WEBVTT - Anna Grassellino: Building the World’s Most Powerful Quantum Computer 0:00:04.960 --> 0:00:08.280 What would the world have done without, for example, Mariquerie 0:00:08.840 --> 0:00:12.720 or better Rubin, or Rita Levi Montalcini, or we can 0:00:12.880 --> 0:00:16.040 bring so many examples of so many women who have 0:00:16.200 --> 0:00:21.000 made history with their scientific discoveries. So so and maybe 0:00:21.000 --> 0:00:23.439 we should ask ourselves how much more would we have 0:00:23.520 --> 0:00:28.040 discovered already if the scientific field was more inclusive and 0:00:28.040 --> 0:00:34.120 more diverse. That was dr Anna Grassolino a senior scientist 0:00:34.200 --> 0:00:38.920 at the United States government's renowned Fairmi Lab. She's a 0:00:39.000 --> 0:00:42.280 huge test before her, leading a team of two hundred 0:00:42.440 --> 0:00:46.640 scientists who are building the most powerful quantum computer in 0:00:46.680 --> 0:00:49.960 the world, but she has a broader mission as well, 0:00:50.560 --> 0:00:54.840 to use science to uncover the fundamental truths of the universe. 0:00:56.360 --> 0:01:00.320 I'm Malian Verva, and this is Seneca's on Women to here. 0:01:00.960 --> 0:01:03.480 We are bringing you one hundred of the world's most 0:01:03.560 --> 0:01:08.959 inspiring and history making women. You need to hear. Dr 0:01:09.040 --> 0:01:12.559 Anna Grassolino is a native of Italy who first came 0:01:12.600 --> 0:01:16.120 to Fermi Lab as an intern in two thousand and four. 0:01:17.280 --> 0:01:20.640 Since then, she has won numerous awards for her research, 0:01:21.200 --> 0:01:27.440 including one for Early Career Scientists presented by President Obama. Today, 0:01:27.480 --> 0:01:31.000 her title is Director of the Super Conducting want of 0:01:31.120 --> 0:01:36.120 Materials and Systems Center at Fermi Lab. Listen and learn 0:01:36.400 --> 0:01:40.720 why Dr Anna Grassilino is one of Seneca's One Women 0:01:40.800 --> 0:01:47.960 to Hear. I'm speaking today to Dr Anna Grassolino, renowned 0:01:48.000 --> 0:01:52.040 physicists who's working on the cutting edge of computing. Welcome, 0:01:52.120 --> 0:01:55.680 Dr Grassolino. Thank you. It's such a pleasure to have 0:01:55.800 --> 0:01:57.440 you with us, and I know we're going to learn 0:01:57.440 --> 0:02:02.400 a lot from our conversation. Yes, we will try. Now, 0:02:02.640 --> 0:02:06.320 you're an award winning physicist. You're the director of super 0:02:06.360 --> 0:02:12.079 Conducting Quantum Materials and Systems at Firmal Lab near Chicago. 0:02:12.760 --> 0:02:16.040 Now that's a lot for the average person to understand. 0:02:16.240 --> 0:02:19.560 So can you help us unpack what we may not 0:02:19.840 --> 0:02:24.280 know about how Firmal Lab works? What is its mission? 0:02:24.840 --> 0:02:29.760 Why is it important to ordinary people? Thank you. Formula 0:02:29.919 --> 0:02:33.679 is a fundamental particle physics laboratory here Formula. But we 0:02:33.760 --> 0:02:38.760 studied the world in its most fundamental components, and to 0:02:38.960 --> 0:02:43.280 do that we build very advanced machines. This very large 0:02:43.320 --> 0:02:50.040 particle accelerators detectors where we actually collide the smallest scales particles, 0:02:50.040 --> 0:02:52.880 so to study what are they made of? So what 0:02:53.080 --> 0:02:55.839 is what is the world around us made of where 0:02:55.880 --> 0:02:59.440 does everything come from? So to do this really we 0:02:59.520 --> 0:03:03.040 have to add ants is very complex technologies and why 0:03:03.080 --> 0:03:05.919 does it help society? Because in many ways, I would 0:03:05.960 --> 0:03:09.320 say so, first of all, understanding how everything works around 0:03:09.360 --> 0:03:13.600 us is foundational to progress in our society. The computers 0:03:13.639 --> 0:03:16.320 that are there are just in front of us, the phone, 0:03:16.720 --> 0:03:22.000 medical instrumentation, diagnostic centers. Everything is based on the fundamental 0:03:22.080 --> 0:03:25.240 understanding of the laws of physics, and then from there 0:03:25.320 --> 0:03:29.240 we develop all these technologies. At the same time, as 0:03:29.280 --> 0:03:33.200 I said, the technologies that we develop to to to 0:03:33.320 --> 0:03:38.600 study these fundamental physics actually then had spin off implications 0:03:38.600 --> 0:03:42.600 and applications in our society. Such for example, right outside 0:03:42.640 --> 0:03:45.360 of my window in my office here is the Tevatron, 0:03:45.440 --> 0:03:49.200 which was for for many years so the most important 0:03:49.240 --> 0:03:54.040 to the highest energy UH particle accelerator in the world. 0:03:54.480 --> 0:03:57.880 The technology which was foundational to these are what's called 0:03:57.920 --> 0:04:02.120 superconducting magnets, and these technologies that we developed here for 0:04:02.160 --> 0:04:05.200 a MITRA, but then pave the way for the magnets 0:04:05.280 --> 0:04:10.320 that today are in all magnetic resonance imaging UH instrumentation 0:04:10.360 --> 0:04:14.000 in any hospitals or doctor's offices. So that's just one 0:04:14.040 --> 0:04:16.960 of the examples of how things that we developer from 0:04:16.960 --> 0:04:21.560 mental physics, then they become extremely important in everyday live 0:04:21.640 --> 0:04:25.200 in our society in general, I would say basic research 0:04:25.240 --> 0:04:28.960 and training of new generation in science will always have 0:04:29.000 --> 0:04:31.679 a positive impact in our society in the short medium 0:04:31.680 --> 0:04:34.800 and in the long term. Well, I think your reference 0:04:34.839 --> 0:04:37.400 to imaging is something we can all relate to. So 0:04:38.279 --> 0:04:41.080 great gratitude for the work in science that's going on 0:04:41.200 --> 0:04:44.080 and that you're engaged in. I know when you talk 0:04:44.120 --> 0:04:48.479 about technology that one of your big tasks is to 0:04:48.560 --> 0:04:52.680 build the most powerful quantum computer in the world. What 0:04:52.800 --> 0:04:57.320 will this computer do? Uh? And why are you working 0:04:57.360 --> 0:05:00.960 to make it a reality? So this is a really 0:05:01.000 --> 0:05:03.880 new initiative and we are very excited. The formula is 0:05:03.920 --> 0:05:08.719 at the helm of this new what's called National Quantum Center. 0:05:08.960 --> 0:05:13.120 It's one of the five Department of Energy quantum centers 0:05:13.360 --> 0:05:16.200 under the umbrella of the National Quantum Initiative to bring 0:05:16.360 --> 0:05:21.400 transformational advances in building up just like you said, the 0:05:21.440 --> 0:05:25.800 most powerful quantum computers. What can this computer do? Why 0:05:25.800 --> 0:05:30.000 are we doing this? So a quantum computer is very 0:05:30.040 --> 0:05:32.080 different than the computer that sits in front of us 0:05:32.160 --> 0:05:35.520 right now. I would say it's not like comparing a 0:05:35.560 --> 0:05:38.520 new car to an old car. It's like comparing an 0:05:38.560 --> 0:05:41.680 airplane to a car. It's a computer that will take 0:05:41.760 --> 0:05:44.720 us to places where today's computer will never be able 0:05:45.080 --> 0:05:48.239 to take us. So, to give an example, a quantum computer, 0:05:48.360 --> 0:05:51.680 even the ones that are currently developed, which is really 0:05:51.680 --> 0:05:55.200 in the early stages of the technology, can perform some 0:05:55.240 --> 0:05:59.760 computations which even the most powerful of the classical supercomputer 0:05:59.800 --> 0:06:03.240 would take millions of years. A quantum computer can perform 0:06:03.279 --> 0:06:06.480 with in in minutes, and so that is really gives 0:06:06.480 --> 0:06:09.640 the idea of what's so called the exponential speed up. 0:06:09.800 --> 0:06:13.800 So a quantum computer can solve certain class of problems 0:06:13.839 --> 0:06:17.359 which are not solvable today and will have impact in 0:06:17.400 --> 0:06:21.159 society in many many ways, from national security to solving 0:06:21.200 --> 0:06:26.520 some challenging problems in medicine, in physics, in biology, and 0:06:26.600 --> 0:06:31.360 many many other fields. So interesting I wonder listening to 0:06:31.400 --> 0:06:35.000 you and knowing how engaged you are in this extraordinarily 0:06:35.080 --> 0:06:40.159 complex work, how did and aggress Seleno grow up into 0:06:40.200 --> 0:06:43.039 becoming the physicists you are. Can you tell us a 0:06:43.080 --> 0:06:46.599 little bit about your childhood, what it was like, what 0:06:46.839 --> 0:06:50.640 influenced you to make you the person you are today? Yes, 0:06:51.040 --> 0:06:54.960 thank you, for the question. I actually I am Originally 0:06:54.960 --> 0:06:57.320 I'm from Italy. I grew up in Marcella. It's a 0:06:57.800 --> 0:07:00.800 it's a town in southern Italy. I moved to the 0:07:00.880 --> 0:07:06.599 United States later on for my PhD. But my family 0:07:06.800 --> 0:07:10.440 was from Marcella, so from Italy and has always been. 0:07:10.480 --> 0:07:12.320 That's where I grew up and has always been of 0:07:12.440 --> 0:07:16.560 great inspiration for me. Uh. They pushed me always to 0:07:16.680 --> 0:07:20.360 study and work hard, I would say, and and on 0:07:20.480 --> 0:07:24.440 my dad's side, I had some generation of medical doctors, 0:07:24.720 --> 0:07:27.840 and that I think inspired me to love science and 0:07:27.880 --> 0:07:30.480 the impact that it can bring to society. On my 0:07:30.520 --> 0:07:34.320 mom's side there was more literature, poetry, which also has 0:07:34.360 --> 0:07:37.680 inspired the other side of me. I always loved, for example, 0:07:37.760 --> 0:07:41.960 Latin and philosophy. Um. There have been some key figures 0:07:42.000 --> 0:07:44.720 in my life. But if you ask me about my childhood, 0:07:44.760 --> 0:07:48.640 certainly my teacher in middle school. She was a mathematician, 0:07:48.680 --> 0:07:51.200 so she was my professor mathematics, and she was an 0:07:51.200 --> 0:07:55.600 extremely strong woman. She made me love mass and she 0:07:55.760 --> 0:07:58.200 I think she made an impact in my life to 0:07:58.280 --> 0:08:01.400 push me towards science. She was really a tough woman, 0:08:01.840 --> 0:08:04.560 and she thought me that math and numbers are a 0:08:04.640 --> 0:08:07.960 vehicle to read the world around us. But they also 0:08:08.040 --> 0:08:12.040 can teach us about objectivity in life. You know, I'm 0:08:12.080 --> 0:08:15.000 always so amazed as I'm speaking to our guests to 0:08:15.160 --> 0:08:18.040 hear about the power of the teacher. And do you 0:08:18.080 --> 0:08:21.440 have mentioned that yet? Once again? I know that you 0:08:21.600 --> 0:08:25.720 lead a team of two hundred scientists, which just saying that, 0:08:26.000 --> 0:08:29.600 it seems a great deal to comprehend in everybody's working 0:08:29.640 --> 0:08:33.079 at the cutting edge of computing. Yeah, you and your 0:08:33.160 --> 0:08:37.200 husband are raising three children. How do you manage this 0:08:37.280 --> 0:08:39.800 work life balance that all of us seem to be 0:08:39.840 --> 0:08:44.520 affected by. Well, I have to say, yes, it's certainly 0:08:45.320 --> 0:08:49.480 not easy. However, I first of all get a lot 0:08:49.520 --> 0:08:51.720 of help from my husband. I think we work really 0:08:51.760 --> 0:08:54.319 as a team. He's a scientist true, by the way, 0:08:54.559 --> 0:08:56.960 and so we are a team at work and at home. 0:08:57.920 --> 0:09:01.559 So I think he has been instrumental really in uh 0:09:01.960 --> 0:09:05.439 making this a reality, the fact that we we are 0:09:05.480 --> 0:09:09.559 in it together, growing these three children and being successful 0:09:09.600 --> 0:09:12.160 with both of our careers. And I would say that 0:09:12.240 --> 0:09:15.120 also formula has helped me a lot because, for example, 0:09:15.240 --> 0:09:19.480 small things but really critical, we have a daycare on site, 0:09:19.960 --> 0:09:22.880 and so I was able to bring my kids here 0:09:23.000 --> 0:09:26.199 when they were little like three months old, and and 0:09:26.200 --> 0:09:28.600 and this way I didn't have to take a break 0:09:28.640 --> 0:09:31.640 from my research, from my from my work. I could 0:09:31.840 --> 0:09:34.440 do research, be here and be with them at the 0:09:34.520 --> 0:09:38.240 same time. So and also all the support from formula 0:09:38.280 --> 0:09:41.680 then from my supervisors, uh to really be able to 0:09:41.720 --> 0:09:44.320 be a mom to my children, but at the same 0:09:44.320 --> 0:09:47.960 time continue without interruption to pursue my career cutting edge 0:09:48.040 --> 0:09:51.560 childcare as well. It's so interesting. Are any f your 0:09:51.600 --> 0:09:56.120 children interested in science? Almost definitely. I think all three 0:09:56.120 --> 0:09:59.160 of them, they really have aspirations already. They tell us 0:09:59.200 --> 0:10:01.920 to become signed. There's all three. You and your husband 0:10:01.960 --> 0:10:04.720 are such a great example to them. I'm sure. Thank you, 0:10:05.000 --> 0:10:10.920 Thank you, senecas one hundred women to hear will be 0:10:10.960 --> 0:10:23.840 back after the short break. As a woman, have you 0:10:24.000 --> 0:10:27.720 encountered any obstacles in your studies or in your career? 0:10:27.800 --> 0:10:31.880 We have more women in science today than ever before, 0:10:31.960 --> 0:10:36.040 but it's still been a very difficult path. It certainly 0:10:36.200 --> 0:10:41.599 was um somewhat difficult. I still remember the first day, 0:10:41.720 --> 0:10:46.400 uh So, I graduated in Italy actually an electronic engineering goodness, 0:10:46.720 --> 0:10:49.040 and then I came to the US to study physics 0:10:49.040 --> 0:10:51.839 for my PhD. But I remember the very first day 0:10:51.840 --> 0:10:55.199 I walked into the first class UH at the Engineering 0:10:55.200 --> 0:10:58.400 school at the University of Pizza in Italy, and I 0:10:58.440 --> 0:11:01.600 believe that we were something like six women out of 0:11:01.679 --> 0:11:06.840 a class of hundred eighty. So certainly it was difficult 0:11:07.040 --> 0:11:11.920 being being a minority. All professors were always man and 0:11:11.960 --> 0:11:14.559 also later in, you know, during my work career, I 0:11:14.600 --> 0:11:18.080 would say all that it is still a man dominated 0:11:18.160 --> 0:11:22.480 the environment and field. But I think what really helped 0:11:22.480 --> 0:11:26.920 me is that I've always been very strong. I've always 0:11:26.920 --> 0:11:29.760 been you know, not intimidated, and I believed in my 0:11:29.840 --> 0:11:33.760 own strengths, and I've always at the courage to fight 0:11:33.800 --> 0:11:37.680 to be heard. And certainly there have been also some 0:11:37.960 --> 0:11:40.320 figures in my career that I've held me a lot, 0:11:40.440 --> 0:11:42.959 like my supervisor who was my peach the advisor and 0:11:43.040 --> 0:11:47.200 later on actually became director of formula. The doctor Nigel 0:11:47.240 --> 0:11:52.240 Locker has always been an advocate for women in science 0:11:52.440 --> 0:11:56.240 and and and for helping the field become more diverse. 0:11:56.880 --> 0:11:59.920 Is it important to have more women involved in science 0:12:00.040 --> 0:12:03.880 the discovery? Do you see that that makes the difference? Absolutely? 0:12:04.160 --> 0:12:06.760 How I would say, well, we can turn the question 0:12:06.760 --> 0:12:09.440 around and say what would the world have done without 0:12:09.720 --> 0:12:14.439 for example Medicurie or better Rubin, or Rita Levy Montalcini, 0:12:14.679 --> 0:12:17.680 or we can bring so many examples of so many 0:12:17.720 --> 0:12:22.760 women who have made history with their scientific discoveries. So 0:12:22.760 --> 0:12:25.400 so and maybe we should ask ourselves how much more 0:12:25.559 --> 0:12:29.320 would we have discovered already if the scientific field was 0:12:29.880 --> 0:12:33.200 more inclusive and more diverse. I would say that in 0:12:33.240 --> 0:12:39.280 my experience, women having credible potential in terms of scientific talent, creativity, 0:12:39.440 --> 0:12:43.960 willingness and strength to always connect the dots and to 0:12:44.120 --> 0:12:47.439 get really to the bottom of things, or the ability 0:12:47.440 --> 0:12:51.640 to bring people together in our collaborative framework. Women are 0:12:51.760 --> 0:12:55.120 incredible all of these things, and science needs all of 0:12:55.160 --> 0:12:59.679 the above to to really progress and make discoveries. How 0:12:59.720 --> 0:13:02.880 can be better unlock that potential that women have in 0:13:02.920 --> 0:13:05.600 the world of science. I think we have to try 0:13:05.840 --> 0:13:09.679 in all ways. I mean, um, we are trying very hard. 0:13:09.720 --> 0:13:12.520 For example, with this new center that we have here, 0:13:12.559 --> 0:13:16.760 reaching all the way even to elementary schools, to to 0:13:16.760 --> 0:13:19.840 to show everyone you know that that that that is 0:13:19.920 --> 0:13:22.599 you know, the role models, but also that science is 0:13:22.679 --> 0:13:28.599 for everybody. Bring students again at early stages of their education, 0:13:29.240 --> 0:13:34.160 into internships to really make people feel and women feel yes, 0:13:34.280 --> 0:13:36.560 I can. I can do it. It's not something that 0:13:36.600 --> 0:13:39.040 it's only for a certain class of people. I can 0:13:39.080 --> 0:13:42.760 absolutely do this and I can see it hands on. 0:13:43.000 --> 0:13:45.520 I think that's one key component. And and here, as 0:13:45.520 --> 0:13:47.400 I said, the Fermila, we're trying all of this with 0:13:47.440 --> 0:13:50.760 the internships, sudden day morning lectures. We need to try 0:13:50.760 --> 0:13:55.160 in all possible ways. So encouraging to hear. Fermi Lab 0:13:55.400 --> 0:13:59.200 also brings scientists together from all over the world. How 0:13:59.320 --> 0:14:03.320 does work with people from so many different countries also 0:14:03.400 --> 0:14:07.720 affect your outlook and the work product the outcome. Yeah, 0:14:07.840 --> 0:14:09.840 I would say that this is actually what made me 0:14:10.360 --> 0:14:14.360 fall in love with Fermila. I came here first as 0:14:14.400 --> 0:14:18.760 an intern um in in my young years, and and 0:14:18.840 --> 0:14:21.520 I that's what I fell in love with to see 0:14:21.520 --> 0:14:25.800 that we we were building a firmila genormous machines. This 0:14:25.920 --> 0:14:30.280 is incredible complex detectors with many pieces that were coming 0:14:30.320 --> 0:14:33.040 from all different places around the world, and all the 0:14:33.120 --> 0:14:37.880 different people from many countries bringing so much diversity in 0:14:38.000 --> 0:14:40.680 the approach to problems, so you know, based on their 0:14:40.720 --> 0:14:45.640 different educational system, background, way of thinking. So I think 0:14:45.760 --> 0:14:50.080 that's that's and it was really for me a way 0:14:50.120 --> 0:14:53.760 to see how science can unite the world towards you know, 0:14:53.760 --> 0:14:56.440 a noble mission, which is really let's understand the world 0:14:56.480 --> 0:15:00.400 around us. Um So, I think it's it's very powerful, 0:15:00.480 --> 0:15:05.320 and I think in science is absolutely essential that the science, 0:15:05.720 --> 0:15:08.080 especially in a field like the one we are in, 0:15:08.120 --> 0:15:10.760 like particle physics, where we have to build such big 0:15:10.800 --> 0:15:14.800 and complex experiments, that that that we bring the old 0:15:14.800 --> 0:15:18.880 world together to do that, to to make these amazing discoveries. 0:15:19.480 --> 0:15:22.160 You know, listening to you, I've been thinking about the 0:15:22.200 --> 0:15:26.080 fact that you're at the Fermail Lab and Enrico Fermil 0:15:26.280 --> 0:15:30.960 was the great world renowned Nobel laureate physicist, came from 0:15:31.000 --> 0:15:35.640 Italy to the United States make enormous contributions, and here 0:15:35.680 --> 0:15:39.440 you are, another Italian in the United States a family lab. 0:15:39.480 --> 0:15:42.440 Do you ever think about that? Absolutely every day. It's 0:15:42.440 --> 0:15:45.320 something that makes me extremely proud to know that actually 0:15:45.360 --> 0:15:49.520 an Italian of such an amazing stature like Rico Fermi 0:15:49.640 --> 0:15:52.920 gives the name to to this, to this laboratory. And 0:15:52.960 --> 0:15:57.480 I can say that actually Italians are a really important 0:15:57.520 --> 0:16:00.520 component of formula. There is many of us, just like 0:16:00.600 --> 0:16:03.960 there's many other amazing scientists from many parts of of 0:16:04.000 --> 0:16:07.120 different parts of the world. Well it's all terroristic to here. 0:16:07.240 --> 0:16:10.520 Let me just ask you at the end of this conversation, 0:16:11.280 --> 0:16:13.640 with so much that's going on in the world now, 0:16:13.840 --> 0:16:18.760 a lot of it very difficult, what makes you optimistic? 0:16:18.800 --> 0:16:23.800 What gives you hope? Well, um, I can say the 0:16:23.840 --> 0:16:29.120 science is what what gives me the most hope. Science 0:16:29.200 --> 0:16:32.520 for me means the pursuit of the truth. Uh. It 0:16:32.600 --> 0:16:35.160 makes me feel and believe that we are in a 0:16:35.160 --> 0:16:38.680 world where there are not only uncertainties, right, but there 0:16:38.760 --> 0:16:41.640 is there is certainty, there is truth and it's there 0:16:41.680 --> 0:16:45.640 for us to find them to look for. So I 0:16:46.080 --> 0:16:50.360 it really makes me feel um, you know, hopeful, and 0:16:50.520 --> 0:16:54.160 I look forward to the discoveries that will be able 0:16:54.240 --> 0:16:57.920 to make at formula. But with this new quantum initiative 0:16:58.040 --> 0:17:00.240 because those I know that the scientific discuss is so 0:17:00.320 --> 0:17:03.440 we'll be able to change the world for better, Uh, 0:17:03.480 --> 0:17:05.760 in a practical way and also in an indirect way, 0:17:05.800 --> 0:17:08.640 because I feel it is a privilege that we can 0:17:08.720 --> 0:17:12.920 train on your generation of young scientists that not only 0:17:12.960 --> 0:17:15.399 will make this important discovery, but they will also be 0:17:15.440 --> 0:17:18.719 able to approach everyday life and problems in a way 0:17:18.760 --> 0:17:23.359 that will bring positive change. Beautifully said, and thank you 0:17:23.440 --> 0:17:28.720 so much. Dr anag Gresslino. You're doing such extraordinary, award 0:17:28.760 --> 0:17:33.159 winning work and as you said, this work helps change 0:17:33.200 --> 0:17:35.800 the world for better. Thank you for doing it, and 0:17:35.840 --> 0:17:38.560 thank you for being with us today. Thank you for 0:17:38.640 --> 0:17:45.760 inviting me. Dr Gresslino has a way of making science 0:17:45.800 --> 0:17:51.800 incredibly beautiful. Here are three things I took from that conversation. First, 0:17:52.240 --> 0:17:56.520 she reminds us about why we do science. Understanding how 0:17:56.600 --> 0:18:02.080 everything around us works is foundational to aggress she says. 0:18:02.119 --> 0:18:05.600 So the research done on a particle accelerator, for example, 0:18:06.400 --> 0:18:10.480 leads to the development of super conducting magnets, which leads 0:18:10.520 --> 0:18:16.600 to the MRI machines used in hospitals and doctor's offices. Second, 0:18:16.960 --> 0:18:22.679 Dr Grassolino shows again why girls need to see women scientists. 0:18:22.720 --> 0:18:26.119 Her own role model was a middle school teacher, a mathematician, 0:18:26.840 --> 0:18:30.560 as Dr Grassolino says, she was a really tough woman 0:18:30.680 --> 0:18:34.080 who taught me that math and numbers are a vehicle 0:18:34.200 --> 0:18:38.840 to read the world around us. Finally, she tells us 0:18:38.880 --> 0:18:42.600 that despite the chaos of current days, we can find 0:18:42.640 --> 0:18:47.440 comfort in science in a time of uncertainty. Science helps 0:18:47.520 --> 0:18:52.440 reveal certainty. There is truth, she says, and it's there 0:18:52.480 --> 0:18:56.720 for us to find and to look for. Tune in 0:18:56.880 --> 0:19:00.080 next week to hear about our next featured woman and 0:19:00.840 --> 0:19:05.119 discover why she's one of Seneca's one hundred Women to Hear. 0:19:06.840 --> 0:19:09.639 Seneca's one hundred Women to Hear is a collaboration between 0:19:09.640 --> 0:19:12.560 the Seneca Women Podcast Network and I Heart Radio, with 0:19:12.640 --> 0:19:19.719 support from founding partner PNG. Have a Great Day.