1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:01,960 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:06,320 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey y'all, I'm Eves and Welcome to This 3 00:00:06,400 --> 00:00:09,080 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a podcast for people who can 4 00:00:09,160 --> 00:00:23,919 Speaker 1: never know enough about history. Today is the day was 5 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:28,120 Speaker 1: made twentieth. Nineteen o two, Cuba gained independence from the 6 00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:32,280 Speaker 1: United States and a republican administration began in the country 7 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:36,920 Speaker 1: under Thomas Estrada Palma. From eighteen sixty eight to eighteen 8 00:00:36,960 --> 00:00:39,920 Speaker 1: seventy eight, Cuba was involved in the Ten Years War, 9 00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:44,760 Speaker 1: a war for Cuba's independence from Spain. Cubans had grown 10 00:00:44,760 --> 00:00:49,560 Speaker 1: dissatisfied with Spanish administration, and a revolution led by Carlos 11 00:00:49,640 --> 00:00:54,040 Speaker 1: Manuel de Cespedes began. The war ended with the Pact 12 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:57,920 Speaker 1: of on hone, which promised Cuba more reforms in autonomy, 13 00:00:58,360 --> 00:01:01,280 Speaker 1: but all those promises were not met and the conflict 14 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: did not end there. In eighteen seventy nine, the so 15 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: called Little War began. One of its leaders was Kaliksto Garcia, 16 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:13,600 Speaker 1: a revolutionary who did not sign the Pact of zen hone. 17 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:17,600 Speaker 1: But by September of eighteen eighty the uprising had been suppressed, 18 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: but there still had been no true reform. The Cuban 19 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:26,440 Speaker 1: War for Independence began in eighteen ninety led by Kalisto Garcia, 20 00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:31,840 Speaker 1: Maximo Gomez, and Jose Marti. This conflict continued previous struggles 21 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:36,840 Speaker 1: for Cuban independence from Spanish rules. Posse Marti presented the 22 00:01:36,880 --> 00:01:41,720 Speaker 1: Manifesto of Monte Cristi, which detailed the insurgents war policy. 23 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:44,720 Speaker 1: It said that black people and white people alike would 24 00:01:44,800 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: participate in the war, that the participation of all black 25 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:51,600 Speaker 1: people was crucial for victory, and that Spaniards who did 26 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:54,680 Speaker 1: not object to the war would be spared. It also 27 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:58,240 Speaker 1: said that private rural properties should not be destroyed and 28 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:01,440 Speaker 1: that the revolution would bring new economic life to Cuba. 29 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:06,600 Speaker 1: The revolutionaries opposed Spanish political rule, but they also supported 30 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: an overhaul of the Cuban social system. By early eighteen 31 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:14,679 Speaker 1: ninety six, rebel forces controlled most of Cuba. They soon 32 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: earned the support of the majority of the population. Spanish 33 00:02:18,400 --> 00:02:22,480 Speaker 1: authorities responded to the revolutionaries efforts by increasing the number 34 00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:25,080 Speaker 1: of troops on the island and sending people in the 35 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:30,279 Speaker 1: countryside to concentration camps and fortified towns, but the devastating 36 00:02:30,280 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: effects of the concentration camps led to more Cubans supporting 37 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:39,519 Speaker 1: the revolutionaries. While Cubans targeted planters in control the countryside, 38 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:44,760 Speaker 1: the Spanish controlled the cities and targeted peasants. In seven, 39 00:02:44,960 --> 00:02:47,839 Speaker 1: Spain offered home rule to Cuba, but as the War 40 00:02:47,880 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 1: of Independence drew to a close, in eight the conflict 41 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: transformed into the Spanish American War. By this point, the 42 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:58,679 Speaker 1: conflict in Cuba had captured the attention of people in 43 00:02:58,720 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: the United States. The US had an interest in driving 44 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:06,720 Speaker 1: out European colonial powers, and yellow journalism exaggerated news of 45 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:12,320 Speaker 1: Spanish atrocities against Cubans and stories of rebel bravery. When 46 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:15,320 Speaker 1: the U s s main exploded and sank in Havana's harbor, 47 00:03:15,720 --> 00:03:18,840 Speaker 1: the U S had pretext for military intervention in Cuba. 48 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:22,960 Speaker 1: The Spanish American War took place over the next four months. 49 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,560 Speaker 1: The US emerged victorious, and in December of eighteen ninety eight, 50 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:31,200 Speaker 1: the US and Spanish governments signed the Treaty of Paris. 51 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:36,120 Speaker 1: Spain withdrew from Cuba, but Cuba remained under US military 52 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:41,040 Speaker 1: occupation for more than three years. On nineteen o two, 53 00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:44,839 Speaker 1: Cuba gained independence from the US, but with certain conditions. 54 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,680 Speaker 1: Cuba was prohibited from transferring land to any foreign power 55 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,880 Speaker 1: besides the US. The US reserved the right to intervene 56 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:55,360 Speaker 1: in Cuba, and the US established a lease for Guantanamo 57 00:03:55,440 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: Bay Naval Base. Thomas Estrada Palma became the first press 58 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:04,080 Speaker 1: of the Republic of Cuba, and the following years the 59 00:04:04,160 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: US maintained a heavy influence in Cuba and the country 60 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: faced more political and social unrest. I'm Eve Jeffcote and 61 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:15,080 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 62 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:18,880 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. And if you have any comments or suggestions, 63 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:21,520 Speaker 1: you can send them to us at this day at 64 00:04:21,560 --> 00:04:24,400 Speaker 1: iHeart media dot com. You can also follow us on 65 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:29,279 Speaker 1: social media at t d I h C podcast. Thanks 66 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:31,640 Speaker 1: again for listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. 67 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:44,279 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart 68 00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:46,800 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 69 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:47,480 Speaker 1: favorite shows.