1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,279 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:17,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. This is 4 00:00:17,440 --> 00:00:22,200 Speaker 1: part two of our autumn installment of Unearthed. Part one 5 00:00:22,360 --> 00:00:24,079 Speaker 1: was last week. If you're like, wait, what day of 6 00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:25,880 Speaker 1: the week is it? This is normally a two part 7 00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:27,960 Speaker 1: or on Monday and Wednesday. Well, we did it weird 8 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:34,199 Speaker 1: this time. Uh, this time around, we have some repatriations 9 00:00:34,240 --> 00:00:37,320 Speaker 1: and some shipwrecks, some medical stuff. There was a whole 10 00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:41,120 Speaker 1: lot of Viking stuff. We're gonna start, as so often, 11 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:46,640 Speaker 1: with the pot pourri done done dune. So Part two 12 00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:49,279 Speaker 1: of Unearth usually starts off with some stuff that we 13 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:52,720 Speaker 1: had some hard times categorizing. That's what we're doing this 14 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:56,320 Speaker 1: time around as well. First, one of the biggest news 15 00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: stories of these three months involved research into seventeen eletans 16 00:01:00,600 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: that were found in a well in Norwich, England in 17 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: two thousand four. Radio carbon dating suggests that these people 18 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:11,640 Speaker 1: died between eleven sixty one and twelve sixteen, and DNA 19 00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:15,040 Speaker 1: from six of the skeletons suggests that they had Oshkenazi 20 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: Jewish ancestry, so together they suggests that these were victims 21 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:24,160 Speaker 1: of an anti Semitic massacre that was carried out by 22 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:27,160 Speaker 1: Christian soldiers who were on their way to Jerusalem for 23 00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:30,920 Speaker 1: the Third Crusade in the year eleven ninety and then 24 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:34,760 Speaker 1: this massacre also had connections to the blood libel or 25 00:01:34,920 --> 00:01:39,160 Speaker 1: that's the term for allegations against individual Jews or Jewish 26 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:44,720 Speaker 1: people as a whole, involving murders and ritual uses of blood. 27 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:49,800 Speaker 1: This idea is both widespread and false. It's like one 28 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: of the biggest anti Semitic conspiracy theories. The first documented 29 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 1: appearance of the blood libel was in Norwich in eleven 30 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:02,760 Speaker 1: forty four, after a boy named William died and Jewish 31 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: people were accused of murdering him. This research was published 32 00:02:07,440 --> 00:02:11,040 Speaker 1: as an open access paper in the journal Current Biology, 33 00:02:11,120 --> 00:02:13,880 Speaker 1: and it also looks at the prevalence of genetic diseases 34 00:02:13,919 --> 00:02:18,800 Speaker 1: that continue to be associated with Oshkenazi Jewish ancestry. The 35 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:23,000 Speaker 1: genomic sequencing involved in this research suggests that a population 36 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:27,080 Speaker 1: bottleneck that contributed to these genetic traits took place prior 37 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:29,800 Speaker 1: to the twelfth century, which is between four hundred and 38 00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:34,680 Speaker 1: six hundred years earlier than was previously believed moving on. 39 00:02:34,880 --> 00:02:38,480 Speaker 1: Archaeological work at the site of the Battle of Waterloo 40 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:41,640 Speaker 1: started in but then it had to be paused at 41 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 1: the start of the COVID nineteen pandemic. Work has resumed 42 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:50,000 Speaker 1: this year and researchers have found bones from amputated human limbs, 43 00:02:50,440 --> 00:02:52,760 Speaker 1: as well as the bones of three horses and what 44 00:02:52,919 --> 00:02:56,959 Speaker 1: maybe a complete skeleton. It's likely that all of these 45 00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,400 Speaker 1: were buried together quickly in an effort to deuced the 46 00:03:00,440 --> 00:03:05,160 Speaker 1: spread of disease at a nearby field hospital. Although thousands 47 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:07,840 Speaker 1: of people were killed at the Battle of Waterloo, not 48 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: very many remains have been found. One prevailing idea is 49 00:03:11,680 --> 00:03:15,160 Speaker 1: that their bones were sold to make fertilizer. According to 50 00:03:15,200 --> 00:03:18,720 Speaker 1: a paper published in the Journal of Conflict Archaeology in June, 51 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:22,120 Speaker 1: this may be the case, but further study is needed. 52 00:03:22,919 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 1: Next archaeologists in China's Shanshi Province have found a small 53 00:03:26,919 --> 00:03:32,120 Speaker 1: stone carving of a cocoon, probably a silkworm cocoon. This 54 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:35,240 Speaker 1: is really small, only about two point eight centimeters long 55 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: and one point two centimeters wide, and it's probably around 56 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,360 Speaker 1: fifty two hundred years old. This is one of a 57 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 1: lot of objects related to silkworms in some way that 58 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:49,040 Speaker 1: have been found in the area over the last century, 59 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: and that includes some actual, well preserved cocoons. So this 60 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: all helps document the silk industry's early history. Massive and 61 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: deadly flooding struck eastern Tucky at the end of July. 62 00:04:02,280 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: One of the buildings that has faced extraordinary damage is 63 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:09,040 Speaker 1: Apple Shop, which is a nonprofit cultural center that houses 64 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:13,840 Speaker 1: a huge archive of apple Lachian literature, film art, photographs, 65 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:19,680 Speaker 1: oral histories, diaries, records, and other irreplaceable items. About eight 66 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:22,960 Speaker 1: percent of apple Shops film reels and audio and video 67 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,040 Speaker 1: tapes have been affected by this flood. Apple Shop is 68 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: also home to a media institute whose headquarters were submerged 69 00:04:29,800 --> 00:04:34,120 Speaker 1: in the flood. At this point, recovery efforts involving all 70 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: these archival materials are still ongoing, and it will probably 71 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:40,240 Speaker 1: take months or maybe even a year or more to 72 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: just get a thorough sense of exactly what has been 73 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:48,080 Speaker 1: affected and what can be salvaged or restored. Apple Shop 74 00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 1: is not the only organization to be affected by this flood. 75 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:58,159 Speaker 1: Another is the Hindman Settlement School archives, which also include photographs, diaries, correspondents, 76 00:04:58,279 --> 00:05:02,880 Speaker 1: musical instruments, and other has oracle collections and our last 77 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: kind of random inclusion in this is that archaeologists working 78 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,560 Speaker 1: at Vindo Landa have found a mouthpiece for a musical 79 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:14,200 Speaker 1: instrument called a cornew buried under the floor of what 80 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: was the Officers Clubhouse. So a cor new is a 81 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:21,159 Speaker 1: long horn that shaped in a single curve. Sometimes people 82 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:23,960 Speaker 1: described it as shaped like the letter G. So if 83 00:05:23,960 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: you're playing it, the body of the instrument curls down 84 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:30,440 Speaker 1: from your mouth to roughly the hip level, and then 85 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 1: it curves back up behind you so that the end 86 00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:35,479 Speaker 1: with the bell on it is facing forward up above 87 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:39,279 Speaker 1: your head. This mouthpiece is made from a copper alloy 88 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:41,800 Speaker 1: and it dates back to sometime around the year one 89 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: twenty and curators that Vindo Luanda have described it as 90 00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: incredibly rare. Also, the Vindolanda Trust, Newcastle University and games 91 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:55,880 Speaker 1: development studio Creative Assembly have released a browser based Vinda 92 00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,479 Speaker 1: Landa adventure game that is free to play at Vanda 93 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:03,200 Speaker 1: Luanda Adventure dot com. I really wanted to stop what 94 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:08,599 Speaker 1: I was doing play this browser based game, and I 95 00:06:08,680 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 1: was like, stop, stop, get back to work. You gotta 96 00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:15,279 Speaker 1: get to god, get this finished. Moving on. Quite a 97 00:06:15,320 --> 00:06:18,920 Speaker 1: few repatriations have made headlines over the last few months. 98 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:21,840 Speaker 1: We are not going to even talk about all of 99 00:06:21,880 --> 00:06:24,159 Speaker 1: the ones that I had bookmarked because there were so 100 00:06:24,160 --> 00:06:26,880 Speaker 1: so many, and we're going to start with some that 101 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:32,120 Speaker 1: involved repatriations, involving ancestors being returned to their Indigenous and 102 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: Aboriginal communities. First, earlier this year, a committee at the 103 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: University of North Dakota and Grand Forks made just horrifying 104 00:06:41,560 --> 00:06:46,400 Speaker 1: and appalling discovery of ancestral remains in the university's collections, 105 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:49,640 Speaker 1: some of them in cardboard boxes that didn't have any 106 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: identifying information on them. The university started reaching out to 107 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: indigenous tribes and nations to return these ancestors and objects 108 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:02,560 Speaker 1: that are still in the diniversity's collections as well. So far, 109 00:07:03,080 --> 00:07:07,000 Speaker 1: thirteen different tribes have been contacted, and that number may 110 00:07:07,040 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: continue to grow. And to be clear, this is not 111 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,800 Speaker 1: at all unique to the University of North Dakota in 112 00:07:12,920 --> 00:07:16,040 Speaker 1: Grand Forks. We have talked on the show before about 113 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:20,400 Speaker 1: the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, or nag PRO, 114 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:24,160 Speaker 1: which was passed in nineteen nine. More than thirty years later, 115 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: there are still thousands and thousands of cultural and religious 116 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:32,280 Speaker 1: items and ancestors in museums and other institutions all around 117 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: the United States. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 118 00:07:37,720 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: has also made some returns to Aboriginal nations in Australia. 119 00:07:43,080 --> 00:07:45,040 Speaker 1: There have been a few over the years. In this 120 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: particular case, these remains became part of the museum's collections. 121 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:54,240 Speaker 1: In the early twentieth century. Two ancestors were returned directly 122 00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:58,320 Speaker 1: to the Narunga and Garner nations, with representatives from those 123 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:01,680 Speaker 1: nations traveling to Washington you see to escort them back home. 124 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:05,120 Speaker 1: Twenty three others are currently in the care of the 125 00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: Australian government until they can determine exactly what nation they 126 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:13,560 Speaker 1: belong to. In terms of artwork and other objects. Germany 127 00:08:13,680 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: physically returned to Benin bronzes to Nigerian authorities, while also 128 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: making Nigeria the owner of roughly eleven hundred objects in 129 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: four different German museums. As of when the announcement was 130 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: made at the start of July, those objects were still 131 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:32,680 Speaker 1: in Germany. Those museums and the government of Nigeria still 132 00:08:32,679 --> 00:08:37,160 Speaker 1: need to negotiate their return. It's possible that the negotiations 133 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: will lead to some of the items staying in German 134 00:08:39,480 --> 00:08:44,079 Speaker 1: museums essentially on loan. The two items that were physically 135 00:08:44,200 --> 00:08:47,679 Speaker 1: returned as part of all this, we're both depictions of 136 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:50,960 Speaker 1: a previous oba of the Kingdom of Benin and they 137 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:55,400 Speaker 1: were selected as sort of representative samples of the larger collections. 138 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:57,520 Speaker 1: So it's like these two things have been returned with 139 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:01,600 Speaker 1: the promise of ongoing negotiations for those more than a 140 00:09:01,640 --> 00:09:06,200 Speaker 1: thousand others. The Hornaman Museum in London has also announced 141 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:09,200 Speaker 1: that it will return seventy two items from the Kingdom 142 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:12,800 Speaker 1: of Benin to Nigeria, the first time a government funded 143 00:09:12,840 --> 00:09:16,960 Speaker 1: institution in Britain has decided to do so. This includes 144 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,679 Speaker 1: twelve brass plaques that are considered part of the Beniin bronzes, 145 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: as well as a variety of religious objects, in everyday 146 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:28,520 Speaker 1: items and other pieces of artwork. The Victoria and Albert 147 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:33,199 Speaker 1: Museum has returned part of a marble sarcophagus to Turkya. 148 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:37,319 Speaker 1: The Sidamara sarcophagus dates back to about the year to 149 00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:40,400 Speaker 1: fifty and the part that was returned is known as 150 00:09:40,440 --> 00:09:44,400 Speaker 1: the head of Eras. It is just what it sounds like. 151 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: It is the head of a figure of Eras that 152 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: was on part of the sarcophagus. British military Consul General 153 00:09:52,520 --> 00:09:56,040 Speaker 1: Charles Wilson had found the sarcophagus in two and then 154 00:09:56,120 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: took the head of Eras back with him to London. 155 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:03,960 Speaker 1: The sarcophagus with the returned head is now on display 156 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: at the Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Harvard University has returned to 157 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:12,559 Speaker 1: pipe tomahawk belonging to Chief Standing Bear to the Ponka 158 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:16,720 Speaker 1: Tribe of Nebraska. Standing Bear had given the pipe tomahawk 159 00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:19,679 Speaker 1: to Attorney John Lee Webster as a gift following their 160 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:23,120 Speaker 1: victory in the federal court case of United States x. 161 00:10:23,240 --> 00:10:27,200 Speaker 1: Rail Standing Bear versus George Crook. This was an eight 162 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:32,239 Speaker 1: seven landmark civil rights case that affirmed indigenous people's personhood. 163 00:10:33,040 --> 00:10:36,040 Speaker 1: Standing Bear's interpreter in this case was Suzette La Flesh, 164 00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:39,720 Speaker 1: also known as Bright Eyes, who was previous podcast subjects 165 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:44,360 Speaker 1: Susan La Flesh Pacott's sister. After Webster died, this pipe 166 00:10:44,360 --> 00:10:47,040 Speaker 1: tomahawk was sold to a private collector, and then it 167 00:10:47,160 --> 00:10:50,880 Speaker 1: changed hands several other times before eventually winding up in 168 00:10:50,920 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 1: the collection at Harvard. It was in the collection of 169 00:10:53,960 --> 00:10:57,439 Speaker 1: the Pebody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, which has come 170 00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:01,280 Speaker 1: up on the show before Standing Bear as descendants. Other 171 00:11:01,320 --> 00:11:04,880 Speaker 1: members of the Ponca tribe, members of other indigenous nations, 172 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: and the Nebraska legislature had all been advocating for it 173 00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:12,080 Speaker 1: to be returned for more than a year. New Mexico's 174 00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:15,800 Speaker 1: Albuquerque Museum has returned a collection of items dating back 175 00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:21,160 Speaker 1: twenty d to twenty five hundred years to Mexico, including bowls, sculptures, 176 00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:24,280 Speaker 1: and a figurine. These items had been sitting in a 177 00:11:24,360 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: box in storage for about fifteen years, and they had 178 00:11:27,640 --> 00:11:30,200 Speaker 1: been donated to the museum, and the dealer who sold 179 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:34,120 Speaker 1: them to that donor back in had cards tracing their 180 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:38,760 Speaker 1: origins to roadside purchases in Mexico and dealers in New England, 181 00:11:38,880 --> 00:11:42,440 Speaker 1: but their prominence was very vague and it was basically 182 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:44,960 Speaker 1: like came from one of these two places, but there's 183 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:50,520 Speaker 1: no specifics. The Museum of the Bible in Washington, d c. 184 00:11:50,800 --> 00:11:54,079 Speaker 1: Has returned a gospel manuscript that was in its collections 185 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:57,559 Speaker 1: to the Greek Orthodox Church. This manuscript had been looted 186 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:00,920 Speaker 1: from a Greek monastery during World War One, and the 187 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:04,280 Speaker 1: Museum of the Bible is also currently investigating its collections 188 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: stolen and in authentic artifacts have come up as part 189 00:12:08,920 --> 00:12:12,520 Speaker 1: of its collections. In previous installments of On Earth It's 190 00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 1: there have been a number of these. And lastly, before 191 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:18,520 Speaker 1: we take a break, the J. Paul Getty Museum in 192 00:12:18,559 --> 00:12:21,640 Speaker 1: Los Angeles has returned a group of nearly life sized 193 00:12:21,720 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: terra cotta figures known as Orpheus and the Sirens to Italy. 194 00:12:26,080 --> 00:12:28,920 Speaker 1: These figures date back to the fourth century BC, and 195 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:32,280 Speaker 1: they were valued at roughly eight million dollars and considered 196 00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:36,360 Speaker 1: some of the most important items in the museum's collection. J. 197 00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: Paul Getty bought these figures in nine six, but they 198 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:44,440 Speaker 1: had been illegally excavated and exported from Italy. We're gonna 199 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:47,080 Speaker 1: take a quick sponsor break and then we'll talk about 200 00:12:47,120 --> 00:13:00,319 Speaker 1: some diseases next. We have several discoveries or aided to 201 00:13:00,440 --> 00:13:05,600 Speaker 1: medicine and diseases. So first, computer assisted microtomography a k A. 202 00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:10,040 Speaker 1: A micro CT scan of a fossilized skull dating back 203 00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:14,560 Speaker 1: about a hundred thousand years suggests that the hunter gatherer 204 00:13:14,640 --> 00:13:19,360 Speaker 1: this skull belonged to experienced chronic ear infections and a 205 00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:24,880 Speaker 1: disease called labyrinthitis acificans, which caused this person's semicircular canals 206 00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:29,679 Speaker 1: to calcify. That meant they probably had both vertigo and 207 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:33,480 Speaker 1: hearing loss. This person doesn't seem to have lived very 208 00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: long beyond the onset of the illness, possibly only a 209 00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,480 Speaker 1: few months, although it's not fully clear whether this was 210 00:13:39,559 --> 00:13:42,560 Speaker 1: related to the disease or if the person simply wasn't 211 00:13:42,559 --> 00:13:44,880 Speaker 1: able to get enough food due to the effects of 212 00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:50,079 Speaker 1: their illness. Next herpies. Simplex virus one, the virus that 213 00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:53,280 Speaker 1: causes cold source, is extremely common, as many as three 214 00:13:53,320 --> 00:13:57,440 Speaker 1: point seven billion people. That's billion with the b people 215 00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:00,960 Speaker 1: around the world have it until Reese only. This virus 216 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:03,720 Speaker 1: is believed to have existed for as long as fifty 217 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: thousand years, although the earliest direct genetic evidence of it 218 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:14,320 Speaker 1: dated back to just New research suggests that HSB one 219 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:18,480 Speaker 1: is much younger, maybe only five thousand years old, and 220 00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,080 Speaker 1: the studies authors suggests that it might have started to 221 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: spread along with migrations from the Eurasian steps more westward 222 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:29,240 Speaker 1: into Europe, and that it might have spread as more 223 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:33,720 Speaker 1: people were introduced to the social practice of kissing. OH. 224 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:36,840 Speaker 1: Imaging w recton would be like shaking your fists going 225 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:41,720 Speaker 1: I told you to be clear. The sample studied in 226 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,120 Speaker 1: this research are not that old. The oldest viral DNA 227 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: sample that was part of this research dates back to 228 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:51,840 Speaker 1: about fifteen hundred years ago. Instead, the researchers looked at 229 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: four DNA samples, the only four they found out of 230 00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:59,400 Speaker 1: three thousand archaeological finds. They studied and compared how the 231 00:14:59,480 --> 00:15:03,280 Speaker 1: virus had mutated over time. Then they used that analysis 232 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:07,560 Speaker 1: to estimate the viruses earlier origins. Yeah, that doesn't mean 233 00:15:07,560 --> 00:15:12,480 Speaker 1: that only four of those three thousand people had cold sores. 234 00:15:12,520 --> 00:15:17,200 Speaker 1: That it's very tricky to get DNA from really really 235 00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: old remains. Next researchers this actually has a bit about 236 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:27,200 Speaker 1: along those same lines. Researchers studying a one thousand year 237 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:30,680 Speaker 1: old set of skeletal remains have found the earliest documented 238 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:34,720 Speaker 1: evidence of Klein filter syndrome, which occurs when a person's 239 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:40,360 Speaker 1: sex chromosomes are x x y. This research involved DNA analysis, 240 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: which was pretty difficult because of the condition of the 241 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:45,720 Speaker 1: DNA they were able to retrieve. It was like really 242 00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:49,880 Speaker 1: fragile and kind of incomplete, but the skeleton itself was 243 00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:54,120 Speaker 1: very well preserved. So they also analyzed the skeleton for 244 00:15:54,280 --> 00:15:58,160 Speaker 1: physical traits that are associated with klient filter syndrome. This 245 00:15:58,240 --> 00:16:01,240 Speaker 1: included the shape of the person's lower jaw, and that 246 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: is a trait known as maxillary prognathism. Next, we've talked 247 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:09,920 Speaker 1: about various research about parasite infections throughout history, and most 248 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: of the time it kind of boils down to ye 249 00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:16,600 Speaker 1: people had parasites. But according to research that was announced 250 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:19,960 Speaker 1: in August, medieval clergy may have been more likely to 251 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,440 Speaker 1: have intestinal parasites than lay people living in the same area, 252 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: even though in general members of the clergy had better 253 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:30,760 Speaker 1: hygiene and often had more sophisticated systems for managing their 254 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:35,040 Speaker 1: bodily waste. This research involved examining the soil around the 255 00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:38,800 Speaker 1: pelvis is of human remains at burial sites looking for 256 00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:41,880 Speaker 1: evidence of parasite eggs, and there were parasite eggs in 257 00:16:41,960 --> 00:16:46,040 Speaker 1: significantly more grave sites that belonged to monks and fryers 258 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: than at the other grave sites. So one possible reason 259 00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: for this would be that men living in monasteries and 260 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:58,040 Speaker 1: fraries grew their own food and also used their own 261 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,400 Speaker 1: waste as fertilizer. Were those crops, which then would have 262 00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:11,760 Speaker 1: basically spread any parasitic food born stuff around among them? Yeah? Right? Gross. 263 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:16,000 Speaker 1: I put gross there in the outline yuck. There are 264 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:20,040 Speaker 1: also some contrary opinions on this. In many orders, monks 265 00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:22,920 Speaker 1: took vows of poverty and were expected to live off 266 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:27,399 Speaker 1: of charitable donations, not food that they grew themselves, so 267 00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,000 Speaker 1: it's also possible that people were donating lower quality meat 268 00:17:31,080 --> 00:17:35,000 Speaker 1: that they didn't want to eat to the monks. Also gross, 269 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:41,000 Speaker 1: just a different kind the outcoming either way, uh not 270 00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: nots and in some more parasite news. Research published in 271 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:51,400 Speaker 1: the journal Nature Communications in July has looked at archaeological 272 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:57,560 Speaker 1: evidence of whipworm infections using fossilized feces from Viking settlements 273 00:17:57,640 --> 00:18:02,720 Speaker 1: in Denmark and elsewhere. Whip Worms still exists today, and 274 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: while it's mostly not an issue in wealthier countries, it 275 00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:08,920 Speaker 1: affects as many as five hundred million people in other 276 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:12,399 Speaker 1: parts of the world. This research was kind of looking 277 00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:15,639 Speaker 1: at trends in the infections around all of these different 278 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:20,480 Speaker 1: places through fossilized Viking poop. Those Viking whip worms are 279 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:23,000 Speaker 1: a good segue to some more Viking stuff, of which 280 00:18:23,080 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: there was a preponderance. First, two different metal detectorists, independently 281 00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:31,840 Speaker 1: of each other, found three pieces of a Viking sword 282 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: hilt in Stavanger, Norway. The blade has not been found, 283 00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:38,719 Speaker 1: but the hilt is ordinately decorated in gold and silver, 284 00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:43,680 Speaker 1: with both geometric patterns and animal themes. Only about twenty 285 00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,639 Speaker 1: of this type of sword have been found in Norway. 286 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:49,439 Speaker 1: It's being conserved at the Museum of Archaeology at the 287 00:18:49,520 --> 00:18:54,040 Speaker 1: University of Stavager. Speaking of the Museum of Archaeology at 288 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:58,120 Speaker 1: the University of Stavanger, the museum recently received a donation 289 00:18:58,240 --> 00:19:02,840 Speaker 1: of jewelry belonging to a Viking woman, including brooches and 290 00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:05,880 Speaker 1: a string of more than fifty beads. Some of those 291 00:19:05,920 --> 00:19:10,440 Speaker 1: beads were foiled in silver and gold. It is possible 292 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:14,160 Speaker 1: that this is jewelry that should have been in a 293 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:18,040 Speaker 1: boat grave that the museum examined in nineteen fifty five. 294 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:21,919 Speaker 1: This was a woman's grave that contained an axe, a heckel, 295 00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:26,399 Speaker 1: a shield boss, scissors, and an iron weaving sword. But 296 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:30,600 Speaker 1: the jewelry that they would have expected to have been 297 00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:33,680 Speaker 1: in this grave based on what they had seen a 298 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:37,080 Speaker 1: similar burial sites that was gone. If so, what a 299 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:42,200 Speaker 1: wild coincidence that somebody donated this jewelry that the museum 300 00:19:42,240 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 1: expected to find in nineteen and did not bum bum bum. 301 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 1: There is another surprising Viking find, and that is a 302 00:19:51,640 --> 00:19:55,160 Speaker 1: box of costume jewelry that was sold at auction which 303 00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:57,760 Speaker 1: turned out to contain a gold ring dating to the 304 00:19:57,880 --> 00:20:03,440 Speaker 1: Viking Age. The buyer, realizing they had something unique, contacted archaeologists. 305 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:06,640 Speaker 1: This was probably a man's ring based on its size, 306 00:20:06,720 --> 00:20:09,520 Speaker 1: but it's still not clear where it came from. It 307 00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:12,240 Speaker 1: was just in a box. And then even though they 308 00:20:12,280 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: think that's when it came from, like it's dated to 309 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: that period, like, we don't really have a lot of 310 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:20,760 Speaker 1: very comparable rings to compare it to. A hiker in 311 00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:24,960 Speaker 1: Sweden stumbled over a brooch while setting up their tent, 312 00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:27,960 Speaker 1: and then this brooch turned out to be about twelve 313 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:31,919 Speaker 1: hundred years old. So when archaeologists went back to the 314 00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:33,960 Speaker 1: site where this tent had been put up to try 315 00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:37,919 Speaker 1: to investigate it further, they found another brooch and also 316 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:42,480 Speaker 1: evidence of a cremation burial. There are other Viking era 317 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:45,199 Speaker 1: graves that have been found in this general area, but 318 00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:47,720 Speaker 1: this is actually the first one that's believed to have 319 00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 1: belonged to a woman. Research published in July concludes that 320 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:56,280 Speaker 1: high status Vikings were beaver for as a mark of status. 321 00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:00,440 Speaker 1: Beavers do not live in Denmark, so beaver for probably 322 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: would have been seen as a luxury item. The team 323 00:21:03,359 --> 00:21:05,640 Speaker 1: concluded that the first they were looking at were from 324 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:09,360 Speaker 1: beavers based on protein analysis because the samples that they 325 00:21:09,359 --> 00:21:13,760 Speaker 1: had no longer contained usable d n A. And lastly, 326 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:17,080 Speaker 1: archaeologists from Secrets of the Ice and the Museum of 327 00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:21,240 Speaker 1: Cultural History and Oslo have found an iron arrowhead dating 328 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,560 Speaker 1: back to the Viking era. They found this arrowhead during 329 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:28,840 Speaker 1: an exploratory survey and they had undertaken that to look 330 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,920 Speaker 1: for objects that may have been exposed by melting ice. 331 00:21:33,359 --> 00:21:35,640 Speaker 1: Secrets of the Ice has come up on unearths before. 332 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:38,000 Speaker 1: That's basically their whole thing is like looking for things 333 00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 1: that has been revealed as ice melts. This is a 334 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: three bladed arrow and it's a little broader that is 335 00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: typical for Viking combat arrowheads, like you would need a 336 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:53,480 Speaker 1: narrower arrowhead to to pierce somebody that was wearing mail. 337 00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:56,760 Speaker 1: Uh So there's like a little bit of unanswered questions 338 00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,399 Speaker 1: around what this arrowhead might have been used for nick stuff. 339 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,520 Speaker 1: We have some art the Griffith Center for Social and 340 00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 1: Cultural Research and Australian Research Center for Human Evolution has 341 00:22:07,840 --> 00:22:11,000 Speaker 1: been working with an Ingai traditional owners to study and 342 00:22:11,080 --> 00:22:14,440 Speaker 1: interpret rock art at a rock shelter known as Marawanga. 343 00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:18,199 Speaker 1: They've identified ten clusters of designs that seem to have 344 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:22,080 Speaker 1: been created in an intentional ordered sequence, which members of 345 00:22:22,119 --> 00:22:26,520 Speaker 1: the Aboriginal community have identified as a Seven Sisters dreaming sequence. 346 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: The dreamtime is a term that anthropologists coined to describe 347 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,879 Speaker 1: the worldview and cultural and religious oral traditions of Aboriginal 348 00:22:34,880 --> 00:22:38,840 Speaker 1: peoples in Australia, which is also used by contemporary Aboriginal 349 00:22:38,880 --> 00:22:42,800 Speaker 1: people when discussing these ideas in English. So far, this 350 00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:46,080 Speaker 1: is the only known rock shelter that has one continuous 351 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:50,919 Speaker 1: narrative depicted along its entire length. Next, the Victoria and 352 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:55,160 Speaker 1: Albert Museum has been conserving an eighteenth century portrait and 353 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:59,680 Speaker 1: also the silk waistcoat that the portrait subject was wearing 354 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:03,480 Speaker 1: when it was painted, which I just thought was really cool. 355 00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:07,679 Speaker 1: The painting is by Marco Benefiel and it depicts Edward 356 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:12,480 Speaker 1: Curtis of Mardike House who's wearing this brocade waistcoat with 357 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:15,919 Speaker 1: the sleeves of his outer jacket also faced in the 358 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: same material that so it's got like a little matching 359 00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: sleeve facing and waistcoat on the brocade includes both a 360 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:28,320 Speaker 1: stylized shell pattern and pink roses with yellow leaves. The 361 00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:32,320 Speaker 1: Victoria and Albert Museum acquired the painting and the waistcoat 362 00:23:32,359 --> 00:23:35,240 Speaker 1: at the same time, but the outer jacket that's being 363 00:23:35,240 --> 00:23:38,040 Speaker 1: worn in the portrait does not seem to have survived 364 00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: so dreamy. Restoration work on Vermier's The Milkmaid has revealed 365 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,200 Speaker 1: original elements of the picture that the artist later painted over, 366 00:23:47,320 --> 00:23:50,160 Speaker 1: including a jug holder on the wall and a fire 367 00:23:50,280 --> 00:23:53,720 Speaker 1: basket at the milkmaid's feet. Unlike the last time we 368 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,280 Speaker 1: talked about uncovered items in a Vermier painting, these don't 369 00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,920 Speaker 1: seem to have been things that were painted over decades later, 370 00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:04,240 Speaker 1: but evidence of an earlier draft in his artistic process. 371 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,240 Speaker 1: All this conservation work has been going on in advance 372 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:11,360 Speaker 1: of a landmark exhibition planned at the Rooks Museum next year. Yeah, 373 00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:12,960 Speaker 1: I had a I was like, why do we keep 374 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:17,919 Speaker 1: having Vermeer stuff? Oh, because it's amazing. Ready for this 375 00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:21,879 Speaker 1: whole bing thing. The Cincinnati Art Museum and the University 376 00:24:21,880 --> 00:24:25,159 Speaker 1: of Cincinnati have been working together to determine whether a 377 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:29,359 Speaker 1: decorative tassel that was part of a dancing horse sculpture 378 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,560 Speaker 1: in the museum's collection is an authentic part of the artwork. 379 00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: This terra cotta horse is about dred years old and 380 00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:40,080 Speaker 1: then the tassel gave it kind of a unicorn like appearance. 381 00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:43,280 Speaker 1: While the tassel looked like it was made of the 382 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:46,360 Speaker 1: same material that the rest of the horse was, researchers 383 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,640 Speaker 1: at the university and determined that it was made of plaster, 384 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:53,560 Speaker 1: not terra cotta, totally different material and it was held 385 00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:56,840 Speaker 1: on there with animal glue. The area under the glue 386 00:24:56,920 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 1: was smooth, and that suggested that this was a later 387 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:03,639 Speaker 1: addition and not like a repair of an original tassel 388 00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,919 Speaker 1: that had been broken off. So conservators have removed it 389 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,080 Speaker 1: and now looks like a horse instead of a unicorn. 390 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:14,720 Speaker 1: I put a sticker on it and to cap off 391 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:18,440 Speaker 1: our artwork. Several mosaics have been unearthed over the past 392 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:21,600 Speaker 1: few months. A team from the University of North Carolina 393 00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:25,119 Speaker 1: at Chapel Hill has uncovered many mosaics at the site 394 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:29,359 Speaker 1: of an ancient Jewish synagogue in Lower Galilee. This year's 395 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:33,080 Speaker 1: discoveries include the first known depictions of Deborah and jail 396 00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:35,399 Speaker 1: who are described in the Book of Judges and the 397 00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: mosaic showing a hair, a fox, a leopard, and a 398 00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:43,440 Speaker 1: wild boar eating wild grapes. These mosaics are about sixteen 399 00:25:43,520 --> 00:25:47,359 Speaker 1: hundred years old. Also, a team at the ancient city 400 00:25:47,359 --> 00:25:50,600 Speaker 1: of Sedra in modern Turkia has found a floor mosaic 401 00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: depicting the mythological hero Heracles, and a Palestinian farmer in 402 00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:59,760 Speaker 1: Gaza found a huge Byzantine era floor mosaic depicting birds 403 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:04,040 Speaker 1: and animals while planting olive trees. Yeah. I like that 404 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:06,359 Speaker 1: one because the guy was like, I planted these olive 405 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,560 Speaker 1: trees and they didn't root. What has happened? And it 406 00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:16,040 Speaker 1: turned out there was this giant. We're gonna take a 407 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:30,560 Speaker 1: quick break and come back with some edibles and potables. Okay, 408 00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,439 Speaker 1: we have just a few edibles and potables this time around. First, 409 00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:39,400 Speaker 1: ongoing work at the Cicara Necropolis and Egypt has uncovered 410 00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:44,320 Speaker 1: several blocks of white cheese. This cheese dates back to 411 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:51,679 Speaker 1: sometime between SI and b C, during the dynasty. I 412 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:55,200 Speaker 1: have various curiosities about, like what the look and texture 413 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:57,520 Speaker 1: of this cheese is now, and I did not find 414 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:03,480 Speaker 1: good answers delicious. Archaeologists working north of Moravia and the 415 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:08,399 Speaker 1: Czech Republic have unearthed an entire medieval kitchen. Their finds 416 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:11,919 Speaker 1: there include an oven, a hearth, ceramic vessels, and a 417 00:27:11,920 --> 00:27:15,560 Speaker 1: wooden spoon. Some of the pots were intact with their 418 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,280 Speaker 1: lids still on, with several looking as though they had 419 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:20,560 Speaker 1: just been cleaned and left to dry on the hearth. 420 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:24,520 Speaker 1: These probably date back to about the fifteenth century, from 421 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: a house that probably belonged to a relatively affluent family, 422 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:30,919 Speaker 1: although since the home was near the town walls, it 423 00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:35,160 Speaker 1: probably was not one of the richest families in the area. Next, 424 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:39,560 Speaker 1: in the ancient Mediterranean, a plant known as Sylphion or 425 00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,720 Speaker 1: Sylphium was prized as a food source and a medicine 426 00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,840 Speaker 1: and an aphronsiac. In the first century Planning the Elder 427 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:50,800 Speaker 1: claimed that the last surviving stalk of this plant had 428 00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:54,080 Speaker 1: been given to the Emperor Nero, who had eaten it. 429 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:59,240 Speaker 1: Researchers in Turkeyo, though, believe they may have found living 430 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:04,040 Speaker 1: descendants of this plant in the form of Ferula drudiana, 431 00:28:04,359 --> 00:28:06,880 Speaker 1: which is a plant with a gen thing like root 432 00:28:07,560 --> 00:28:12,159 Speaker 1: that produces very bright yellow flowers. This is not the 433 00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,280 Speaker 1: first plant put forth as a possibility for the long 434 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:19,000 Speaker 1: lost Sylfian or a related descendant plant. There have been 435 00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:24,119 Speaker 1: at least three other candidates proposed since the early nineteenth century. 436 00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:28,320 Speaker 1: While some researchers say that this one seems promising, others 437 00:28:28,359 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: point out that it was discovered hundreds of miles away 438 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:35,960 Speaker 1: from where Sylfian was historically described as growing. Next, research 439 00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:40,520 Speaker 1: involving seven thousand samples of animal fat residues for more 440 00:28:40,560 --> 00:28:44,520 Speaker 1: than five hundred sites around Europe suggests that Europeans developed 441 00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:49,719 Speaker 1: the ability to digest milk into adulthood in response to 442 00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:54,320 Speaker 1: things like disease and famine. The ability to digest milk 443 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:58,560 Speaker 1: even after being weaned is known as lactase persistence, and 444 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:01,760 Speaker 1: it went from being a pretty uncommon genetic trait to 445 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,959 Speaker 1: one that was pretty widespread in Europe over just a 446 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:09,400 Speaker 1: few thousand years, which sounds like a long time, but 447 00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:13,520 Speaker 1: it's a pretty short time from an evolutionary standpoint. Earlier 448 00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:18,040 Speaker 1: hypotheses have focused mainly on milk's nutritional benefits, like the 449 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:20,920 Speaker 1: idea that people who were getting more calcium or other 450 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,320 Speaker 1: nutrients from milk had an advantage over people who didn't, 451 00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:28,720 Speaker 1: which led people with lacta's persistence to survive longer. But 452 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:31,960 Speaker 1: this work suggests that people often had to drink milk 453 00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: because of a shortage of other types of food, and 454 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,720 Speaker 1: in times of famine or disease, the problems that come 455 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: along with drinking milk while lactose intolerant, like crams and diarrhea, 456 00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:48,200 Speaker 1: became life threatening instead of just uncomfortable and inconvenient. And lastly, 457 00:29:48,320 --> 00:29:51,880 Speaker 1: a dig in Bulgaria has found the ancient equivalent of 458 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:55,920 Speaker 1: a refrigerator. This is a large chamber lined in ceramic 459 00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:59,400 Speaker 1: slabs dating back to the first century. This was at 460 00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,480 Speaker 1: the site of a military camp and still contains some 461 00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:06,480 Speaker 1: animal bones that showed evidence of cooking, as well as 462 00:30:06,480 --> 00:30:09,160 Speaker 1: a small part of a bowl and some pieces of charcoal. 463 00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:12,720 Speaker 1: It's possible that that bowl and charcoal was really part 464 00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,200 Speaker 1: of a sensor that was used to burn materials to 465 00:30:16,280 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: keep pests out of that bridge. We are closing out 466 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:24,480 Speaker 1: this installment of unearthed with shipwrecks. A thirteenth century shipwreck 467 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:27,880 Speaker 1: located off the coast of Dorset, England has been added 468 00:30:27,920 --> 00:30:31,480 Speaker 1: to England's National Heritage List. This wreck is called the 469 00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:33,960 Speaker 1: Mortar Wreck, named for the mortars that were part of 470 00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:37,120 Speaker 1: its cargo. In addition to the mortars, which were used 471 00:30:37,160 --> 00:30:40,400 Speaker 1: to grind grain into flour, the ship was also carrying 472 00:30:40,720 --> 00:30:45,280 Speaker 1: cooking pots, mugs, and carved grade stones made from Purbeck limestone. 473 00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,600 Speaker 1: The ship was carrying uncarved stone as well. This is 474 00:30:49,680 --> 00:30:54,080 Speaker 1: England's oldest known protected wreck that has a surviving hull, 475 00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:57,560 Speaker 1: and shipwrecks of this age in general are really rare 476 00:30:57,640 --> 00:31:00,760 Speaker 1: in the waters around England. It was discovered a couple 477 00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:03,800 Speaker 1: of years ago, but now it is being threatened by 478 00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:06,640 Speaker 1: shifting currents that have cleared away some of the sand 479 00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: that was protecting parts of the hull. A team doing 480 00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:15,120 Speaker 1: routine measurements in the Trava River in Germany discovered one 481 00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:17,680 Speaker 1: has turned out to be a four hundred year old shipwreck. 482 00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:20,840 Speaker 1: Most of the cargo was still there as well, including 483 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:25,440 Speaker 1: about one fifty barrels. Those barrels contained quicklime, which was 484 00:31:25,520 --> 00:31:28,840 Speaker 1: used to make mortar for building. It's not yet known 485 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: why the ship sank, but it's possible that it ran 486 00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:33,760 Speaker 1: aground during a tight turn in the river and was 487 00:31:33,840 --> 00:31:38,040 Speaker 1: just too badly damaged to remain afloat. Dives to photograph 488 00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:41,360 Speaker 1: and study the racks started in late and it is 489 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,720 Speaker 1: not yet clear what's going to happen to the wreck. 490 00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,360 Speaker 1: It's possible that it could be removed from the river 491 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:51,840 Speaker 1: and preserved sort of shipwreck adjacent. Local lore around the 492 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,400 Speaker 1: Virginia Barrier Islands has maintained that the Chincka teg ponies 493 00:31:55,480 --> 00:31:58,400 Speaker 1: that live on the islands are descended from horses that 494 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:02,480 Speaker 1: survived as shipwreck sometime around seventeen fifty and swam to 495 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: the island when the ship went down, But another argument 496 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,080 Speaker 1: has been that they were descended from runaway livestock that 497 00:32:09,120 --> 00:32:12,680 Speaker 1: were brought to the island much later. Research published in 498 00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:16,200 Speaker 1: July suggests that the shipwreck story may be the right one, 499 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:20,400 Speaker 1: thanks to DNA research linking these horses to a fossilized 500 00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:23,120 Speaker 1: horse tooth found in the Caribbean at the site of 501 00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,200 Speaker 1: the city of Puerto Real and the island of Espaniola. 502 00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,960 Speaker 1: Both this fossilized tooth and the horses also have connections 503 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:35,120 Speaker 1: to bronze age ponies from Spain. This horse tooth is 504 00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:38,440 Speaker 1: also surprising on its own. There's lots of evidence of 505 00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:41,560 Speaker 1: cows in and around Puerto Real, but horses were a 506 00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:45,480 Speaker 1: lot less common, so rare that this tooth was originally 507 00:32:45,520 --> 00:32:48,960 Speaker 1: thought to be a cows tooth instead of horses. Fishers 508 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:51,600 Speaker 1: off the coast of the Netherlands hauled up a carved 509 00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: wooden head in one of their nets, likely a figurehead 510 00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:58,120 Speaker 1: from a warship dating back to the sixteenth or seventeenth century, 511 00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:02,320 Speaker 1: possibly from the eight Ors War. This figurehead is in 512 00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,040 Speaker 1: the shape of a man's head wearing a Frygian cap. 513 00:33:05,640 --> 00:33:09,640 Speaker 1: The crew of the fishing ship nicknamed it Berry, the 514 00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: second time in this two parter of an Earth where 515 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,840 Speaker 1: the crew working with something gave it a nickname. Most likely, 516 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,120 Speaker 1: this figurehead wound up buried in sediment at the bottom 517 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:24,080 Speaker 1: of the seafloor, otherwise marine organisms probably would have eaten 518 00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:26,480 Speaker 1: through it. It does look like it's in very good condition. 519 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:30,000 Speaker 1: The crew kept the head in an eel tub after 520 00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:31,480 Speaker 1: they pulled it out of the water, so that it 521 00:33:31,520 --> 00:33:34,479 Speaker 1: would not dry out and start to decompose before they 522 00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:37,840 Speaker 1: could make it back to shore. A shipwreck found off 523 00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:41,720 Speaker 1: the coast of Patagonia, maybe the whaling ship Dolphin, which 524 00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:45,120 Speaker 1: set sail from Rhode Island in eighteen fifty and never returned. 525 00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:48,160 Speaker 1: The remains of the wreck started to emerge from the 526 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,800 Speaker 1: sediment in two thousand four, and although researchers thought it 527 00:33:51,920 --> 00:33:54,920 Speaker 1: might be the Dolphin, confirming that I D was a 528 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:59,520 Speaker 1: challenge in The team decided to analyze the tree rings 529 00:33:59,560 --> 00:34:03,000 Speaker 1: from the ups timbers, and those rings suggested that the 530 00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,760 Speaker 1: wood was from white oak and old growth yellow pine trees, 531 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:09,560 Speaker 1: and that the last of them were cut in eighteen 532 00:34:09,640 --> 00:34:13,919 Speaker 1: forty nine. Most likely, the oak came from Massachusetts, while 533 00:34:13,920 --> 00:34:18,160 Speaker 1: the pine came from somewhere in the southeast. This identification 534 00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:22,680 Speaker 1: is not confirmed yet, but the tree rings do suggest 535 00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:25,600 Speaker 1: that this ship would have been built along the same 536 00:34:25,640 --> 00:34:29,759 Speaker 1: time as the Dolphin was. It's kind of like a 537 00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:34,239 Speaker 1: circumstantial connection at this point. In nine twelve, the s 538 00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:37,400 Speaker 1: S Massaba tried to warn the RMS Titanic of the 539 00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,640 Speaker 1: iceberg that the Titanic later hit, causing the purportedly unsinkable 540 00:34:41,640 --> 00:34:45,040 Speaker 1: ship to go down on its first voyage. While the 541 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,520 Speaker 1: Titanic did receive the message, the message never made it 542 00:34:48,560 --> 00:34:52,440 Speaker 1: to the main control room. The Massaba continued to operate 543 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,200 Speaker 1: for another six years before being struck by a German 544 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:59,520 Speaker 1: torpedo during World War One. Twenty people aboard died when 545 00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:04,040 Speaker 1: it inc A team using multi beam sonar has now 546 00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:07,640 Speaker 1: positively identified the wreck of the Massada in the Irish 547 00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:11,480 Speaker 1: Sea during a sweep of the area that also pointed 548 00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:14,200 Speaker 1: to the remains of more than two hundred and seventy 549 00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:18,759 Speaker 1: resse rex are all detailed in a newly released book 550 00:35:18,840 --> 00:35:22,359 Speaker 1: titled Echoes from the Deep. Okay, so this next thing 551 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:25,400 Speaker 1: is not a whole shipwreck, but something that may point 552 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:28,839 Speaker 1: to one. A crew in the Southern North Sea, off 553 00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:31,719 Speaker 1: the coast of England has recovered a large anchor that's 554 00:35:31,840 --> 00:35:35,880 Speaker 1: likely somewhere between six hundred and two thousand years old. 555 00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:38,879 Speaker 1: It's large enough that it probably would have come from 556 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:42,120 Speaker 1: a vessel weighing between five hundred and six hundred tons. 557 00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:45,239 Speaker 1: All of the dating on it is not confirmed yet. 558 00:35:45,280 --> 00:35:48,440 Speaker 1: It's possible that it was a Roman vessel, and if so, 559 00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:50,840 Speaker 1: it would have been from one of the largest ships 560 00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: in the Roman merchant fleet. This was actually pulled out 561 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:57,680 Speaker 1: of the water in one but just announced in September 562 00:35:58,640 --> 00:36:02,440 Speaker 1: and last. We've previously talked about a shipwreck off the 563 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:07,440 Speaker 1: coast of Rhode Island that maybe Captain Cook's Endeavor. In August, 564 00:36:07,440 --> 00:36:10,280 Speaker 1: it was announced that would from the wreck shows evidence 565 00:36:10,320 --> 00:36:14,680 Speaker 1: of a worm like mollusk known as shipworm. There's still 566 00:36:14,760 --> 00:36:18,200 Speaker 1: some debate about whether this ship really is the Endeavor, 567 00:36:18,280 --> 00:36:21,160 Speaker 1: and also whether the possibility that it could have been 568 00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,120 Speaker 1: should have been announced the way that it was. This 569 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: was a whole deal when it first was announced, but 570 00:36:27,280 --> 00:36:30,560 Speaker 1: the evidence of shipworm in the wood has led to 571 00:36:30,640 --> 00:36:32,719 Speaker 1: calls for what's left of the wreck to just be 572 00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: aggressively preserved. So much Unearthed this year was a lot. 573 00:36:41,760 --> 00:36:44,880 Speaker 1: I have a thought about a recurring thing that maybe 574 00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:48,080 Speaker 1: should be its own category going for me, Yeah, I'll 575 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:53,759 Speaker 1: talk about it already. Have listener mail for us, I do. 576 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:56,279 Speaker 1: I have listener mail from Carol who wrote to us 577 00:36:56,280 --> 00:36:59,240 Speaker 1: with something to include an unearthed and then I forgot 578 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:02,719 Speaker 1: to write it down, and then I was looking for 579 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,600 Speaker 1: listener mail to read and went, I'll should read that 580 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:08,759 Speaker 1: because I should have put this in this episode. This 581 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:12,440 Speaker 1: is I said from Carol. Carol wrote, Dear Holly and Tracy, 582 00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:15,600 Speaker 1: Hello from Canada. This article came across my news feed 583 00:37:15,640 --> 00:37:17,239 Speaker 1: this morning. I thought it would share it with you 584 00:37:17,320 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: as something for the next Unearthed installment in case you 585 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:24,040 Speaker 1: haven't seen it yet. And the headline of this article 586 00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:27,399 Speaker 1: is why a small British museum went out of its 587 00:37:27,440 --> 00:37:32,280 Speaker 1: way to repatriate Hida nation artifacts and this is about 588 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:36,879 Speaker 1: how as that headline suggests, a small British museum connected 589 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:42,320 Speaker 1: with the hide Guai Museum in British Columbia to repatriate 590 00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:45,480 Speaker 1: indigenous artifacts that were in their possession, along with the 591 00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:48,520 Speaker 1: growing movement to reclaim artifacts as the form of healing 592 00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:52,400 Speaker 1: and reconciliation. So I read through this article and it 593 00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:56,880 Speaker 1: it talks about basically how the museum had these items 594 00:37:56,880 --> 00:38:00,400 Speaker 1: in their collection but had very little information about where 595 00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:02,200 Speaker 1: they had come from, and so it took a lot 596 00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:05,759 Speaker 1: of effort to pinpoint what nation they needed to go 597 00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,480 Speaker 1: back to you and then to return it to the 598 00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:14,200 Speaker 1: to the Haida Gwai Museum. Um Carol then moves on 599 00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:17,960 Speaker 1: to say now for lunar beavers. Months back in May, 600 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: I was listening to the Margaret Lucas Cavendish episode. When 601 00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:26,160 Speaker 1: you began describing her blazing world and the anthropomorphic creatures 602 00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:30,600 Speaker 1: including birdman, I immediately thought lunar beavers and the birdman 603 00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:34,200 Speaker 1: and the great moon Hoax. I wonder whether the creator 604 00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:38,360 Speaker 1: of the moon Hoax drew inspiration from Margaret. The connection 605 00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:41,279 Speaker 1: certainly had me laughing at the thought. Thank you, Holly 606 00:38:41,360 --> 00:38:44,120 Speaker 1: and Tracy, you bring me Joy. I find myself smiling 607 00:38:44,120 --> 00:38:47,080 Speaker 1: about something in every episode, whether it's ridiculous moments and 608 00:38:47,120 --> 00:38:49,520 Speaker 1: the story or your commentary. Actually a lot of it 609 00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:53,120 Speaker 1: is your commentary. I enjoy your perspectives and both of 610 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,839 Speaker 1: your personalities. I feel your people I would really enjoy 611 00:38:55,920 --> 00:38:59,400 Speaker 1: spending time with and thank you for shaping my perspectives. 612 00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:01,680 Speaker 1: I very much appreciate your willingness to say we don't 613 00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,080 Speaker 1: really know in reference to historical information. I've come to 614 00:39:05,080 --> 00:39:07,520 Speaker 1: have a more critical mind when reading the news and 615 00:39:07,560 --> 00:39:10,479 Speaker 1: references to the past, asking myself do they know for sure? 616 00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:13,440 Speaker 1: Thank you. It reminds me that there is beauty in 617 00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:19,000 Speaker 1: mystery and in the not knowing. So Carol also included 618 00:39:19,080 --> 00:39:27,839 Speaker 1: pictures of kitty cat. Uh this cat's name is Momo. Um. Yes, 619 00:39:28,040 --> 00:39:35,640 Speaker 1: Momo is extremely cute. Um Momo is is orange and 620 00:39:35,719 --> 00:39:39,120 Speaker 1: white and is shown with this little tiger and Carol's 621 00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:41,640 Speaker 1: son moved to a city far away and really missed 622 00:39:41,640 --> 00:39:46,560 Speaker 1: the cat and uh so Momo was very chilled out, relaxed, 623 00:39:46,719 --> 00:39:50,000 Speaker 1: relaxed cat. Um, but can sound really vocal and so 624 00:39:50,040 --> 00:39:54,359 Speaker 1: they recorded Momo having a conversation and purring and like 625 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,280 Speaker 1: inserted them into the stuffed tiger so when you hear 626 00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:01,160 Speaker 1: when you squeeze the tiger, you can hear this sounds 627 00:40:01,160 --> 00:40:03,319 Speaker 1: so that the cat usually makes. And so this was 628 00:40:03,719 --> 00:40:06,600 Speaker 1: a present for Carol's Sun last Christmas, and I found 629 00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:10,719 Speaker 1: that whole idea to be incredibly adorable. It reminds me 630 00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:12,919 Speaker 1: a little bit of when Patrick and I were dating 631 00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:15,799 Speaker 1: and Leave Leave living in two different states, and we 632 00:40:15,880 --> 00:40:19,120 Speaker 1: had this app that would let us put our thumb 633 00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,480 Speaker 1: on the screen and the other person could put their 634 00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 1: thumb on the screen, and we're putting her thumbs on 635 00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:28,000 Speaker 1: the screen at the same time. It's very cute. Uh So, anyway, 636 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:31,600 Speaker 1: thank you so much Carol for sending this. I had 637 00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:35,520 Speaker 1: not seen this article and then I forgot to bookmarkt 638 00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:38,880 Speaker 1: along with the bookmarks to go into on earths, So 639 00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:42,200 Speaker 1: I'm glad I got to read this email to include this. Also, 640 00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:44,480 Speaker 1: if you would like to send us a note about 641 00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:47,320 Speaker 1: this for an either podcast or history podcast that I 642 00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:49,720 Speaker 1: Heart radio dot com and we're all over social media 643 00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:52,960 Speaker 1: and missed in history, so you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 644 00:40:53,080 --> 00:40:56,520 Speaker 1: and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show on 645 00:40:56,560 --> 00:40:58,640 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app or a realty you'll like 646 00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:06,040 Speaker 1: to get podcasts stuff you missed in History Class is 647 00:41:06,080 --> 00:41:09,279 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts from 648 00:41:09,280 --> 00:41:12,640 Speaker 1: I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 649 00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:15,680 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. H