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Speaker 9: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a

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Speaker 9: kite and the rain.

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Speaker 10: Benjamin Franklin is our subject for a new season with

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Speaker 10: Walter Isaacson.

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Speaker 9: He's the most successful self made business person in America.

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Speaker 10: A printer, a scientist, founding father.

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Speaker 1: But maybe not the guy we think we know.

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Speaker 9: Franklin casts his lot on the side of revolution, and

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Speaker 9: it's another thing that splits the family apart.

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Speaker 10: Listen to On Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the

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Speaker 10: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Hey, Kelly, how are things going on the science Farm.

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Speaker 11: You know, they're going pretty well, but we have some

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Speaker 11: old pipes and they've been failing, and so, you know,

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Speaker 11: renovating the bathroom in the kitchen we're pretty low on

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Speaker 11: why to do list, but suddenly they went to the

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Speaker 11: top and so there's been lots of renovating projects happening.

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Speaker 1: Ooh, does that mean lots of opportunities to show your

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Speaker 1: kids how to use power tools circular saws and arc

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Speaker 1: welders and all that good stuff.

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Speaker 11: Uh, there's lots of opportunities for me to play with

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Speaker 11: power tools, many different kinds of saws. No arc welders yet,

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Speaker 11: but generally the kids are not playing with the power tools.

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Speaker 1: Not until they hear this episode, and then they start

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Speaker 1: asking for their turn.

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Speaker 11: This is why my kids don't get to listen to

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Speaker 11: your podcast.

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Speaker 1: How can you consider yourself a good parent if you

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Speaker 1: don't share this podcast with them.

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Speaker 11: I'm pretty sure that the number one rule of parenting

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Speaker 11: is keep the kids alive, and I'm pretty good at that,

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Speaker 11: and that just seem to be tied to them not

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Speaker 11: listening to your podcast.

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Speaker 1: Fair point. Hi. I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist and

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Speaker 1: a professor at UC Irvine, and I want everybody's kids

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Speaker 1: to stay happy and healthy.

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Speaker 11: I'm Kelly wider Smith. I'm a parasitologist. I'm adjunct at

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Speaker 11: Rice University, and I also want kids to stay happy

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Speaker 11: and healthy, which probably means no power tools before the

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Speaker 11: age of ten.

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Speaker 1: Ooh, you hear that. Kelly's kids tenth birthday, you're getting

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Speaker 1: power tools.

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Speaker 11: Oh no, that's only a couple months away from one

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Speaker 11: of them. I meant twenty twenty.

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Speaker 1: Wow, that was pretty quick backpedaling right there. Well, you know,

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Speaker 1: eventually they got to learn some useful skills, so arc

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Speaker 1: welding could be in their future.

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Speaker 11: You know, she's really good with the screwdriver, and I

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Speaker 11: feel like I've done my part. She could also make

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Speaker 11: a little circuit. She did that for the Talent Show

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Speaker 11: and it had little light up eyes and the mascot

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Speaker 11: of her school and it was pretty cool. I'm doing

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Speaker 11: a great job, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: You're doing a bang up job for sure, and so

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Speaker 1: welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe,

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Speaker 1: in which we try to do a bang up job

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Speaker 1: of welding your brain to the universe, making those connections

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Speaker 1: between everything that's happening inside your skull and all the

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Speaker 1: physics of the universe, the black holes, the tiny particles,

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Speaker 1: the galaxies, the arc welding, everything that's going on out there.

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Speaker 1: We want you to understand it. No topic is too big,

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Speaker 1: no topic is too small, no question is too weird,

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Speaker 1: No idea is too bunkers for us to consider, because

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Speaker 1: our goal is to make sense of the whole universe.

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Speaker 1: My usual co host, Jorge can't be here today, but

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Speaker 1: I'm very happy to be joined by Kelly to talk

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Speaker 1: about it. Today's amazing and fun topic.

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Speaker 11: I'm excited to be here. You know how, I think

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Speaker 11: you and I just had a podcasting anniversary, didn't we

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Speaker 11: It's been like two and a half years or two

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Speaker 11: our I don't know, it's been a while. I'm excited.

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Speaker 1: Oh no, I'm embarrassed. I haven't been keeping tracks. I'm

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Speaker 1: totally unaware of our anniversary. I apologize. I should have

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Speaker 1: gotten you something.

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Speaker 11: Well, that's you got me a really interesting topic to

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Speaker 11: talk about. Oh, thank you.

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Speaker 1: Yes, that must have been my subconscious plan of what's

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Speaker 1: what it was the whole time.

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Speaker 11: Yes, the two year anniversary is the cold welding anniversary.

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Speaker 1: Mm, well, congratulations on two years of being on the podcast.

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Speaker 1: We love all your contributions.

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Speaker 11: Oh, I love being here.

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Speaker 1: Thanks awesome. And sometimes on the podcast we talk about

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Speaker 1: quantum mechanics. Sometimes we talk about black hole Sometimes we

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Speaker 1: talk about planetary orbits in the future of our star,

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Speaker 1: and sometimes we talk about the everyday physics and science

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Speaker 1: that is around us, the stuff that makes up our lives,

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Speaker 1: how it works, and how hard it is to understand

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Speaker 1: even the everyday normal stuff in our universe.

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Speaker 11: It never gets easier.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of amazing the complexity of things that we

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Speaker 1: see around us, rocks and blueberries and ice cream, and

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Speaker 1: it's incredible that we can understand how that stuff all

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Speaker 1: comes together from the tiny little particles that are inside it.

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Speaker 1: The buzzing and tuing and frowing of all those little

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Speaker 1: bits somehow weave themselves together into this incredible experience we

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Speaker 1: have where things seem solid or liquid or gaseous, that

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Speaker 1: we know that that actually all just bubbles up from

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Speaker 1: the tiny little particles inside them.

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Speaker 11: I'm glad you're confident that we understand the world, because

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Speaker 11: as a biologist, I'm way less confident. But we'll go

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Speaker 11: with it.

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Speaker 1: You know. I was recently doing college interviews and one

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Speaker 1: young lady told me she was really interested in biology

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Speaker 1: because she thought it was cool how you could explain

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Speaker 1: everything using the smallest bits around us, the cell. And

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Speaker 1: I was like, well, it is very cool how the

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Speaker 1: cell comes together to make complex biology. But you know

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Speaker 1: you can go further than that, right, you can dig deeper.

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Speaker 11: You leave her alone. She's on the right fraud.

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Speaker 1: I almost convinced her to do particle physics, but she

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Speaker 1: was like, nah, she wanted to study stuff that was

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Speaker 1: more relevant to our lives. Good for her, but there

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Speaker 1: are still lots of deep mysteries remaining about this fairly

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Speaker 1: pedestrian idea. Everything is made of particles. Those particles follow

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Speaker 1: simple rules, and how those bits bang up against each

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Speaker 1: other and stick or don't stick and repel makes up

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Speaker 1: our whole world. Why some things are shiny, why some

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Speaker 1: things are sticky. We think that those are all emergent

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Speaker 1: properties from those little particles and the rules that they follow.

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Speaker 1: But it's complicated. It's not like if you give me

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Speaker 1: the location and velocity of ten to twenty nine particles,

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Speaker 1: I can tell you exactly how they're going to behave, Oh,

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Speaker 1: this thing's going to flow, or this thing's going to

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Speaker 1: conduct electricity. Because it's a lot of particles. It's too

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Speaker 1: many for us to understand, which is why chemistry is

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Speaker 1: still a thing right, which is a reason the reason

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Speaker 1: we don't just have particle physics as the only science

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Speaker 1: in the universe.

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Speaker 11: I mean, that would not be as interesting. But yeah,

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Speaker 11: I remember I took stochastic differential equations in college, and

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Speaker 11: I was just like, how do we know anything about

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Speaker 11: the universe? Ever, this is also complicated, and.

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Speaker 1: It is incredible because the universe seems chaotic. All those

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Speaker 1: tiny little particles are so dependent on other tiny little particles.

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Speaker 1: It's incredible that anything emerges. But one of the great

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Speaker 1: philosophical mysteries of science is that simple stuff does emerge.

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Speaker 1: Balls seem to follow simple trajectories, even if we can't

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Speaker 1: understand the tiny particles inside them. You can make chicken

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Speaker 1: soup without understanding quantum gravity. The universe is understandable at

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Speaker 1: all these different layers, which means there are fascinating questions

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Speaker 1: and interesting mysteries at every level of science, you know,

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Speaker 1: studying galaxies, studying people, studying cells, studying funguses, and studying

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Speaker 1: the tiny little particles. Questions to be asked at every level.

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Speaker 11: Not sure we'll ever understand people, Well, we'll do our

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Speaker 11: best and keep moving.

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Speaker 1: Forward, exactly. And so one of the topics we love

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Speaker 1: thinking about is how materials work. Why protons and electrons

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Speaker 1: come together to make one thing conduct electricity and something

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Speaker 1: else be transparent and something else be opaque. How does

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Speaker 1: that all emerge from the tiny little particles that are

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Speaker 1: inside them? And there's so many different aspects of these

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Speaker 1: materials we can explore, like how you stick them together

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Speaker 1: to build stuff? How does the Eiffel Tower come together

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Speaker 1: from all those individual bits of steel?

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Speaker 11: Gorilla glues?

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Speaker 1: No, wow, you just invented an entire country over there.

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Speaker 11: I mean it's a really good glue. You can get

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Speaker 11: it in a can and spray it.

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Speaker 1: Are you saying if they were going to build the

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Speaker 1: Eiffel Tower today, they would use goerilla glue instead of welding.

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Speaker 11: Probably, I don't know. You'll have to tell us about welding.

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Speaker 11: Then I'll make my decision at the end.

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Speaker 1: Well, today in the podcast, we are going to talk

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Speaker 1: about welding, how it works, how you can stick stuff together,

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Speaker 1: and how you can possibly do it without even heating

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Speaker 1: things up in a way that could be helpful for

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Speaker 1: space industry and could be safe for even Kelly's children.

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Speaker 11: Oh all right, you've got my attention. Maybe my oldest

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Speaker 11: can listen to the second part of this discussion.

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Speaker 1: So today in the podcast, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 1: what is cold welding? So this is a topic a

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Speaker 1: bunch of listeners wrote in to ask me about. What

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Speaker 1: is the physics, or the chemistry or just the science

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Speaker 1: of cold welding. How could it be possible to stick

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Speaker 1: stuff together without melting it down first? And could this

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Speaker 1: potentially be a way to build things in space?

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Speaker 11: So, you know, when you proposed the topic of cold

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Speaker 11: welding to me, I could not remember a time when

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Speaker 11: I had heard this phrase, and so my first thought was,

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Speaker 11: was it like sticking like pieces of gum together? And

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Speaker 11: then I'm like, no, welding, welding specifically refers to metal, right,

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Speaker 11: It's like putting two pieces of metal together, is that right?

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Speaker 1: Yeah?

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Speaker 11: Yeah yeah? And so then I was like, I don't know,

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Speaker 11: but but I hear it has to do with space,

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Speaker 11: So I'm going to I'm gonna have to go with that.

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Speaker 11: So let's see if your listeners are more clued into

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Speaker 11: the world of welding than I am. I bet they are, so.

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Speaker 1: Thanks very much to everybody who answers these questions for

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Speaker 1: the podcast. If you would like to contribute your uninformed

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Speaker 1: speculation for the episode. Please don't be shy write me

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Speaker 1: to questions at Danielandjorge dot com. Everybody's welcome, So think

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Speaker 1: about it for a moment before you hear these answers.

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Speaker 1: What do you think cold welding is and how does

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Speaker 1: it work? Here's what listeners had to say.

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Speaker 12: Well, cold welding can't work by heating up two metal

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Speaker 12: sources and melting them together, but it could create a

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Speaker 12: chemical reaction that causes them to melt together. So my

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Speaker 12: guess is it's not actually fire, but it's some sort

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Speaker 12: of chemical.

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Speaker 13: Maybe it is using a chemical reaction to fuse two

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Speaker 13: things together to rearrange the molecules. It reminds me of

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Speaker 13: the old farmers in Vermont would attach wrought iron gate

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Speaker 13: latches to granite posts by boring a hole in the

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Speaker 13: granite and sticking the gate latch in there and then

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Speaker 13: pouring some sort of a powder that would create a

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Speaker 13: reaction and fuse the two together. I've tried to cut

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Speaker 13: them out many, many many years later, and it's impossible.

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Speaker 1: It's sort of just one thing.

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Speaker 11: Well, those were two great answers, and to be honest,

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Speaker 11: I hadn't heard about farmers attaching iron latches using a

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Speaker 11: powder to connect it to granite. Like, that's awesome. I've

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Speaker 11: got to find an excuse for how to do that

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Speaker 11: on the farm, even though right now I don't think

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Speaker 11: I need to.

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Speaker 1: I think that sounds like farm magic, you know. I

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Speaker 1: think he'd run into some magicians and they have some

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Speaker 1: like spells and powders, and they're able to like fuse

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Speaker 1: things together. I think we need to dig into this.

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Speaker 1: This could be like a whole revolution in science.

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Speaker 11: So you hadn't heard of that before.

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Speaker 1: Either, Vermont farmer magic. Nola had not heard of that before.

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Speaker 11: I can imagine it being pretty obscure Vermont farmer magic.

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Speaker 11: But that's not that far away from the Salem witches.

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Speaker 1: Those farmers. You gotta be careful. You gotta be careful

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Speaker 1: using your powers out there where everybody can see you. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but this doesn't seem to be something a lot of

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Speaker 1: people have understood, And frankly, I was a little surprised, Kelly,

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Speaker 1: that you didn't come across it in all of your deep,

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Speaker 1: deep research about space settlements.

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Speaker 11: You know, I have literally thousands of pages of notes,

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Speaker 11: and my mind retains one percent of what I write

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Speaker 11: down because I figure why memorize it if I could

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Speaker 11: just you know, control what it control f for my

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Speaker 11: search term and then see what I wrote down in

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Speaker 11: the past. So I bet I read about cold welding

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Speaker 11: at some point, but it did not stay in my

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Speaker 11: internal hard drive.

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Speaker 1: Well, maybe it turns out it won't be crucial for

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Speaker 1: a space settlement, after all, we'll find out.

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Speaker 11: So I asked a silly I won't say stupid, a

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Speaker 11: silly question at the beginning. You know, could it be

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Speaker 11: like sticking to pieces of gum together? And you told

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Speaker 11: us no, it requires metal. What else are the very

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Speaker 11: very basic facts of welding.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so before we talk about specialized cold welding, let's

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Speaker 1: just talk about normal vanilla hot welding. I guess, and

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Speaker 1: this is basically sticking two pieces of metal together. You

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Speaker 1: want to build the Eiffel Tower, you want to build

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Speaker 1: a bicycle, you want to build a tank, you want

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Speaker 1: to build an airplane, all this kind of stuff you

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Speaker 1: got to use welding. Welding is basically the way that

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Speaker 1: we collactly stuff together in the modern world.

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Speaker 11: So I'm doing a bathroom renovation and luckily when I

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Speaker 11: opened up the wall, there were no copper pipes. Because

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Speaker 11: then I was gonna have to solder, and I don't

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Speaker 11: know how to solder, but I would have learned. Is

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Speaker 11: soldering welding because it's like that little silvery thing that

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Speaker 11: you unroll and you heat up and you put on

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Speaker 11: the copper. That's metal too, right, So does that count?

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Speaker 1: Yes, so that does not count as welding. Soldering and

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Speaker 1: welding are two different things. So welding is when you

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Speaker 1: melt two pieces of metal, so the metals themselves joined

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Speaker 1: become like one piece. So you got two objects you

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Speaker 1: want to stick them together, you actually melt the edges

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Speaker 1: of both of them. Soldering is different Soldering. You have

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Speaker 1: a lower temperature filler, something which melts at a much

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Speaker 1: lower temperature that basically acts as glue and bonds to

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Speaker 1: the two surfaces, but you don't actually melt the two

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Speaker 1: things you're sticking together. So you got two pipes you

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Speaker 1: want to stick together. You can solder them together by

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Speaker 1: melting some filler material which sticks them together, or you

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Speaker 1: can actually weld them by melting the two pipes and

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Speaker 1: sticking them together when they're liquid, so when they cool,

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Speaker 1: you get those chemical bonds between them.

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Speaker 11: But soldering is still cool because you get usable. I

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Speaker 11: was kind of torn when I opened up the walls

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Speaker 11: and there was pecs. Part of me wanted to solder,

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Speaker 11: part of me did. But anyway, okay, I'm getting I'm

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Speaker 11: getting a soft track.

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Speaker 1: And soldering something you can an electrical laborate. You have

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Speaker 1: that special solder material which you touch to the tip

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Speaker 1: of the soldering iron. It just like instantly liquifies, right,

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Speaker 1: super cool stuff. And that stuff you use because it

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Speaker 1: liquifies very very easily, and then it cools very quickly

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Speaker 1: and becomes solid again. So that's soldering. But welding is different, right.

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Speaker 1: Welding is when you really want to join these two

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Speaker 1: materials and you do it by some combination usually of

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Speaker 1: heat and pressure.

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Speaker 11: Okay, and I'm guessing that we've been welding. It's got

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Speaker 11: to be after we get access to fire. How much

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Speaker 11: after we get access to fire before we're welding.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Welding technically is something we've been doing for thousands

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Speaker 1: of years. Essentially, blacksmiths invented welding. They notice you got

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Speaker 1: two pieces of metal, you heat them up and pound

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Speaker 1: them hard enough, they will join a lot of the

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Speaker 1: stuff that's been connected together to make basic swords and

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Speaker 1: tools for farms and all this stuff that blacksmiths have

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Speaker 1: been making for thousands of years. They call that forge welding. Basically,

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Speaker 1: heat it up and hammer it hard and you will

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Speaker 1: get that fusion, that connection between the two materials that

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Speaker 1: tells you that they are now one.

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Speaker 11: Okay, So they're using like a furnace, is that the

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Speaker 11: most typical way, or a blowtorch? Is that the most

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Speaker 11: typical way to get the heat that you need to

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Speaker 11: combine two metals?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And when my dad retired from Los Almos

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Speaker 1: National Labs, he actually took up blacksmithing as a hobby.

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Speaker 1: I was pretty sure he was like preparing for the

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Speaker 1: end times. He thought like what would be a useful

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Speaker 1: skill to have if civilization collapsed, And he decided blacksmithing

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Speaker 1: would be useful. And so he got a little furnace

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Speaker 1: and he would go to the dump and like pick

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Speaker 1: up scrap metal, you know, like truck suspensions and all

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Speaker 1: sorts of stuff, and he would melt it down and

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Speaker 1: hammer it into shapes. And he made all sorts of

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Speaker 1: stuff from like towel hooks to his own spears and

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Speaker 1: stuff like that.

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Speaker 11: Whoa that's awesome.

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Speaker 1: It was pretty cool until half the town burnt down

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Speaker 1: in a hot fire, which is a real tragedy. And

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Speaker 1: then the neighbors were a lot less keen on him

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Speaker 1: having like a thousands of degrees furnace in his garage

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Speaker 1: spewing up sparks into the dry woods. So he got

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Speaker 1: shut down. Yeah, reasonable, reasonable, yep.

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Speaker 11: But said, hey, do you know what turneski?

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Speaker 1: I don't. Who's that?

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Speaker 11: I think he's the current blacksmith that loves elabos and

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Speaker 11: he's a friend of mine. Oh that's right, back off, Okay, okay,

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Speaker 11: So I was trying to get you to talk about electricity.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but blacksmithing is an ancient form of welding, right,

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Speaker 1: You heat it up, you squish it together, and what's

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Speaker 1: happening there is that the metals on one side and

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Speaker 1: the metals on the other side are bonding together, and

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Speaker 1: so there's really no distinction there, and that makes a

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Speaker 1: very very strong connection. Right. But in the late nineteenth

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Speaker 1: century we invented arc welding. We had electricity now, and

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Speaker 1: see we could more efficiently deliver energy than just like

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Speaker 1: sticking the whole thing in an oven, which also isn't

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Speaker 1: possible if you don't have a big enough oven. You

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Speaker 1: want to weld together two I beams, you don't have

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Speaker 1: to stick the whole thing in the oven and then

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Speaker 1: hammer them together. You want to only heat at the

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Speaker 1: spot that between them that's touching.

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Speaker 11: So what is more dangerous a giant furnace operating at

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Speaker 11: intense heat or electrifying metals and working with fads. Kid

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Speaker 11: one is not allowed to listen to the episode up

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Speaker 11: to this point yet, Let's let's see where we get to.

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Speaker 1: But ourt welding is actually really cool because it basically

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Speaker 1: makes a circuit. You're running electricity through the metals, and

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Speaker 1: because the metals are not perfect conductors, there's some resistance

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Speaker 1: to them, and resistance means heat resistance. You're turning electrical

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Speaker 1: energy into thermal energy. Like the way a light bulb

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Speaker 1: works is you're running electrical current through something which is

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Speaker 1: a resistorant. It's going to heat up and then it's

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Speaker 1: going to glow. So the reason the metals get hot

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Speaker 1: is the same reason that a light bulb glows.

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Speaker 11: Ah, And so we just don't let it get out

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Speaker 11: of control because you don't want your light bulbs burning

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Speaker 11: or melting.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And so in arc welding, what you're doing

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Speaker 1: is creating a circuit, and then you're passing that electricity

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Speaker 1: from a stick which arcs onto the spot that you're

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Speaker 1: trying to weld, passes energy through that and then completes

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Speaker 1: the circuit. And so you just power that electricity back

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Speaker 1: and forth. You can be DC, you can be acy,

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Speaker 1: all sorts of varieties of it. It was meant that

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Speaker 1: in the eighteen hundreds when people were learning about the

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Speaker 1: power of electricity.

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Speaker 11: You know, you've got me wondering now, fun tangent. So

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Speaker 11: the first the first spacewalk ever conducted by a woman

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Speaker 11: was a spetlanasub Atskaya, and she welded in the vacuum

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Speaker 11: of space for the first time. So do you think

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Speaker 11: that she welded with heat or electricity?

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Speaker 1: I suspect that was an arc welding, right, because the

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Speaker 1: heat generation from like a blowtorch might require combustion with

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere. Respect that was probably arc welding.

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Speaker 11: Yeah, oh, I should have known that. As soon as

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Speaker 11: you started saying it, I was like, oh, of course.

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Speaker 11: But anyway, all right, so fun, yeah, there you go,

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Speaker 11: But hold.

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Speaker 1: On, that sounds super dangerous. You have this like arc

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Speaker 1: welding in space. I mean that could easily rupture a

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Speaker 1: suit or cause some damage. So that seems crazy to me.

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Speaker 11: Well, you know what's infuriating she is this like hypercompetent,

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Speaker 11: incredible cosmonaut. And there's this movie called Solute seven that

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Speaker 11: came out in Russia and it's sort of like Solute

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Speaker 11: seven is almost their equivalent to our Apollo thirteen. So

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Speaker 11: Solute seven, like they had a problem I think it

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Speaker 11: was with the solar panels and the power ran down,

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Speaker 11: so they had to send somebody up there to try

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Speaker 11: to fix it and get it back online. But at

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Speaker 11: the beginning of the movie, they create this scene where

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Speaker 11: Setlanasovitskaya is welding in space, which happens, but she gets

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Speaker 11: a welding burr in her glove and she's starting to

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Speaker 11: lose pressure, and her male colleague needs to pull her

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Speaker 11: back into the station because she just like, I don't know,

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Speaker 11: it's like losing her composure. And that didn't happen. She

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Speaker 11: did a great job of welding, she didn't get a

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Speaker 11: burr in her glove. She didn't need to be saved

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Speaker 11: by a man. But that's how the movie starts, and

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Speaker 11: that made me very frustrated. Tangent done. Oh and the

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Speaker 11: rest no, no, almost done, Tangent almost done. The other

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Speaker 11: big lie in the movie is that they need to

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Speaker 11: get up there to get the station started again because

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Speaker 11: the shuttle, the Americans are going to set off the

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Speaker 11: shuttle and they want our technology, so they're going to

439
00:22:25,359 --> 00:22:30,160
Speaker 11: put the Salute seven space station in the shuttle's cargo

440
00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:34,200
Speaker 11: bay and take it back to Earth to steal our technology,

441
00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:39,600
Speaker 11: which it wouldn't fit. That didn't happen, but that's like

442
00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:41,439
Speaker 11: a huge and at the very end you've got the

443
00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,440
Speaker 11: Space Shuttle driving past Salute, and the Space Shuttle people

444
00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:48,080
Speaker 11: who are driving Salute the Solute cosmonauts for doing such

445
00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:49,920
Speaker 11: a good job of getting it fixed before they could

446
00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:52,920
Speaker 11: go there to steal it. And it was like what anyway,

447
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:54,560
Speaker 11: a classic film.

448
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:58,600
Speaker 1: It sounds like all the research you did for your

449
00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,480
Speaker 1: Space settlment book may have ruined you for science fiction.

450
00:23:01,640 --> 00:23:06,080
Speaker 11: Kelly, Ah, yeah, yeah, that's probably true.

451
00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:08,520
Speaker 1: That's the downside of knowing a bunch of stuff.

452
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:09,480
Speaker 11: Better not to know.

453
00:23:11,560 --> 00:23:14,040
Speaker 1: So in the eighteen hundreds we developed this new technique

454
00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:17,920
Speaker 1: we like basically the first advance since blacksmithing for thousands

455
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,480
Speaker 1: of years in how to join metals, and this got

456
00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,600
Speaker 1: really fast forwarded in the World Wars in the early

457
00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:27,760
Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds because people wanted to make lots and lots

458
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,760
Speaker 1: of tanks and airplanes and all sorts of stuff. And

459
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:33,240
Speaker 1: arc welding can be a little bit painful, it's kind

460
00:23:33,280 --> 00:23:36,439
Speaker 1: of slow, and it can be inefficient, and so they

461
00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:39,199
Speaker 1: developed lots more techniques to do this much more quickly,

462
00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:42,879
Speaker 1: to do it much more efficiently. So fast welding really

463
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:46,320
Speaker 1: was born in the first part of last century. Because

464
00:23:46,359 --> 00:23:48,720
Speaker 1: of the World Wars. Humans wanted to kill each other

465
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:51,480
Speaker 1: more efficiently, so they had to be quick at building

466
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:52,680
Speaker 1: those killing machines.

467
00:23:53,840 --> 00:23:57,080
Speaker 11: So depressing same goes to rockets, right, that's the rockets

468
00:23:57,119 --> 00:23:59,120
Speaker 11: that took us to the Moon were used to drop

469
00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:03,760
Speaker 11: bombs on London without great aim, I'd say, But anyway.

470
00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a conflict I feel deeply internally. I mean,

471
00:24:06,040 --> 00:24:08,959
Speaker 1: a lot of advances in physics come from wanting to

472
00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:12,720
Speaker 1: build weapons of mass destruction, and so that's you know,

473
00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:14,679
Speaker 1: also where a lot of fund incomes from. But it

474
00:24:14,720 --> 00:24:17,000
Speaker 1: does in the end reveal a lot about the nature

475
00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:20,240
Speaker 1: of the universe. So it's a tough situation, yep. But

476
00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:22,000
Speaker 1: it turns out that you could apply a lot of

477
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:25,080
Speaker 1: these welding techniques not just to metals. You can also

478
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:28,760
Speaker 1: weld things like glass. Right. You can take two pieces

479
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:30,840
Speaker 1: of glass and you can have a glass rod, and

480
00:24:30,920 --> 00:24:33,439
Speaker 1: you can use a blowtorch to melt the glass and

481
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:36,119
Speaker 1: stick them together. And so you can weld pieces of

482
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,200
Speaker 1: glass together. You can even weld the glass to ceramic

483
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,159
Speaker 1: or to steal all sorts of stuff. So welding is

484
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,440
Speaker 1: not just something you have to do with metals.

485
00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:47,199
Speaker 11: I didn't realize that. I guess I did think welding

486
00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:48,160
Speaker 11: was metal specific.

487
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's basically just joining stuff together by melting them.

488
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:54,639
Speaker 1: And it makes a lot of sense because you melt

489
00:24:54,680 --> 00:24:56,879
Speaker 1: it together and that the atoms are all jiggling, and

490
00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,320
Speaker 1: they can jiggle together, and when they cool, it's like

491
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:02,680
Speaker 1: their one Again. What sort of mysterio is is doing

492
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:07,359
Speaker 1: this without heat? It's so cold. Welding is a much stranger,

493
00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:11,280
Speaker 1: much more interesting and maybe potentially useful in space kind

494
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:12,480
Speaker 1: of process, and.

495
00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:15,280
Speaker 11: We're going to learn more about it after the break.

496
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,959
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Speaker 11: All right, so hot welding uses heat to combine metal, glass, plastic,

558
00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:37,520
Speaker 11: and steal. But you have told me that we can

559
00:28:37,560 --> 00:28:40,280
Speaker 11: do it without heat, and so maybe my daughter can

560
00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 11: listen to this part of the episode. Uh So, how

561
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,000
Speaker 11: how do we do that do we just bang them

562
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:47,600
Speaker 11: together really hard and hope they stick.

563
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:52,360
Speaker 1: That's the long and short of it. Yes, essentially you

564
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,200
Speaker 1: can do cold welding if you have pressure and if

565
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,920
Speaker 1: the materials are very very clean. Think about what's happening.

566
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,880
Speaker 1: Set of metal. Metal is essentially a crystal. You have

567
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,800
Speaker 1: all of these atoms of iron or whatever, and they're

568
00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:08,720
Speaker 1: lining up in a crystal, and the reason they're so

569
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:11,760
Speaker 1: strong is all those bonds are holding them together. How

570
00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:13,400
Speaker 1: do you make a bigger crystal? Well, you could like

571
00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:16,800
Speaker 1: rejigger all the atoms and make them liquid again and

572
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,080
Speaker 1: then stick them together so they cool back down to

573
00:29:19,120 --> 00:29:21,240
Speaker 1: make a crystal. But what if you just have like

574
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,960
Speaker 1: half of a crystal here and half of a crystal there,

575
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:27,080
Speaker 1: and you just like stick them together so that the

576
00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:30,280
Speaker 1: two bits of crystal like link together, sort of like

577
00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:32,200
Speaker 1: sticking two puzzle pieces together.

578
00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 7: Right.

579
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,240
Speaker 1: You don't have to melt them down to liquid cardboard

580
00:29:35,400 --> 00:29:37,360
Speaker 1: to make to stick them together. You just sort of

581
00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:40,640
Speaker 1: fit the nibs into the holes and they click together

582
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:44,640
Speaker 1: into one big picture. Okay, So that's the sort of

583
00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,640
Speaker 1: idea behind cold welding. Like, if you have a material

584
00:29:47,680 --> 00:29:50,280
Speaker 1: that's very regular and you have two pieces of it.

585
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:52,920
Speaker 1: You just get them together close enough and apply a

586
00:29:52,920 --> 00:29:55,479
Speaker 1: little bit of pressure. They will all of a sudden

587
00:29:55,560 --> 00:29:58,360
Speaker 1: act like they were always one thing. They will just

588
00:29:58,360 --> 00:29:59,920
Speaker 1: sort of like stick together.

589
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,600
Speaker 11: All right, So I'm having a little trouble wrapping my

590
00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:05,120
Speaker 11: head around it. So I'm imagining, like, all right, so

591
00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:08,480
Speaker 11: you put two pieces of metal together, and very very

592
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:12,920
Speaker 11: very slowly they start what like acting like liquid and

593
00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:18,200
Speaker 11: sort of mixing together. Or yeah, why so why does that?

594
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:19,200
Speaker 11: Why does that happen?

595
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:21,840
Speaker 1: It's not very very slow. The whole thing can happen

596
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:26,320
Speaker 1: in seconds or less, and there's no liquid involved. This

597
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:30,880
Speaker 1: is just two pieces of metal clicking together. I read

598
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:34,240
Speaker 1: this fun quote by Richard Feinman. He says, quote the

599
00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:37,520
Speaker 1: reason for this unexpected behavior is that when the atoms

600
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,760
Speaker 1: in contact are all of the same kind, there's no

601
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:43,240
Speaker 1: way for the atoms to know they are in different

602
00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:46,560
Speaker 1: pieces of copper. Essentially, you just have like a bunch

603
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:48,040
Speaker 1: of copper here and a bunch of copper there. You

604
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:51,080
Speaker 1: bring them close together, they will stick together. They do

605
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,680
Speaker 1: like to bond to each other. Think about what happens

606
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:56,400
Speaker 1: between two atoms of copper. There are electrons that are

607
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,440
Speaker 1: like flowing between them, bonding them together. That's what the

608
00:30:59,480 --> 00:31:02,480
Speaker 1: bond did, right. The actual nuclei are and stuck together.

609
00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:05,280
Speaker 1: It's thee electrons between them. And so if you have

610
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:08,040
Speaker 1: two atoms you bring them near each other, they will bond.

611
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:10,600
Speaker 1: They don't have to become a liquid in order to

612
00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:11,320
Speaker 1: bond together.

613
00:31:11,920 --> 00:31:16,240
Speaker 11: So why do metals do this? And like the I've

614
00:31:16,240 --> 00:31:18,480
Speaker 11: got a book sitting next to me with lots of pages,

615
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:23,480
Speaker 11: but the pages are staying distinct. Why why doesn't everything

616
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:27,040
Speaker 11: start just sort of blending together.

617
00:31:28,360 --> 00:31:30,920
Speaker 1: Exactly? Why isn't the whole world just fuse to one

618
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:33,320
Speaker 1: lump right exactly?

619
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:34,680
Speaker 11: Yes, this is.

620
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,160
Speaker 1: Something metals can do because the electrons in a metal

621
00:31:38,200 --> 00:31:42,320
Speaker 1: are very mobile. Like some materials, the electrons mostly stick

622
00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:45,600
Speaker 1: around their own atom or the neighboring atom. But when

623
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:49,160
Speaker 1: metals come together, the energy levels of those electrons are

624
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:52,280
Speaker 1: such that the electrons can really flow freely through the metal.

625
00:31:52,320 --> 00:31:55,640
Speaker 1: It's more like an ocean of electrons. And this all

626
00:31:55,680 --> 00:31:58,240
Speaker 1: depends on how the energy levels translate. Like you have

627
00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:01,640
Speaker 1: an individual atom, we know that the electrons around that

628
00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:04,200
Speaker 1: atom have energy levels. Like you remember from your high

629
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:06,800
Speaker 1: school chemistry that there's like the one p orbital and

630
00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,400
Speaker 1: the four f orbital, and there's all these energy levels

631
00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:10,120
Speaker 1: for an electron.

632
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:12,640
Speaker 11: We shouldn't assume I remember anything from high school chemistry,

633
00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:13,240
Speaker 11: but keep going.

634
00:32:13,680 --> 00:32:15,560
Speaker 1: I don't remember it either. I probably just remember it

635
00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,600
Speaker 1: because my son is taking high school chemistry, so I

636
00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:22,120
Speaker 1: have to hear about all this stuff. Anyway, Electrons around

637
00:32:22,160 --> 00:32:25,560
Speaker 1: atoms have energy levels, right, Well, what happens when you

638
00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:27,680
Speaker 1: have two atoms and now your electrons are sort of

639
00:32:27,720 --> 00:32:30,880
Speaker 1: like zigging back and forth between those two atoms. Well,

640
00:32:30,920 --> 00:32:34,440
Speaker 1: the energy levels get more complicated because you're now responding

641
00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:38,200
Speaker 1: to the positive charge of two atoms. Now add another atom,

642
00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,040
Speaker 1: and another atom and another atom. You get a whole

643
00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:42,560
Speaker 1: crystal lattice. And so now you get a bunch of

644
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:47,200
Speaker 1: different energy levels for the electrons. And metals and insulators

645
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:50,800
Speaker 1: have different kinds of energy levels there. In metals, it's

646
00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:53,400
Speaker 1: very easy for the electrons to like jump up to

647
00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:56,080
Speaker 1: the higher energy levels and then move around the whole atom.

648
00:32:56,520 --> 00:32:59,520
Speaker 1: In insulators, there's like a big gap. Then the electrons

649
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,840
Speaker 1: can't eat get up there, so they're sort of like

650
00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:05,640
Speaker 1: trapped around individual atoms more So, the short answer is

651
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:07,760
Speaker 1: metals have a lot of electrons that are easy to

652
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:10,040
Speaker 1: flow around, and so if you bring two pieces of

653
00:33:10,080 --> 00:33:12,680
Speaker 1: metal together, their electrons would just sort of like start

654
00:33:12,720 --> 00:33:15,440
Speaker 1: flowing back and forth, and then the copper atoms will

655
00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:18,160
Speaker 1: be like, hey, you're my neighbor. I'm your neighbor. Let's

656
00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:20,480
Speaker 1: share electrons, and boom they're bonded.

657
00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:24,280
Speaker 11: So all right, So I've got these copper pipes m

658
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:27,800
Speaker 11: hm in a different part of my house, and and

659
00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:30,239
Speaker 11: if you get this electron c and these metals can

660
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:35,120
Speaker 11: all like come together. Why do my copper pipes retain

661
00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:39,040
Speaker 11: their shape? Why don't Why doesn't the like copper you

662
00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:40,760
Speaker 11: know that's a bug or that's at the top of

663
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:43,680
Speaker 11: the pipe sort of like start moving into the copper

664
00:33:43,720 --> 00:33:45,080
Speaker 11: that's at the bottom of the pipe and it all

665
00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:46,840
Speaker 11: just sort of like becomes a glob.

666
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,440
Speaker 1: Well, copper is pretty strong, right, it's crystal structure preserve itself.

667
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:55,200
Speaker 1: But when it comes next to another piece of that

668
00:33:55,280 --> 00:33:58,440
Speaker 1: crystal structure, then they will link together. It's just like

669
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,960
Speaker 1: the puzzle pieces, right, puzzle pieces hold themselves together into

670
00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:04,320
Speaker 1: a shape. But if you bring them nearby into something

671
00:34:04,320 --> 00:34:06,640
Speaker 1: else where the where the nibs and the holes all

672
00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:09,399
Speaker 1: match up, they will click in the place. The real

673
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:12,760
Speaker 1: question is like you've touched copper together before, you didn't

674
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:14,800
Speaker 1: notice it, like cold welding together.

675
00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:15,040
Speaker 2: Right.

676
00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:18,120
Speaker 1: It's not like every time two copper pennies touch that

677
00:34:18,160 --> 00:34:20,640
Speaker 1: they cold weld. It's not like every time you have

678
00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:22,560
Speaker 1: change in your pocket you pull it out and it's

679
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:26,120
Speaker 1: like one single blob. Right. That would be pretty weird, right,

680
00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:28,879
Speaker 1: And so why doesn't this happen all the time? The

681
00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:33,040
Speaker 1: answer is that these materials have to be really really clean. Essentially,

682
00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:36,600
Speaker 1: you need like really bare copper to touch really bare copper,

683
00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,880
Speaker 1: or bar iron to touch bear iron, and that doesn't

684
00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:43,239
Speaker 1: happen very often because we're in an atmosphere, and so

685
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:46,600
Speaker 1: the copper in your pipes interacts with the atmosphere and

686
00:34:46,640 --> 00:34:49,800
Speaker 1: the oxygen in the atmosphere and forms like thin layers

687
00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:52,640
Speaker 1: of oxides. So if you take two copper pipes and

688
00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,280
Speaker 1: you bang them together, the copper is not actually touching.

689
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,840
Speaker 1: What's touching are these thin layers of oxides and greases

690
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,359
Speaker 1: and all sorts of other stuff on the surface. So

691
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:03,799
Speaker 1: you're not really getting that clean contact.

692
00:35:04,239 --> 00:35:04,520
Speaker 6: Is it?

693
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 11: Also like a lot of the metals that you encounter

694
00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:09,040
Speaker 11: that we encounter in our day to day lives, are

695
00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:12,359
Speaker 11: they pure metals? Or are they also metals that have

696
00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:13,960
Speaker 11: like other stuff mixed in.

697
00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, a lot of the stuff we interact with are alloys, right,

698
00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,359
Speaker 1: steel for example, there's all sorts of stuff mixed into it,

699
00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:21,520
Speaker 1: and a lot of stuff we interact with are not

700
00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:25,480
Speaker 1: pure metals. So this requires sort of a special situation.

701
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,160
Speaker 1: You need pure metals and you need them to be

702
00:35:28,280 --> 00:35:32,040
Speaker 1: super duper clean. And so if you wanted to accomplish

703
00:35:32,120 --> 00:35:34,640
Speaker 1: cold welding, what you got to do is like really

704
00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:37,880
Speaker 1: carefully clean the surface. Sometimes you can actually just rub

705
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:41,160
Speaker 1: the two surfaces together in order to scrape them clear

706
00:35:41,160 --> 00:35:43,919
Speaker 1: of these oxides, press them together and they will make

707
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:45,080
Speaker 1: a metallic bond.

708
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:48,680
Speaker 11: So like if I rub my copper pipes, I know

709
00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:50,920
Speaker 11: I'm stuck on the copper pipes. I rubbed the copper

710
00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:53,040
Speaker 11: pipes together to clean them off and press them together.

711
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:55,560
Speaker 11: Is that going to be enough? Or know where we

712
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 11: back to. Your copper pipes are probably not pure copper.

713
00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:01,759
Speaker 1: It depends on the purity of your copper. But this

714
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,279
Speaker 1: is something you can actually accomplish like down here on

715
00:36:04,320 --> 00:36:08,160
Speaker 1: Earth without special materials. It was first demonstrated in the

716
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:11,800
Speaker 1: mid seventeen hundreds by a guy in England who just

717
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:14,840
Speaker 1: took two lead balls and he pressed them together and

718
00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:17,600
Speaker 1: twisted them and rubbed them together and the two pieces

719
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:20,480
Speaker 1: would join. This seemed like magic at the time. It's like,

720
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:23,880
Speaker 1: without any heat, he's somehow turning two lead balls into

721
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:25,920
Speaker 1: one single thing of lead.

722
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:27,760
Speaker 11: Did they burn him at the state.

723
00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:34,560
Speaker 1: Him and all the Vermont farmers, Yeah, exactly. This was

724
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:37,759
Speaker 1: in the or mid seventeen hundred, so seventeen twenty four

725
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,360
Speaker 1: by a guy named Reverend Dysagular I'm not sure if

726
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:45,920
Speaker 1: he's actually French, and it's like Disagulae, but he demonstrated

727
00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:48,840
Speaker 1: this phenomenon to the Royal Society and published the details

728
00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:52,080
Speaker 1: in a scientific journal at the time. So this is

729
00:36:52,120 --> 00:36:56,160
Speaker 1: something you can accomplish with pretty normal materials, and then

730
00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:59,440
Speaker 1: archaeologists discovered the humans have actually been doing this for

731
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:03,239
Speaker 1: a thousand of years. You don't need heat in order

732
00:37:03,239 --> 00:37:06,440
Speaker 1: to accomplish welding as long as you have pressure and

733
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:10,000
Speaker 1: you have two clean materials. So people have found like

734
00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:14,440
Speaker 1: gold boxes made by cold welding that date to like

735
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:15,760
Speaker 1: seven hundred BC.

736
00:37:16,239 --> 00:37:19,640
Speaker 11: Okay, so this is going to be potentially another silly question.

737
00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:25,399
Speaker 11: So these boxes were gold, and so if having them

738
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:28,400
Speaker 11: together is enough for them to weld. How do we

739
00:37:28,480 --> 00:37:31,440
Speaker 11: know that they hadn't like that this gold wasn't like

740
00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:34,880
Speaker 11: lining a wooden box, and over time it cold welded

741
00:37:34,920 --> 00:37:37,359
Speaker 11: on its own, Like, how do we know that they

742
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:38,480
Speaker 11: did it purposefully?

743
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:39,080
Speaker 1: Oh? Yeah?

744
00:37:39,360 --> 00:37:41,040
Speaker 11: Or how do we know they didn't use hot welding.

745
00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,440
Speaker 1: If you do hot welding, you can see the effects

746
00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:47,360
Speaker 1: at the intersection, like you can see that it's been melted.

747
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,080
Speaker 1: It changes the chemical composition a little bit, and then

748
00:37:50,080 --> 00:37:52,360
Speaker 1: there's a transition there between the heated part and the

749
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:55,319
Speaker 1: not heated part. So cold welding does look different from

750
00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:58,000
Speaker 1: hot welding, so we can tell that this was not

751
00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:01,440
Speaker 1: hot welded gold. Obviously, people been doing goldsmithing also for

752
00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:04,600
Speaker 1: thousands of years using heat and hammering, but these are

753
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:08,480
Speaker 1: cold welded materials. But you're right, it could have been accidental,

754
00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:11,560
Speaker 1: and probably the discovery of it was accidental. Somebody for

755
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,719
Speaker 1: some reason accidentally squeezed two pieces of gold together and

756
00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:17,239
Speaker 1: discovered they had welded. And you know, I hope that

757
00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:19,319
Speaker 1: was a happy accident for whoever was doing that.

758
00:38:21,840 --> 00:38:22,920
Speaker 11: Oh, happy accident.

759
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:26,680
Speaker 1: But it's sort of amazing that you can do this.

760
00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:28,880
Speaker 1: You know, on one hand, it seems sort of crazy,

761
00:38:29,120 --> 00:38:31,320
Speaker 1: Like you stick two things together and they like talk

762
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,920
Speaker 1: to each other, and they like intermingle themselves and click together.

763
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:39,239
Speaker 1: It seems kind of impossible to get everything lined up right.

764
00:38:39,560 --> 00:38:42,080
Speaker 1: On the other hand, it seems kind of obvious because

765
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,520
Speaker 1: copper is copper. Like you make copper crystal over here,

766
00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:47,880
Speaker 1: and you make copper crystal over there. They're gonna have

767
00:38:47,920 --> 00:38:51,200
Speaker 1: the same atomic spacing. It's basically the same stuff. It's

768
00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:54,160
Speaker 1: ready to get clicked together. You push on it a

769
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:56,799
Speaker 1: little bit, and those atoms are just gonna happily line

770
00:38:56,880 --> 00:38:59,719
Speaker 1: up and interact with their new neighbors. It doesn't really

771
00:38:59,719 --> 00:39:02,440
Speaker 1: matter that they used to be separate. When to push

772
00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:05,040
Speaker 1: them together, they're ready to grab onto each other.

773
00:39:05,160 --> 00:39:07,200
Speaker 11: I feel like once you explain the concept to me,

774
00:39:07,360 --> 00:39:10,319
Speaker 11: it's less surprising to me that it happens, and more

775
00:39:10,360 --> 00:39:13,120
Speaker 11: surprising to me that it doesn't happen. Yes, all the time.

776
00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:18,399
Speaker 11: Are there examples of it happening when it's not when

777
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:19,760
Speaker 11: it wasn't intended to happen?

778
00:39:19,960 --> 00:39:22,279
Speaker 1: Oh, there's lots of examples of it happening when it

779
00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:25,640
Speaker 1: wasn't intended, especially in the space program, which we'll get

780
00:39:25,640 --> 00:39:28,080
Speaker 1: into in a little bit it's a little bit complex

781
00:39:28,120 --> 00:39:30,839
Speaker 1: to make it happen. For more complex materials, like if

782
00:39:30,840 --> 00:39:34,200
Speaker 1: you imagine something that's an alloy or an ionic solid.

783
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,839
Speaker 1: These things really are more complex because they have lots

784
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:39,760
Speaker 1: of different components to them, and so getting everything lined

785
00:39:39,840 --> 00:39:42,640
Speaker 1: up is more tricky. I think it is possible in

786
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:45,600
Speaker 1: principle to cold well things that are not like pure

787
00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:49,279
Speaker 1: copper or pure gold. It's just harder. You basically need

788
00:39:49,320 --> 00:39:52,160
Speaker 1: more pressure and more time and a little bit more

789
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:55,320
Speaker 1: luck to make sure everything actually does line up against itself.

790
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,719
Speaker 1: But we have used cold welding, and there's been examples

791
00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:02,960
Speaker 1: of on purpose and accidental cold welding in the environment

792
00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:03,720
Speaker 1: of space.

793
00:40:04,120 --> 00:40:06,640
Speaker 11: All right, Well, before we get to welding in space,

794
00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:10,240
Speaker 11: space space, let's take a commercial break.

795
00:40:15,160 --> 00:40:18,760
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Speaker 11: Okay, we're back, all right. So you promised me stories

869
00:43:59,480 --> 00:44:03,400
Speaker 11: about old welding happening when we didn't want it to happen,

870
00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:05,120
Speaker 11: But you told me that I had to wait till

871
00:44:05,160 --> 00:44:07,399
Speaker 11: we got to the space part of the episode, which

872
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,040
Speaker 11: is almost certainly you know, always my favorite part of

873
00:44:10,040 --> 00:44:14,120
Speaker 11: any episode. So tell me about how space poses unique

874
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:17,240
Speaker 11: challenges and benefits for welding.

875
00:44:17,680 --> 00:44:20,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, so space is sort of an obvious place you

876
00:44:20,440 --> 00:44:23,719
Speaker 1: might want to do cold welding because there's no atmosphere,

877
00:44:23,760 --> 00:44:27,480
Speaker 1: which means there's nothing to oxidize your materials. You have

878
00:44:27,560 --> 00:44:31,360
Speaker 1: a piece of bare pure copper or whatever, it's gonna

879
00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:33,600
Speaker 1: stay bare pure copper. You don't need to like scrub

880
00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:35,960
Speaker 1: the surface to get the oxides off because there's no

881
00:44:36,280 --> 00:44:40,000
Speaker 1: oxygen to make any oxides. So there's no like gas

882
00:44:40,080 --> 00:44:43,200
Speaker 1: in the middle there to interfere, no impurities. Your bare

883
00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:45,000
Speaker 1: stuff stays bear stuff.

884
00:44:45,239 --> 00:44:48,560
Speaker 11: Have we used that to our advantage yet? Like, do

885
00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:51,319
Speaker 11: we are there things that we decide we're just gonna

886
00:44:51,320 --> 00:44:53,359
Speaker 11: put together in space because we're gonna send clean stuff

887
00:44:53,440 --> 00:44:55,279
Speaker 11: up there and then assemble it with cold welding while

888
00:44:55,280 --> 00:44:55,959
Speaker 11: it gets up there.

889
00:44:56,200 --> 00:44:58,279
Speaker 1: You know, it seems like an obvious application, but I

890
00:44:58,320 --> 00:45:01,399
Speaker 1: couldn't actually find an example of times this had been

891
00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:04,800
Speaker 1: done intentionally, And it seems to me like a great

892
00:45:04,840 --> 00:45:08,920
Speaker 1: idea because having any sort of like intense heat in

893
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:12,080
Speaker 1: space seems pretty dangerous. Like the story you told us

894
00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:14,480
Speaker 1: was terrifying to me, because you know, on Earth, you

895
00:45:14,520 --> 00:45:17,240
Speaker 1: accidentally bring your heat too close to something it melts,

896
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:19,800
Speaker 1: or maybe you get a burn or something. But in space,

897
00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:23,600
Speaker 1: you destroy your spacesuit. Right, everything is so much more

898
00:45:23,680 --> 00:45:26,120
Speaker 1: dangerous out there in space. It seems like it would

899
00:45:26,160 --> 00:45:29,360
Speaker 1: be awesome to do welding without the danger of heat

900
00:45:29,480 --> 00:45:31,600
Speaker 1: or like super high electrical arcing.

901
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:32,760
Speaker 11: Yeah, space sucks.

902
00:45:33,160 --> 00:45:36,600
Speaker 1: Space sucks exactly. I did find a couple of examples

903
00:45:36,800 --> 00:45:41,320
Speaker 1: of accidental space welding go on. In nineteen sixty five,

904
00:45:41,880 --> 00:45:45,919
Speaker 1: Gemini four was the first American spacewalk. So they sent

905
00:45:45,960 --> 00:45:48,040
Speaker 1: the guy out there, They open the hatch, He goes

906
00:45:48,080 --> 00:45:50,480
Speaker 1: out there, he space walks all around, He's having a

907
00:45:50,480 --> 00:45:52,440
Speaker 1: great time. They asked him to come back in. He

908
00:45:52,480 --> 00:45:54,279
Speaker 1: actually didn't want to come back in because he was

909
00:45:54,280 --> 00:45:57,560
Speaker 1: having so much fun. And when he came back in

910
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:00,200
Speaker 1: and they couldn't close the hatch again, the hatch was

911
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:02,799
Speaker 1: like stuck in the open position. They had to like

912
00:46:03,040 --> 00:46:05,799
Speaker 1: really yank on it, which is not a situation you

913
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:07,360
Speaker 1: want to be in when you're out in space and

914
00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:09,360
Speaker 1: you like can't close the door.

915
00:46:09,719 --> 00:46:13,120
Speaker 11: No, no, you know. Apparently apparently the same thing happened

916
00:46:13,160 --> 00:46:15,319
Speaker 11: during the first Soviet space walk. Are you familiar with

917
00:46:15,320 --> 00:46:17,759
Speaker 11: this story. No, what happened, it doesn't have to do

918
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:21,040
Speaker 11: with cold welding. But Alexei Leonov went out to do

919
00:46:21,080 --> 00:46:23,239
Speaker 11: the first space walk ever because I think they beat

920
00:46:23,280 --> 00:46:26,520
Speaker 11: us to that too, and he couldn't get back in,

921
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,080
Speaker 11: And he's known to exaggerate his stories a bit, but

922
00:46:30,160 --> 00:46:32,279
Speaker 11: I not to do That's right, Well, I would too

923
00:46:32,520 --> 00:46:35,080
Speaker 11: if I was an astronaut, But I think, you know,

924
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:36,640
Speaker 11: like his suit, you know, he got out into the

925
00:46:36,719 --> 00:46:39,000
Speaker 11: vacuum of space and his suit sort of like puffed

926
00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:40,680
Speaker 11: up a little bit because you know, you pressurize your

927
00:46:40,719 --> 00:46:43,640
Speaker 11: suit and after it got a little like puffy. Or

928
00:46:43,719 --> 00:46:46,080
Speaker 11: my understanding is either he couldn't get through the hatch

929
00:46:46,520 --> 00:46:48,520
Speaker 11: or he couldn't like bend the way he needed to,

930
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:50,400
Speaker 11: So for a second there he couldn't get back in.

931
00:46:50,840 --> 00:46:53,040
Speaker 11: But I guess in both cases they managed to get

932
00:46:53,080 --> 00:46:55,280
Speaker 11: the astronaut back in and bring them back home safely,

933
00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:55,920
Speaker 11: thank goodness.

934
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:59,239
Speaker 1: Who Well, in this case, NASA was trying to figure

935
00:46:59,280 --> 00:47:01,400
Speaker 1: out like why did the hatch get stuck? Kind of

936
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:04,200
Speaker 1: an important thing to understand, and one of the initial

937
00:47:04,239 --> 00:47:07,759
Speaker 1: suggestions was cold welding. That maybe like the outside of

938
00:47:07,760 --> 00:47:11,640
Speaker 1: the hatch, cold welded itself to the surface of the spaceship.

939
00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:13,440
Speaker 1: And you know, this is the kind of thing we're

940
00:47:13,480 --> 00:47:15,719
Speaker 1: not used to worrying about. On the surface of the Earth.

941
00:47:15,760 --> 00:47:18,440
Speaker 1: You don't worry about like your keys cold welding themselves

942
00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:20,799
Speaker 1: to your car and stuff, because everything's covered, right, This

943
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:24,120
Speaker 1: pint or this oxidation or just plain dirt is keeping

944
00:47:24,120 --> 00:47:26,800
Speaker 1: stuff from cold welding. But in space, this is maybe

945
00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:29,480
Speaker 1: something we had to worry about, like anytime two metals

946
00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:31,560
Speaker 1: touch or we gonna worry about them like spot welding

947
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:36,000
Speaker 1: themselves together. Oh I know. And actually, if you look online,

948
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:37,960
Speaker 1: there's a lot of lore about how this is an

949
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:40,400
Speaker 1: example of cold welding, but you dig a little bit

950
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:43,040
Speaker 1: deeper and it turns out it's actually not cold welding

951
00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:45,360
Speaker 1: at all. When it came back down to Earth, the

952
00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:47,640
Speaker 1: engineers dug into it and they found out it was

953
00:47:47,680 --> 00:47:50,600
Speaker 1: just a stuck spring that didn't compress right. So like

954
00:47:51,120 --> 00:47:53,360
Speaker 1: very normal door not working.

955
00:47:53,560 --> 00:47:56,919
Speaker 11: Okay, so you gave us like a pych moment, could

956
00:47:56,920 --> 00:47:59,759
Speaker 11: be cold welding, but it's not. Is there are there

957
00:47:59,800 --> 00:48:04,040
Speaker 11: an actual cold welding examples in space? Or are you

958
00:48:04,120 --> 00:48:05,600
Speaker 11: just gonna keep messing with us.

959
00:48:05,880 --> 00:48:08,680
Speaker 1: No, there is one real example, and this is the

960
00:48:08,719 --> 00:48:11,520
Speaker 1: Galileo probe. And so this is a probe which went

961
00:48:11,560 --> 00:48:14,800
Speaker 1: out to explore the Solar System and take pictures of Jupiter,

962
00:48:14,920 --> 00:48:18,240
Speaker 1: for example, but it got delayed wait NASA.

963
00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:20,480
Speaker 11: There were delays in a NASA project.

964
00:48:20,239 --> 00:48:24,200
Speaker 1: I know, shocking, right, And the spacecraft was like moved

965
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:29,319
Speaker 1: across the country multiple times, and during those transports, it

966
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:32,120
Speaker 1: got like shaken a bunch and the lubrication that was

967
00:48:32,120 --> 00:48:36,200
Speaker 1: supposed to protect the metals from cold welding together eroded away.

968
00:48:36,840 --> 00:48:38,799
Speaker 1: And so when they launched this thing, and then they

969
00:48:38,840 --> 00:48:42,319
Speaker 1: were supposed to unfurl the high gain antenna, the thing

970
00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:45,120
Speaker 1: that was going to send us data back with images

971
00:48:45,120 --> 00:48:47,719
Speaker 1: of Jupiter on it, it turns out that several of

972
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:51,200
Speaker 1: the metal struts had become cold welded together, and so

973
00:48:51,280 --> 00:48:52,640
Speaker 1: it couldn't unfurl.

974
00:48:53,040 --> 00:48:53,120
Speaker 4: No.

975
00:48:53,840 --> 00:48:56,680
Speaker 11: Oh, and they even planned for it, and that did

976
00:48:56,719 --> 00:48:59,120
Speaker 11: planning didn't work. Oh my gosh, I'm getting stressed just

977
00:48:59,160 --> 00:49:02,080
Speaker 11: thinking about it. Did they find a way around it

978
00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:03,320
Speaker 11: or were they just stuck?

979
00:49:03,520 --> 00:49:05,800
Speaker 1: They never got the high gain intended to work. Fortunately,

980
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:08,520
Speaker 1: there's always like redundancies on these craft. And they had

981
00:49:08,520 --> 00:49:10,960
Speaker 1: the low gain antenna which was not designed to be

982
00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:12,799
Speaker 1: used to like send data. It was more like for

983
00:49:12,880 --> 00:49:15,759
Speaker 1: control systems. But they had to reprogram it and use

984
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,000
Speaker 1: it to send the actual pictures, which like delayed people

985
00:49:19,080 --> 00:49:21,680
Speaker 1: seeing these images of Jupiter. But of course you know

986
00:49:21,719 --> 00:49:24,319
Speaker 1: we got them. It's just more like downloading on one

987
00:49:24,320 --> 00:49:27,280
Speaker 1: of those slow modems rather than your high speed internet.

988
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:30,160
Speaker 11: Yeah, but still, oh my goodness, those clever engineers they

989
00:49:30,160 --> 00:49:31,759
Speaker 11: figured it out, Thank goodness. I'm sure there were a

990
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:33,959
Speaker 11: lot of PhD students who were like, I can stay

991
00:49:33,960 --> 00:49:36,440
Speaker 11: in grad school for another year or two, that's fine,

992
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:38,799
Speaker 11: but at least I'm gonna get my images eventually.

993
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:39,440
Speaker 9: I know.

994
00:49:39,560 --> 00:49:41,080
Speaker 1: It's like the old days when you're down the neck

995
00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:43,120
Speaker 1: picture and you're seeing one row of pixels at a

996
00:49:43,160 --> 00:49:45,319
Speaker 1: time come across the screen and you're like, what am

997
00:49:45,360 --> 00:49:47,360
Speaker 1: I looking at? Did I download the right picture or

998
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:48,600
Speaker 1: not any.

999
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:50,759
Speaker 11: And you did my computer freeze? Or should I shut

1000
00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:53,120
Speaker 11: it down? Or should do I wait? Yeah?

1001
00:49:53,560 --> 00:49:56,000
Speaker 1: Fun, So in practice, it's not really that big a problem.

1002
00:49:56,040 --> 00:49:58,759
Speaker 1: It's not like when we build big space stations or

1003
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:01,160
Speaker 1: space settlement, we're gonna have to worry about cold welding

1004
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,759
Speaker 1: all the time. You really need like perfectly clean materials

1005
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,239
Speaker 1: and have to be pressed together for long enough for

1006
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:10,680
Speaker 1: this to happen. So not really a huge concern in.

1007
00:50:10,680 --> 00:50:14,640
Speaker 11: Space, all right, So are there any other applications that

1008
00:50:14,680 --> 00:50:15,600
Speaker 11: we should chat about.

1009
00:50:15,840 --> 00:50:18,720
Speaker 1: People have discovered that cold welding can also be really

1010
00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:22,560
Speaker 1: helpful for nano circuits, Like you want to build really

1011
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,239
Speaker 1: really small electronics. In these days, the trend is to

1012
00:50:25,280 --> 00:50:28,320
Speaker 1: build like Tinier and tinier microchips, which use less power

1013
00:50:28,360 --> 00:50:31,400
Speaker 1: and can be squeezed into all sorts of scenarios, so

1014
00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:34,040
Speaker 1: you can have like microchips in your cereal or whatever

1015
00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:38,480
Speaker 1: you need. You know, who doesn't want the exactly you know,

1016
00:50:38,520 --> 00:50:41,800
Speaker 1: they can count your calories for you, right exactly. Anyway,

1017
00:50:42,480 --> 00:50:47,560
Speaker 1: nanoscale fabrication is tricky because spot welding is very hard

1018
00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:50,200
Speaker 1: when it's really really tiny. You know, basically need like

1019
00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:53,000
Speaker 1: tiny sources of heat or you need this electricity to

1020
00:50:53,120 --> 00:50:56,239
Speaker 1: arc perfectly. Well, what they've discovered is that you can

1021
00:50:56,280 --> 00:51:00,319
Speaker 1: do cold welding for nanofabrication. I read this page. They

1022
00:51:00,320 --> 00:51:02,680
Speaker 1: came out of nature like ten years ago where they

1023
00:51:02,680 --> 00:51:06,200
Speaker 1: had ultra thin gold nano wires and you just bring

1024
00:51:06,239 --> 00:51:09,360
Speaker 1: them together and if the edges touch boom, they cold

1025
00:51:09,440 --> 00:51:12,480
Speaker 1: well together within seconds. You don't even need a lot

1026
00:51:12,520 --> 00:51:16,239
Speaker 1: of pressure. Whoa yeah. And these wires, once they've cold

1027
00:51:16,280 --> 00:51:20,440
Speaker 1: welded together essentially as like a near perfect bond. They

1028
00:51:20,440 --> 00:51:23,120
Speaker 1: did all these tests like the electrical conductivity and a

1029
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:26,600
Speaker 1: crystal orientation, and it's as if it was always just

1030
00:51:26,840 --> 00:51:30,400
Speaker 1: one wire. So this means, Kelly, we don't need your children,

1031
00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:33,759
Speaker 1: with like their delicate little fingers to do tiny little

1032
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:36,040
Speaker 1: arc welding on our nano circuits.

1033
00:51:36,040 --> 00:51:38,439
Speaker 11: Oh good, good, because that was gonna be a thing.

1034
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:42,040
Speaker 1: But it might be that we can send your kids

1035
00:51:42,040 --> 00:51:45,719
Speaker 1: down to space to do space construction jobs without arc welding. Right,

1036
00:51:46,080 --> 00:51:48,200
Speaker 1: how do you feel about that any of the episode?

1037
00:51:48,320 --> 00:51:49,920
Speaker 11: Nope, none of the episode.

1038
00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:50,719
Speaker 18: None.

1039
00:51:50,960 --> 00:51:52,640
Speaker 1: If your kids grow up and they want to work

1040
00:51:52,640 --> 00:51:58,080
Speaker 1: construction in space, you're gonna say no, yes, no. You

1041
00:51:58,120 --> 00:51:59,960
Speaker 1: didn't think about that deeply at all. That was just

1042
00:52:00,239 --> 00:52:01,200
Speaker 1: like a straight up no.

1043
00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:03,640
Speaker 11: I hope they don't go that route, but if they do,

1044
00:52:03,760 --> 00:52:06,080
Speaker 11: I will support them grudgingly.

1045
00:52:07,760 --> 00:52:09,680
Speaker 1: Well, I think cold welding is super fascinating, and what

1046
00:52:09,719 --> 00:52:11,160
Speaker 1: it tells me is that there's a lot more to

1047
00:52:11,239 --> 00:52:14,799
Speaker 1: understand about how these particles weave themselves together to make

1048
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:18,160
Speaker 1: this sort of macroscopic materials that we're familiar with, and

1049
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:20,399
Speaker 1: that there's still sort of magic left. I mean, I'm

1050
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,920
Speaker 1: not talking about Vermont farmer magic. I'm talking about accomplishing

1051
00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:26,680
Speaker 1: things that seem impossible to us, you know, just like

1052
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:29,239
Speaker 1: sticking two pieces of metal together and make them into

1053
00:52:29,280 --> 00:52:32,800
Speaker 1: one metal. Every time there's an advancement in material science,

1054
00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:36,080
Speaker 1: it feels almost like we're creating real magic.

1055
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:38,840
Speaker 11: I agree, but I still feel like the main takeaway

1056
00:52:38,880 --> 00:52:41,319
Speaker 11: for me is one more thing to worry about in

1057
00:52:41,320 --> 00:52:45,560
Speaker 11: space is cold welding going wrong. We should have gotten

1058
00:52:45,560 --> 00:52:46,280
Speaker 11: that in the book.

1059
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:49,440
Speaker 1: I think you already had like a thousand reasons not

1060
00:52:49,520 --> 00:52:51,160
Speaker 1: to build in space in your book. You don't need

1061
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:57,160
Speaker 1: another reason. Yeah, I guess beat that dead horse. And

1062
00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,839
Speaker 1: as much as I'm joking the negative about castry, it

1063
00:53:00,840 --> 00:53:04,680
Speaker 1: does really give us access to the microscopic nature of materials.

1064
00:53:04,960 --> 00:53:07,840
Speaker 1: It's the easiest way to see these emergent properties, to

1065
00:53:07,880 --> 00:53:10,960
Speaker 1: see how something can be sticky or shiny or brittle

1066
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:14,239
Speaker 1: because of the way the particles inside it interact. And

1067
00:53:14,480 --> 00:53:17,759
Speaker 1: cold welding is just another manifestation of that that our

1068
00:53:17,800 --> 00:53:21,120
Speaker 1: world really is dominated by the microscopic rules that somehow

1069
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:25,840
Speaker 1: bubble up to make this incredible variety of behaviors and phenomena.

1070
00:53:26,160 --> 00:53:28,040
Speaker 11: Yeah, I got to give it to you. Chemistries pretty much.

1071
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:30,080
Speaker 1: It is kind of magic, dang it.

1072
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:37,239
Speaker 11: Yeah, yeah, my chemistry professors kept telling me that, but

1073
00:53:37,239 --> 00:53:38,239
Speaker 11: but now I believe it.

1074
00:53:38,719 --> 00:53:41,080
Speaker 1: Finally, thirty years later, I've learned it too.

1075
00:53:42,719 --> 00:53:44,600
Speaker 11: Thirty Oh well you might be.

1076
00:53:44,560 --> 00:53:48,520
Speaker 1: Older, all right. Well, thanks Kelly for joining us on

1077
00:53:48,560 --> 00:53:52,520
Speaker 1: this tour of chemistry and magic and this dive into

1078
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:54,000
Speaker 1: how cold welding works.

1079
00:53:54,320 --> 00:53:55,160
Speaker 11: Thanks for having me.

1080
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:57,680
Speaker 1: All right, Everyone, keep wondering about how the universe works

1081
00:53:57,719 --> 00:54:00,480
Speaker 1: and send us your questions. This episode was inspired by

1082
00:54:00,520 --> 00:54:03,759
Speaker 1: listeners who wanted to understand how cold welding works. If

1083
00:54:03,760 --> 00:54:06,600
Speaker 1: you have ideas for things you'd like to hear us explore,

1084
00:54:06,719 --> 00:54:09,680
Speaker 1: please don't be shy. Write to me two questions at

1085
00:54:09,760 --> 00:54:14,000
Speaker 1: Danielandhorge dot com. Tune in next time. Thanks very much.

1086
00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:21,920
Speaker 1: For more science and curiosity, come find us on social media,

1087
00:54:22,040 --> 00:54:26,600
Speaker 1: where we answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discord, Instant,

1088
00:54:26,680 --> 00:54:30,120
Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel

1089
00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:33,600
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio.

1090
00:54:33,880 --> 00:54:39,000
Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

1091
00:54:39,160 --> 00:54:46,960
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you

1092
00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:49,040
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

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Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

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Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

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00:54:55,360 --> 00:54:58,680
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

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00:54:58,719 --> 00:55:02,760
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling

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00:55:02,800 --> 00:55:06,560
Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn the

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00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:11,000
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

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Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last

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Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 2: We're just days away from our twenty twenty four iHeartRadio

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Speaker 2: Music Festival, preceded by Capital On.

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00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:26,719
Speaker 3: The biggest headliners in live music will be taking over

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00:55:26,840 --> 00:55:28,320
Speaker 3: to Mobile Arena, Las.

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Speaker 4: Vegas lost some special surprises and moments you are not

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Speaker 4: going to want to miss. Stream only on Hulu the

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Speaker 4: iHeartRadio Music Festival.

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00:55:36,120 --> 00:55:40,680
Speaker 7: And listen on iHeartRadio the most anticipated live music events

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Speaker 7: of the.

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Speaker 8: Year This Friday and Saturday, starting at ten thirty pm

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Speaker 8: Eastern seven thirty Pacific.

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Speaker 9: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a

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Speaker 9: kite and the rain.

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Speaker 10: Benjamin Franklin is our subject for a new season with

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Speaker 10: Walter Isaacson.

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00:55:53,640 --> 00:55:57,760
Speaker 9: He's the most successful self made business person in America.

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Speaker 10: A printer, a scientist, founding father, but.

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Speaker 1: Maybe not the guy we think we know.

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Speaker 9: Franklin casts his lot on the side of revolution, and

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Speaker 9: it's another thing that splits the family apart.

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Speaker 10: Listen to On Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the

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00:56:10,719 --> 00:56:14,040
Speaker 10: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.