1 00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:02,679 Speaker 1: Hey, everybody. Before we start today, we have an update 2 00:00:02,840 --> 00:00:05,960 Speaker 1: to the updates that are in this episode. We talk 3 00:00:06,000 --> 00:00:09,319 Speaker 1: about the President's House site and the ongoing legal action 4 00:00:09,520 --> 00:00:12,520 Speaker 1: around it, and we reference a court case that seemed 5 00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:15,520 Speaker 1: like it would pave the way for those exhibits to 6 00:00:15,560 --> 00:00:19,919 Speaker 1: be taken down when we recorded. That was true after 7 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:23,880 Speaker 1: we recorded, but before this is coming out today, those 8 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:27,840 Speaker 1: exhibits at the President's House site were replaced. That happened 9 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:32,560 Speaker 1: in the middle of the night on Tuesday, July fourteenth, 10 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: So that is the latest we have on that news 11 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:40,839 Speaker 1: as of now. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, 12 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:50,960 Speaker 1: a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 13 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:54,440 Speaker 1: I'm tra c V Wilson, but I'm Holly Frye. It 14 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:58,840 Speaker 1: is time for the latest installment in our ongoing series Unearthed. 15 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:01,440 Speaker 1: If you are new to the show, I feel like 16 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:04,680 Speaker 1: I say almost this exact thing every time. Just copy 17 00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: and paste it, baby, if you're new to the show. 18 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:09,480 Speaker 1: This is when we periodically talk about things that have 19 00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: been literally and figuratively unearthed over the last few months, 20 00:01:15,560 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: as well as updates of things we've talked about before. 21 00:01:19,959 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: Those come up pretty much every time we have so 22 00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:24,680 Speaker 1: many of those this time that they are a big, 23 00:01:24,720 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: big chunk of today's episode. We'll also today have some 24 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:32,960 Speaker 1: things about animals, some edibles and potables, and some things 25 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: that were found by accident. The best, the best, all right. 26 00:01:38,160 --> 00:01:40,960 Speaker 1: In February of twenty twenty three, we did an episode 27 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 1: on scarlet fever, and in it we said that there 28 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: were strains of Streptococcus bacteria present in most of the 29 00:01:47,560 --> 00:01:51,000 Speaker 1: world before the fifteenth century, but that the strain that 30 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:55,960 Speaker 1: typically causes scarlet fever was introduced to some areas through colonization. 31 00:01:56,840 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 1: Those areas included the America's Australia and New Zealand. However, 32 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: researchers working with a tooth from the collection of the 33 00:02:06,640 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: National Museum of Archaeology and Lapauz, Bolivia, have found DNA 34 00:02:11,919 --> 00:02:16,000 Speaker 1: fragments that have allowed them to reconstruct a nearly complete 35 00:02:16,040 --> 00:02:22,360 Speaker 1: ancient genome of Streptococcus pyogenes, which is one of the 36 00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:26,600 Speaker 1: species of strap bacteria that's part of Group A Streptococcus 37 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: and causes various diseases. This ancient genome has similarities to 38 00:02:32,840 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: Streptococcus pyogenies that exist today, and today it causes things 39 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: like strep throat scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome. This 40 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:46,000 Speaker 1: tooth came from someone who lived in South America between 41 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:50,200 Speaker 1: the years twelve eighty three and thirteen eighty three. That 42 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:54,240 Speaker 1: was before Europeans arrived on the continent, so this suggests 43 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:57,600 Speaker 1: that a pathogenic form of Strep. Bacteria was circulating in 44 00:02:57,639 --> 00:03:03,280 Speaker 1: South America before European colonization began. Moving on, on July fourth, 45 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:06,519 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen, we did an episode on the Jacobite Rising 46 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:10,520 Speaker 1: of seventeen forty five, which culminated in the Battle of Calowden. 47 00:03:11,639 --> 00:03:16,200 Speaker 1: Archaeologists and volunteers working with the National Trust for Scotland 48 00:03:16,200 --> 00:03:20,760 Speaker 1: and the University of Glasgow have unearthed an unexploded mortar 49 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:25,160 Speaker 1: shell at the Battlefield of Claiden. It's believed to have 50 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: been fired by Government troops who were fighting for the 51 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:33,080 Speaker 1: Duke of Cumberland. This is the first intact piece of 52 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,680 Speaker 1: government ordnance found at the battlefield, and it was packed 53 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: with gunpowder when it was discovered, so most likely it 54 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:44,680 Speaker 1: landed in boggy wet ground, so its fuse was extinguished 55 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:49,080 Speaker 1: before the gunpowder could ignite. Other weapons and ammunition have 56 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,000 Speaker 1: been found at the battlefield before, some of those have 57 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:55,080 Speaker 1: actually made appearances on on Earth, but this is the 58 00:03:55,120 --> 00:04:00,200 Speaker 1: first discovery of undetonated ordinance. It has been cleaned, it 59 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:02,280 Speaker 1: is safe to handle, and it has planned to be 60 00:04:02,320 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: put on permanent display at the Coladen Battlefield Visitor Center. 61 00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:09,600 Speaker 1: In May of twenty twenty three, we did an episode 62 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: on the Chicken of Tomorrow contest, which was an effort 63 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: to breed chickens that would grow really quickly and also 64 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:20,160 Speaker 1: produce a lot of meat. In that episode, we talked 65 00:04:20,160 --> 00:04:24,880 Speaker 1: about the domestication of chickens from red jungle fowl in Asia. 66 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:29,040 Speaker 1: Over the years, this domestication of chickens has come up 67 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:32,479 Speaker 1: on Unearthed as new research has provided some more detail 68 00:04:32,720 --> 00:04:38,240 Speaker 1: about where chickens were domesticated and how domesticated chickens spread 69 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:42,400 Speaker 1: from Asia to other parts of the world. New research 70 00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,920 Speaker 1: on that part of it has come from Korea. It's 71 00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:49,680 Speaker 1: been generally believed that chickens were domesticated in Eastern or 72 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:53,520 Speaker 1: Southeast Asia and that domesticated chickens moved from there to 73 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:57,480 Speaker 1: Japan via Korea, but there hasn't been a lot of 74 00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:01,839 Speaker 1: research that confirms that IDEA research published in the Journal 75 00:05:01,839 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: of Archaeological Science Reports has found evidence of domesticated chickens 76 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:09,800 Speaker 1: going back to about two thousand years ago in Korea. 77 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: The results suggests that people were managing chickens in Korea 78 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:18,359 Speaker 1: during the proto three Kingdom's period. The next step in 79 00:05:18,400 --> 00:05:21,280 Speaker 1: this research is to try to pinpoint the root by 80 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:25,240 Speaker 1: which domesticated chickens moved through Korea on their way to 81 00:05:25,279 --> 00:05:29,080 Speaker 1: being introduced in Japan. I read several articles about this, 82 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:33,279 Speaker 1: and all of them referenced how important chicken is to 83 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:38,720 Speaker 1: Korean cuisine, and it made me really hungry. It's like 84 00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:43,880 Speaker 1: I want to go out for Korean food. In twenty fifteen, 85 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:47,719 Speaker 1: we did an episode on the history of carousels. One 86 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:50,120 Speaker 1: of the carousels we talked about was at Gwen oak 87 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:55,160 Speaker 1: Amusement Park outside of Baltimore, Maryland. This particular carousel had 88 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:58,720 Speaker 1: a connection to the history of racial segregation and integration 89 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:02,560 Speaker 1: in the United States. The first black child allowed to 90 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 1: ride the carousel was Sharon Langley, who was less than 91 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:09,200 Speaker 1: a year old when that happened. That was on August 92 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:12,200 Speaker 1: twenty eighth, nineteen sixty three, which was the same day 93 00:06:12,240 --> 00:06:15,880 Speaker 1: as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The 94 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:19,159 Speaker 1: carousel was later moved to the National Mall in Washington, 95 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:22,440 Speaker 1: d C. In twenty twenty three, it made an appearance 96 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 1: on Earth because it had been disassembled for a major 97 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,279 Speaker 1: conservation project, which was anticipated to be complete in twenty 98 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:33,520 Speaker 1: twenty five. The carousel reopened to the public on April 99 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,160 Speaker 1: twenty third in front of the Smithsonian Arts and Industries Building, 100 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:42,560 Speaker 1: and Langley rode again that week. An earlier refurbishment transformed 101 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:45,599 Speaker 1: the horse that she originally rode on into one that's 102 00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:48,719 Speaker 1: decorated with the words freedom Riders and the date of 103 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:52,320 Speaker 1: August twenty eighth, nineteen sixty three, along with the names 104 00:06:52,360 --> 00:06:54,640 Speaker 1: of a number of people with a connection to black 105 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:58,520 Speaker 1: history and civil rights in the United States, and words 106 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: like vote equality and strength. Earlier this year, we did 107 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,400 Speaker 1: an episode on the Carrington event, and we talked about 108 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: how there's not a ton of information on historical geomagnetic 109 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:14,840 Speaker 1: storms because the technology to measure the Earth's magnetic field 110 00:07:14,920 --> 00:07:19,720 Speaker 1: is relatively recent compared to the whole scope of human history, 111 00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 1: and before that, Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science 112 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: and Technology have been working on a method to detect 113 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:32,920 Speaker 1: evidence of historical solar proton events which can be connected 114 00:07:32,960 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 1: to these kinds of geomagnetic disruptions and the visible aurora 115 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: that can occur along with them. They are using very 116 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:46,000 Speaker 1: precise carbon fourteen measurements to analyze buried Ascherano trees in 117 00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:50,600 Speaker 1: northern Japan, and they're using written medieval records to help 118 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:54,560 Speaker 1: determine where to focus their search for these trees and 119 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: the information within them. A lot of previous research has 120 00:07:58,720 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: focused on the most power geomagnetic storms, like the ones 121 00:08:02,680 --> 00:08:05,480 Speaker 1: known as Miyaki events, which we also talked about in 122 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: that episode. These researchers have focused on finding evidence of 123 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:13,640 Speaker 1: events that were not so extreme and also occur more 124 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:17,920 Speaker 1: frequently than those major events. They've identified a period between 125 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:20,840 Speaker 1: the winter of twelve hundred and the spring of twelve 126 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,600 Speaker 1: hundred and one when based on this carbon fourteen research, 127 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 1: solar activity in northern Japan was extremely high. There were 128 00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:33,880 Speaker 1: sun spots and red auroral events documented during that period. 129 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:39,079 Speaker 1: In December of twenty fourteen, we dedicated an entire Unearthed 130 00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:44,000 Speaker 1: episode to Franklin's Lost expedition after the announcement of the 131 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 1: discovery of the HMS Arabus, which was one of Franklin's ships. 132 00:08:48,920 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: Recent DNA analysis has identified four of the men who 133 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:56,680 Speaker 1: were part of this expedition and who died in the 134 00:08:56,720 --> 00:09:00,560 Speaker 1: loss of it. This includes confirming that one of the 135 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:04,560 Speaker 1: men was Henry Pegler, who was the captain of the Foretop. 136 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:09,880 Speaker 1: Some personal items had been found near this man's remains, 137 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:14,920 Speaker 1: and that included Peglar's seamen's certificate, but the clothing that 138 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: he was wearing was that of somebody of a much 139 00:09:17,960 --> 00:09:21,280 Speaker 1: lower rank, So there had been some speculation that this 140 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:25,120 Speaker 1: might have been somebody else who was given Peglar's belongings 141 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:29,760 Speaker 1: after he died, maybe Thomas Armitage, who had served with 142 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:33,880 Speaker 1: Peglar on an earlier expedition. So this cleared up that 143 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:38,600 Speaker 1: question about his identity. This is part of ongoing research 144 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:42,400 Speaker 1: and it has involved comparing the DNA to DNA that 145 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 1: has been donated by possible living descendants. So this research 146 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:51,080 Speaker 1: has provided those descendants with new information about their ancestors. 147 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:56,160 Speaker 1: At this point, six people from the expedition have been identified. 148 00:09:57,040 --> 00:10:00,880 Speaker 1: In December of twenty fourteen, we also did full installment 149 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:05,400 Speaker 1: of Unearthed dedicated to Stonehenge after a lot of news 150 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:08,760 Speaker 1: about findings at the Stonehenge site that came out earlier 151 00:10:08,800 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: that year. Research at Stonehenge is of course ongoing and 152 00:10:13,440 --> 00:10:16,560 Speaker 1: we've recently talked about some research that has concluded that 153 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:20,439 Speaker 1: the Altar Stone was not moved to the area by 154 00:10:20,480 --> 00:10:25,760 Speaker 1: glacier activity. New research has tried to determine what route 155 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: people might have followed while moving the stone the roughly 156 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: seven hundred kilometers that it traveled from northeast Scotland to 157 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:39,120 Speaker 1: the Salisbury Plain in England, where Stonehenge is. This recent 158 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:42,920 Speaker 1: research has combined ice sheet modeling and mineral grain dating 159 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,239 Speaker 1: to try to determine where the stone might have originated 160 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:49,200 Speaker 1: and whether glaciers could have moved it part of the way. 161 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: They determined that there are no viable glacial pathways that 162 00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:57,520 Speaker 1: could have carried the Altarstone the whole distance, confirming research 163 00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:00,360 Speaker 1: we've talked about previously that said there do us no 164 00:11:00,440 --> 00:11:03,160 Speaker 1: evidence that glaciers got it all the way to the 165 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:06,520 Speaker 1: Salisbury Plane. Yeah, so the question was sort of could 166 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,120 Speaker 1: the glaciers have gone heartway? Though, in the words of 167 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:15,839 Speaker 1: doctor Anthony Clark from the Timescales of Minerals Systems group 168 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:20,439 Speaker 1: within Curtain's School of Earth and Planetary Sciences quote, rather 169 00:11:20,520 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: than being carried naturally by ice, the evidence points to 170 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:30,560 Speaker 1: a deliberate, carefully planned movement across a challenging and varied landscape. 171 00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:34,040 Speaker 1: Clark continued that this probably took place in stages, using 172 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:38,720 Speaker 1: a number of different methods, including overland hauling and water 173 00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:43,439 Speaker 1: transport down rivers or along the coast. In related news, 174 00:11:43,600 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 1: archaeologists have also found a five thousand year old monument 175 00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:51,440 Speaker 1: that aligned with the summer and winter solstice. That's roughly 176 00:11:51,480 --> 00:11:54,760 Speaker 1: five hundred years before Stonehenge was built, and it's being 177 00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:59,240 Speaker 1: described as a prototype for Stonehenge. This was found in Bulford, 178 00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,679 Speaker 1: which is also Salisbury, not far away from the Stonehenge 179 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: World Heritage Site. Unlike Stonehenge, this was made of wood. 180 00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: Those two wooden posts are gone today, but the post 181 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: holes and various middens have survived. We are going to 182 00:12:15,559 --> 00:12:17,480 Speaker 1: take a quick sponsor break and then we will be 183 00:12:17,559 --> 00:12:30,280 Speaker 1: back with some more updates. Coming back to updates. Our 184 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,520 Speaker 1: episode on the Bunker Hill monument came out very recently 185 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:37,320 Speaker 1: on June twenty ninth, twenty twenty sixth. One thing we 186 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,439 Speaker 1: did not mention was that there was an active archaeological 187 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:45,199 Speaker 1: dig going on when I went there ahead of that episode. 188 00:12:46,080 --> 00:12:49,160 Speaker 1: The talk about that archaeological dig just did not really 189 00:12:49,160 --> 00:12:52,920 Speaker 1: seem to fit within the story that the episode was telling. 190 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: The team has used a map that was drawn not 191 00:12:56,679 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: long after the battle and ground penetrating Rate our work 192 00:13:00,559 --> 00:13:03,720 Speaker 1: as a starting point to try to find the exact 193 00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: site of the redoubts that was made before this battle. 194 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:10,760 Speaker 1: Some of the findings from that dig were announced, of course, 195 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:15,040 Speaker 1: just after we recorded that episode. They included signs of 196 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:17,079 Speaker 1: the ditch that was part of the redoubt, as well 197 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: as musket balls and weapon parts, including gun flints that 198 00:13:20,280 --> 00:13:24,120 Speaker 1: were used to ignite the gunpowder. They've also found objects 199 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 1: that were probably connected to the British troops that occupied 200 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:31,840 Speaker 1: the hill after the battle, including teacups, tobacco pipes, and 201 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:37,680 Speaker 1: my favorite awake curler. That's my favorite too. There are 202 00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 1: also objects that were not connected to the battle and 203 00:13:41,080 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: date back to well before or after the Revolutionary War. 204 00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:48,960 Speaker 1: This includes part of a child's doll made from Victorian 205 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:52,760 Speaker 1: porcelain and the pieces of stone flake that were probably 206 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: created when members of the Mattapan tribe were making stone 207 00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,040 Speaker 1: tools in this area long before the revolution started. It's time. 208 00:14:01,640 --> 00:14:05,000 Speaker 1: The Glacier mummy known as Utsey the Iceman, has made 209 00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:08,760 Speaker 1: so many appearances on Unearthed, and the latest Utsy research 210 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,680 Speaker 1: involves efforts to identify the yeasts that have been found 211 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:16,240 Speaker 1: on his remains and to distinguish between the ones that 212 00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 1: were present when he died and the ones that colonized 213 00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:23,640 Speaker 1: his remains after death. For this research, the team didn't 214 00:14:23,680 --> 00:14:26,400 Speaker 1: just look at Utsy's remains, but they also looked at 215 00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,080 Speaker 1: soil samples from when they were found, glacial ice, and 216 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 1: melt water from the surrounding area. They also incorporated data 217 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:39,600 Speaker 1: from earlier research into Utsy's stomach contents and intestinal tissue. 218 00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:44,000 Speaker 1: The team found and identified yeasts that had not been 219 00:14:44,080 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: detected in earlier studies of these remains. Some of the 220 00:14:48,080 --> 00:14:51,880 Speaker 1: strains that they found were highly adapted to cold climates, 221 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:55,960 Speaker 1: and they had genetic similarities to strains from extremely cold 222 00:14:56,000 --> 00:15:00,200 Speaker 1: parts of the world today, including Antarctica. This research, which 223 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:05,400 Speaker 1: also suggests that the conservation process may have unintentionally favored 224 00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 1: some species of yeast. Phenol was used to remove fungal 225 00:15:09,880 --> 00:15:12,760 Speaker 1: growth from the surface of the remains after it was found, 226 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,760 Speaker 1: and three of the four species of yeast identified have 227 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:21,840 Speaker 1: the ability to break down phenol and use it as fuel. Also, 228 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:27,240 Speaker 1: after several months of efforts, some researchers have managed to 229 00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,560 Speaker 1: make sour dough bread with some of the yeast from 230 00:15:30,640 --> 00:15:37,600 Speaker 1: Utsy's microbiome. I remember when this news story broke, huh, 231 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,520 Speaker 1: and my first thought was, if they can start making 232 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:46,000 Speaker 1: this yeast reproduce and actually like produce at scale, so 233 00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:51,560 Speaker 1: many people would buy Utsy breast, that's for sure, which 234 00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,240 Speaker 1: is just indicative of how I see this whole situation. 235 00:15:55,160 --> 00:15:58,840 Speaker 1: Moving on. We did a two part episode on architect 236 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,920 Speaker 1: antony Go in January of twenty fifteen, and a big 237 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: part of that episode was about the enormous Sagatta Familia 238 00:16:06,560 --> 00:16:09,960 Speaker 1: Basilica in Barcelona, which we have been lucky enough to visit. 239 00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:13,920 Speaker 1: Construction on that basilica started in eighteen eighty two, and 240 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:18,040 Speaker 1: its central tower of Jesus Christ was completed in February 241 00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:22,640 Speaker 1: of this year, with a crosswighing approximately one hundred tons 242 00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:27,000 Speaker 1: installed on top. The basilica was inaugurated on June tenth, 243 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:30,560 Speaker 1: twenty twenty six, which is the one hundredth anniversary of 244 00:16:30,640 --> 00:16:34,960 Speaker 1: Gudi's death. Poplio the fourteenth led an inaugural mass and 245 00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:40,280 Speaker 1: blessing of the basilica. A lot of headlines are calling 246 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: the basilica complete after this inaugural mass, but there is 247 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:48,720 Speaker 1: still some work to do, including decorative work and work 248 00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:51,800 Speaker 1: on the interior that's expected to be finished in twenty 249 00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:57,920 Speaker 1: twenty eight. There is also a highly controversial proposed staircase 250 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 1: which would require the demolishing of apartments adjacent to the site. 251 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:06,679 Speaker 1: About three thousand people live in these apartments, and some 252 00:17:06,840 --> 00:17:09,520 Speaker 1: of the people living there have lived there for decades. 253 00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: Opponents of this idea of demolishing the apartments to build 254 00:17:14,600 --> 00:17:18,639 Speaker 1: the staircase argue that the staircase was never part of 255 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:23,159 Speaker 1: Goudy's original plan. That is an argument that was apparently 256 00:17:23,200 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: made back in the nineteen seventies and led to the 257 00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:31,240 Speaker 1: approval of the building of these apartments. Goudy's original plans 258 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:34,639 Speaker 1: were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War, so we don't 259 00:17:34,680 --> 00:17:37,760 Speaker 1: have those to refer back to know for sure what 260 00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:42,400 Speaker 1: the original intent was. We also saw people with protest 261 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,040 Speaker 1: signs in their windows when we were lucky enough to 262 00:17:45,119 --> 00:17:50,280 Speaker 1: visit Sigratta Familia. Yeah, years ago. I think you were 263 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:52,480 Speaker 1: in a different group from me, you know, when we 264 00:17:52,520 --> 00:17:57,480 Speaker 1: do those trips groups and I remember our guide mentioning 265 00:17:57,520 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: specifically like, oh, this contentious argument about the apartments and 266 00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:04,520 Speaker 1: whether or not they're going to be allowed to stay. 267 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:06,440 Speaker 1: There has been going on, and it's gonna get a 268 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:08,720 Speaker 1: lot worse in the next couple of years. The boy 269 00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: was he right. I don't want to see anybody displaced, 270 00:18:13,160 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: is what I think about the whole thing. But I don't. 271 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:18,280 Speaker 1: I will not feign to understand all of the nuance 272 00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:23,480 Speaker 1: of the situation. But boys, Sigmata familia is mind bogglingly beautiful. 273 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:27,240 Speaker 1: It's incredibly I was unprepared for what it would look 274 00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:30,760 Speaker 1: like inside. Holy Mosis, that's a I think about it 275 00:18:30,880 --> 00:18:34,119 Speaker 1: just randomly. Yeah, same, going about my day, I'll suddenly 276 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:40,359 Speaker 1: go remember those windows. Yeah, even having seen pictures, it 277 00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:42,600 Speaker 1: just did not prepare me for the experience of being 278 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 1: inside of it. It's incredible. In March of this year, 279 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,560 Speaker 1: we did an episode on Hercules Posey, who was enslaved 280 00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,919 Speaker 1: at the President's House in Philadelphia, and how the President's 281 00:18:52,920 --> 00:18:55,679 Speaker 1: House became a monument and part of a National park. 282 00:18:56,640 --> 00:18:59,359 Speaker 1: Listener Jessica sent us a link to an article in 283 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,440 Speaker 1: the Philadelphi a Tribune that reported on an appeals court 284 00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:05,399 Speaker 1: ruling that cleared the way for the displays at the 285 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:09,040 Speaker 1: site to be removed. We talked about all the legal 286 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:12,480 Speaker 1: back and forth surrounding those displays. In that earlier episode, 287 00:19:13,240 --> 00:19:17,160 Speaker 1: the President's House site was also mentioned in a different ruling, 288 00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: that being the one we discussed in the Bunker Hill 289 00:19:20,080 --> 00:19:24,520 Speaker 1: Monument episode, and that ruling, the National Park Service was 290 00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: ordered to stop removing material from the parks and restore 291 00:19:29,560 --> 00:19:33,040 Speaker 1: all the interpretive materials that had been taken down since 292 00:19:33,119 --> 00:19:37,399 Speaker 1: May twentieth, twenty twenty five. I do not have the 293 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:41,639 Speaker 1: legal knowledge to know which of those rulings has taken 294 00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:45,840 Speaker 1: precedent at this point. And now for our last update, 295 00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:50,240 Speaker 1: something that people who follow the news probably already know already, 296 00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:54,080 Speaker 1: but just for the sake of completion, two of our 297 00:19:54,119 --> 00:19:56,560 Speaker 1: episodes over the last year have been connected to the 298 00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:01,160 Speaker 1: idea of birthright citizenship in the United States. Those were 299 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,000 Speaker 1: United States versus wonkim Arc in February of twenty twenty 300 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:08,960 Speaker 1: five and United States versus Bagatsingh then in May of 301 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:13,240 Speaker 1: twenty twenty six. On June thirtieth, the Supreme Court issued 302 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: its ruling in Trump de Barbara, maintaining that children born 303 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,680 Speaker 1: to parents who are unlawfully or temporarily in the United 304 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:27,720 Speaker 1: States are subject to US jurisdiction and our citizens from birth. Next, 305 00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:32,000 Speaker 1: we have some animal fines. In two thousand, roadwork in 306 00:20:32,080 --> 00:20:35,640 Speaker 1: New South Wales exposed the burial site of a dingo. 307 00:20:36,640 --> 00:20:41,399 Speaker 1: A Barkinji elder and an archaeologist from Australia's National Parks 308 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:44,560 Speaker 1: and Wildlife Service examined this burial site and then it 309 00:20:44,640 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 1: was excavated in twenty twenty three at the request of 310 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: the Menindi Aboriginal Elders Council after flooding and erosion led 311 00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:57,280 Speaker 1: to the dingoes skull being dislodged from the face of 312 00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:01,199 Speaker 1: this sort of road cut. Dingo was found to be 313 00:21:01,320 --> 00:21:03,960 Speaker 1: a male who lived to the age of between four 314 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,080 Speaker 1: and seven years old, and who had signs of having 315 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:11,040 Speaker 1: had a broken leg and broken ribs. Those are injuries 316 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 1: that often come from fighting with kangaroos. These injuries had 317 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:19,119 Speaker 1: signs of healing, meaning that the dingo had been cared 318 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: for and allowed to recover from those injuries. Radiocarbon dating 319 00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:26,920 Speaker 1: suggests that the dingo was buried sometime between nine sixteen 320 00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:31,040 Speaker 1: and nine sixty three. The site also showed evidence of 321 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:34,840 Speaker 1: what's been described as a feeding ritual. There's a midden 322 00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:38,280 Speaker 1: that was created around the same time as the dingo 323 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,240 Speaker 1: was buried and first Nations people returned to it to 324 00:21:42,320 --> 00:21:46,199 Speaker 1: bury river musselshells. They kept doing this over generations for 325 00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:51,199 Speaker 1: about five hundred years. There are other dingo burials at 326 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:56,160 Speaker 1: archaeological sites around Australia, but this feeding midden is being 327 00:21:56,240 --> 00:22:01,440 Speaker 1: described as unique. A barking custodian and with the excavation 328 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,440 Speaker 1: described this practice as a way to maintain a connection 329 00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:10,639 Speaker 1: and respect for the ancestors. Along with knowledge from First 330 00:22:10,720 --> 00:22:14,399 Speaker 1: Nations elders in Australia. This research shows how dingos have 331 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:18,439 Speaker 1: been really important to First Nations communities, including people in 332 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: those communities taming them somewhat. Similar research has looked at 333 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:27,240 Speaker 1: the role of dogs in Tuanaku society. Tuanaku was a 334 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,320 Speaker 1: state in the Andes Mountains between the years six hundred 335 00:22:30,359 --> 00:22:34,000 Speaker 1: and one thousand in what is now Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. 336 00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:37,720 Speaker 1: We know that dogs played an important role in many 337 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:42,199 Speaker 1: ancient Andean cultures, including being buried in elite tombs in 338 00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:46,399 Speaker 1: later cultures, but there hasn't been as much information about 339 00:22:46,440 --> 00:22:50,119 Speaker 1: Tuanaku because there aren't many examples of dogs in the 340 00:22:50,240 --> 00:22:55,119 Speaker 1: archaeological record at Tuanoku sites. Some of the canine bones 341 00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:58,399 Speaker 1: that have been found at Tuinaku sites are fox bones, 342 00:22:58,680 --> 00:23:01,000 Speaker 1: which can be hard to distinguish from the bones of 343 00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: domesticated dogs. This research involved two canine mummies, one from 344 00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:10,119 Speaker 1: the village of Rio Muerto and the other from a 345 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:14,320 Speaker 1: ceremonial center called Omo, and both of these mummies have 346 00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:17,960 Speaker 1: scraps of fur that confirm that they are the bones 347 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:23,159 Speaker 1: of dogs, not foxes. Isotope analysis suggests that both of 348 00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:26,359 Speaker 1: these dogs lived in the places that they were buried, 349 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: and they ate the same foods that local humans ate. 350 00:23:30,119 --> 00:23:32,359 Speaker 1: One of the two dogs, which is a puppy and 351 00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,600 Speaker 1: may have been fed table scraps, and it's possible that 352 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: the other either scavenged for or was intentionally fed leftovers 353 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: as well. Both of these dogs were buried near ordinary homes, 354 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: suggesting that they had a status that was a little 355 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:51,800 Speaker 1: more humble than in later cultures when they're more associated 356 00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:56,880 Speaker 1: with elites in the andes. Next, researchers in Brandenburg, Germany 357 00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:02,000 Speaker 1: found four goose skulls in a former toilet shaft. The 358 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: four skulls date back to the seventeenth century, and all 359 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: four of them had unusual holes. According to their research 360 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:14,520 Speaker 1: published in the journal International Journal of Paleopathology, these geese 361 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:18,240 Speaker 1: had crests. The holes were in the same locations and 362 00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:22,280 Speaker 1: patterns as are found in crested ducks. There are also 363 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:26,119 Speaker 1: paintings by Dutch artists Melchior de Hondakot, who lived in 364 00:24:26,119 --> 00:24:31,240 Speaker 1: the seventeenth century, showing crested geese. The paintings and these 365 00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 1: skulls are the earliest known examples of crested geese in Europe. 366 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: It's likely that these geese were kept because of their 367 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:43,480 Speaker 1: unique appearance because of these crests, but they probably also 368 00:24:43,560 --> 00:24:47,919 Speaker 1: had relatively short lives. These crests come about because of 369 00:24:48,080 --> 00:24:52,400 Speaker 1: mutations that cause cushions of fat to develop on top 370 00:24:52,440 --> 00:24:55,480 Speaker 1: of the bird's skull, and then the bone underneath that 371 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,840 Speaker 1: fat doesn't close correctly. In addition to shortening the animal's 372 00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:03,960 Speaker 1: life lifespan, this can cause issues like poor coordination, blindness, 373 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:08,560 Speaker 1: and deafness in the affected animals. It also doesn't appear 374 00:25:08,680 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: that these geese were particularly revered for their appearance, at 375 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:14,880 Speaker 1: least if they were, they were not treated as such 376 00:25:14,880 --> 00:25:18,359 Speaker 1: after their death. The shaft where these bones were found 377 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:22,800 Speaker 1: also included lots of bones from chickens, from other geese, 378 00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,440 Speaker 1: and from ducks, so this was probably all kitchen waste. 379 00:25:27,680 --> 00:25:30,760 Speaker 1: We are about to get to the much beloved edibles 380 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:32,760 Speaker 1: and potables, but first we are going to pause for 381 00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: a sponsor break. Now it's time for edibles and potables, 382 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 1: which is one of my favorite parts of Unearthed. Archaeologists 383 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:52,840 Speaker 1: in Hadrianopolis have found a set of kitchen knives dating 384 00:25:52,880 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: back to the fifth or sixth century. These were broken 385 00:25:56,240 --> 00:25:59,240 Speaker 1: into very small fragments and they had to be reassembled, 386 00:25:59,640 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: but once they were they bore a really striking resemblance 387 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:06,840 Speaker 1: to a modern kitchen knife set. They had very similarly 388 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:11,520 Speaker 1: shaped blades and handles in a graduated series of sizes. 389 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,639 Speaker 1: I could imagine them going into the knife block in 390 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:21,639 Speaker 1: my own kitchen. Sharpening stone was also found alongside the knives. Next, 391 00:26:21,960 --> 00:26:25,879 Speaker 1: archaeologists from the National Trust for Scotland, along with volunteers, 392 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,800 Speaker 1: have found a piece of copper alloy that may have 393 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:33,000 Speaker 1: been part of a nineteenth century still. The team also 394 00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 1: found other evidence of an illicit whisky operation, including a 395 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:40,960 Speaker 1: heart that showed evidence of burning and a stone capped drain. 396 00:26:42,080 --> 00:26:44,879 Speaker 1: There was also a roof support timber that was buried 397 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:49,360 Speaker 1: when the walls of the structure this discovery was in collapsed. Yeah, 398 00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:52,479 Speaker 1: they said this was likely someone who was distilling their 399 00:26:52,480 --> 00:26:59,440 Speaker 1: own whiskey to evade a relatively newly implemented tax Archaeologists 400 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:03,639 Speaker 1: working with fragments of forty five hundred year old vessels 401 00:27:03,680 --> 00:27:07,400 Speaker 1: connected to the Bell Beaker culture and what's now Poland 402 00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:13,160 Speaker 1: have found various residues from plants and animals, including a 403 00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:18,640 Speaker 1: metabolic process, waste from bacteria and yeasts, and this suggests 404 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:23,240 Speaker 1: that some of these vessels were used for fermenting, specifically 405 00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:27,439 Speaker 1: for fermenting a beverage like beer or grog. Some of 406 00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:31,080 Speaker 1: these vessels show signs of being used with wheat and barley, 407 00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:34,680 Speaker 1: meaning that this might be evidence of the oldest known 408 00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:38,840 Speaker 1: cultivation of these cereals in this region, although it is 409 00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: also possible that these grains were imported into the area 410 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:45,640 Speaker 1: from somewhere else that it's known to have been established 411 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:49,359 Speaker 1: at this point. We have talked about one of the 412 00:27:49,359 --> 00:27:53,399 Speaker 1: best foods on Earth, potatoes, being domesticated and cultivated by 413 00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:56,800 Speaker 1: indigenous peoples in the Andes Mountains on prior installments of 414 00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:01,600 Speaker 1: unearthed Recent research suggests that high levels of potato consumption 415 00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:05,080 Speaker 1: in the Andes Mountains between six thousand and ten thousand 416 00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:08,840 Speaker 1: years ago contributed to genetic changes in the people who 417 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:13,560 Speaker 1: were eating them, specifically genes that carried an improved ability 418 00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:18,840 Speaker 1: to digest starch. This study involved genomic data of thirty 419 00:28:18,880 --> 00:28:23,680 Speaker 1: seven hundred people from across the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, 420 00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:27,840 Speaker 1: and that included eighty one people of indigenous and Dyan 421 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:32,520 Speaker 1: ancestry who are native speakers of the indigenous language Quechua. 422 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:38,000 Speaker 1: The Native Quetchea speaking volunteers had more copies of this 423 00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:42,120 Speaker 1: start digestion gene than any of the other people who 424 00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:44,880 Speaker 1: were part of the study, meaning that they are better 425 00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: able to digest and use the nutrients in starch, and 426 00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,200 Speaker 1: that's speculated to trace back to that thousands of years 427 00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:57,880 Speaker 1: ago eating a lot of potatoes. In other delicious potato news, 428 00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: archaeologists in southern Peru site associated with the Inca, have 429 00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:06,840 Speaker 1: found freeze dried potatoes that date back roughly five hundred years. 430 00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:10,240 Speaker 1: These potatoes were grown in the Andes Mountains and then 431 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,200 Speaker 1: exposed to heavy frosts overnight and thawed in the sun 432 00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: during the day, over and over until they became lightweight 433 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:22,880 Speaker 1: and spoilage resistant. These freeze dried potatoes are called juno, 434 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:26,240 Speaker 1: and although they were apparently abundant there are not many 435 00:29:26,280 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: of them in the archaeological record. I love that idea 436 00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:33,400 Speaker 1: so much. Yeah, the whole ingenuity of it. Put it 437 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:40,400 Speaker 1: in your ramen and let it become a delicious Come next. 438 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:44,040 Speaker 1: A charred lump that was found in Switzerland is most 439 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:48,280 Speaker 1: likely Roman bread, dating back about two thousand years. It 440 00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:51,960 Speaker 1: was preserved until now thanks to the carbonized outer layer, 441 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,520 Speaker 1: and it was found during archaeological work ahead of some 442 00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:59,200 Speaker 1: construction near what was known to have been a legionary camp. 443 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:03,400 Speaker 1: Like we just put some baker on blast, on historical bass. 444 00:30:03,680 --> 00:30:07,120 Speaker 1: Here's your charge up. Why did you burn that bread 445 00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: so bad, so bad that it lasted two thousand years? Huhh? 446 00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:14,400 Speaker 1: And now it is time for our last potable find. 447 00:30:15,080 --> 00:30:19,240 Speaker 1: Researchers in Italy's Kianti wine region have studied eighty seeds 448 00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,840 Speaker 1: that were dropped in a well between three hundred BCE 449 00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:25,520 Speaker 1: and three hundred CE, and they have found that the 450 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:29,800 Speaker 1: majority of the seeds are genetically identical, meaning that this 451 00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:33,360 Speaker 1: grape lineage was maintained from the Etruscan era through to 452 00:30:33,440 --> 00:30:37,400 Speaker 1: the Romans. According to genetic testing, these grapes were white 453 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,680 Speaker 1: grapes rather than the purple Sanjovis grapes that are used 454 00:30:40,680 --> 00:30:44,400 Speaker 1: to make kianti today. The modern grape that is closest 455 00:30:44,440 --> 00:30:47,120 Speaker 1: to this one is a variety found in Hungary. We 456 00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:52,200 Speaker 1: are guessing at the pronunciation as barashua Zorka. Moving on 457 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:57,200 Speaker 1: from the foods and drinks to some things that were 458 00:30:57,240 --> 00:31:00,720 Speaker 1: discovered by accident by people who were just doubt doing 459 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:05,200 Speaker 1: their thing. First, a thirteen year old boy found a 460 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:09,800 Speaker 1: coin in an agricultural field in the Spandaut district of Berlin, 461 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:13,040 Speaker 1: and then while he was on a visit to Berlin's 462 00:31:13,160 --> 00:31:17,960 Speaker 1: Archaeology Lab Petrie, he showed the coin to researchers. Archaeology 463 00:31:18,160 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: Lab Petree sounds really cool to me. It is both 464 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:25,200 Speaker 1: an archaeology lab actively working on things and a museum. 465 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,480 Speaker 1: It is built over the foundations of a medieval Latin 466 00:31:28,560 --> 00:31:32,240 Speaker 1: school and its laboratories that workshops are behind glass so 467 00:31:32,520 --> 00:31:35,120 Speaker 1: visitors can see the work that's being done. That does 468 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:39,000 Speaker 1: sound incredibly cool. Uh. It was immediately obvious that this 469 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: piece of metal that this boy brought was very old, 470 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:44,680 Speaker 1: but it was also so small that it wasn't clear 471 00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:48,320 Speaker 1: what it was at first. Further study revealed that it 472 00:31:48,360 --> 00:31:51,280 Speaker 1: was a trojan coin dating back to between two hundred 473 00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: and eighty one and two hundred and sixty one BCE. 474 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:58,720 Speaker 1: It features depictions of the goddess Athena on both sides. 475 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: This is the first ancient Greek artifact to be unearthed 476 00:32:03,280 --> 00:32:06,800 Speaker 1: in Berlin, and at first it was not clear whether 477 00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:10,040 Speaker 1: it had been in the area since sometime not long 478 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:13,120 Speaker 1: after it was minted, or if maybe it was just 479 00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:17,200 Speaker 1: the lost property of a more modern coin collector in Berlin. 480 00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,600 Speaker 1: There are still various unanswered questions about it, but the 481 00:32:21,640 --> 00:32:25,480 Speaker 1: area where the boy found the coin is near known 482 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:29,440 Speaker 1: archaeological sites, including a burial site that was established in 483 00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:32,520 Speaker 1: the early Iron Age and continued to be used for 484 00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:36,200 Speaker 1: centuries after that, so it is possible that this coin 485 00:32:36,720 --> 00:32:42,240 Speaker 1: was buried with someone more than a thousand years ago. Next, 486 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,080 Speaker 1: John Smith, who was out for a walk with his 487 00:32:45,160 --> 00:32:47,920 Speaker 1: dog in the Forest of Dean in England, discovered a 488 00:32:47,960 --> 00:32:51,959 Speaker 1: Bronze Age axehead. His dog was rooting around in the 489 00:32:51,960 --> 00:32:56,080 Speaker 1: forest as dogs do, and when Smith went to get him, 490 00:32:56,440 --> 00:32:59,480 Speaker 1: he saw the axe head wedged in a hole among 491 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: some rooms roots. He turned this axehead over to Forestry England, 492 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:07,760 Speaker 1: which handed it over to Cotswold Archaeology, and it ultimately 493 00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:11,480 Speaker 1: made its way to the Dean Heritage Center. It's believed 494 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:14,360 Speaker 1: to date back to some time between fourteen hundred and 495 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: twelve seventy five BCE. This head was from a pulstave ax, 496 00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:22,280 Speaker 1: which was used with a wooden handle. Paul stave axe 497 00:33:22,280 --> 00:33:24,880 Speaker 1: heads have a bar that keeps the axe head from 498 00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:28,040 Speaker 1: being driven back into the handle when it's used, and 499 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:30,240 Speaker 1: then it also, at least most of them have a 500 00:33:30,440 --> 00:33:33,640 Speaker 1: loop that is used to tie the axe head onto 501 00:33:33,680 --> 00:33:35,680 Speaker 1: the handle of the axe so that it does not 502 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:40,400 Speaker 1: fly off while being used. A hiker in Norway found 503 00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:43,640 Speaker 1: a golden scabbard fitting in debris from where a tree 504 00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:48,600 Speaker 1: had previously fallen down. This decorative element likely dates back 505 00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:50,680 Speaker 1: to the sixth century and it looks like it was 506 00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:55,720 Speaker 1: made by skilled goldsmiths. It's covered in serpentine markings and 507 00:33:55,800 --> 00:34:00,160 Speaker 1: beaded golden threads. Fewer than twenty fittings like this have 508 00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,040 Speaker 1: been found in Northern Europe, and compared to the others, 509 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:07,240 Speaker 1: this one is particularly worn, suggesting that it was used 510 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:10,840 Speaker 1: for a long time. This is the first such scabbard 511 00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:15,080 Speaker 1: fitting found in this part of Norway. In other accidental 512 00:34:15,160 --> 00:34:18,400 Speaker 1: finds from Norway, a first grader who was on a 513 00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:20,680 Speaker 1: field trip picked up a piece of metal on the 514 00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:23,799 Speaker 1: ground and it turned out to be an iron sword, 515 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:29,120 Speaker 1: so the teachers contacted county archaeologists. This is a single 516 00:34:29,239 --> 00:34:32,000 Speaker 1: edged sword, meaning that it most likely dates back to 517 00:34:32,160 --> 00:34:36,360 Speaker 1: the Merevingian period between the years five fifty and eight hundred, 518 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:40,040 Speaker 1: or it is also possible that it is an early 519 00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:45,480 Speaker 1: Viking Age weapon from before double edged blades became more 520 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:49,400 Speaker 1: common among the Vikings. This sword was sent to the 521 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:54,040 Speaker 1: Museum of Cultural History in Oslo for conservation. A man 522 00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:56,879 Speaker 1: who was fishing in the Varda River in Poland also 523 00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:00,000 Speaker 1: discovered a sword, this one dating back to the Elee 524 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:04,600 Speaker 1: teventh century, similarly to the find in Norway. He saw 525 00:35:04,640 --> 00:35:06,480 Speaker 1: a piece of metal on one of the earth and 526 00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:09,120 Speaker 1: stone fortifications in the river and picked it up to 527 00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:14,080 Speaker 1: see what it was. These fortifications are usually submerged, and 528 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:17,200 Speaker 1: this find was only visible thanks to a drop in 529 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:20,839 Speaker 1: water level. The sword was taken to a museum where 530 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:24,719 Speaker 1: an archaeologist determined its probable age, and then it was 531 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:29,719 Speaker 1: sent to Nicolaus Copernicus University for conservation and for our 532 00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:33,960 Speaker 1: last accidental find. So this has maybe a little bit 533 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,920 Speaker 1: more deliberate, but still a surprise, some high school students 534 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:42,440 Speaker 1: who occupied their school in Rome found an ancient villa 535 00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,840 Speaker 1: under it. This happened in twenty twenty one, and the 536 00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:50,000 Speaker 1: students were protesting plans to extend the school's period of 537 00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:53,759 Speaker 1: remote learning due to the COVID nineteen pandemic. While they 538 00:35:53,760 --> 00:35:58,280 Speaker 1: were occupying the school, they explored the building, including finding 539 00:35:58,360 --> 00:36:02,200 Speaker 1: an opening in an old boiler room, and that opening 540 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:06,200 Speaker 1: led them to the villa. Excavations of the villa began 541 00:36:06,239 --> 00:36:09,320 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty five, and the findings were announced earlier 542 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:13,480 Speaker 1: this year. This villa was a private dwelling dating back 543 00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:17,399 Speaker 1: to the second century. It had been partially unearthed back 544 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:21,040 Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety five during road construction, but it wasn't 545 00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:24,320 Speaker 1: fully examined at the time and it was ultimately forgotten 546 00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:27,680 Speaker 1: about until these teens found it. It has been described 547 00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:33,760 Speaker 1: as very well preserved, including having an intact mosaic. I 548 00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:38,359 Speaker 1: am fascinated by this whole story. I love it. It's 549 00:36:38,480 --> 00:36:40,880 Speaker 1: kind of like when we did our Catacombs episode, and 550 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,279 Speaker 1: it's like, yeah, I just walked through this weird door 551 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:46,400 Speaker 1: and suddenly there it all was there. It was Yeah, 552 00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:48,920 Speaker 1: there was an opening in the boiler room and the 553 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,960 Speaker 1: villa underneath. We will have more things unearthed next time, 554 00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:56,319 Speaker 1: but for now I have a little listener mail. Yay. 555 00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:01,239 Speaker 1: This listener mail is from Rebecca and wrote hello, I've 556 00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:03,600 Speaker 1: written a couple of times and was so gratified that 557 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:07,240 Speaker 1: you chose to share my email on Nigrony's and Shirley Temple's. 558 00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:11,239 Speaker 1: I'm behind still so I just finished October twenty twenty four. 559 00:37:12,040 --> 00:37:14,920 Speaker 1: In the episode on Horace Walpole and the Rise of 560 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:18,840 Speaker 1: the Gothic Esthetic, you commented on his preparing a guide 561 00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:22,520 Speaker 1: to the house. You seem to think it unusual. I'm 562 00:37:22,520 --> 00:37:27,160 Speaker 1: writing to recommend a book, The Polite Tourist by Adrian Tenniswood. 563 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:31,719 Speaker 1: He chronicles the history of house tours with extensive references 564 00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:35,959 Speaker 1: to Walpole and Strawberry Hill. He notes the significant rise 565 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,560 Speaker 1: in the popularity of house tours in the later part 566 00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:41,920 Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century and the growing commercialization of it. 567 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:46,200 Speaker 1: Many homeowners were being so swamped with visitors that they 568 00:37:46,239 --> 00:37:50,080 Speaker 1: had to begin devising rules and mechanisms to deal with 569 00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:54,200 Speaker 1: the throngs. A major step was establishing specific days and 570 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:56,839 Speaker 1: hours the house would be open, as well as the 571 00:37:56,840 --> 00:38:01,879 Speaker 1: development of guides. The thirst for esthetic appreciation of art 572 00:38:01,960 --> 00:38:05,399 Speaker 1: and architecture led to the demand for more information than 573 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:09,520 Speaker 1: a housekeeper could reasonably provide, as well as the desire 574 00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:13,280 Speaker 1: for a souvenir to boast of one's visit. While Pole's 575 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:16,000 Speaker 1: house guide may have been less about him showing off 576 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,120 Speaker 1: his home than trying to manage the influx of visitors. 577 00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:21,920 Speaker 1: In the listener mail section of one of the British 578 00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:25,400 Speaker 1: Ghost episodes, you talked about orange cats and their legendary 579 00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:28,960 Speaker 1: goofy behavior. You questioned if non goofy oranges exist that 580 00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: I'm writing to say they do. I have two orange boys, 581 00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:35,880 Speaker 1: and Jack is the archetype orange goofy and only occasionally 582 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:38,400 Speaker 1: getting a turn with the brain cell. Charlie is not. 583 00:38:38,719 --> 00:38:43,239 Speaker 1: He is crazy, smart, generally dignified, and sadly very high anxiety. 584 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:47,239 Speaker 1: He is, however, the epitome of the sweet loving orange. 585 00:38:47,560 --> 00:38:50,640 Speaker 1: Maybe his different since he's an orange tabby but also 586 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:54,920 Speaker 1: has tuxedo markings atached to pictures of Jack being a 587 00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:57,359 Speaker 1: pest was a remote work day and he insisted it 588 00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,800 Speaker 1: was petting time, and Charlie showing off his white bib 589 00:39:00,880 --> 00:39:05,120 Speaker 1: and spats also an episode suggestion. I was recently at 590 00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:07,920 Speaker 1: the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 591 00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:11,640 Speaker 1: the decorative art section, looking at reconstructions of two hotel 592 00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:14,920 Speaker 1: rooms from seventeen sixties France, it occurred to me that 593 00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:18,120 Speaker 1: I don't really know how the concept of hotels developed 594 00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,239 Speaker 1: or when it became a standard, so a history on 595 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:23,840 Speaker 1: hotels would be very interesting. Thank you so much for 596 00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:28,680 Speaker 1: this email, Rebecca. It's been long enough since October of 597 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:32,640 Speaker 1: twenty twenty four that I don't really remember whether I 598 00:39:32,719 --> 00:39:36,279 Speaker 1: knew this about house tours and whether I intended to 599 00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:38,960 Speaker 1: make it sound that Horace Walpole making this guide to 600 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:42,680 Speaker 1: the house was unusual. I don't remember, but this is 601 00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,080 Speaker 1: all super interesting, so thank you very much for writing 602 00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:48,920 Speaker 1: about it. And then we have some super cute kitty 603 00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:54,800 Speaker 1: cat pictures orange babyes. So we have one orange kitty 604 00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:58,120 Speaker 1: cat on a keyboard and then other orange kitty cat 605 00:39:58,160 --> 00:40:03,120 Speaker 1: who that's just it's the sweetest tiger face. And then 606 00:40:03,360 --> 00:40:06,480 Speaker 1: the white bib and white feet, which is so cute, 607 00:40:07,120 --> 00:40:10,440 Speaker 1: so cute. So yeah, thank you so much, Rebecca for 608 00:40:10,520 --> 00:40:13,280 Speaker 1: this email. I might need to check out this book 609 00:40:13,840 --> 00:40:16,520 Speaker 1: because that sounds really interesting. I don't know whether we 610 00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:18,960 Speaker 1: will have an episode on the history of hotels, but 611 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:21,400 Speaker 1: that's an interesting idea too. I mean I kind of 612 00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:26,080 Speaker 1: love that idea. Yeah, but I'm still occluded by thinking 613 00:40:26,120 --> 00:40:29,440 Speaker 1: about people just stopping by my house. Yeah, and how 614 00:40:29,520 --> 00:40:34,120 Speaker 1: that would make me not happy. I'd love to entertain, 615 00:40:34,239 --> 00:40:38,279 Speaker 1: but like just Randos popping by, Yeah, I see your stuff. No, 616 00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:43,040 Speaker 1: definitely not not. Do not be a super rich person 617 00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:46,000 Speaker 1: with a huge, huge house in the eighteenth century. That's 618 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:48,959 Speaker 1: my advice. Oh, I think I can manage that. Yeah, 619 00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:51,520 Speaker 1: don't use the time machine to set yourself up in 620 00:40:51,560 --> 00:40:55,000 Speaker 1: that way. So thank you again, Rebecca for this email. 621 00:40:55,040 --> 00:40:56,640 Speaker 1: If you would like to send us a note where 622 00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:01,360 Speaker 1: at history podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and if you 623 00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,880 Speaker 1: want to see the notes about our episode, Boy is 624 00:41:04,920 --> 00:41:08,000 Speaker 1: the source list for Unearthed Incredibly Long. That is at 625 00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:12,080 Speaker 1: our website, which is Missed Inhistory dot com. And you 626 00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:14,480 Speaker 1: can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app and 627 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:22,680 Speaker 1: anywhere else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you 628 00:41:22,719 --> 00:41:25,799 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For 629 00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:30,359 Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 630 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:34,359 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.