice of one of the 345 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: physicians at the Faculty de Midicant, and started writing about 346 00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,160 Speaker 1: his work. And this is where not having learned Latin 347 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,919 Speaker 1: actually helped make him even more well known. He wrote 348 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,520 Speaker 1: in French that was unusual for medical texts, and as 349 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:16,440 Speaker 1: a consequence, it made them accessible to a far wider audience. 350 00:20:17,080 --> 00:20:19,399 Speaker 1: Whereas the use of Latin in the medical field had 351 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,680 Speaker 1: always been a separator between the well educated and the masses, 352 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:26,439 Speaker 1: Parei's work disregarded that divide, and to some degree it 353 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:31,320 Speaker 1: democratized medical knowledge. Barber surgeons were no longer left out 354 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:34,719 Speaker 1: of the conversation. They were reading the exact same text 355 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:38,159 Speaker 1: as master surgeons. When it came to Parais's work. The 356 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,639 Speaker 1: use of French for his writing also meant that translations 357 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:45,520 Speaker 1: of his works went into circulation really quickly. Soon there 358 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:49,320 Speaker 1: were printings of paris writings in English, German and Dutch, 359 00:20:49,359 --> 00:20:52,960 Speaker 1: and they spread quickly throughout all of Europe. And because 360 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,320 Speaker 1: of this, his ideas created a true watershed moment in 361 00:20:56,359 --> 00:21:00,359 Speaker 1: medical history where practitioners started re examining some pretty long 362 00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:04,800 Speaker 1: held truths. His first book was published in and it 363 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: was titled The Method of Treating Wounds made by arquebuses 364 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:12,920 Speaker 1: and other firearms, darts and such. Also combustion made especially 365 00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: by cannon powder. So just as quick aside, an arc 366 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:19,159 Speaker 1: bus was a long gun sort of a precursor to 367 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:22,760 Speaker 1: the musket. And the preface to that book really evidences 368 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:27,360 Speaker 1: pires religious devotion. It is dedicated quote to young surgeons 369 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:30,720 Speaker 1: of goodwill, and after a few opening lines about how 370 00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:33,480 Speaker 1: he was asked to share his knowledge of treating wounds, 371 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:37,200 Speaker 1: it reads quote, not presuming in my present capacity being 372 00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:40,960 Speaker 1: able to teach you, for which more instruction would be necessary, 373 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,399 Speaker 1: but to satisfy your desire in part, and also stimulate 374 00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:47,439 Speaker 1: some higher spirit by writing in this way, so we 375 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,879 Speaker 1: can all give it greater attention. Now I ask you 376 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,119 Speaker 1: humbly to take this little book kindly, which, if I 377 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,600 Speaker 1: know you are agreeable, will cause me to do something 378 00:21:56,640 --> 00:22:00,400 Speaker 1: more such as my small mind can undertake, or such 379 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: I pray the creator, brothers and friends to happily support 380 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:07,399 Speaker 1: our work by his grace, always increasing our good affections, 381 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: so that something fruitful and useful can come of it. 382 00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 1: To the support of the infirmity of human life, and 383 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 1: to the honor of the one in whom are hidden 384 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,879 Speaker 1: all the treasures of science, who is the eternal God. 385 00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:23,520 Speaker 1: This religious reference is also reflected in a phrase that's 386 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,920 Speaker 1: often associated with pie, which is jo la PASSI do 387 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,520 Speaker 1: the guree, which is I bandaged him. God cured him 388 00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:35,120 Speaker 1: parre with a lot of course study. In his early years, 389 00:22:35,119 --> 00:22:37,920 Speaker 1: you'll remember he did a lot of book learning combined 390 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 1: with his situational experience on the battlefield. Wrote about the 391 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,280 Speaker 1: various changes to treatments that he had developed while in 392 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:47,960 Speaker 1: military service, and this of course included his opinion that 393 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: hot oil lad to pain that could be avoided in 394 00:22:50,119 --> 00:22:53,800 Speaker 1: amputation situations, and that the oil could actually damage the 395 00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:57,960 Speaker 1: tissue and slow healing. He continually worked to be objective 396 00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:01,399 Speaker 1: about reconsidering old methods of doing things as compared to 397 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:04,440 Speaker 1: his new ideas. He never presumed that his way was better, 398 00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:08,520 Speaker 1: and he always offered reasoned explanations and situations where he 399 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,920 Speaker 1: felt that surgeons should perhaps update their practice to include 400 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:16,159 Speaker 1: new techniques. In all of his writings, the really pervasive 401 00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:19,200 Speaker 1: aspect of it is that he speaks of compassion and 402 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: kindness and remembering that saving lives is worth the effort. 403 00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:26,359 Speaker 1: This isn't necessarily common in medical text at this time, 404 00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:28,520 Speaker 1: so it was very unusual, and all of this led 405 00:23:28,560 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 1: to his nickname in history as the Gentle Surgeon. In 406 00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,240 Speaker 1: fifteen fifty he published his second book, which was Brief 407 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:38,719 Speaker 1: Collection for the Conduct of Anatomy, and once that was out, 408 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,560 Speaker 1: he started editing and updating his first book for release 409 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,360 Speaker 1: as a second edition. Right after that second edition project, 410 00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,680 Speaker 1: he was once again attending to soldiers on the battlefield 411 00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:53,080 Speaker 1: with uh. The medics under Vicom de Rohan and Parey 412 00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,320 Speaker 1: is said to have gone to great efforts to save 413 00:23:55,359 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 1: a soldier who everyone believed was going to die. They 414 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,480 Speaker 1: had actually already dug a grave for him, and that 415 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:03,439 Speaker 1: his dedication to saving even the lowest ranking of the 416 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,920 Speaker 1: troops gained him great admiration and loyalty among the men. 417 00:24:07,640 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: During this deployment, Paris started to use ligatures to tie 418 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:17,080 Speaker 1: off vessels during amputations, abandoning the use of hot iron cauterization. 419 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:21,040 Speaker 1: When the city of Myts was overwhelmed by the forces 420 00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:24,479 Speaker 1: of Emperor Charles the fifth and Boise, Pari was snuck 421 00:24:24,560 --> 00:24:27,280 Speaker 1: past the occupation forces so that he could treat trapped 422 00:24:27,359 --> 00:24:31,399 Speaker 1: soldiers there. Because of this and his extraordinary service throughout 423 00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:34,760 Speaker 1: his military assignments, King Henry the second of France appointed 424 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,440 Speaker 1: him to be one of the King's surgeons. This honor 425 00:24:37,520 --> 00:24:40,880 Speaker 1: came with some strings, though, because after the battles in Lochen, 426 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:43,840 Speaker 1: Parrey had returned home to his practice in Paris in 427 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:46,959 Speaker 1: fifteen fifty three, only to have the king ordered him 428 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: almost immediately to another battlefield in Ada, where the situation 429 00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:53,679 Speaker 1: was quite dire, and Parrey were day and night to 430 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:57,560 Speaker 1: try to treat the overwhelming number of wounded. Things grew 431 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: even more precarious when Parey was taken prisoner along with 432 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,600 Speaker 1: the rest of the French garrison. He disguised himself at 433 00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,000 Speaker 1: this point as a low ranking soldier so that his 434 00:25:07,080 --> 00:25:10,080 Speaker 1: identity would not be revealed at this point. Remember, his 435 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:12,800 Speaker 1: stuff had started to be translated and spread throughout Europe, 436 00:25:12,840 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 1: so people knew who he was, and he knew that 437 00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,000 Speaker 1: like that could potentially endanger him or cause his captors 438 00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:21,920 Speaker 1: to ask for a very high ransom. But he did 439 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:24,879 Speaker 1: continue to treat people medically during this time, and he 440 00:25:24,920 --> 00:25:28,480 Speaker 1: actually managed to secure his freedom by treating an enemy 441 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:31,240 Speaker 1: officer I believe it was for an ulcer on his leg. 442 00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,120 Speaker 1: And he returned to King Henry the Second and gave 443 00:25:34,240 --> 00:25:37,760 Speaker 1: his report before once again at least attempting to return 444 00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:41,520 Speaker 1: to his civilian life. In fifteen fifty four, his career 445 00:25:41,560 --> 00:25:44,439 Speaker 1: took another step forward. He was granted the title of 446 00:25:44,560 --> 00:25:47,760 Speaker 1: master Surgeon, in part because the surgeons of the city 447 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:50,560 Speaker 1: knew it would make them look good. He became the 448 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:54,080 Speaker 1: surgeon attending King Francis the Second. Yeah, this is actually 449 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,639 Speaker 1: pretty pivotal, where somebody who came up as a barber 450 00:25:57,680 --> 00:26:02,600 Speaker 1: surgeon suddenly all of the snoop to your levels of 451 00:26:02,640 --> 00:26:05,440 Speaker 1: the medical establishment were like no, no, no, you're one 452 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:10,320 Speaker 1: of us, You're famous and stuff. Um. He was sent 453 00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: on two more military campaigns, at San Quentin and der Lain, 454 00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,800 Speaker 1: and when Charles the ninth became King of France. Parrey 455 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:20,880 Speaker 1: was once again in that monarch service. As the French 456 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 1: Wars of Religion began. They dominated Parei's professional life just 457 00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,760 Speaker 1: as other conflicts had, because he was ordered to treat 458 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:30,639 Speaker 1: soldiers at the request of the crown. Although he was 459 00:26:30,720 --> 00:26:33,440 Speaker 1: sent away from Paris less and less often, likely because 460 00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:36,560 Speaker 1: at this point he was getting a bit older. Parke 461 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,840 Speaker 1: continued to write, and in fifteen sixty four he released 462 00:26:39,880 --> 00:26:43,800 Speaker 1: a highly illustrated project titled Ten Books of Surgery, with 463 00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:47,840 Speaker 1: the magazine of the instruments necessary for it. He also 464 00:26:47,920 --> 00:26:51,680 Speaker 1: developed a specialized clamp called a becht de carbat, which 465 00:26:51,680 --> 00:26:53,720 Speaker 1: is a crow's beak and that would help hold a 466 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: vessel closed to keep patients from bleeding out. This was 467 00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:00,639 Speaker 1: using cases where a wound had severn the vessel and 468 00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:03,520 Speaker 1: the surgeon could quickly stem the bleeding with the clamp 469 00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: to improve survival rates. He also invented a number of 470 00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:10,000 Speaker 1: other clamps with similarly charming names, the beck de glu 471 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,400 Speaker 1: in English as the crane's beak uh and another called 472 00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: a duck's beak that's a beckt gun. We're both developed 473 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: for bullet extraction. These were long and thin, so they 474 00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:22,720 Speaker 1: could reach deep into the tissue to get to a 475 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:25,400 Speaker 1: bullet without having to widen the entry wound too much. 476 00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:29,600 Speaker 1: That was an ongoing problem. Again, Paris focus on preserving 477 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,760 Speaker 1: the tissue and treating the patient as gently as possible 478 00:27:33,160 --> 00:27:37,600 Speaker 1: is driving his innovation. Gentle handling of patients and their 479 00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:41,400 Speaker 1: tissue was just a really important part of Pare's writing 480 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:46,200 Speaker 1: and work. It was accepted and also expected that patients 481 00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:49,840 Speaker 1: would have incredible pain during surgery. If you recall our 482 00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:52,960 Speaker 1: episode on Scottish surgeon Robert Liston, which was in the 483 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:56,919 Speaker 1: eighteen hundreds, you may remember that he became famous for 484 00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: his speed at surgical procedures and was deemed to be 485 00:28:00,280 --> 00:28:03,399 Speaker 1: a showboater because of it, But his real goal with 486 00:28:03,480 --> 00:28:09,000 Speaker 1: that was to keep the patient's pain as brief as possible. Similarly, 487 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,040 Speaker 1: m bois Parare, several centuries before that, was also trying 488 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:15,639 Speaker 1: to be as brief as possible with the scalpel and 489 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:18,240 Speaker 1: to be as gentle as you possibly could in the 490 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:22,240 Speaker 1: hopes of minimizing suffering. Long before it was customary, and 491 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:26,159 Speaker 1: Bois Parret was encouraging the medical profession to embrace the 492 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,240 Speaker 1: idea of pain management for patients as well as more 493 00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:31,960 Speaker 1: comprehensive follow up care on the part of the surgeon. 494 00:28:32,720 --> 00:28:35,560 Speaker 1: So he, like a lot of people, dispensed opium for 495 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:39,400 Speaker 1: postop recovery. Although this wasn't just like a blanket thing 496 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:41,280 Speaker 1: to knock people out. He was trying to really like 497 00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 1: carefully determine how much they needed to help them with 498 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:47,560 Speaker 1: their pain. And at a time when surgeons typically kind 499 00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:50,160 Speaker 1: of performed a procedure and then left any after care 500 00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: to physicians and nurses, he believed in remaining part of 501 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,800 Speaker 1: the recovery team for the patient after that surgery was completed. 502 00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:00,280 Speaker 1: When Charles the Ninth died in fifteen seventy four, Parre 503 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:03,680 Speaker 1: remained the king's surgeon under the new regent that was 504 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:07,400 Speaker 1: Charles's brother, Henry the Third. He was also elevated to 505 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,120 Speaker 1: the position of Vale de Chambre Pare served Henry the 506 00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:14,560 Speaker 1: Third until the king's assassination in fifteen eighty nine. In 507 00:29:14,640 --> 00:29:18,040 Speaker 1: fifteen seventy five, Parrey published his Complete Works of m 508 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,960 Speaker 1: Boise Pare, Counselor and Premier Surgeon of the King. This 509 00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,960 Speaker 1: volume gathered together all of his writings on surgery and 510 00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:27,920 Speaker 1: medicine into one and It was edited and revised as needed, 511 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:30,840 Speaker 1: and it was so popular that it had multiple edition 512 00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: runs over the course of the following century. In sixteen 513 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:37,640 Speaker 1: thirty four it was translated into English for publication in London. 514 00:29:38,120 --> 00:29:41,800 Speaker 1: In fifteen eighty five, his last book, Apology and Treatise, 515 00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:44,800 Speaker 1: was released, and this became his most famous work. It 516 00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:48,720 Speaker 1: was part medical discussion, part autobiography. It covered his medical 517 00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: career during the fifty years from fifteen thirty five until 518 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:55,680 Speaker 1: its publication. At its heart, it was a drama because 519 00:29:55,720 --> 00:30:00,200 Speaker 1: it was a response to criticism from his contemporary Etienne Grandma. 520 00:30:00,680 --> 00:30:05,040 Speaker 1: He was dean of the faculty in medicine. Gourmlan's own 521 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:08,120 Speaker 1: writing on surgery had never been as popular as Paris, 522 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:12,480 Speaker 1: and it definitely led to some tension. One Gourmelan wrote 523 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:16,080 Speaker 1: a book about surgical techniques in which he criticized Paris 524 00:30:16,120 --> 00:30:19,800 Speaker 1: amputation literatures. Yeah, I think it probably ground his gears 525 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,080 Speaker 1: a little bit, that he was a more of a 526 00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:25,160 Speaker 1: trained and educated surgeon and yet no one was listening 527 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,400 Speaker 1: to him when a barber surgeon had gotten famous written 528 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:32,200 Speaker 1: books and everyone wanted to read them. Apology and Treatise 529 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:36,160 Speaker 1: takes on these criticisms of Gormlan's and outlines the many 530 00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:39,560 Speaker 1: ways in which Parrey shifted thinking in the medical community 531 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:43,960 Speaker 1: throughout his career. Basically, he's establishing his street cred and 532 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 1: then he kind of addresses the actual criticism and the 533 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,800 Speaker 1: whole thing is also written with the usual careful analysis 534 00:30:50,840 --> 00:30:54,720 Speaker 1: and logic that he became famous for, including detailed case 535 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:57,920 Speaker 1: histories that supported his work. And this whole thing was 536 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:01,800 Speaker 1: a huge humiliation for Gormlan. Uh, I'm just like Gormelan 537 00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:07,200 Speaker 1: shouldn't have been a jerk. Then he allegedly wrote a 538 00:31:07,320 --> 00:31:11,840 Speaker 1: response to it that was written anonymously, and it's kind 539 00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:15,719 Speaker 1: of this like week, well, you don't know, kind of 540 00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:18,520 Speaker 1: paper that he I can't remember if it was written 541 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:21,200 Speaker 1: anonymously or if he had one of his students published 542 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:23,960 Speaker 1: it under their name. But Gormlan did not really get 543 00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:29,400 Speaker 1: over it, but he was shamed. That sadly brings us 544 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:32,240 Speaker 1: to the end of m Bois Parre's life. He died 545 00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: at home in bed on December at the age of eighty. Yeah. 546 00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,000 Speaker 1: I I literally had this moment where I was doing 547 00:31:40,040 --> 00:31:42,440 Speaker 1: the math on the length of his career and I 548 00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:45,960 Speaker 1: was like, wait, he couldn't have been practicing fifty years, Yes, 549 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:50,400 Speaker 1: fifty years um at a time when I I wonder 550 00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:52,960 Speaker 1: how many people even had any career for fifty years, 551 00:31:53,640 --> 00:31:56,880 Speaker 1: particularly one that changed the way that people practice medicine. 552 00:31:56,880 --> 00:31:59,760 Speaker 1: And he undoubtedly, I mean, he saved a lot of 553 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,200 Speaker 1: live directly himself, but there's no real way to measure 554 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: how many lives were made better or saved because other 555 00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:11,720 Speaker 1: doctors were like, I think he's onto something, Bois Paris, 556 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:16,800 Speaker 1: thank you for suggesting being gentle nice. Do you have 557 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: some listener mail to take us out? I do. I 558 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,840 Speaker 1: have a couple of males about our Sonora Webster Carver. 559 00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,239 Speaker 1: Episode one is from Stephanie, who writes, hey, gals, I 560 00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:28,520 Speaker 1: saw the movie in fifth grade history class and had 561 00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:30,400 Speaker 1: no idea what it was called and was starting to 562 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:32,840 Speaker 1: feel like I had dreamed it up. I was enjoying 563 00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: the podcast like all others, and then you got to 564 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:36,680 Speaker 1: the part where she went blind, and I thought, oh wait, 565 00:32:36,760 --> 00:32:40,040 Speaker 1: it's that movie. I then waited excitedly for you to 566 00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: get to that part. And I'm glad you guys cover 567 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:44,000 Speaker 1: this topic so I don't have to keep wondering about 568 00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:46,000 Speaker 1: that vague memory of a film I saw back in 569 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,680 Speaker 1: the early nineties. Thank you for the last ten fifteen 570 00:32:48,720 --> 00:32:50,680 Speaker 1: years of this podcast. I go back to when it 571 00:32:50,760 --> 00:32:52,600 Speaker 1: was the five minute format where it was posed as 572 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:54,920 Speaker 1: a question, which was always funny since the answer was 573 00:32:54,960 --> 00:32:57,920 Speaker 1: always in the title. Uh. That's from Stephanie, and she 574 00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:02,680 Speaker 1: sent a picture of two kiddies. They are too gorgeous 575 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: orange boys named Bunsen and Beaker, and they are super 576 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 1: beautiful and I hope that they, like most orange kitties, 577 00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: are very snugly. They look at they're definitely very snugly 578 00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:15,959 Speaker 1: with each other and thisture so good. Oh, they're so cute. 579 00:33:16,080 --> 00:33:18,960 Speaker 1: I want to hug it. I also wanted to read 580 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:23,360 Speaker 1: another Sonora Webster Carver email from our listener Rebecca, who writes, 581 00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:25,680 Speaker 1: I discovered your podcast about five years ago when I 582 00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 1: was attending grad school for theater in London, and I've 583 00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:31,400 Speaker 1: enjoyed every episode since. That sounds like a fabulous story 584 00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:32,920 Speaker 1: in and of itself. I want to get that whole 585 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,680 Speaker 1: back story. She writes, I was so excited to see 586 00:33:35,680 --> 00:33:38,480 Speaker 1: your episode of Sonora Webster Carver in my feed. I'm 587 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:40,920 Speaker 1: from a town right outside of Atlantic City and my 588 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:43,640 Speaker 1: family has been tied to the city for four generations. 589 00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:47,720 Speaker 1: My mom's china cabinet is dedicated to pieces her grandparents 590 00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:50,040 Speaker 1: stole from some of the hotels they worked in from 591 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:52,360 Speaker 1: the nineteen twenties and thirties, and she was one of 592 00:33:52,360 --> 00:33:55,040 Speaker 1: the original show girls at Resorts, which was the first 593 00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,800 Speaker 1: casino to open. But I am most proud of my 594 00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:01,240 Speaker 1: family history with Atlantic City is that my grandmother was 595 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: the first female bank teller in the city. I remember 596 00:34:04,440 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: hearing stories from my grandmother about seeing Sonora and the 597 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:10,320 Speaker 1: diving horses when she was a little girl. The idea 598 00:34:10,360 --> 00:34:12,359 Speaker 1: of it always freaked me out, but it was great 599 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,319 Speaker 1: actually learning about Sonora's life. I was a little girl 600 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:18,000 Speaker 1: when they wanted to bring the diving horses or donkeys back, 601 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:21,480 Speaker 1: and I remember the controversy around it. Atlantic City has 602 00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:23,719 Speaker 1: such a fascinating and rich history, and I cannot thank 603 00:34:23,719 --> 00:34:25,719 Speaker 1: you enough for this episode. It is always nice to 604 00:34:25,719 --> 00:34:29,280 Speaker 1: hear a podcast that connects me to home. Um so fun. 605 00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:33,319 Speaker 1: What a fabulous family history, Rebecca. I hope you write 606 00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:35,239 Speaker 1: a story about all of this because it sounds great, 607 00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:37,520 Speaker 1: and thank you so much for writing in. If you 608 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:39,200 Speaker 1: would like to write to us, you can do so 609 00:34:39,320 --> 00:34:42,160 Speaker 1: at History Podcast at iHeart radio dot com. 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