1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,800 Speaker 1: Hey there, history fans, We're taking the day off, but 2 00:00:02,840 --> 00:00:05,760 Speaker 1: don't worry. We've got plenty of classic shows to tide 3 00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:09,119 Speaker 1: you over. Check out these selections from previous years of 4 00:00:09,160 --> 00:00:11,480 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class, and I'll meet you back 5 00:00:11,520 --> 00:00:14,600 Speaker 1: here tomorrow with a brand new episode. See you then, 6 00:00:19,320 --> 00:00:22,840 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class. It's July fifth today. 7 00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:25,920 Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty eight, two hundred workers at the Bryant 8 00:00:25,920 --> 00:00:28,560 Speaker 1: and May match factory in London walked off the job 9 00:00:28,680 --> 00:00:31,360 Speaker 1: in what came to be known as the London Match 10 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 1: Girls Strike. The Bryant and May factory was in London's 11 00:00:35,080 --> 00:00:38,199 Speaker 1: East End, and this is a poor neighborhood. There were 12 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 1: a lot of immigrants and minorities living there. It was 13 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,479 Speaker 1: really looked down on by the rest of London. Even today, 14 00:00:44,840 --> 00:00:48,640 Speaker 1: the term East End of London conjures up a certain image. 15 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:52,159 Speaker 2: Bryant and May was one of many many factories in 16 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 2: the East End of London, and most of these factories 17 00:00:55,720 --> 00:00:59,280 Speaker 2: were in what was called sweating industries. These were places 18 00:00:59,320 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 2: where people were long hours in windowless rooms, often doing 19 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:06,560 Speaker 2: really dangerous work, and they tended to be looked down 20 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:10,560 Speaker 2: upon by other workers, particularly workers that were in trades 21 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,080 Speaker 2: that required more skill or more education to do. And 22 00:01:14,760 --> 00:01:18,200 Speaker 2: in this neighborhood that was home to London's poorest people, 23 00:01:18,760 --> 00:01:21,640 Speaker 2: in an area that was full of industries that were 24 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 2: just awful to work in and exploitive, the most dangerous, 25 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 2: most unpleasant, and most low paying jobs went to the 26 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:32,679 Speaker 2: match girls. They were really the lowest of the low 27 00:01:33,360 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 2: There were some men who worked in the match factories, 28 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:39,399 Speaker 2: but overwhelmingly that people work in there were women, and 29 00:01:39,880 --> 00:01:43,080 Speaker 2: some of them were adults, but many of them were children. 30 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:45,560 Speaker 2: People in the Bryant and May factory were as young 31 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:48,480 Speaker 2: as eight, so working at the Bryant and May match 32 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:52,040 Speaker 2: factory working very long hours. The day started at six 33 00:01:52,040 --> 00:01:54,160 Speaker 2: point thirty in the morning in the winter and eight 34 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:57,040 Speaker 2: in the morning in the summertime. Regardless of what time 35 00:01:57,080 --> 00:02:00,280 Speaker 2: the day started, it ended at six pm. All the 36 00:02:00,320 --> 00:02:03,040 Speaker 2: work was done standing up, and all the workers had 37 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 2: a series of very draconian rules that they had to 38 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:09,760 Speaker 2: follow throughout their workday. They had to run up and 39 00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 2: down the stairs to get the match frames that they 40 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,000 Speaker 2: worked out of, because they were only allowed to have 41 00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:17,040 Speaker 2: one frame at a time, so there was a lot 42 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:19,280 Speaker 2: of running up and down the stairs. They were making 43 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:22,679 Speaker 2: strike anywhere matches, which, as their name suggests, you could 44 00:02:22,720 --> 00:02:26,200 Speaker 2: strike on any rough surface, and that meant that sometimes 45 00:02:26,280 --> 00:02:29,320 Speaker 2: when they were working, their work would burst into flames 46 00:02:29,639 --> 00:02:31,840 Speaker 2: that would destroy their work for the day. And they 47 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 2: weren't being paid by the hour, they were being paid 48 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 2: by the peace, So if your work caught fire while 49 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 2: you were working on it, you were out that money. 50 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:41,840 Speaker 2: It was gone. You also had to pay for your 51 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:46,000 Speaker 2: own tools, You had to pay for necessities that were 52 00:02:46,040 --> 00:02:48,480 Speaker 2: required to be able to do your work for the day. 53 00:02:48,880 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 2: And there were endless, endless rules that led to people's 54 00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,640 Speaker 2: pay being docked or even fired. If your feet were dirty, 55 00:02:56,880 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 2: if you talked, if your work bench was clean, all 56 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:03,600 Speaker 2: of these things you would be fined or you would 57 00:03:03,600 --> 00:03:07,120 Speaker 2: be fired. And then there were also health hazards. There 58 00:03:07,160 --> 00:03:10,520 Speaker 2: was a condition called fossy jaw, and that's another name 59 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:14,280 Speaker 2: for phosphorus poisoning. The yellow phosphorus that was being used 60 00:03:14,320 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 2: in these matches could damage bone tissue and it caused 61 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:21,519 Speaker 2: an illness that started with tooth pain and swollen gums, 62 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:25,480 Speaker 2: and that it would escalate to necrosis and even death. 63 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 2: So none of this sounds particularly pleasant, and it's not 64 00:03:30,320 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 2: completely clear why in particular. On July fifth, the workers 65 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:38,840 Speaker 2: walked out. One story was that it was due to 66 00:03:39,000 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 2: Annie Bessant. She was a socialist and a feminist and 67 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 2: a reformer who had been talking to the matchworkers about 68 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,280 Speaker 2: their lives and their work, and she had been publicizing 69 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:51,440 Speaker 2: the conditions at the factory. She had published her findings 70 00:03:51,480 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 2: the month prior. But she definitely didn't arrange this strike. 71 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:57,880 Speaker 2: So whatever the reason was, they walked off the job 72 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,760 Speaker 2: that day. They formed the Union of Women Matchmakers. Soon 73 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,960 Speaker 2: more than one thousand match factory workers were on strike. 74 00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:08,960 Speaker 2: They picketed, they held demonstrations, they went to meetings, they 75 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:12,960 Speaker 2: went to parliament, and Annie Bessett publicized this whole thing. 76 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:16,400 Speaker 2: She has sometimes incorrectly been given the credit for doing 77 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:18,160 Speaker 2: all of this work, but what she was really good 78 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:20,920 Speaker 2: at was the publicity part. These women and girls who 79 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:23,200 Speaker 2: were working in the factory, they were the people that 80 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:26,320 Speaker 2: were doing the organizing and doing the demonstrating. They got 81 00:04:26,360 --> 00:04:28,960 Speaker 2: the support of some of the other trade unions, along 82 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:32,760 Speaker 2: with criticism from people who claimed that these workers had 83 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 2: been talked into doing this by outsiders. And the end, 84 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:39,760 Speaker 2: though this strike was successful, all those fines were abolished, 85 00:04:40,240 --> 00:04:43,200 Speaker 2: along with the deductions from the pay for the tools 86 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:45,599 Speaker 2: that people had to have to do their job. Their 87 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:49,520 Speaker 2: pay was adjusted. They had a new grievance procedure that 88 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 2: was put into place, so if they had a problem, 89 00:04:51,760 --> 00:04:54,039 Speaker 2: they had a process for being able to have something 90 00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:57,520 Speaker 2: done about it. The union was recognized and had the 91 00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,040 Speaker 2: right to negotiate on behalf of the workers, and and 92 00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:02,720 Speaker 2: they got a lunch room. This was a big deal 93 00:05:02,760 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 2: because it meant that they had somewhere away from their 94 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 2: workbench to eat their lunch. And eating at the work 95 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:11,359 Speaker 2: bench with that all that phosphorus was putting more and 96 00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:13,960 Speaker 2: more phosphorus into their mouths than it was, causing that 97 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 2: terrible condition called FOSSi jaw. This didn't permanently fix the 98 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 2: problems with the factory, though, and workers continued to become 99 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:25,600 Speaker 2: ill due to phosphorus exposure. In eighteen ninety one, the 100 00:05:25,640 --> 00:05:29,520 Speaker 2: Salvation Army opened a competing match factory that used only 101 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:32,839 Speaker 2: red phosphorus, which did not cause FOSSi jaw, and it 102 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:36,479 Speaker 2: paid double what Bryant and May did. Bryant and May 103 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:40,120 Speaker 2: finally stopped using yellow phosphorus in nineteen oh one. This 104 00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,479 Speaker 2: strike also inspired a lot of other factory workers to 105 00:05:43,640 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 2: unionize and that grew into the New Unionism movement and 106 00:05:47,240 --> 00:05:50,479 Speaker 2: the establishment of the Independent Labor Party. You can learn 107 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 2: more about the London match Girls strike from the September fifth, 108 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:56,400 Speaker 2: twenty sixteen episode of Stuffy Miess in History Class, and 109 00:05:56,480 --> 00:05:58,719 Speaker 2: you can subscribe to This Day in History Class on 110 00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:10,480 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, Podcasts and wherever else you get your podcasts. 111 00:06:11,279 --> 00:06:15,440 Speaker 3: Hi, I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 112 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 3: a show that uncovers a little bit more about history 113 00:06:19,440 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 3: every day. The day was July fifth, nineteen ninety six. 114 00:06:30,880 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 3: Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned 115 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:37,680 Speaker 3: from an adult celle, was born, though her birth was 116 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 3: not announced until nineteen ninety seven. A clone is a 117 00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:45,680 Speaker 3: living organism that has the same genetic information as another organism. 118 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:50,320 Speaker 3: Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmot and others at the Roslin Institute 119 00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 3: in Scotland cloned Dolly using a method called somatic celle 120 00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:59,919 Speaker 3: nuclear transfer SCNT. In this method, the nucleus of an 121 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 3: an eggsail is removed and replaced with the nucleus of 122 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,719 Speaker 3: a donor adult cell. The animal born from this process 123 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:10,280 Speaker 3: will have nearly the same DNA as the original donor cell. 124 00:07:11,520 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 3: Dolly was not the first mammal to be cloned. The 125 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:16,679 Speaker 3: first was a sheep that was cloned from an embryo 126 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:20,360 Speaker 3: cell and born in nineteen eighty four in Cambridge, England. 127 00:07:21,040 --> 00:07:24,040 Speaker 3: Two other sheep had been cloned from embryonic cells grown 128 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,200 Speaker 3: at the Roslin Institute lab in nineteen ninety five, and 129 00:07:27,240 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 3: when Dolly was born, so were six other sheep that 130 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:34,240 Speaker 3: were cloned from embryonic and fetal cells. Dolly was the 131 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 3: one to become famous because she was cloned from an 132 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 3: adult cell, something believed to be impossible at the time. 133 00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:45,200 Speaker 3: Dolly's DNA came from a six year old sheep. Once 134 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:48,760 Speaker 3: normal development was confirmed at six days, the embryo was 135 00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 3: transferred to a surrogate mother. Dolly was born on July fifth, 136 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,559 Speaker 3: nineteen ninety six. Out of two hundred and seventy seven 137 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,320 Speaker 3: embryos researchers at the Roslin Institute had attempted to clone, 138 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:04,520 Speaker 3: Dolly was the only animal born. Initially, Dolly was code 139 00:08:04,560 --> 00:08:08,040 Speaker 3: named six L L three. Stockman who helped give birth 140 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:11,760 Speaker 3: to Dolly suggested the name Dolly after Dolly Parton because 141 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:14,480 Speaker 3: the cell used to clone her came from a mammary gland. 142 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:19,040 Speaker 3: The Roslin Institute announced Dolly's birth on February twenty second, 143 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 3: nineteen ninety seven, along with the publication of their research 144 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 3: results related to the cloning. Dolly lived at the Roslin 145 00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 3: Institute with other sheep. She had six lambs with a 146 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 3: Welsh mountain ram named David, and they were called Fannie, Sally, Rosy, Lucy, Darcy, 147 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:39,840 Speaker 3: and Cotton. When Dolly was one, DNA analysis did show 148 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:43,680 Speaker 3: that her telomeres were shorter than normal. Telomeres are repetitive 149 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:47,200 Speaker 3: nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes that form a 150 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 3: cap to protect them from deteriorating or fusing with other chromosomes. 151 00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:56,199 Speaker 3: As animals age and cells divide, telomeres shortened and eventually 152 00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:59,760 Speaker 3: the chromosome cannot be replicated, triggering the cell to die. 153 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,840 Speaker 3: Dolly's short telomeres could have meant she was physically older 154 00:09:03,840 --> 00:09:06,800 Speaker 3: than her true age, but health tests did not show 155 00:09:06,840 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 3: that she was aging quickly or prematurely. In two thousand, Dolly, 156 00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:16,000 Speaker 3: along with other sheep at the institute, was infected with JSRV, 157 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:20,440 Speaker 3: a virus that causes contagious lung cancer and sheep, and 158 00:09:20,480 --> 00:09:23,079 Speaker 3: in two thousand and one, when Dolly was four years old, 159 00:09:23,400 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 3: she was diagnosed with arthritis. She was treated successfully with 160 00:09:27,559 --> 00:09:32,000 Speaker 3: anti inflammatory medicine, but it wasn't clear what caused the arthritis. 161 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,360 Speaker 3: Dolly lived a healthy life until February tenth, two thousand 162 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:40,000 Speaker 3: and three, when staff reported that she was coughing. When 163 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,880 Speaker 3: the team conducted a CT scan on Dolly days later, 164 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 3: they found tumors growing in her chest. She had progressive 165 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:52,439 Speaker 3: lung disease caused by infection with JSRB. She was euthanized 166 00:09:52,480 --> 00:09:56,320 Speaker 3: on February fourteenth, when she was six years old. The 167 00:09:56,360 --> 00:09:59,400 Speaker 3: average life expectancy for a thin Dorset sheep like Dolly 168 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 3: was ten to twelve years, but researchers did not think 169 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 3: her early death was related to her being a clone. 170 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 3: Many other large animals were cloned after Dolly demonstrated that 171 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:13,000 Speaker 3: cloning from an adult somatic sale could be successful, including 172 00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:17,760 Speaker 3: clones of Dolly. Dolly's cloning also encouraged a new understanding 173 00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:21,760 Speaker 3: of celle modification and drove advances in stem cell research 174 00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:26,839 Speaker 3: and therapy. Of course, Dolly's cloning was highly controversial, leading 175 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 3: to discussions of livestock cloning, human cloning, and de extinction. 176 00:10:32,200 --> 00:10:34,640 Speaker 3: I'm Eve Jefcote and hopefully you know a little more 177 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:39,079 Speaker 3: about history today than you did yesterday. You can subscribe 178 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 3: to This Day and History Class on Apple Podcasts, the 179 00:10:41,840 --> 00:10:45,719 Speaker 3: iHeartRadio app, or wherever you get your podcasts. Come back 180 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:49,520 Speaker 3: tomorrow for another tidbit from history.