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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Fara Dowdy and I'm Delaine Chalk Reboardings. And recently

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Speaker 1: we started a new series, a Bourbon series, not the

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Speaker 1: liquor as you mentioned at all. It's about the House

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Speaker 1: of Bourbon of France and Spain as well. Later find

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Speaker 1: out in Spain as well. Yes, you'll find out in

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Speaker 1: a few weeks perhaps, But we kicked off the series

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Speaker 1: with the assassination of the first French Bourbon King, Henry

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Speaker 1: the fourth, and the more recent news about the identification

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Speaker 1: of his decapitated head. Yes, his head, which had circulated

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Speaker 1: amongst collectors collector collectors for several years and was finally

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Speaker 1: confirmed to be his head. I still can't really get

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Speaker 1: over that story. But we're gonna be picking that line

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Speaker 1: up with his son Louiet, and it's interesting. But sometimes

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Speaker 1: the ministers behind rulers turn out to be more influential

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Speaker 1: or at least better remembered than the monarchs themselves, and

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Speaker 1: that's definitely the case with Louis the thirteenth. I mean,

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Speaker 1: he was an admirable soldier, he had some problems though

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Speaker 1: he was mentally unstable at times, and he was frequently

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Speaker 1: in ill health, and the first years of his rule

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Speaker 1: were very much dominated by his mother, Marie de Medici,

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Speaker 1: who was the conclusion to that Medici super series bringing

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Speaker 1: all of these together. Um. But unfortunately for him, I

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Speaker 1: guess her power continued on even after he had come

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Speaker 1: of age. They had some major issues with each other,

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Speaker 1: so consequently, throughout a lot of his reign he relied

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Speaker 1: on his minister, who was the brilliant Cardinal di Richilieu

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Speaker 1: otherwise known as the Red Eminence and Riche Luke could

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Speaker 1: definitely have his own series. He's involved in so much

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Speaker 1: and this is I mean, you hate to call a

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Speaker 1: particular time in history busy, but I think it's how

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Speaker 1: I would define this period. And I mean the Thirty

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Speaker 1: Years War alone could have multiple episodes on it. But

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Speaker 1: we want to keep this series rolling. This family does,

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Speaker 1: of course stretch on for centuries, so going to boil

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Speaker 1: it down, yeah, exactly. So our focus for this episode

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Speaker 1: is going to be on the final years of the

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Speaker 1: Cardinal and the King's long partnership and the plot that

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Speaker 1: almost undid them, and finally the birth of the boy

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Speaker 1: who had come to really define the French monarchy and

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Speaker 1: probably the Bourbon family. So the eventual Duke and Cardinal

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Speaker 1: de Richilio was born in as Armande Duplessi, and he

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Speaker 1: assumed this family bishop holding at a very young age. Actually,

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Speaker 1: before he was officially allowed to be consecrated. He had

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Speaker 1: to get a special permission for the pope to assume

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Speaker 1: this inherited family position, but his family really wanted to

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Speaker 1: push him into it. It was one of the most

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Speaker 1: valuable things they possessed. And he did fairly well from there.

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Speaker 1: I mean, that was certainly a promising early start for him. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: he continued to rise up through the ranks. He achieved

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Speaker 1: a court appointment by sixteen sixteen, so not too long

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Speaker 1: after that. Um and he became the principal advisor to

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Speaker 1: Marie Demici, the regent at the time. But he spent

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Speaker 1: the next few years in and out of favor with

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Speaker 1: her because it was a constantly changing political environment, well,

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Speaker 1: and in and out of favor in general, since she

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Speaker 1: herself was falling in and out of favor. UM. But

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Speaker 1: gradually he gained the trust of Louis the thirteenth, who

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Speaker 1: was not on good terms with his mother. And actually

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Speaker 1: pretty suspicious of anyone who had had connections with her.

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Speaker 1: But by sixteen twenty four he's sufficiently impressed Louis and

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Speaker 1: he's made his principal minister. And Rachel's two goals are

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Speaker 1: very focused on Louis and on the Bourbons, which I

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Speaker 1: think is why people have already been suggesting him to

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Speaker 1: us as part of the Bourbon series, right. And his

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Speaker 1: two main goals were very clear they were the first

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Speaker 1: one was to bring France together under an absolute monarchy,

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Speaker 1: and the second was to break up the Habsburg power.

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Speaker 1: And the Habsburgs were they were a family that controlled

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Speaker 1: Austrian Spain and threatened the Bourbons, and both of those

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Speaker 1: are things that we've seen good examples of in some

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Speaker 1: earlier episodes. I mean, with the all the sons of

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Speaker 1: Catherine de Medici, you can see how the absolute power

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Speaker 1: of the monarchy was sort of in shambles, and I

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Speaker 1: mean the Hapsburgs they were just the Bourbons were comparatively

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Speaker 1: an upstart family compared to this old line. So consequently,

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Speaker 1: with goals like that, Rechils time was filled with war.

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Speaker 1: And just to give you a few examples of the

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Speaker 1: many in sight, he took on the Huguenots, who he

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Speaker 1: considered a dangerous state within a state. Even though they

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Speaker 1: were French, they were a threat to the king, and

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Speaker 1: um he essentially crushed them at Lowerchelle, which was their

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Speaker 1: center of power in sixteen twenty and then he doesn't

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Speaker 1: miss the beat. Immediately after that, he convinced the king

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Speaker 1: to lead an expedition into northern Italy to stop the

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Speaker 1: Spanish Habsburgs from holding the strategic fort of Sale. So

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Speaker 1: he's really busy. Yeah, and then by sixteen thirty five,

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Speaker 1: Francis declared war on Spain, so he's taking his goals

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Speaker 1: and running with them, which that really becomes a dominating

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Speaker 1: point for the rest of this episode. But um, add

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Speaker 1: to all of these wars, these religious wars and international wars,

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Speaker 1: a really heavy dose of plotting, and there had been

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Speaker 1: conspiracies to remove the Cardinal from day one as soon

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Speaker 1: as he came into power, and as his power grew,

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Speaker 1: his enemies only got bigger, and by sixty he faced

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Speaker 1: this huge amount of internal criticism for forming these strategic

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Speaker 1: alliances with Protestant states, which some people saw his betrayal.

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Speaker 1: And uh. Part of this was launched by a smear

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Speaker 1: campaign from Murray to Medici. His former friend who was

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Speaker 1: definitely um definitely saw that this was the man who

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Speaker 1: largely controlled her son. So to watch out for all

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Speaker 1: these threats and to basically keep tabs on everything that

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Speaker 1: was happening in Europe, Richielieu had to rely on some

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Speaker 1: outside help. He set up a secret service and often

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Speaker 1: included missionary Fryers in a secret service, and they were

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Speaker 1: working under his number two guy, who was known as

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Speaker 1: the Gray Eminence, the Friar Father Joseph. And Father Joseph

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Speaker 1: is kind of a key character in Rishie Lou's right

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Speaker 1: to how the man behind the curtain who was kind

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Speaker 1: of pulling the strings. Upon becoming principal Minister, Rishilieu even

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Speaker 1: said that next to God, father Joseph had been the

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Speaker 1: principal instrument of his present fortune, so gave him a

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Speaker 1: lot of credit. And I think some people even think

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Speaker 1: Father Joseph really is like the man behind a reach Ali,

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Speaker 1: the puppet master. I mean that might be going kind

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Speaker 1: of far, but he's certainly an interesting figure in a

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Speaker 1: really interesting contrast to reach Lu, who was still very

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Speaker 1: goods oriented, he'd like to accumulate wealth, and Father Joseph

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Speaker 1: was his exact opposite in that respect. But reach Les

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Speaker 1: secret service, they were not to be trifled with. They

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Speaker 1: could find almost anyone, disaffected people, people who may have

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Speaker 1: been plotting, dangerous, dangerous people in the realm. And since

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Speaker 1: one of his goals was to promote absolute monarchy, he

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Speaker 1: didn't really let rank and position get in his way. Uh,

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Speaker 1: it wasn't going to hold him back from finding you

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Speaker 1: if you were causing trouble. And this proved especially true

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Speaker 1: when he went head to head with the Queen Anne

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Speaker 1: of Austria, who was the still childless wife of Louis

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Speaker 1: the thirteenth. So now we're going to switch gears a

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Speaker 1: little bit here and focus on And for a second.

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Speaker 1: Who Um, if you are familiar with Cardinal Richelieu, might

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Speaker 1: be because of the Three Musketeers. And if you're familiar

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Speaker 1: with the Three Musketeers, you know that and and the

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Speaker 1: Cardinal are mortal enemies. He's always trying to catch her

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Speaker 1: in the act of some secret liaison, and the Musketeers

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Speaker 1: are always pulling through for her. But um, we covered

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Speaker 1: a little bit of Anne's background in an episode I

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Speaker 1: recorded with Candice a while back on historical weddings. Um.

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Speaker 1: But she was in quite a pickle in the sixteen thirties.

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Speaker 1: To put it simply, she had been married since she

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Speaker 1: was fourteen, but she hadn't had a child, So that

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Speaker 1: big deal at the time. Yeah, really big deal. I

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Speaker 1: mean it's it's childlessness in a marriage at the time

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Speaker 1: was grounds to a null the marriage which had I

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Speaker 1: mean it was a decades long marriage. They had been

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Speaker 1: married for a very very long time, and if the

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Speaker 1: marriage were to be annulled, she'd she'd be in a

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Speaker 1: bad spot, probably sent back home again. Another thing that

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Speaker 1: added to her sort of precarious position in the situation,

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Speaker 1: beyond just the fact that she didn't have a child

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Speaker 1: in an air, was the fact that she was a

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Speaker 1: Spanish princess, and this was an increasingly kind of precarious position,

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Speaker 1: especially after five and the declaration of war against um Spain. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so she was possibly the enemy within. And she insisted

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Speaker 1: she had become thoroughly French. She had been, after all,

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Speaker 1: living in France since she was a teenager. Um, but

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Speaker 1: she kept up with some of her Spanish habits, which

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Speaker 1: I guess didn't help matters much. She slept late, she

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Speaker 1: loved to eat Spanish chocolates, which I don't know if

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Speaker 1: you could fault somebody habits like that. I love that

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Speaker 1: these are specifically Spanish habits. I mean it sounds like

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Speaker 1: kind of a nice deal to me. But her husband

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Speaker 1: and was suspicious of her. He always thought that maybe

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Speaker 1: her heart was still with Spain. He thought that she

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Speaker 1: quote had a great passion for the interests of Spain,

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Speaker 1: which is a little ironic because his sister was married

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Speaker 1: to the Spanish king. I mean it was their marriages

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Speaker 1: had been double marriages, So you'd think you'd have a

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Speaker 1: little compassion here, you'd think. But more seriously than that,

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Speaker 1: Anne was suspected of conspiring against her husband with his

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Speaker 1: brother and air Gaston and Deblina and I were talking

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Speaker 1: earlier about how the name Gaston negative condetation. That always

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Speaker 1: makes you a little worried. And you're going to see

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Speaker 1: Guston pop up again later in this episode. He um,

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Speaker 1: he's not terribly close to his brother, to put it nicely. Um.

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Speaker 1: But Anne, who was already no friend of Cardinal Richelieu,

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Speaker 1: found herself in really hot water in sixty seven for

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Speaker 1: a series of correspondences she had had with her brother

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Speaker 1: Philip the fourth of Spain and it seemed like the

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Speaker 1: correspondence had gone a little beyond just your basic you know,

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Speaker 1: dear brother, I hope you're well, that sort of thing,

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Speaker 1: and um, she was discovered and the cardinal forced her

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Speaker 1: to place her correspondence under watch, which was a really

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Speaker 1: embarrassing thing for her to have to come out basically

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Speaker 1: recan't her correspondence, And worse than that, one of her

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Speaker 1: servants was arrested and tortured in an attempt to draw

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Speaker 1: out even more damning information about her, to try to

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Speaker 1: ruin her, essentially, But he didn't give anything up. He

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Speaker 1: didn't give anything up, and maybe there was nothing to

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Speaker 1: give up. Maybe there wasn't. I guess, we don't know,

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Speaker 1: but uh, it's fortunate for Anne certainly that her servant

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Speaker 1: didn't say anything damning, because miraculously, at thirty six, she

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Speaker 1: finally became pregnant. She had had several miscarriages before but

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Speaker 1: hadn't even been pregnant. And quite time she and Louis

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Speaker 1: must have reconciled to a certain extent um and by

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Speaker 1: January fourteenth, sixteen thirty eight, Richelieu had been informed and

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Speaker 1: the country was praying for a dauphin and they their

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Speaker 1: prayers were answered September five, sixteen thirty eight, and delivered

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Speaker 1: a healthy baby boy in the presence of witnesses, and

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Speaker 1: he was considered God given the future Louis the fourteenth. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and obviously this miracle child Um did raise a few eyebrows.

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Speaker 1: People were wondering how this couple suddenly conceived Um. The

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Speaker 1: witnesses are there to make sure it's actually her baby.

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Speaker 1: It's not a girl, and it's not switched their boy

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Speaker 1: or a dad baby switched for a living one, so

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Speaker 1: they were sure it was hers. But people were still

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Speaker 1: questioning the paternity of the child Um, and Louis the

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Speaker 1: thirteenth was understandably kind of annoyed by this. He dismissed

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Speaker 1: the criticism and said, quote, it is scarcely a miracle.

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Speaker 1: If a husband who sleeps with his wife gives her

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Speaker 1: a child, Um, it's probably their best proof that. Two

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Speaker 1: years later they had yet another exactly, but he didn't

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Speaker 1: get too entrenched in his fatherly duties. Not too long

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Speaker 1: after his son's birth, probably within about a year of

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Speaker 1: Louis the fourteenth birth, Louis the thirteenth had a new

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Speaker 1: favorite hanging around. It wasn't just Richilieu in the picture anymore.

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Speaker 1: This was a different kind of favorite too. Yes, this

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Speaker 1: was someone who actually seriously threatened the crown, the position

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Speaker 1: of Louis the thirteenth son, and also the place of Richelieu. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it's kind of ironic that this relationship proved so threatening,

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Speaker 1: threatening to reach lou as well, because the pairing was

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Speaker 1: one of the cardinal's own making. Back in sixteen thirty two,

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Speaker 1: Richelieu had taken in this orphaned boy and twine quiffe

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Speaker 1: a Rose, the Marquis de Saint Mars, who was the

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Speaker 1: son of one of Richelieu's dear friends. He had taken

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Speaker 1: him in, taken him under protection. I mean, Richelieu was

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Speaker 1: a powerful guy with lots of connections. Um, I was

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Speaker 1: going to help out his friend's boy. And by the

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Speaker 1: time the young man was about nineteen years old, Richelieu

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Speaker 1: encouraged a relationship with the king. He thought that Sant

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Speaker 1: Mars might be pretty easily controlled and he could essentially

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Speaker 1: extend his own control over Louis through this young man

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Speaker 1: and actually work. It did work, It was quite successful. St.

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Speaker 1: Mars not only became a favorite, but he also earned

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Speaker 1: the title Master of the robes. He and the King

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Speaker 1: had kind of a tumultuous relationship, though St Mars would

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Speaker 1: often start these big fights with him and then they

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Speaker 1: would make up sort of I don't know, I guess

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Speaker 1: a caddie type thing, lover's quarrels kind of how I

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Speaker 1: think of it, kind of awkward. But he was also

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Speaker 1: getting or sank Mars was getting more arrogant and getting

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Speaker 1: kind of wild in his ways, and Richelieu didn't really

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Speaker 1: care for that. Plus he didn't care for the fact

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Speaker 1: that sink Mars was not as easily controllable as he

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Speaker 1: thought he might be. He had some clear ambition to

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Speaker 1: become more than just this temporary royal favorite um. Sink Mars,

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Speaker 1: on the other hand, saw that the Cardinal was standing

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Speaker 1: in his way of becoming something more and thought that

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Speaker 1: maybe since he was kind of sickly and getting older,

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Speaker 1: he could just be safely eliminated. So St mars first

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Speaker 1: brush with conspiracy came in sixteen forty one when with

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Speaker 1: the Count Desoissant, and that plan was aborted, though that

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Speaker 1: didn't actually go anywhere. Yeah, but sank Mars was still

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Speaker 1: lucky that Richelieu and his secret service didn't detect his

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Speaker 1: own involvement. He wasn't caught, but the next conspiracy was

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Speaker 1: of his own making, and it was actually probably the

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Speaker 1: most serious conspiracy during Richelieu's time. Along with a group

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Speaker 1: of noblemen and the king's husky younger brother, Gaston, Sink

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Speaker 1: Mars was planning to stir up revolts and eventually allow

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Speaker 1: Spain to enter France. And it gets pretty serious when

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Speaker 1: you learn that he even signed a secret treaty with

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Speaker 1: Philip the Fourth of Spain March thirteen, sixteen forty two,

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Speaker 1: with Philip promising to assist the rebellion with troops and

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Speaker 1: with money. So it's straight up treason, yep. And Richilu

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Speaker 1: of course is not happy about this when he finds out,

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Speaker 1: and he does find out about the plot by June

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Speaker 1: eleven of that year, and it takes him just two

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Speaker 1: days to arrest Saint Mars, who's convicted of treason and beheaded.

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Speaker 1: But this is kind of the beginning of the end

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Speaker 1: for this whole group of people. I think it's it's

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Speaker 1: interesting that this conspiracy does come so close to the

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Speaker 1: end of their lives. Richelieu dies very soon after this

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Speaker 1: last betrayal December sixteen forty two, and he's followed by

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Speaker 1: the King in May sixteen forty three. So within just

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Speaker 1: a few months we have a complete regime change as

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Speaker 1: the young Louis the fourteenth, who is still less than

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Speaker 1: five years old, becomes king with his mother Anne as regent,

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Speaker 1: and she declares a cardinal Mazarin as her chief advisor.

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Speaker 1: Mazarin he's an interesting guy too, hand picked by her

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Speaker 1: former enemy Richelieu, yet much more to her own liking

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Speaker 1: in possibly more ways than one. Yeah, they have kind

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Speaker 1: of an interesting, very close relationship going forward. But I

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Speaker 1: think this is launching us into a different direction, different direction, well,

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Speaker 1: in a different king who we will inevitably be covering

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Speaker 1: some events of the life of Louis the fourteenth, the

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Speaker 1: son king Builder of Versailles. I mean, how can we

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Speaker 1: even pick? I don't know where to start. Yeah, that's

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Speaker 1: going to be a tough one to to boil down

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Speaker 1: as well, but I think that's what you can find

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Speaker 1: the Bourbon series. So I guess that brings us to

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Speaker 1: listener mail. We have a letter from Carrie from Philadelphia,

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Speaker 1: and Carrie says, just listening to your unearthed in two

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Speaker 1: thousand ten show regarding ancient k cow brews. I just

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Speaker 1: wanted to mention the hopefully someone else already has that.

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Speaker 1: One of my favorite local breweries, dog Fish Head of Delaware,

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Speaker 1: produces an amazing throwback cow brew called Theobroma and one

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Speaker 1: of my all time favorites that they make. Haven't had

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Speaker 1: a chance to try their ancient recipe saliva beer that

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Speaker 1: sounds pretty fascinating and not very delicious, so and Carrie says,

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Speaker 1: maybe someday, if I'm lucky, he will get to try that.

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Speaker 1: Happy New Year, and thanks for the podcast. And when

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Speaker 1: you mentioned this letter, I thought it was interesting because

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Speaker 1: a way back when we did an episode on the

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Speaker 1: history of chocolate, somebody suggested that same chocolate e beer

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Speaker 1: pretty must be good. Must be good if all these

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Speaker 1: people have it on their minds. But if you have

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Speaker 1: any um beverage related recommendations here um or just any

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Speaker 1: fun historical events in the life are reacially you want

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Speaker 1: to share, feel free to email us that history podcast

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Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. We're also on Twitter

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Speaker 1: at Miston History, and we're on Facebook. And if you'd

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Speaker 1: just like to learn a little bit more about how

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Speaker 1: royal families work in general, to go along with the

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Speaker 1: Spurbon series and all the various players that we have

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Speaker 1: going on in it. We have an article called how

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Speaker 1: Royalty Works, and you can look up by going to

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Speaker 1: our homepage and typing in royalty at www dot how

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Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. For more on this and thousands

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Speaker 1: of other topics, visit how stuff works dot com. To

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Speaker 1: learn more about the podcast, click on the podcast icon

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Speaker 1: in the upper right corner of our homepage. The How

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works iPhone up has a rise. Download it today

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Speaker 1: on iTunes. You put into bli