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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know from House Stuffworks dot com. Hey,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W.

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Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant, and there's no which makes us a very

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Speaker 1: special edition of Stuff you Should Know, harrier than Jerry. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: edition much harrier. No, let's see your hair man that

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Speaker 1: has a lot of hair hairsuite. He's like the original

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Speaker 1: Kings of Leon. I used to love those guys back

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Speaker 1: when they were like Tennessee hill Billy's. Yeah, and then

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Speaker 1: they got their glam makeover and I was like, it's

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Speaker 1: like Metallica after the Black album. Yeah, what happened? What

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Speaker 1: happened Metallica Lars. I think they enjoyed making loads of money,

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Speaker 1: truckloads of money. Didn't think more than being like heavy

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Speaker 1: metal parking lot guys. Yeah exactly. Um, hey Chuck. Before

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Speaker 1: we get started, we want to tell everybody you can

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Speaker 1: follow us on Twitter. That's why sk podcast. You can

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Speaker 1: hang out with us on Facebook, dot com, slash stuff.

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Speaker 1: You should know our YouTube channel search Josh and Chuck.

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Speaker 1: It's pretty awesome, and as always we have a wonderful website.

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Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know dot com. That's right, you can

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Speaker 1: hang out with us outside of the podcast if you want,

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Speaker 1: if you want, no pressure. So how are you doing?

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Speaker 1: I'm great. I'm super excited about this topic because A

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Speaker 1: we're pairing it with our Charles Darwin show, Yeah, which

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Speaker 1: I guess came out last episode, right, aren't we pairing

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Speaker 1: the two? Yeah? I think we're doing Darwin first. Let's

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Speaker 1: do Darwin first, because I think in the Darwin episode

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Speaker 1: we say we should do natural selection. It's here we are.

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Speaker 1: But I'm just excited because to me, and I gushed

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Speaker 1: a little at Darwin's feet, this is my own personal statement.

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Speaker 1: I think natural selection is the most exciting and like

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Speaker 1: beautiful thing that exists. It's it's just it really turns

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Speaker 1: my crank. You know, you're like an old timey car. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: you know. I grew up this is again my personal story.

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Speaker 1: I grew up in churches most listeners now, uh, which

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Speaker 1: was heavy doses of of creation, the creation story. And

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Speaker 1: I remember, as a kid, even fully involved in in church,

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Speaker 1: thinking like I just this doesn't make sense to me.

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Speaker 1: I just it didn't add up. So natural selection it

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Speaker 1: just makes sense to you. Yeah. When I finally learned

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Speaker 1: about natural selection, like really really understood and learned it.

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Speaker 1: It just it made total sense because I can like

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Speaker 1: see it, it was tangible. I could make sense of it.

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Speaker 1: And again that's my own story. We don't poo poo

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Speaker 1: anyone or saying anyone should feel anyway, but we just

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Speaker 1: explain how things work exactly. You know. But I have

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Speaker 1: a personal attachment to this just because I think it's

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Speaker 1: like the grooviest thing going. Yeah, no, I know what

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Speaker 1: you mean. Like it it makes uttering complete sense. It's

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Speaker 1: almost um in capable of being appropriated to serve some agenda.

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Speaker 1: It just is what it is, you know, It's just there.

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Speaker 1: It's beautiful. I agree with you entirely. It's an elegant theory.

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Speaker 1: Its just super neat. Yeah. Um. And the wonderful thing

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Speaker 1: is is like there's even squabbles in the scientific community

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Speaker 1: over exactly how evolution works and processes, and regardless, everyone's

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Speaker 1: still like, yep, natural selection pretty much perfect. Yeah, it

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Speaker 1: just makes sense. I'm gonna have a t shirt natural selection.

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Speaker 1: It just makes sense. I have a feeling we'll be

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Speaker 1: getting an email with something like that eventually, So let's

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Speaker 1: talk about natural selection. I think a lot of people,

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Speaker 1: including myself, um, kind of had an idea of what

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Speaker 1: it was, pretty good idea, but not necessarily understanding the

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Speaker 1: ins and outs of it. And well, that's what we're

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Speaker 1: here for, is to explain the ins and outs of

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Speaker 1: natural selection. So, um, basically, a lot of people interchange

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Speaker 1: evolution and natural selection. That's incorrect. Um. Evolution is this

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Speaker 1: huge process by which species adapt and change to survive

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Speaker 1: in their environments, and the way that that moves along.

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Speaker 1: The mechanism that drives that is natural selection. So they're

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Speaker 1: not one and the same. Natural selection drives evolution. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and who wrote this one? Was this? Uh? Grabowski? The

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Speaker 1: grabster I should have known. Uh, just very simply puts

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Speaker 1: it very early on the article. Organisms best suited to

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Speaker 1: survive in their particular circumstance have a greater chance of

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Speaker 1: passing their traits onto the next generation. That's right, it

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Speaker 1: just makes sense. I'm gonna try not to say that

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Speaker 1: every ten minutes, but just now that that's going on

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Speaker 1: in my head. Yeah, and and and um do you

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Speaker 1: want that on a T shirt? And natural selection is

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Speaker 1: like it's this ongoing, basically never ending process even when

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Speaker 1: organisms really kind of seemingly stopped developing, like they figured

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Speaker 1: it out. Yeah, but it's it isn't. It doesn't have

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Speaker 1: its own sentience. It isn't its own thing. Like you can't.

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Speaker 1: You can't attribute it to some sort of creator or

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Speaker 1: creation necessarily unless you believe that kind of thing. But

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Speaker 1: like if you're if you, it's very easy to give

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Speaker 1: it a personality, but it's not. It's the byproduct of

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Speaker 1: how organisms exist, and we exist by our genes and

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Speaker 1: by the fact that those genes change frequently within the

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Speaker 1: lifetime of a person thanks to what we understand now

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Speaker 1: is of the genetics, but also through reproduction. And from

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Speaker 1: these these moments, these periods where genes are up for

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Speaker 1: a change, they can completely or even just partially change

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Speaker 1: part of an organism, and that change may or may

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Speaker 1: not help the organism survive in the environment, like you

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Speaker 1: just quoted Grabanowski. And if it does, bay a natural

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Speaker 1: selection will root that out and it will propagate that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and uh. It also points out Darwin um he did

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Speaker 1: coin term natural selection and survival of the fittest. And

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Speaker 1: I do think that many people hear survival of the

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Speaker 1: fittest and they think of the lion eating the gazelle.

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Speaker 1: But it's also, like he says, the tree that can

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Speaker 1: disperse its seed where it needs to for those seeds

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Speaker 1: to grow or the bacteria that uh survives. It's not

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Speaker 1: you know, animal eating animal, although it can, right, And

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Speaker 1: so since we're on it, Chuck, fitness is basically um

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Speaker 1: like you say, like a tree's ability to spread seeds

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Speaker 1: and for those seeds to take rud because its grabs.

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Speaker 1: Her points out, it's not enough for a tree to

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Speaker 1: produce a bunch of seeds, which is its ability to reproduce, Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and its ability to survive long enough to even get

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Speaker 1: to the point to it where it reproduces. Right. That's

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Speaker 1: step one is to live long enough to be able

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Speaker 1: to reproduce. Step two, or the second part of it

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Speaker 1: is that that reproduction is as successful as it possibly

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Speaker 1: can be. Yeah, Like it says, not only you gotta

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Speaker 1: do it, you gotta do it well. So that tree,

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Speaker 1: it spreads tons and tons of seeds. If those seeds

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Speaker 1: um happen to um catch fire and sunlight, that's not

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Speaker 1: going to be a very good trait. But if they

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Speaker 1: have like a really hard husk that can survive the

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Speaker 1: elements but then disintegrates when it's digested by a raccoon

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Speaker 1: and then pooped out. You know, then all of a

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Speaker 1: sudden you've got that step two covered. Yeah, or if

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Speaker 1: it you know, if it's just dumb luck, if that

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Speaker 1: tree exists in a place where it's super windy and

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Speaker 1: can disperse the seeds better, uh, then it will propagate.

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Speaker 1: If not, then you may not even know that that

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Speaker 1: tree existed exactly unless you consult the fossil record. That's right. Um, Okay,

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Speaker 1: So I guess the whole point to natural selection is

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Speaker 1: that it is an agent of change, but it's also

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Speaker 1: a byproduct of change, and we kind of have to

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Speaker 1: take a step backward to figure out where this change

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Speaker 1: is happening. I already said it a little bit, but

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Speaker 1: it's in it's our DNA. It's in the DNA of

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Speaker 1: all living things to change. Yeah, well, traits were all

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Speaker 1: born with traits, and we inherent those traits from you

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Speaker 1: know who who made us our folks and um. But

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Speaker 1: it's not necessarily that's not necessarily natural selection at work

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Speaker 1: over like one generation to the next. Right, there can

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Speaker 1: be differences in traits. Like Darwin, as we'll see, points

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Speaker 1: that out himself. He's like, let's just get it out

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Speaker 1: of the way, Like just because you have brown eyes

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Speaker 1: and somebody else has blue eyes, that's not evolution. No,

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Speaker 1: and he uses a good example here of tall versus

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Speaker 1: short folks. Uh, tall people might be basketball players, people

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Speaker 1: might be jockeyscus the grabs are not Darwin. Yeah yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: Um did they have basketball? When was that advented? When

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Speaker 1: did the name sent in mid basketball? I want to

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Speaker 1: say eighteen forty eight, but it's probably eighteen seventy, not

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Speaker 1: too far off. So he makes the point that you know,

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Speaker 1: if something happened to where like jockeys could reproduce better

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Speaker 1: or basketball players could not reproduce anymore. Yeah, I was

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Speaker 1: trying to imagine, just make up anything, I know, I

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Speaker 1: was trying to and like I couldn't come up with it. Well,

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Speaker 1: just make make up something like being able to uh

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Speaker 1: dribble and dunk lowers your sperm count. Oh that's a

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Speaker 1: good one. See, that's what I'm saying. I think my

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Speaker 1: brain was in understand natural selection modes of my My

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Speaker 1: imagination grew less fertile, so it didn't survive, No, it didn't. Um,

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Speaker 1: And over time, basically basketball players don't reproduce as much

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Speaker 1: jockey's do, and over several generations, people are going to

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Speaker 1: be shorter on average. It sounds almost dumb, it's so simple,

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Speaker 1: but that's really the basis of it. It is, and

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Speaker 1: it's one of those things. It's like economics where it's

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Speaker 1: so simple that it's hard to wrap your mind around

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Speaker 1: it because you make it more complex necessarily than it is.

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Speaker 1: It's it's very similar for me. Um. And with that

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Speaker 1: basketball example which just happened, was humanity evolved to be shorter.

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Speaker 1: That was the end result. And that evolution took place

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Speaker 1: because there was a shift in the distribution of traits.

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Speaker 1: So before lots of basketball players, lots of jockeys, tallness

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Speaker 1: and shortness, which are traits or variations on the trade

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Speaker 1: of height in humans, Like we have height, we're not

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Speaker 1: too dimensional inherited by who bore you, right, not us,

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Speaker 1: your parents. We bore you in a different way. Um.

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Speaker 1: So the variations on the trade eventually gave rise to evolution.

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Speaker 1: So within just like our generation or even a couple

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Speaker 1: of generations, the differences in eye color, height or something

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Speaker 1: like that, it doesn't represent evolution, but changes like that

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Speaker 1: can lead to evolution over time. Yeah, if they are

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Speaker 1: changes that either aid or prevent your survival, right, Like

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Speaker 1: if something happens and all of a sudden human women

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Speaker 1: were all like, we're not gonna mate with anybody but

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Speaker 1: blue eyes. You can bet your bippy that within two

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Speaker 1: generations there's gonna be nothing but blue eyed kids. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: or grown adults getting blue contacts. That's a good idea

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Speaker 1: because they're tired of not having sex. But then maybe

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Speaker 1: our eyes would adapt to um the context and just

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Speaker 1: absorb them. Something has to happen. Your imagination is plenty fertill,

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Speaker 1: my friend, I guess so. Uh, and this all goes

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Speaker 1: back if we can go back a little further to

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Speaker 1: something called DNA um that is a chemical structure that

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Speaker 1: is the basis for everything that is. Is that a

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Speaker 1: good way to say it? And Uh? Within DNA are

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Speaker 1: sequences of traits, sets of traits, and those are the genes.

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Speaker 1: And then there's something called the LLL, which is really

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Speaker 1: where it all comes together. Is it all? Or allele?

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Speaker 1: Does I say ll adele? No? Adele allele? Okay? So

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Speaker 1: it's like a gene is like a specific sequence of

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Speaker 1: DNA that produces some trade. So height, like you have

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Speaker 1: a height gene like and when that gene is working

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Speaker 1: like you will grow. Yeah, the expression of the gene

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Speaker 1: is the allele. Yeah, that's the variation of that trait.

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Speaker 1: So imagine like as just a stretch of genes is

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Speaker 1: like a few boxes, say five of them, and three

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Speaker 1: are off the three that will encode to make brown eyes, uh,

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Speaker 1: and two are on the two that will encode to

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Speaker 1: make blue eyes. So each one's an allele, but the

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Speaker 1: one that's functioning gives you blue eyes. So in allal

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Speaker 1: is just a variation on a trade. And a trade

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Speaker 1: is produced by a gene, which is a sequence of DNA.

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Speaker 1: That variation is produced by an allele, which is a

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Speaker 1: sequence of the gene. And how often that allele shows

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Speaker 1: up in a population is the allele frequency. And it's

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Speaker 1: really simple. You hear alleal frequency and it sounds like,

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Speaker 1: oh that's science, but it's really pretty easy. That's what

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Speaker 1: they go to school force to learn the jargon. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and uh, we did a really good episode on population

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Speaker 1: and uh, we're gonna be talking about here again though,

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Speaker 1: So we should just say that a population is a

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Speaker 1: group uh in one place that have sex with each other. Yeah. Um,

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Speaker 1: so like a zebra in Africa. He makes up he

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Speaker 1: should have used real examples because he said, let's say

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Speaker 1: there were zebras in South America. But I see his point,

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Speaker 1: that would be a different population because they can't have

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Speaker 1: sex with the zebras in Africa, because zebras can't swim

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Speaker 1: across the ocean. And a lion in Africa is in

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Speaker 1: a different population than a zebra in Africa because they

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Speaker 1: don't do it right. They can't. It's an abomination. It is.

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Speaker 1: You come up with a zion, that'd be kind of cool.

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Speaker 1: I guess, sort of like a tiger. Probably maybe that's

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Speaker 1: what a tiger. I think. It's So you were talking

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Speaker 1: about populations and you're in a little frequency. So, um,

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Speaker 1: you could conceivably quantify the alleal frequency of blue eyes

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Speaker 1: and the human population because we transcended, like the difference

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Speaker 1: between Africa and South America. Like we have planes now,

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Speaker 1: so we we all have access to sex with one

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Speaker 1: another as a population, as long as you have a

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Speaker 1: passport and some money for a plane ticket. Um. So

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Speaker 1: speaking about a lieal frequency, Um, the point of that

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Speaker 1: whole thing is that with evolution, I guess another way

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Speaker 1: to put it, the way it grabs or puts it

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Speaker 1: is evolution is just a shift or a change in

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Speaker 1: alleal frequency. And the reason that that change takes places

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Speaker 1: because those alleles that become more and more widespread and

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Speaker 1: distributed it across the population, UM have made that organism

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Speaker 1: more likely to survive, to reproduce, and more likely to

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Speaker 1: successfully reproduce. Yeah, that's it. That's it. That's the evolution

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Speaker 1: driven by natural selection. Do you want to quit? I

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Speaker 1: don't think we could top at this point. Now it

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Speaker 1: does get more interesting. Um Alile's create are created in

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Speaker 1: a few different ways. UM. One is called a mutation,

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Speaker 1: which you probably heard of. Uh. These are random changes. Uh.

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Speaker 1: They are pretty rare, like the X men. Yeah, very rare,

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Speaker 1: very rare mutants are. That's why they got to hang

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Speaker 1: out with the president a lot. Yeah, but the president

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Speaker 1: was also a mutant, wouldn't he. Oh yeah, eventually Kelsey Grammer. No, no, no,

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Speaker 1: the president was the guy with the son with the wings.

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Speaker 1: I thought, ye, his son was the mutant and the

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Speaker 1: president the president. But I think Kelsey Grammer eventually was

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Speaker 1: elected president Blue president, Blue Harry President. So to me,

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Speaker 1: the cool thing about mutations is is they can be

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Speaker 1: completely new traits that are introduced that are completely different

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Speaker 1: than anything you've ever seen in that species, which is

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Speaker 1: pretty radical. Another way is just like we've been talking

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Speaker 1: about sex a lot reproduction just with animals humans. That

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Speaker 1: is the way that an aile can express itself. Right.

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Speaker 1: It's the mixing together when when your mom and your

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Speaker 1: dad love each other very much and they copulate. Um,

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Speaker 1: there sperm and egg mixed together, break down their DNA

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Speaker 1: and it's glorious, fantastic um little mini explosion inside the

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Speaker 1: womb and uh, and then it really it recombines into

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Speaker 1: a totally new form that shares part of the dad's

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Speaker 1: DNA and part of the mom's UNICH to make a

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Speaker 1: new human. Yeah, and you get all the bad traits

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Speaker 1: from each of them, right, hopefully you get all the

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Speaker 1: best traits. But that's the point of sexual reproduction, which

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Speaker 1: was itself naturally selected, because it increases the potential that

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Speaker 1: you're going to inherit uh, good traits that will let

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Speaker 1: you survive. That's right, there's just more traits out there.

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Speaker 1: It's like um. I think it was the Sense of

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Speaker 1: Smell episode we did where we talked about pheromones, the

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Speaker 1: idea that pheromones among humans, we we can still detect

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Speaker 1: them even though we don't know it. And the whole

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Speaker 1: reason we can is to smell out other people's immune

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Speaker 1: system and we want somebody with an opposite immune system

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Speaker 1: of RS. So when you put the two together, it

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Speaker 1: produces a little mini superhuman who can't be killed. There

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Speaker 1: was an interesting study I think where they just had

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Speaker 1: people smelling things, but the gauging attraction levels right. But

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Speaker 1: it's based on the premise of sexual reproduction, which is

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Speaker 1: the combining as many good traits as possible make somebody

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Speaker 1: with a lot of them. Uh. And then the final

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Speaker 1: way that um alile's are created is um genetic recombination,

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Speaker 1: and that would be in the case of like a

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Speaker 1: bacteria who obviously don't go out and have sex with

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Speaker 1: each other um, but they do absorb DNA that they

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Speaker 1: get from other bacteria and basically make it part of them. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they think that's where the ukaryotes came from. Yeah, the

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Speaker 1: mitochondria was its own thing and it became absorbed by

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Speaker 1: some ancient cell to serve as like the power center

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Speaker 1: of the of the cell, and from that like gave

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Speaker 1: rise to everything with the backbone, everything that's not a

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Speaker 1: bacteria basically, so fish at first, I guess yeah, but eventually,

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Speaker 1: like it all, it all just came to that and

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Speaker 1: it's still going on today. It's just two organisms in

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Speaker 1: one neat yeah that's super neat, and then one other thing.

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Speaker 1: Like there are three ways that this could happen. That

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Speaker 1: um that new alliles could be introduced. But um, I

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Speaker 1: wonder if epigenetics will eventually be added to that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: because think about it. I mean, it's a change in

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Speaker 1: gene expression, right, So yeah, I could see that leading

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Speaker 1: to I guess I guess it could be classified as

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Speaker 1: a spontaneous mutation. I guess it would fall under that umbrella. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but so much leads up to it. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: I'm with you. What's out of fourth? Okay, et the

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Speaker 1: genetics is officially added as a change to Allele's I'm

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Speaker 1: sure we'll get an email from someone that's super smart

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Speaker 1: that will explain exactly why that won't happen there. Like,

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Speaker 1: first of all, Chuck was right, it's allows so Chuck

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Speaker 1: we um. You know we said that all of this

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Speaker 1: starts at DNA and the fact that it changes, we

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Speaker 1: actually should go back even further, um than that, uh,

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Speaker 1: into the backdrop of nature, the environment, the reason that

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Speaker 1: DNA changes, that traits change over time is because of

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Speaker 1: a little thing called death. Yeah, we all die and

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Speaker 1: how to avoid it exactly. It's it's the combination of

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Speaker 1: the two things. We're all going to die, and all

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Speaker 1: organisms appear to be driven by a desire to put

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Speaker 1: off that moment as long as possible, So we have

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Speaker 1: an instinct to survive. Right. The problem is is the

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Speaker 1: processes of nature are trying to put us down all

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Speaker 1: the time, so there is a inherent struggle to survive.

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Speaker 1: So when you combine our desire to live with nature

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Speaker 1: trying to kill us all the time, it forms that struggle.

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Speaker 1: The struggles have survived gives rise to the changes in genes,

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Speaker 1: which eventually are selected and convert to evolution. So it

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Speaker 1: all begins with the struggle to survive and the desire

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Speaker 1: to survive. Right, And this is spelled out by Darwin himself. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: should we read some of his quotes, Uh this is

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Speaker 1: These are from the on the Origin of the Species,

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Speaker 1: which if you just listen to the Charles Starwin, you know,

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Speaker 1: that was his most famous work that he put up,

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Speaker 1: one of many, but that's his uh you know, warrant Peace.

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Speaker 1: It's close second was my travels with Timmy about his

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Speaker 1: pet rabbit and he going around the county bothering neighbors.

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Speaker 1: So he here are you with the Here a few

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Speaker 1: of the basic tenants in on the origin of the

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Speaker 1: species and with some quotes from Darwin himself. One is

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Speaker 1: the organisms show variations of a variation of traits. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's him just getting it out of the way, like,

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Speaker 1: don't be dumb. If you think that your your dad's

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Speaker 1: blue eyes and your brow and eyes are revolution, you're wrong. Okay,

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Speaker 1: I like that better than his quote. Actually, let's do that.

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Speaker 1: Let's do Josh's take on his quote. I'll do what

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Speaker 1: I can, all right. Uh. Number two is more organisms

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Speaker 1: are born that could ever possibly be supported by the

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Speaker 1: resources here on the planet. That's right. Uh, stop being

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Speaker 1: such an idiot. There's such a thing as scarcity, don't

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Speaker 1: you know that. I mean this is great. Um, I

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Speaker 1: feel the birth of the new podcast coming. Number three. Therefore,

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Speaker 1: in conclusion, all organisms must struggle to live. You already

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Speaker 1: kind of covered that, okay. Um. Number four, some traits

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Speaker 1: offer advantages in the struggle. That's right. Uh, those are mutations,

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Speaker 1: and as Josh will eventually predict, epigenetics, not always mutations

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Speaker 1: though right changes to Allele's um. Organisms that have those

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Speaker 1: traits are the ones that will help you survive, are

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Speaker 1: more likely to be successful and reproduce and pass them on.

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Speaker 1: And then finally successful variations the ones that we have

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Speaker 1: just talked about that allow you to survive and reproduce more.

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Speaker 1: They accumulate over the years and the generations as they

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Speaker 1: are exposed to something we'll talk about in a minute

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Speaker 1: called population pressure. Right. And he points out too that

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Speaker 1: this is essentially specific and local. Like UM, if humans

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Speaker 1: had a right where you cooled extremely easily all the time, UM,

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Speaker 1: under under all conditions, it wouldn't play very well. When

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Speaker 1: you move to the northern latitudes, you die, so it

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Speaker 1: would be selected out of populations in the northern latitudes.

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Speaker 1: But if you lived in the tropics, it would probably

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Speaker 1: be selected um and propagated over time because you probably

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Speaker 1: have a lot more energy. You wouldn't just be laying

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Speaker 1: around fanning yourself with palm fronds. Well you do that too,

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Speaker 1: but you wouldn't need to. Yeah, but it's just it's

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Speaker 1: a nice experience. UM. So I mentioned population pressure, and

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Speaker 1: that's a key here to understanding this whole bowl of soup.

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Speaker 1: And we'll talk about that right after this message. All right,

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Speaker 1: So here we are in the stew I called it soup.

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Speaker 1: It's really a stew of evolution and that section. So

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Speaker 1: we need to talk about population pressure, which is basically

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Speaker 1: anything in a population that makes it tough for your species.

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Speaker 1: Are you, as an individual plant or animal to survive it? Yeah? Again,

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Speaker 1: because there's such things scarcity that means you compete with

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Speaker 1: people in your species or people outside of your species, right,

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Speaker 1: like a lion wants to eat you. Yeah, there's always

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Speaker 1: it's always going on, yes, um. And then even if

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Speaker 1: you lived in total harmony with all the plants and

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Speaker 1: animals around you and vice versa, nature is still shooting

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Speaker 1: lightning bolts at you, train your floods, droughts, famine, all

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Speaker 1: that stuff there is always in and is Darwin put

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Speaker 1: it like every organism struggles to survive one way or another. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And that can really speed things up as far as

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Speaker 1: alleal frequency change, Like if you flood it out an

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Speaker 1: entire country, you're gonna see some big changes within a

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Speaker 1: generation or two. It's not necessarily over hundreds of years,

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Speaker 1: that's right, um. And that's because Uh. When you have

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Speaker 1: something especially like uh, a flood or drought or just

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Speaker 1: some severe increase sudden increase in population pressure, it goes

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Speaker 1: from just background population pressure to something very acute and pronounced.

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Speaker 1: I got a lot of the population dies off. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Like his example is pretty great. Actually about the fire.

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Speaker 1: Let's say a fire killed all the vegetation under fifteen

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Speaker 1: feet and a population of giraffes, anything under fifteen feet

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Speaker 1: is gonna have a hard time reaching food, and so

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Speaker 1: they're gonna start reproducing and making taller giraffes pretty much

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Speaker 1: as fast as they can write. The ones that can't

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Speaker 1: reach food will die off, a lot of them before

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Speaker 1: they can reproduce. The ones that can reach food will

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Speaker 1: live to reproduce, which will produce those taller giraffes. Um,

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Speaker 1: And what just happened then in that giraffe example is

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Speaker 1: called a population bottleneck. Something happened that took a large population,

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Speaker 1: reduced it down to a smaller amount. And then usually

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Speaker 1: in that smaller group, there's going to be some traits

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Speaker 1: or whatever that used to be evenly distributed among the

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Speaker 1: population that are now really concentrated and clustered. And like

425
00:26:08,359 --> 00:26:11,720
Speaker 1: it could be something super rare that is now the

426
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,360
Speaker 1: trade right exactly. So if you have a super rare

427
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:19,160
Speaker 1: trait spread out very evenly among a large population, that

428
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,520
Speaker 1: trait may or may not ever be selected, and if

429
00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:23,960
Speaker 1: it is selected, it may take a very long time

430
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,280
Speaker 1: to be selected because there's so many other competing traits. Well,

431
00:26:27,320 --> 00:26:29,520
Speaker 1: when a lot of those other competing traits are narrow

432
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:34,000
Speaker 1: we weeded out, and you have that population bottlenecked, those

433
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,359
Speaker 1: traits are going to be very pronounced and they they're

434
00:26:36,359 --> 00:26:38,679
Speaker 1: going to be selected very quickly. So you have a

435
00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:42,320
Speaker 1: very quick change in evolution as a result of sudden

436
00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:46,720
Speaker 1: acute population bottlenecks. Yeah, it basically becomes the norm. So

437
00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:50,720
Speaker 1: in that area of where the fire ended up killing

438
00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:54,800
Speaker 1: shorter giraffes, the norm will now be super tall giraffes exactly.

439
00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:57,880
Speaker 1: And don't say chuck. All giraffes are super tall, super

440
00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:00,800
Speaker 1: super tall, super super tall. And this is apparently happened

441
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:04,720
Speaker 1: to humans. Um there's a population bottleneck. Supposedly around seventy

442
00:27:04,720 --> 00:27:08,800
Speaker 1: tho years ago. Um uh, there was something called the

443
00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:12,880
Speaker 1: Toba eruption, huge supervolcano created like a six to ten

444
00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:16,160
Speaker 1: year long winner and dropped the number of humans Homo

445
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:22,439
Speaker 1: sapiens down to something as low as possibly three thousand people. Yeah, so, uh,

446
00:27:22,680 --> 00:27:25,840
Speaker 1: the planet on the whole planet, and they're not quite

447
00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:30,280
Speaker 1: sure like what what um variations were selected out of that,

448
00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:33,960
Speaker 1: but you can bet there was an enormous change within

449
00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,480
Speaker 1: years of that event. Boy, I wonder what it was

450
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,560
Speaker 1: like before that, right, it's pretty interesting. So let's say

451
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:45,280
Speaker 1: the giraffes, like everything was hunky dory, no fires, no nothing,

452
00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:48,080
Speaker 1: but just some of them decided that they wanted to

453
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:51,439
Speaker 1: see if there really are no such thing as zebras

454
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:54,000
Speaker 1: in South America. So they hop on a boat and

455
00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:57,280
Speaker 1: they sailed to South America and they establish a new

456
00:27:57,320 --> 00:28:01,280
Speaker 1: little giraffe colony there. Yeah, well we'll result from that

457
00:28:01,440 --> 00:28:04,440
Speaker 1: is called the founder effect. And there is a band,

458
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:06,680
Speaker 1: by the way, I already looked, no, yeah, I thought

459
00:28:06,760 --> 00:28:08,920
Speaker 1: there's gotta be one, and it is h and I

460
00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:12,240
Speaker 1: listen to their song. How is it? It was pretty good?

461
00:28:12,320 --> 00:28:15,520
Speaker 1: What kind of music, you know, sort of uh, giraffe

462
00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:21,960
Speaker 1: in the Giraffe shoegazy. Okay, not bad? Um so anyway, Yeah,

463
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:24,399
Speaker 1: the founder effect is when you quite literally, when a

464
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:29,280
Speaker 1: population founds a new area and don't have sex with

465
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,840
Speaker 1: that other population anymore. Right, So, and you can have

466
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:36,720
Speaker 1: very different traits from even if it's a giraffe, from

467
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:40,040
Speaker 1: the ones in Africa, because they set up camp in

468
00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:46,120
Speaker 1: a new place, right, and it's almost like an unforced bottleneck. Yeah,

469
00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:48,920
Speaker 1: you know they have voluntary bottleneck. Yeah. Nature didn't kill

470
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,280
Speaker 1: off a bunch of the population. The population just broke

471
00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:54,160
Speaker 1: off from from a larger group to a smaller group.

472
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:57,400
Speaker 1: And that smaller groups probably going to have some weird

473
00:28:57,440 --> 00:29:01,200
Speaker 1: trader too that are going to be select and and

474
00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:07,600
Speaker 1: push evolution along faster than usual. Yeah, alright, let's talk

475
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:10,120
Speaker 1: about this then. Okay, let me pose a question to you, sir,

476
00:29:10,240 --> 00:29:14,480
Speaker 1: that I know the answer to. Uh, what about things

477
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,680
Speaker 1: that don't evolve anymore? Buddy? What about like the shark

478
00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:20,600
Speaker 1: that's been about the same for millions of years? Show

479
00:29:20,680 --> 00:29:25,280
Speaker 1: me your natural selection? There? I got this, Okay. So

480
00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:29,479
Speaker 1: sharks are a great example, um, because they haven't changed

481
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,320
Speaker 1: in millions of years because they don't need to. Well,

482
00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:37,320
Speaker 1: because basically they became apex predators a long time ago

483
00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:40,880
Speaker 1: in their environments, and their environments went unchanged enough so

484
00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:44,880
Speaker 1: that sharks didn't need to change. They are basically as

485
00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:49,239
Speaker 1: far as natural selection goes perfect. Yeah, they early on

486
00:29:49,440 --> 00:29:52,120
Speaker 1: figured it out. It's like, all right, I've got my

487
00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,800
Speaker 1: my teeth and are great. My my gills are working.

488
00:29:54,920 --> 00:29:58,440
Speaker 1: I can send electrical impulses from can swim super fast,

489
00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:00,720
Speaker 1: I can kill everything I see. As long as something

490
00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:02,680
Speaker 1: doesn't punch me in the nose, I'm pretty much good.

491
00:30:03,320 --> 00:30:06,560
Speaker 1: Or kill me for my sharks, then well that's yeah.

492
00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:08,680
Speaker 1: It makes you wonder how sharks you are gonna evolve now.

493
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:14,440
Speaker 1: But let's say pre human fishing, so, uh, two hundred

494
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:18,120
Speaker 1: years ago up to from several million, maybe tens, I

495
00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:22,880
Speaker 1: don't remember how long sharks have been around virtually unchanged. Yeah,

496
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,680
Speaker 1: so uh, let's say from millions and millions, millions and

497
00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 1: millions and millions and millions and millions of years ago

498
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,640
Speaker 1: up to two hundred years ago. Sharks are virtually unchanged

499
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,680
Speaker 1: because they hit their peak and they're fine. But that

500
00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:40,960
Speaker 1: doesn't mean that they have gone unchanged or that natural

501
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,920
Speaker 1: selection hasn't exerted an effect on them. Basically, what happens

502
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:51,160
Speaker 1: is they're still undergoing mutations through reproduction. There's new allele's

503
00:30:51,520 --> 00:30:55,120
Speaker 1: showing up, but none of them are holding it. Can

504
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,160
Speaker 1: hold a candle to the perfection. That's been achieved by

505
00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:01,120
Speaker 1: the shark, so they get selected out. They don't get

506
00:31:01,160 --> 00:31:04,480
Speaker 1: a chance to um to reproduce in the population or

507
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,960
Speaker 1: become distributed amongst the population. So if you still have

508
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:11,360
Speaker 1: natural selection weeding out, but rather than changing the shark

509
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:19,440
Speaker 1: population or the shark species um our family family you have,

510
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,400
Speaker 1: you have a natural selection as an agent of stability. Yeah,

511
00:31:24,520 --> 00:31:26,560
Speaker 1: or I guess if let's do a hypothetical, if we

512
00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:29,600
Speaker 1: were going to use shark finn shark finning as an example,

513
00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:38,240
Speaker 1: Let's say only sharks with you know, perfectly triangular gray

514
00:31:38,320 --> 00:31:41,800
Speaker 1: fins were selected out right to be finned and cut

515
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,720
Speaker 1: off for shark fin soup. So that means sharks that

516
00:31:44,760 --> 00:31:47,800
Speaker 1: have like weird spots on their fins would not get killed.

517
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:53,160
Speaker 1: So theoretically, hypothetically, over generations, we might see sharks with

518
00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:56,320
Speaker 1: only spotted fins, and that probably will happen because of

519
00:31:56,400 --> 00:32:00,800
Speaker 1: the sudden and acute population pressure being exerted on sharks

520
00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:05,040
Speaker 1: by humans. There has to be some sort of forced

521
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:07,760
Speaker 1: adaptation that's gonna occur. Yeah. I don't know what the

522
00:32:08,120 --> 00:32:11,000
Speaker 1: criteria for a good fin though is, or if they

523
00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:13,640
Speaker 1: just take them all like whatever they can catch, but

524
00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:15,520
Speaker 1: I mean it could be as simple as something like

525
00:32:15,720 --> 00:32:21,080
Speaker 1: UM figuring out that they like just swimming deeper and

526
00:32:21,120 --> 00:32:24,360
Speaker 1: not coming up and like within the humans grass like

527
00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,040
Speaker 1: just yeah just stay. Yeah, we should say that that's

528
00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:30,520
Speaker 1: a really good point. UM. A trait isn't necessarily something

529
00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:35,720
Speaker 1: that is um visibly apparent, like it like height or

530
00:32:35,720 --> 00:32:39,040
Speaker 1: something like that. It can be an ability or a

531
00:32:39,160 --> 00:32:43,480
Speaker 1: proclivity like grabster uses the example of UM dogs have

532
00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:47,520
Speaker 1: evolved UM the trait of UM hanging out with humans

533
00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:53,160
Speaker 1: and chuck, UM tell them about the elephants because that's

534
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:57,440
Speaker 1: a pretty good example of what we're talking about. Sharks. Yeah. Yeah, Well, elephants,

535
00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:01,080
Speaker 1: as we know, are killed many times for their ivory tusks.

536
00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:06,080
Speaker 1: And it's sort of a no, it's a good news

537
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:09,400
Speaker 1: bad news scenario. You would think, hey, good news, there's

538
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:12,280
Speaker 1: some elephants that were being born without tusks at all,

539
00:33:12,840 --> 00:33:15,560
Speaker 1: so they're not being hunted. And over the years, now

540
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:22,040
Speaker 1: there it went from like like close, now are not

541
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:24,720
Speaker 1: born with tusks, So you think that's awesome because now

542
00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:27,720
Speaker 1: they're not being hunted, but they need those tusks for

543
00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:31,200
Speaker 1: digging in defense and things like that, so they're they're

544
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,920
Speaker 1: losing a valuable trait which is going to put stress

545
00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:36,960
Speaker 1: on the population as a whole, I would think over time.

546
00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 1: But in the near term it's been selected out because

547
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:43,160
Speaker 1: it's keeping the elephants alive because the ones that were

548
00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:47,600
Speaker 1: naturally without tusks weren't being killed by poachers, so they

549
00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:51,240
Speaker 1: were allowed to reproduce more frequently than ones with tusks

550
00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:54,840
Speaker 1: that were being killed. So, yeah, you have a within

551
00:33:55,640 --> 00:34:00,000
Speaker 1: a human lifetime, within seventy years or so, the population

552
00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:03,280
Speaker 1: has evolved. Yeah, that's what I mean by like you

553
00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:05,760
Speaker 1: can see it happening in front of us, right, And

554
00:34:05,920 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: this is where the debate comes from. Where I was saying, like,

555
00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:12,400
Speaker 1: scientists even debate on how evolution changes or happens um.

556
00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:17,600
Speaker 1: And there's basically the difference between um gradualism or punctuated

557
00:34:17,640 --> 00:34:22,719
Speaker 1: equilibrium and gradualism is just over time, very slowly new

558
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,399
Speaker 1: ah lials appear, and some of them tend to make

559
00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:31,280
Speaker 1: organisms fitter, and so they'll eventually, over very long stretches

560
00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:36,080
Speaker 1: of time, be selected out and then uh, punctuated equilibrium

561
00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:39,680
Speaker 1: is like we're talking about with the African elephants, where

562
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:43,120
Speaker 1: there's a sudden population pressure and all of a sudden,

563
00:34:43,880 --> 00:34:47,439
Speaker 1: this organism or species is forced to evolve, and they do,

564
00:34:48,160 --> 00:34:50,600
Speaker 1: and then after that everything evens out for a little

565
00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:54,279
Speaker 1: while and stays the same until the next catastrophic event. Yeah,

566
00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:57,040
Speaker 1: I don't get it. There A it says there's an

567
00:34:57,040 --> 00:35:00,200
Speaker 1: ongoing debate about that. Can't they both exist? I don't

568
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:02,560
Speaker 1: understand why they don't both exist. It seems like one

569
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:05,960
Speaker 1: is just constant background evolution and the other one is

570
00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:09,360
Speaker 1: um like evolution as a result of you know, sudden

571
00:35:09,360 --> 00:35:12,800
Speaker 1: acute crises. Why wouldn't they both think? I don't understand

572
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,520
Speaker 1: it either, if the looking at them. Okay, Chuck, So

573
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,520
Speaker 1: let's go a little further and well, I guess we'll

574
00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:22,279
Speaker 1: go back to jeans. But um, remember you know a

575
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:25,480
Speaker 1: guy named Richard Dawkins, Right, He wrote a book in

576
00:35:26,480 --> 00:35:30,560
Speaker 1: the seventies called The Selfish Gene, and it basically we

577
00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:33,840
Speaker 1: were talking about, you know, the debate between gradualism and

578
00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:37,760
Speaker 1: equilibrium punctuated equilibrium. Well, Dawkins came along and said, you guys,

579
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,120
Speaker 1: shut up for a little bit, let's talk about this

580
00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:43,880
Speaker 1: the Selfish Gene, And he just basically reframed the entire

581
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,480
Speaker 1: way that people look at evolution. Yeah, I thought, I

582
00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:50,200
Speaker 1: think it's pretty interesting. Uh. The essence of it is

583
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:55,040
Speaker 1: that as long as you reproduce, then natural selection doesn't

584
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:58,200
Speaker 1: care about you after that, right after you've passed on

585
00:35:58,239 --> 00:36:01,839
Speaker 1: your genes. That's the important part. Uh. In the case

586
00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:05,160
Speaker 1: of spiders is one great example. Sometimes the male gets

587
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,040
Speaker 1: eaten right afterward. Yeah, or like praying manness. This didn't

588
00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:12,640
Speaker 1: the female eat the the male's head, like bite the

589
00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:15,560
Speaker 1: male's head off, And we're talking about praying mannesses, So

590
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:20,879
Speaker 1: it's okay to say female um in that case. Though

591
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,440
Speaker 1: both those cases, natural selection doesn't care. The male has

592
00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:27,960
Speaker 1: done his job. He is propagated and passed down the

593
00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:30,840
Speaker 1: allele and it doesn't matter if he dies or not.

594
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,239
Speaker 1: Right afterward. It doesn't put any stress on the population. No.

595
00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:36,680
Speaker 1: And that's like a really there was a tricky thing

596
00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:39,000
Speaker 1: before Dawkins came along. It was like, wait a minute,

597
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,759
Speaker 1: there's a real problem with natural selection if if the

598
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,480
Speaker 1: whole point is for something to be able to reproduce

599
00:36:44,560 --> 00:36:50,440
Speaker 1: and reproduce successfully, like, why would there be um adaptations

600
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:54,359
Speaker 1: that kills Yeah, where like the organism is killed like

601
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,160
Speaker 1: as a result of reproduction. That doesn't make any sense.

602
00:36:57,160 --> 00:36:59,279
Speaker 1: And Dawkins came along and said, it doesn't make sense

603
00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:01,839
Speaker 1: if you stop look king at organism and start looking

604
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:05,960
Speaker 1: at the genes. Basically, like none of that matters, right,

605
00:37:06,080 --> 00:37:08,600
Speaker 1: So he he made his point so well that it

606
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:11,919
Speaker 1: actually got a little bit out of hand. Um and

607
00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:14,759
Speaker 1: it came to be known as well. It was the

608
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:18,719
Speaker 1: selfish team before, but basically it was. He characterized it

609
00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:21,600
Speaker 1: so well that it became a character. Jeans became a

610
00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,680
Speaker 1: character almost like they had hijacked organisms and we're using

611
00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:29,640
Speaker 1: them as husks to pass along themselves, like a virus

612
00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:33,840
Speaker 1: or something like that. Um and Dawkins came out a

613
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:36,320
Speaker 1: number of times and it's like, no, that's the wrong interpretation,

614
00:37:36,360 --> 00:37:38,920
Speaker 1: that's not what I mean. But it's still essentially the

615
00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:42,480
Speaker 1: same thing. It's just m yeah, yeah, we are we

616
00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:45,560
Speaker 1: we we are a means of passing along our genes.

617
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:47,799
Speaker 1: And if you look at it through the lens of

618
00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:51,600
Speaker 1: natural selection, the the as long as the genes are

619
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:54,600
Speaker 1: able to be passed along, the vessel is no longer necessary.

620
00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:57,960
Speaker 1: So therefore the head can be bitten off by the woman.

621
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:02,920
Speaker 1: That's right. But like we said, this isn't widespread, but

622
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:07,000
Speaker 1: it does help explain things like spiders, right, you know,

623
00:38:07,239 --> 00:38:11,560
Speaker 1: But there's a big flaw in this selfish gene theory right, well,

624
00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:15,400
Speaker 1: and Dawkins theories as a whole. Right, there's the flaw

625
00:38:15,520 --> 00:38:18,080
Speaker 1: is is that there's such a thing as altruism. Yeah,

626
00:38:18,080 --> 00:38:22,000
Speaker 1: and this is you know, humans and animals that, for

627
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:27,200
Speaker 1: no reasons based on natural selection, desire to help each

628
00:38:27,239 --> 00:38:30,160
Speaker 1: other doesn't benefit you in the least at all. Know it.

629
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,080
Speaker 1: As a matter of fact, it can harm you before

630
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:36,120
Speaker 1: you're able to reproduce. So even from the genetic level

631
00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:39,960
Speaker 1: of the selfish gene um, it doesn't make any sense

632
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,880
Speaker 1: because you're the genes are allowing the organism to be

633
00:38:42,920 --> 00:38:46,879
Speaker 1: harmed before it could possibly reproduce. What why Why does

634
00:38:47,239 --> 00:38:49,319
Speaker 1: someone have an instinct to jump in an icy river

635
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:52,640
Speaker 1: to save somebody? And they have found that it is

636
00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:56,640
Speaker 1: instinctual and that it happens in infants with like zero

637
00:38:56,680 --> 00:38:59,399
Speaker 1: cultural training. It's like part of us. Yeah, and it's

638
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,080
Speaker 1: not a human it's either. There are plenty of animals

639
00:39:02,080 --> 00:39:07,640
Speaker 1: that um that display altruism as well, like mere cats

640
00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:11,799
Speaker 1: are big on altruism. Yeah, and I like the explanation.

641
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:15,560
Speaker 1: It makes again total sense to me. Something called kinship.

642
00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:19,080
Speaker 1: If you've got a couple of different families, took Tuk's

643
00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:23,840
Speaker 1: family and and Bartok's family. Well, Bartok is a composer.

644
00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:29,080
Speaker 1: But what's another good cave man name. Uh, yeah, that's

645
00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:31,560
Speaker 1: a great one. So Mango's family is very selfish. They

646
00:39:31,560 --> 00:39:33,640
Speaker 1: don't like to share their their stuff. They're all competing

647
00:39:33,640 --> 00:39:36,920
Speaker 1: for the same food. Tuktok's family is very generous. They

648
00:39:36,960 --> 00:39:40,439
Speaker 1: like to share things. So over time they will be

649
00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:45,400
Speaker 1: a more successful family because they have been altruistic and

650
00:39:45,440 --> 00:39:48,120
Speaker 1: shown that kinship and they're they're improving their chances of

651
00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:52,920
Speaker 1: success by combining their their efforts into a group effort um,

652
00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:55,759
Speaker 1: which is kind of like that Paleolithic warlessness we talked

653
00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:58,560
Speaker 1: about in the Cave Dwellers episode. Oh yeah, where everybody

654
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:00,400
Speaker 1: just kind of figured out that, like they could be

655
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:05,800
Speaker 1: more successful if they stopped fighting and started harvesting together. Um,

656
00:40:05,840 --> 00:40:07,719
Speaker 1: and if you kind of look at it like that,

657
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,040
Speaker 1: like everybody coming together as a group for a common goal.

658
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:15,000
Speaker 1: You're also looking at super organisms. Yeah, have we done

659
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,680
Speaker 1: one on ants specifically? No? I think we should. I agree,

660
00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:21,280
Speaker 1: because they are about the best example of a super organism.

661
00:40:21,840 --> 00:40:25,040
Speaker 1: It's basically the little worker ants aren't doing the reproducing.

662
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:29,399
Speaker 1: They can't even reproduce their that goes to the top dogs.

663
00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:31,399
Speaker 1: They only get to do that. So all those little

664
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:34,279
Speaker 1: worker ants aren't even passing on their genes, but they're

665
00:40:34,320 --> 00:40:38,120
Speaker 1: still busting their little aunt butts for the colony. And

666
00:40:38,280 --> 00:40:41,239
Speaker 1: um a super organism basically then is to step back

667
00:40:41,280 --> 00:40:43,399
Speaker 1: and say, let's not look at ants, but let's look

668
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:46,759
Speaker 1: at the ant colony as an organism, as one organism,

669
00:40:46,760 --> 00:40:50,120
Speaker 1: And that explains the altruism in that ant sacrificing its

670
00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:53,160
Speaker 1: own ability to pass along its genes in order to

671
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,640
Speaker 1: serve the colony as a whole. Then it makes sense

672
00:40:55,719 --> 00:40:58,000
Speaker 1: like Papa aunt is going to pass down the jenes.

673
00:40:58,280 --> 00:41:00,400
Speaker 1: I just need to make sure Papa aunt has food

674
00:41:00,440 --> 00:41:02,760
Speaker 1: and water, right, And you can also use that same

675
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:07,160
Speaker 1: um argument to explain why, Like it would make sense

676
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:10,319
Speaker 1: if um, you know, you jumped in to save your

677
00:41:10,360 --> 00:41:13,960
Speaker 1: son from a river. That kinship explains that. But why

678
00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:16,279
Speaker 1: would you jump in to save someone else's son. Well,

679
00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:19,120
Speaker 1: if you look at it like, well, this kid's part

680
00:41:19,120 --> 00:41:21,960
Speaker 1: of the same species and shares a lot of the

681
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:25,040
Speaker 1: same genes as you, you're ensuring that your species genes

682
00:41:25,080 --> 00:41:27,919
Speaker 1: are passed along. Yeah, and you get to humble brag

683
00:41:27,960 --> 00:41:31,680
Speaker 1: on Facebook Yeah, how bad big time? Oh pretty boring day.

684
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:35,879
Speaker 1: Just saved the kid from the river and the icy river. No, biggie,

685
00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:39,239
Speaker 1: just helped ensure as jeans get passed along. I guess

686
00:41:39,239 --> 00:41:41,919
Speaker 1: a humble brag that would be, um, well, it looks

687
00:41:41,960 --> 00:41:44,720
Speaker 1: like my shoes are ruined that I just bought, jumped

688
00:41:44,719 --> 00:41:47,120
Speaker 1: into an icy river, and saved the kid. Yeah, that'd

689
00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:51,080
Speaker 1: be good one. We should start this doing fake humble

690
00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:56,080
Speaker 1: brags on Twitter, Facebook. Oh, this brand new BMW I

691
00:41:56,160 --> 00:41:59,120
Speaker 1: got has the windshield wipers are busted. Not a day

692
00:41:59,120 --> 00:42:03,560
Speaker 1: for it. It's raining. That's just being a jerk, Okay,

693
00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:05,759
Speaker 1: all right, So now we should talk about something that

694
00:42:06,280 --> 00:42:12,640
Speaker 1: also excites me. Vestigial and attavistic traits. Um. All organisms

695
00:42:12,680 --> 00:42:16,160
Speaker 1: carry some trait that is really no benefit and really

696
00:42:16,239 --> 00:42:18,719
Speaker 1: is no longer expressing itself as a means to help

697
00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:21,160
Speaker 1: you survive. But it's not harming you either, so it

698
00:42:21,160 --> 00:42:25,400
Speaker 1: hasn't been selected out, so it's just there. And UM,

699
00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:28,480
Speaker 1: I've got some pretty good examples in the human body.

700
00:42:29,360 --> 00:42:35,719
Speaker 1: UM one summer behavioral summer actual organs like the appendix.

701
00:42:36,360 --> 00:42:40,120
Speaker 1: Many people think the appendix is of this vestigial organ

702
00:42:40,360 --> 00:42:42,920
Speaker 1: I heard that it might fight cancer. Well now that

703
00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:45,719
Speaker 1: now scientists are starting to say, we think it might

704
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:50,520
Speaker 1: fight cancer, or it might house um like bacteria that

705
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:53,480
Speaker 1: helps you aid in digestion. So everybody who's a pendics

706
00:42:53,480 --> 00:42:55,600
Speaker 1: we took out get inline. We're gonna put them back in.

707
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:57,880
Speaker 1: But for many years, and I think the debate is

708
00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:00,839
Speaker 1: still out whether or not it is a remnant from

709
00:43:00,960 --> 00:43:05,440
Speaker 1: primate ancestors when um we had to digest like plants

710
00:43:05,480 --> 00:43:07,759
Speaker 1: like super rich in cellulose or something. Yeah, I got that.

711
00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:10,560
Speaker 1: We don't anymore. So that's why the appendix really does nothing.

712
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:15,960
Speaker 1: Back when we were giant termite men, scary time sinuses,

713
00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:18,200
Speaker 1: that was what we were like. On the other side

714
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:23,520
Speaker 1: of the population bottleneck, giant termite people. Sinuses supposedly may

715
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:28,319
Speaker 1: um there. It's also debated. But their pockets of air

716
00:43:28,360 --> 00:43:30,279
Speaker 1: in your face, and no one really knows if they

717
00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:32,840
Speaker 1: serve any kind of biological function or not. Yeah, and

718
00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:35,520
Speaker 1: they kind of suck too, because they get infected. They

719
00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:41,759
Speaker 1: can't get infected the coxics. It's pretty exciting because it's

720
00:43:41,760 --> 00:43:46,120
Speaker 1: a tailbone that used to be a tail, and some

721
00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,320
Speaker 1: people are still born with them. Yeah, and the people

722
00:43:48,320 --> 00:43:52,439
Speaker 1: who are born with tails are atavistic because they're out

723
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:57,440
Speaker 1: of atavisms. It's it's a vestigial remnant that UM expresses

724
00:43:57,480 --> 00:43:59,880
Speaker 1: itself very closely to the way it actually used to be.

725
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:01,960
Speaker 1: It's not just a trace of it anymonger. It is

726
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:06,480
Speaker 1: like it's like that Alleale saying, hey, maybe we should

727
00:44:06,520 --> 00:44:09,520
Speaker 1: go back to tails again. What do you think? But yeah,

728
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:12,239
Speaker 1: it's not um. Just so you don't picture like a

729
00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:15,439
Speaker 1: human with a big four ft long monkey tail, it's

730
00:44:15,520 --> 00:44:20,040
Speaker 1: usually like a bumper or something. Didn't George Costanza have

731
00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:24,000
Speaker 1: a tail? And uh what was that one? Jack Black

732
00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:29,480
Speaker 1: Fairly brothers? Oh yeah, yeah, shallow, yeah, yeah, I think

733
00:44:29,480 --> 00:44:32,879
Speaker 1: you're right, and you could wag it. I don't remember that.

734
00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:38,160
Speaker 1: Uh what else? Um? Oh, here's a behavior um of

735
00:44:38,280 --> 00:44:41,759
Speaker 1: this digital behavior of the palmer grasp reflex. Oh yeah,

736
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:43,560
Speaker 1: I thought this is cool. It's pretty neat. When you

737
00:44:43,560 --> 00:44:46,520
Speaker 1: go up to a little uh stinky, dirty human baby

738
00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:49,279
Speaker 1: and you put your finger in their hand or their

739
00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:52,759
Speaker 1: foot even it's gonna grab it like super hard and

740
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:57,800
Speaker 1: super strong. Yeah, like Popeye basically, or like a little

741
00:44:57,840 --> 00:45:00,719
Speaker 1: baby monkey trying to hang onto mama, cruising through the

742
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:04,120
Speaker 1: jungle through the grabbing onto the coat their mom's coat. Yeah,

743
00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:07,319
Speaker 1: so basically that's a behavior they think is is like

744
00:45:07,360 --> 00:45:09,480
Speaker 1: a human baby now doesn't need to grasp hold of

745
00:45:09,560 --> 00:45:13,840
Speaker 1: something that hard at six weeks old, So it's a behavior. Maybe.

746
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:18,320
Speaker 1: So we we played tennis thanks to a vestigial behavior

747
00:45:18,320 --> 00:45:23,200
Speaker 1: and ability, I don't oh got it being able to

748
00:45:23,239 --> 00:45:27,080
Speaker 1: grip that racket? Yeah? What's what article is this from?

749
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:30,319
Speaker 1: Is it? Um? Was it? Ion nine? Yeah? I think so.

750
00:45:31,239 --> 00:45:33,000
Speaker 1: It was kind of silly, But these are some pretty

751
00:45:33,040 --> 00:45:35,840
Speaker 1: decent examples. We we've talked about in male nipples before,

752
00:45:36,480 --> 00:45:38,160
Speaker 1: you know, we did. We did a whole episode on

753
00:45:38,880 --> 00:45:42,680
Speaker 1: um goose bumps, the erector pilly. I've never heard of this?

754
00:45:43,120 --> 00:45:45,520
Speaker 1: Oh I did it? Dump be dumb on it? You

755
00:45:45,520 --> 00:45:47,120
Speaker 1: want to explain what it is real quick? There you

756
00:45:47,160 --> 00:45:50,640
Speaker 1: go ahead, okay, Um, everyone has had goose bumps. The

757
00:45:50,719 --> 00:45:55,320
Speaker 1: erector pilly are those muscle fibers that give you goose

758
00:45:55,360 --> 00:45:59,160
Speaker 1: bumps when you don't even necessarily want them or need them. Right,

759
00:45:59,160 --> 00:46:03,640
Speaker 1: there's little musts that are attached to your hair follicles,

760
00:46:03,640 --> 00:46:05,920
Speaker 1: whether you have hair there or not any longer, and

761
00:46:05,960 --> 00:46:08,520
Speaker 1: they press it up so that your hair stands on end,

762
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:12,359
Speaker 1: either to make yourself look bigger, so you're scary, or

763
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,439
Speaker 1: because you're cold, to make your coat fluff out, as

764
00:46:15,480 --> 00:46:18,759
Speaker 1: in when we used to have coats because we were animals.

765
00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:25,480
Speaker 1: Another vestigial trait, and uh, my favorite one aside from tonsils,

766
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:30,960
Speaker 1: is the like a similar nearus. Did you like how

767
00:46:31,080 --> 00:46:32,400
Speaker 1: you asked me if I wanted to do it? And

768
00:46:32,480 --> 00:46:34,279
Speaker 1: I was like no, And then I did it anyway.

769
00:46:34,560 --> 00:46:36,719
Speaker 1: I knew it. I knew that was coming. If you

770
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:39,440
Speaker 1: look in your mirror and you look at your eyeball,

771
00:46:39,640 --> 00:46:45,200
Speaker 1: and you look in the little inside corner of your eyeball, um,

772
00:46:45,239 --> 00:46:47,600
Speaker 1: you're gonna see a little fold of tissue and it's

773
00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:51,759
Speaker 1: not the little bump, but it's that little thing in

774
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:55,000
Speaker 1: the inside corner of your eye that is a remnant

775
00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:59,440
Speaker 1: of a third eyelid. What's it called? What kind of eyelid?

776
00:47:00,080 --> 00:47:03,640
Speaker 1: The p L I C A plica or like a

777
00:47:03,640 --> 00:47:08,799
Speaker 1: similar nearis And uh, apparently we had third eyelids that

778
00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:12,000
Speaker 1: would that were clear, so you could like wash your

779
00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:14,719
Speaker 1: eye and still keep an eye out for predators. And

780
00:47:14,719 --> 00:47:16,959
Speaker 1: they would come from the side rather than up and down.

781
00:47:17,040 --> 00:47:22,960
Speaker 1: They moved horizontally. Yeah, like a snake or a reptile, yeah,

782
00:47:23,080 --> 00:47:25,839
Speaker 1: or a bird. They still have them, Man, we do not,

783
00:47:25,880 --> 00:47:27,799
Speaker 1: but we still have that in the corner of our

784
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:30,480
Speaker 1: eye even though it does nothing. So here's the thing.

785
00:47:30,719 --> 00:47:34,399
Speaker 1: We have the jenes then to make that. Yeah, if

786
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:37,719
Speaker 1: we needed it again, so that Allele could possibly come back,

787
00:47:38,080 --> 00:47:39,960
Speaker 1: like we could have people who were born with that,

788
00:47:40,040 --> 00:47:42,480
Speaker 1: and like if it ended up helping us, Um, like

789
00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:44,440
Speaker 1: if we could sleep with our eyes upen to watch

790
00:47:44,480 --> 00:47:48,759
Speaker 1: the zombie invasion or to watch TV better twenty four

791
00:47:48,760 --> 00:47:51,040
Speaker 1: hours a day. Uh. Just the fact that we can

792
00:47:51,080 --> 00:47:53,839
Speaker 1: wiggle our ears, that's a vestigial trait. There's no reason

793
00:47:53,840 --> 00:47:56,840
Speaker 1: why we should be able to wiggle our ears. I

794
00:47:56,840 --> 00:47:58,919
Speaker 1: can wiggle, mind, can you do them one at a time,

795
00:47:59,120 --> 00:48:01,959
Speaker 1: you're wiggling you're eyebrows. I'm gonna go in my whole face,

796
00:48:02,200 --> 00:48:04,000
Speaker 1: I know. Can you do one at a time? Like

797
00:48:06,440 --> 00:48:11,720
Speaker 1: that's pretty Actually, well that means like human's going bananas

798
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:18,319
Speaker 1: right now. So, uh, that means that maybe Josh's ancestors, Uh,

799
00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:22,000
Speaker 1: we're a little closer than mine. And as far as uh,

800
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,880
Speaker 1: monkeys directing their ears to listen out for predators. Yeah, no,

801
00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:29,600
Speaker 1: it means I'm less evolved as a human being. I have,

802
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:32,600
Speaker 1: like the ability to move ears, so I can hear

803
00:48:32,680 --> 00:48:35,560
Speaker 1: things that I don't need to anymore. And I'm fairly harry,

804
00:48:36,640 --> 00:48:39,160
Speaker 1: So this has been a depressing episode for me in

805
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:42,520
Speaker 1: that respect. I didn't want to mention any of that stuff. So, Chuck,

806
00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:45,239
Speaker 1: we talked about um African elephants. You want to give

807
00:48:45,239 --> 00:48:49,040
Speaker 1: a couple more examples of uh natural selection and action.

808
00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:52,920
Speaker 1: The ball worm. Sometimes it happens super fast. In the

809
00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:55,520
Speaker 1: case of the ball worm, it's happening faster than we

810
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:59,680
Speaker 1: can create toxins to kill them. Yeah, like they treat

811
00:49:00,120 --> 00:49:04,640
Speaker 1: now with no the genetically engineered so cotton produces it itself. Yeah,

812
00:49:04,680 --> 00:49:08,120
Speaker 1: I guess it's not treating I guess it is originally

813
00:49:08,120 --> 00:49:11,000
Speaker 1: treated cotton. But now cotton is growing with this toxin

814
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:16,800
Speaker 1: that is supposed to kill bullworms. But enough bulworms h

815
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:19,640
Speaker 1: were immune to that that they were the ones that

816
00:49:19,719 --> 00:49:23,240
Speaker 1: went on to do the most reproducing to eat the cotton.

817
00:49:23,680 --> 00:49:26,080
Speaker 1: I'm sure that that first generation of bullworms were like,

818
00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:30,680
Speaker 1: I'm so wasted off this cotton, but I'm alive. Uh.

819
00:49:30,680 --> 00:49:34,120
Speaker 1: And then the clovers. Some species of clover have mutation

820
00:49:34,160 --> 00:49:40,400
Speaker 1: that made poison cyanide leak from its cells, causing it

821
00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:43,719
Speaker 1: to be bitter. Therefore it wouldn't be eaten. Isn't that weird? Yeah,

822
00:49:43,840 --> 00:49:45,719
Speaker 1: just that the clovers like don't eat me. Yeah. I

823
00:49:46,080 --> 00:49:50,720
Speaker 1: make cyanide somehow. Yeah, but unfortunately, when the temperature drops

824
00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:55,080
Speaker 1: blow freezing that sells rupture releases that cyanide into the

825
00:49:55,120 --> 00:49:58,440
Speaker 1: plant and it kills itself. However, in warm climates that

826
00:49:58,480 --> 00:50:01,160
Speaker 1: doesn't happen. So what you end up with is clover

827
00:50:01,320 --> 00:50:06,360
Speaker 1: in warmer climates that's completely different structurally cellularly than the

828
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:09,040
Speaker 1: one in the colder climate. Yeah, the warmer ones produced sanide,

829
00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:11,359
Speaker 1: the ones in the colder climates don't same clover. It's

830
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:13,880
Speaker 1: very much like that example of Um, you know the

831
00:50:13,960 --> 00:50:17,840
Speaker 1: humans that can cool constantly playing well in the tropics

832
00:50:17,840 --> 00:50:22,200
Speaker 1: but not in north Pretty cool stuff. Yea, man, I

833
00:50:22,280 --> 00:50:26,279
Speaker 1: love this. You got anything else? I got nothing else?

834
00:50:28,640 --> 00:50:32,840
Speaker 1: Oh well, let's talk about ourselves a little bit real quick. Really, Yes,

835
00:50:33,120 --> 00:50:37,319
Speaker 1: what's your sign from the Pisces? I can't wiggle my ears? Um? No,

836
00:50:37,560 --> 00:50:40,600
Speaker 1: humans like we have, like I was saying, we have

837
00:50:40,760 --> 00:50:44,360
Speaker 1: jets now, so like we're one large population right. Um.

838
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:47,400
Speaker 1: That's just one example of how we've essentially taken ourselves

839
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:50,920
Speaker 1: out of the evolution game. We even more to the point,

840
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:55,000
Speaker 1: we have such thing as birth control, artificial birth control. UM,

841
00:50:55,120 --> 00:50:57,839
Speaker 1: we have a lot of different things that we do

842
00:50:58,239 --> 00:51:05,280
Speaker 1: inadvertently or advert only to UM, to adapt, to change ourselves,

843
00:51:05,280 --> 00:51:11,120
Speaker 1: to change our ability to reproduce whatever. So I wonder, then,

844
00:51:11,440 --> 00:51:15,840
Speaker 1: are we UM out of the evolution game already forever?

845
00:51:16,200 --> 00:51:21,040
Speaker 1: Will we ever be able to if we're not? Yeah?

846
00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:22,719
Speaker 1: And I mean is that the case? Like I know,

847
00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,759
Speaker 1: it's the goal of trans humanism is to say so long,

848
00:51:26,040 --> 00:51:30,120
Speaker 1: suckers the evolution and just be totally in charge. But

849
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:34,200
Speaker 1: I also wonder, like UM with birth control, birth control

850
00:51:34,280 --> 00:51:39,920
Speaker 1: is an artificial it's it's unnatural selection. Yeah, it's artificial

851
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:43,160
Speaker 1: black aide to reproducing, right, which flies in the face

852
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:46,640
Speaker 1: of natural selection. My question is is natural selection enough

853
00:51:46,840 --> 00:51:51,319
Speaker 1: of a UM powerful process that eventually UM women are

854
00:51:51,360 --> 00:51:56,400
Speaker 1: going to start evolving an immunity to birth control, or

855
00:51:56,960 --> 00:51:59,799
Speaker 1: is human ingenuity so strong that it's like we've got

856
00:52:00,080 --> 00:52:02,880
Speaker 1: natural selection beaten. It's just gone now, it's done for

857
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:06,520
Speaker 1: us aside from fires and floods and famines and droughts

858
00:52:06,520 --> 00:52:09,760
Speaker 1: and all that. But I mean, like on that graduated

859
00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:15,000
Speaker 1: or gradual background natural selection, or we have we taken

860
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:17,560
Speaker 1: ourselves out of that I wonder or is it enough

861
00:52:17,560 --> 00:52:21,600
Speaker 1: of a population pressure to have the effect to begin with? Yeah,

862
00:52:21,719 --> 00:52:25,000
Speaker 1: just from the fact that there's so many humans that

863
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:29,120
Speaker 1: that that there's scarcity exists. So I guess not. I

864
00:52:29,120 --> 00:52:32,359
Speaker 1: guess we just answered my question. Man. I really didn't

865
00:52:32,400 --> 00:52:34,319
Speaker 1: think it was going to get answered, but it just did.

866
00:52:34,440 --> 00:52:37,800
Speaker 1: We're still under the effects and influence of natural selection.

867
00:52:37,880 --> 00:52:42,200
Speaker 1: It's a podcast miracle bow before natural selection humans. I

868
00:52:42,239 --> 00:52:44,680
Speaker 1: want to take a second to say hi to all

869
00:52:44,840 --> 00:52:48,400
Speaker 1: the sixth through ninth grade science classes who are listening

870
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:51,000
Speaker 1: to this right now. I assume there's at least one

871
00:52:51,080 --> 00:52:57,040
Speaker 1: or two Hi. Okay, so natural selection right, all right? Uh,

872
00:52:57,080 --> 00:52:59,200
Speaker 1: if you want to learn more about natural selection, you

873
00:52:59,239 --> 00:53:01,160
Speaker 1: can type those words into the search par at how

874
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:03,280
Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. It will bring up a world

875
00:53:03,280 --> 00:53:06,120
Speaker 1: class article by the Grabster. Uh. And since I said

876
00:53:06,160 --> 00:53:08,200
Speaker 1: search part, it means it's time for a listener mail.

877
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:15,399
Speaker 1: I'm gonna call this We're curing people of disease. Nice, Hi,

878
00:53:15,440 --> 00:53:17,799
Speaker 1: guys and Jerry, you have a very large in a

879
00:53:17,880 --> 00:53:19,400
Speaker 1: very large way to help cure my six year old

880
00:53:19,480 --> 00:53:23,000
Speaker 1: niece Eva of lyme disease. For several months, he experienced

881
00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:25,600
Speaker 1: a series of strange symptoms that didn't seem to relate

882
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:29,439
Speaker 1: to one another, including infection, muscle weakness, double vision. After

883
00:53:29,520 --> 00:53:32,319
Speaker 1: months of testing, her doctors were at a complete loss

884
00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:35,400
Speaker 1: as to what to do and what was wrong. Because

885
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,640
Speaker 1: the once cheerful, enthusiastic little girl began to withdraw. She

886
00:53:38,719 --> 00:53:40,439
Speaker 1: was unable to go to school for periods of time

887
00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:44,839
Speaker 1: and quit all her beloved after school activities. Um one day,

888
00:53:44,880 --> 00:53:47,520
Speaker 1: she said to my sister, Mommy, there are two of you.

889
00:53:47,840 --> 00:53:49,600
Speaker 1: One is up here, one is down there. Which one

890
00:53:49,640 --> 00:53:53,279
Speaker 1: is the real you? Another alarming and creeping creepy statement was,

891
00:53:53,320 --> 00:53:57,399
Speaker 1: my legs don't work anymore. Enter Uncle Josh and Uncle Chuck.

892
00:53:57,880 --> 00:54:00,400
Speaker 1: After listening to the podcast on how ticks Work, I

893
00:54:00,480 --> 00:54:02,920
Speaker 1: encourage my sister to have my niece tested for lime disease.

894
00:54:03,320 --> 00:54:05,520
Speaker 1: Despite not having any evidence of being bitten or being

895
00:54:05,560 --> 00:54:08,080
Speaker 1: in a region known for dear ticks. She was tested

896
00:54:08,120 --> 00:54:11,239
Speaker 1: and indeed did have lime disease. That is awesome, Uncle

897
00:54:11,320 --> 00:54:13,560
Speaker 1: Josh and Uncle Chuck really saved the day on this one.

898
00:54:13,920 --> 00:54:16,239
Speaker 1: Ava was in pain, confused, and very afraid because she

899
00:54:16,239 --> 00:54:19,240
Speaker 1: didn't understand what was happening. None of the doctors suspected

900
00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:21,520
Speaker 1: lime disease. And I never would have pushed for it

901
00:54:21,560 --> 00:54:24,840
Speaker 1: without or even tested for it in the first place,

902
00:54:25,239 --> 00:54:27,520
Speaker 1: if your podcast hadn't tipped me off to the possibility.

903
00:54:27,560 --> 00:54:29,560
Speaker 1: That is so cool that the girl owas like her

904
00:54:29,719 --> 00:54:33,640
Speaker 1: well being to us, uh and to the doctors that

905
00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:36,880
Speaker 1: have helped her to a lesser extent. After the treatment,

906
00:54:36,920 --> 00:54:39,200
Speaker 1: she's back to her old, happy, studious and energetic self.

907
00:54:39,719 --> 00:54:41,479
Speaker 1: She's a brilliant young girl and we'll have a bright

908
00:54:41,480 --> 00:54:45,040
Speaker 1: future thanks to you guys having her back and making

909
00:54:45,040 --> 00:54:49,840
Speaker 1: her full recovery possible. Much love, Michelle Marianni. That's awesome.

910
00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:52,680
Speaker 1: Thanks for letting us know that, Michelle. Ava. Right, Yeah,

911
00:54:52,680 --> 00:54:55,359
Speaker 1: it's really neat way to go Ava, way to beat

912
00:54:55,400 --> 00:55:00,640
Speaker 1: that Lime disease. Stupid ticks hate ticks, even hate the episode.

913
00:55:01,040 --> 00:55:02,600
Speaker 1: That was a great one. We need to do aligned

914
00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:05,160
Speaker 1: disease episode when they're supposedly it is very controversial and

915
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:07,960
Speaker 1: I've never really looked into it. Okay, I've heard you

916
00:55:07,960 --> 00:55:10,359
Speaker 1: could make money selling your blood. I don't know if

917
00:55:10,360 --> 00:55:14,279
Speaker 1: that's true. Oh it is okay. Uh. You have to

918
00:55:14,280 --> 00:55:16,120
Speaker 1: do on the black market though, because they don't pay

919
00:55:16,680 --> 00:55:19,400
Speaker 1: on the regular market. It's all like, well, I'm a

920
00:55:19,480 --> 00:55:23,560
Speaker 1: do gooder. Um, So if you want to get in

921
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:25,560
Speaker 1: touch with Chuck and I to let us know how

922
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:28,240
Speaker 1: we helped you or a relative out, we love hearing

923
00:55:28,280 --> 00:55:30,000
Speaker 1: that kind of stuff, or you can just get in

924
00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:32,400
Speaker 1: touch to say hi or whatever you want. You can

925
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:34,839
Speaker 1: tweet to us at s Y s K podcast, hang

926
00:55:34,840 --> 00:55:38,080
Speaker 1: out at our happening Facebook page, Facebook dot com, slash

927
00:55:38,120 --> 00:55:40,239
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know, send us an email to Stuff

928
00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:43,360
Speaker 1: Podcast at Discovery dot com, check out our YouTube channel,

929
00:55:43,360 --> 00:55:46,120
Speaker 1: look for Josh and Chuck, and as always, joined us

930
00:55:46,160 --> 00:55:48,000
Speaker 1: at our home on the web. Stuff you Should Know

931
00:55:48,120 --> 00:55:56,040
Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

932
00:55:56,280 --> 00:56:04,640
Speaker 1: Is it how Stuff Works dot com