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Speaker 1: Comic Con dot com slash NYCC hyphen presents Welcome to

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Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow Your Mind from How Stuff Works dot com. Hey,

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Speaker 1: are you welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind? My

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Speaker 1: name is Robert Lamb and I'm Christian Seger. Robert, do

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Speaker 1: you remember this movie? This is how a Lot of

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Speaker 1: Stuff to Blow Your Mind? Episode to begin? But do

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Speaker 1: you remember this movie that had Sinbad in it from

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Speaker 1: the nineties where he played a genie. Uh, you're you're

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Speaker 1: you're discussing the film Shazam. Yeah, but I don't think

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Speaker 1: Sinbad is actually in it. I just think a lot

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Speaker 1: of people remember Sinbad being in it. It turns out

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Speaker 1: it's Shaquille O'Neill who raised and it's Kazam as opposed

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Speaker 1: to show exactly. Yeah, this is uh, this is a

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Speaker 1: big deal. This is This is one of those cases

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Speaker 1: where the joke, the conspiracy theory, all of it sort

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Speaker 1: of wrapped together, like ends up actually taking shape because

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Speaker 1: I believe it's a college humor came around and eventually

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Speaker 1: put out like they got Sinbad. Is that right? I

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Speaker 1: didn't know this. Okay, they got Sinbad. They filmed him

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Speaker 1: in like a scene from this movie, and they put

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Speaker 1: all these filters over it to make it look like

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Speaker 1: it was retrieved you know, video footage from a VHS

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Speaker 1: tape from the nineties. Okay. Yeah, And essentially what we're

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Speaker 1: talking about here is actually, and I hesitate to say,

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Speaker 1: this a phenomena that many people report. Uh, and it's

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Speaker 1: all connected and bundled under terminology referred to as the

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Speaker 1: Mandela effect. Yeah, it basically comes down to something that

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Speaker 1: is an alleged shared false memory where it gets it

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Speaker 1: gets more complicated than that. We're going to discuss it.

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Speaker 1: But the idea is that you'll have multiple people sharing

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Speaker 1: a false memory, generally of something from sort of you know,

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Speaker 1: obscure pop culture, but in some cases like world history,

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Speaker 1: that that everyone has the same mistaken notion in their mind,

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Speaker 1: and then they suddenly say, hey, why do we why

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Speaker 1: do we all believe this thing that simply is not

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Speaker 1: So you can go to Synbad's filmography on IMDb and

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Speaker 1: clearly that he was never in such a film. It's

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Speaker 1: not listed. I mean you can, you can. You can

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Speaker 1: get into situations where, all, right, there are films that

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Speaker 1: are not maybe not listed on IMDb because they never

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Speaker 1: reached a stage of completion, but people claim to have

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Speaker 1: remembered seeing it or seeing trailers for it. So it

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Speaker 1: would for that to be the case for it to

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Speaker 1: have legitimately existed in some form or another, like they

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Speaker 1: would have had to have seen it or at least

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Speaker 1: sen a trailer. Right. Well, but I think you're spending

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Speaker 1: too much time thinking about the possibilities here, because I

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Speaker 1: think it's pretty obvious that it's just the people who

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Speaker 1: thought that they had seen Shazam with Sinbad are actually

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Speaker 1: originally from an alternate reality. Oh yes, well, there's there's

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Speaker 1: that argument, or that a time traveler traveled back in

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Speaker 1: time and changed time and we're all remembering it now

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Speaker 1: only because of the Sinbad. They traced the like the

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Speaker 1: butterfly effect, and they said, if we can stop the

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Speaker 1: Shazam movie from existing, then we'll um will prevent say,

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Speaker 1: World War three exactly. Now, those of you out there

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Speaker 1: might think I'm being a facetious jerk right now, but

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Speaker 1: actually that is a explanation for this effect we're talking

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Speaker 1: about again, the Mandela effect. You're gonna have a hard

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Speaker 1: time finding legitimate academic research done on this topic, but wow,

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Speaker 1: it is all over the internet. Like when I started

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Speaker 1: doing research on this yesterday, every listical site had a

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Speaker 1: twenty two instances of the Mandela effect that you won't

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Speaker 1: remember something like, Yeah, you'll find reddits where people are

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Speaker 1: arguing back and forth about the various ridiculous conspiracy theory

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Speaker 1: explanations like oh, it's it's a glitch in the matrix.

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Speaker 1: We're already in a computer simulation, and this is because

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Speaker 1: somebody you know, hit delete on Shazam by accident, or

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Speaker 1: or yeah, where it's the we've drifted over into an

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Speaker 1: alternate reality. Then the only difference is that there's no

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Speaker 1: Shazam movie in this universe. Yeah, and I also want

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Speaker 1: to make it clear to like, we're not here to

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Speaker 1: make fun of the idea of alternate realities or time travel.

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Speaker 1: Those are actually topics that we are going to cover

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Speaker 1: in the future on this show. But we're going to

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Speaker 1: cover them from an actual research angle. Yeah. The computer

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Speaker 1: simulation angle came up recently in an episode that I

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Speaker 1: did with Joe about growing a universe in a bottle,

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Speaker 1: creating university. Uh, the thing. But but a lot of

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Speaker 1: this comes down to Aucam's razor. Right, what is the

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Speaker 1: what is the most reasonable explanation that we can we

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Speaker 1: can take, you know, if we're if we're forced to

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Speaker 1: draw Aucam's razors from its sheath, which of course this

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Speaker 1: is named for William of Ockham. Uh, then it's it's simple.

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Speaker 1: It's the simple notion that among competing hypotheses, the one

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Speaker 1: with the fewest assumptions should be selected. Right, So, should

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Speaker 1: we assume that there are multiple realities and we're shifting

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Speaker 1: among them, that should we assume that we're living in

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Speaker 1: a computer simulation, or should we assume based on what

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Speaker 1: we know about memory and uh and how infallible it

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Speaker 1: is and how malleable it is, that that is where

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Speaker 1: we can place all the blame for this shared misinformation. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: This is especially interesting coming on the heels of our

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Speaker 1: alien abduction two parter that we did, because we talk

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Speaker 1: a little bit in those episodes about the science behind

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Speaker 1: inserting false memories and how easy that actually turns out

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Speaker 1: to be. There's been a lot of research done on that,

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Speaker 1: and this seems to be similar, but just on a

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Speaker 1: much smaller level. Right, instead of remembering that you were

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Speaker 1: abducted by aliens, you remember a movie that Sinbad didn't make. Yes, Now,

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Speaker 1: well let's go ahead and get just the name out

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Speaker 1: of the way, because we are saying Mandela effect, not Mandola,

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Speaker 1: which was would sound more esoteric and mysterious. But now

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Speaker 1: Mandela as in Nelson Mandela. Right. Yeah. So the popular example,

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Speaker 1: actually more popular than the sin Bad example, is that

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Speaker 1: some people seem certain that they remember Nelson Mandela dying

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Speaker 1: in the nineteen eighties, and they think they saw his

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Speaker 1: funeral on television, or more specifically, they remember that he

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Speaker 1: died in prison, as opposed to you know, dying later

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Speaker 1: after he like WHI which I have. I have a

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Speaker 1: hard time relating to this one because I distinctly remember

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Speaker 1: like news footage about his relief getting out of person. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: me too, Yeah he actually died in So what's going

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Speaker 1: on here? Well? It this seems like a case of

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Speaker 1: false memories, right, just like we talked about in those

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Speaker 1: alien abduction episodes. But some people do wonder if they're

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Speaker 1: remembering something from an alternate reality or if a time

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Speaker 1: travelers slightly altered our presence. So Robert and I were like,

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Speaker 1: this is a kind of fascinating topic. Why don't we

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Speaker 1: dive into this and see what the research says. Um

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Speaker 1: Most commentators out there, I want to be clear about this,

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Speaker 1: suggest that these are examples of false memories that are

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Speaker 1: just shaped by similar factors that are affecting multiple people. Okay,

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Speaker 1: but the main proponent of this is a person named

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Speaker 1: Fiona Broom. Uh and that that sounds like a witch name.

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Speaker 1: It's like like a made up witch name. But Fiona

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Speaker 1: Broom is a quote paranormal consultant who dubbed this the

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Speaker 1: Mandela effect. She claims that perhaps thousands of other people

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Speaker 1: have the same experience and She points to speculation of

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Speaker 1: alternate realities as an explanation, and then as I dug deeper,

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Speaker 1: I found out that this actually all occurred in our

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Speaker 1: backyard here in Atlanta, at our local sci fi comic

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Speaker 1: book fantasy uh convention slash party dragon Con. Interesting. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so it was at dragon Con in two thousand and ten.

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Speaker 1: She was in. She was there, apparently, she was a guest.

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Speaker 1: They have a paranormal track where people talk about things

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Speaker 1: like this, and uh, she was in the V I P.

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Speaker 1: Suite and a security person mentioned to the other people

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Speaker 1: in the room, hey, do you remember when Nelson Mandela

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Speaker 1: died in the eighties? But then he just died like actually,

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Speaker 1: and this was in two thousand ten. Sorry, he hadn't

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Speaker 1: even died yet. He just said, remember when Nelson Mandela

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Speaker 1: died in the eighties and he was still alive and

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Speaker 1: nobody else remembers that. And she was like, I remember

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Speaker 1: that too, And out of that conversation was born this

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Speaker 1: whole thing. Another example, she says, also comes from Dragon Con.

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Speaker 1: She was there and someone insisted they remembered a Star

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Speaker 1: Trek episode that, according to one star of the show,

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Speaker 1: was never filmed, So there was a person in the

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Speaker 1: audience who clearly remembered seeing this episode, but it had

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Speaker 1: never actually been filmed. Maybe they had read about it

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Speaker 1: in so much detail that they thought they had seen

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Speaker 1: it they they false remembered it. Anyways, the quote from

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Speaker 1: from fion A brooms site. She actually has a site.

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Speaker 1: I think it's the Mandela Effect dot com or dot

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Speaker 1: net or something like that. She's a book coming out.

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Speaker 1: This is profitable and she says on her site, these

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Speaker 1: aren't simple errors in memory. They seem to be fully

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Speaker 1: constructed incidents or sequential events from the past. They exceed

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Speaker 1: the normal range of forgetfulness. So she's saying this is

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Speaker 1: something beyond just our our memory being fallible. Well, I

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Speaker 1: I strongly disagree with that. Well, and we'll discuss I

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Speaker 1: do too. You know what's funny is like on our show,

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Speaker 1: I'm usually the one who's most willing, well maybe not

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Speaker 1: most willing out of the three of us, but I'm

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Speaker 1: always like I want to give these people a chance,

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Speaker 1: Like I want to give their idea a chance. Let's let's,

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Speaker 1: you know, kind of poke at it and see how

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Speaker 1: it works. But immediately with this one, my reaction is

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Speaker 1: just like nope, like that that just doesn't sound like

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Speaker 1: a thing. I feel like you're just making something up. Well,

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Speaker 1: the thing is like that. There's basically a statement that

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Speaker 1: that she's making something amazing is happening, and it's blank.

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Speaker 1: I agree with the first part of that statement, because

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Speaker 1: something amazing is happening, But the what's amazing about it

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Speaker 1: is what it reveals about our memory and how we

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Speaker 1: influence each other's memory of events. Now I do I

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Speaker 1: do have to say, I really wish we could rename

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Speaker 1: this the Shazam effect, etcetera Mandela effect, because when you

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Speaker 1: call it a Mandelo effect, and I'm sure our South

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Speaker 1: African listeners will agree it, it betrays a sense of

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Speaker 1: historical ignorance. And you know, I don't want to be

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Speaker 1: to judge you with that, but because I think that

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Speaker 1: the relatable example of this that I can relate to is,

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Speaker 1: for instance, there's a period about a year or two

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Speaker 1: before Gene Wilder's actual death that I kind of had

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Speaker 1: in my mind that he had died, uh, which you know,

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Speaker 1: he just wasn't acting in anything. He just kind of

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Speaker 1: you know, I think for the last ten or fifteen

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Speaker 1: years of his life, right, yeah, yeah, I think he

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Speaker 1: just got super choosy with his projects, and you know,

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Speaker 1: I didn't wasn't really that into doing it anymore, which

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Speaker 1: is fine, he has everybody had every right to to

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Speaker 1: do that. But for some reason, you know, when it

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Speaker 1: comes to the existence of celebrities, somehow my mind kind

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Speaker 1: of clicked it off that oh, he's an older guy.

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Speaker 1: He must he died or something, you know. And granted

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Speaker 1: that was allowed to happen because I like Gene Wilder,

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Speaker 1: but I'm not a Gene Wilder super fan. I'm not

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Speaker 1: the kind. I wasn't checking his IMDb profile every day

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Speaker 1: for up upcoming projects. Your ram wasn't backing up information

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Speaker 1: about what was going on with Gene Wilder currently if

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Speaker 1: there was any media reportage on it, right right, So

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Speaker 1: kind of like in the in my my rear view

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Speaker 1: mirrors or you know, in my peripheral cultural vision, the

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Speaker 1: the the the timeline of Gene Wilder had ended. And

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Speaker 1: so I I think what's happening with Nelson Mandela's case

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Speaker 1: is that for many people, uh you know, maybe African

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Speaker 1: South African politics especially is not something that bere zeroed

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Speaker 1: in on. It's happening in in their peripheral vision. It's

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Speaker 1: happening based on what is you know, climbing up through

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Speaker 1: the news cycle to to greet them. And therefore the

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Speaker 1: timeline of Nelson Mandela ended, you know, in his incarceration.

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Speaker 1: So and I think it's fair to say that it

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Speaker 1: would be extremely rare to find this effect in South Africa.

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Speaker 1: Like I would imagine that citizens of South Africa are

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Speaker 1: probably very aware of how long he was in prison,

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Speaker 1: when he passed away, when he was you know, in

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Speaker 1: charge of the country, etcetera. Like there isn't this uh

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Speaker 1: sort of like weird cognitive distance from it, right, Um,

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Speaker 1: So let's go through some other examples here. We talked

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Speaker 1: about Shazam and Sinbad, and we've talked about the Mandela one.

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Speaker 1: What about the Barren Stain Bears. Oh, yes, this one

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Speaker 1: of course relates to the spelling of the Barrensteine Bears

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Speaker 1: is in the Barrensteine Bears children's book series, whether it's

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Speaker 1: spelled Barren Stain or Barren stein Stein. And uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: it basically comes down to an argument over what how

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Speaker 1: how to pronounce the name right right? Yeah? And it's

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Speaker 1: also like, like I think this one just is like

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Speaker 1: a simple instance of misspelling and also cognitive bias, right,

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Speaker 1: and that like we're more used to Stein being in

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Speaker 1: names than stain being in name, so our brain sort

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Speaker 1: of self corrects if you see it as stain and

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Speaker 1: turns it into Stein. Right. Uh. There was another one

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Speaker 1: like this that I saw floating around where people were like,

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Speaker 1: this is gonna blow your mind. You're ready for it.

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Speaker 1: The peanut butter isn't Jeffy peanut butter. It's just jeff

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Speaker 1: peanut butter. And I was like, okay, fair enough, Like

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Speaker 1: I did, like in the back of my head, I

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Speaker 1: did think of it as Jiffy peanut butter. But I

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Speaker 1: think that's just because the word jiffy is probably used

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Speaker 1: more often and it's probably like search to the surface

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Speaker 1: of my memory data bank than the word jiff which

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Speaker 1: most people use now to describe like an image file type. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: now one. I don't think this is a widespread example,

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Speaker 1: but this one came up recently on Twitter Comal and

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Speaker 1: Johnny shared his amazement that Dan Ackroyd and then Dan

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Speaker 1: a Chroid of The Ghostbusters that his name his last

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Speaker 1: name is spelled a y k r O y d

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Speaker 1: and there's no like c uh c k going on

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Speaker 1: in there and uh, and I when I read that,

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Speaker 1: I was like, you know, I kind of just that's

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Speaker 1: odd as well. You know, I've I've certainly seen his

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Speaker 1: name plenty of times, but for some reason, I just

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Speaker 1: kind of thought there was a C in there. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: me too. And I definitely didn't think there was a

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Speaker 1: y at the beginning. I mean, there's two wise in

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Speaker 1: his name. I didn't think there was a a y exactly.

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Speaker 1: Like That's another perfect one where it's like, how many

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Speaker 1: Dana Chroid movies have I seen? But how closely am

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Speaker 1: I paying attention to the spelling of his name versus

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Speaker 1: just how I think it should be spelled on how

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Speaker 1: it sounds. Yeah, members of the Acroid family, I'm sure

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Speaker 1: how do not have this this effect? Right? So I've

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Speaker 1: got an example here actually from the research that is

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Speaker 1: much smaller and that it doesn't pertain to pop culture

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Speaker 1: and won't be as broadly felt, but it's a really

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Speaker 1: good example of how this takes place. Okay, at a

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Speaker 1: town clock at the Bologna Central Railway station, which was

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Speaker 1: damaged in a massacre in nineteen eighty. When they surveyed people,

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Speaker 1: nine percent of them falsely remembered that this specific town

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Speaker 1: clock had stopped working since the bombing. Actually, what had

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Speaker 1: happened was they repaired the clock immediately after the attack,

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Speaker 1: but then they manually stopped at sixteen years later in commemoration.

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Speaker 1: These are people who lived in the area, but they

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Speaker 1: had basically erased the sixteen years between the bombing and

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Speaker 1: it being turned off where it was working. And again,

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Speaker 1: it's just how memory works, I think more than it

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Speaker 1: is an example of all these people sliding into an

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Speaker 1: alternate dimension. Now, one fun personal example of this that

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Speaker 1: I that I have to share concerns the Konami video

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Speaker 1: game for the original Nintendo Entertainment System, Top Gun, the

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Speaker 1: second mission. Yeah, vaguely remember this, Okay, so it's tied

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Speaker 1: into the Top Gun movie. Yes, but it was very

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Speaker 1: much It was a loose kind of a sequel because

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Speaker 1: you're presumably still Maverick, You're still Tom Cruise, and you're

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Speaker 1: going up in these little dog fights against progressively more

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Speaker 1: difficult like Soviet dog fight. Okay, I was thinking it

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Speaker 1: was like goose Iceman. No remembered in the first one,

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Speaker 1: I know, but maybe you fight as ghost. Well, this

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Speaker 1: is the thing I was. It's at some point in

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Speaker 1: the past like ten years. I was reminiscing about this

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Speaker 1: game with my friend Dave, and I was joking to

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Speaker 1: him that that at the end you fight Goose, because

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Speaker 1: there's this reveal that Goose didn't die in the first one,

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Speaker 1: that the Soviets, uh, you know, fished him out of

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Speaker 1: the water and they brainwashed him into a you know,

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Speaker 1: a Soviet agent, and so now he's just like You've

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Speaker 1: Winter Soldiers and uh. And I joked about it, and

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Speaker 1: then I think, I think Dave kind of, you know,

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Speaker 1: thinking back on it, kind of believed that it was real,

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Speaker 1: and I kind of, since I don't think about Top

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Speaker 1: Gun to all the time, I kind of fooled myself

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Speaker 1: a little bit. So we talked about it later and

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Speaker 1: he was and he would he would ask like, was

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Speaker 1: is that isn't Goose the villain and Top Gun two?

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Speaker 1: And I think, yeah, I think I think he is.

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Speaker 1: And then I have to remember, oh, wait, I made

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Speaker 1: that up. That was just a joke. Well, so did

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Speaker 1: this come back up again recently because they announced Tom

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Speaker 1: Cruise announced that they're actually doing a Top Gun too.

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Speaker 1: I know, I I feel like I feel like I

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Speaker 1: got the script done. Well, yeah, I feel like it'll

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Speaker 1: be a personal betrayal. If Goose is not the Winter

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Speaker 1: Soldier villain of Top Gun two, well, Anthony Edwards, if

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Speaker 1: you're listening, please plead with Tom Cruise once you get

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Speaker 1: Winter sold I know he wants then, So for me,

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Speaker 1: I don't have a lot of examples of this with

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Speaker 1: I Just when things like this happened, I just often

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Speaker 1: say like, oh, there goes your memory, right, Like, there

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Speaker 1: are definitely moments, especially as I'm getting older, where I'm

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Speaker 1: like acutely aware. It's funny to use that term, but

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Speaker 1: I'm very aware of how my memory is starting to fail,

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Speaker 1: not in like a like an Alzheimer's type way or anything,

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Speaker 1: but just in like things like this that I don't

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Speaker 1: really keep close to the surface, I tend to forget

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Speaker 1: over a long period of time. Right. It's like the

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Speaker 1: first you know, several decades of your life for about accumulation,

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Speaker 1: and then you run out of room and stuff just

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Speaker 1: can yeah, exactly. Like sometimes my wife will be like,

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Speaker 1: I can't believe you don't remember this important event that happened,

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Speaker 1: and I'm like, well, look, I've got three hundred pages

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Speaker 1: of D and D manuals up here, Like I'm gonna

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Speaker 1: have to start deleting loads in order to keep all

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Speaker 1: this other information. So yeah, I mean it happens. My

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Speaker 1: memory is fallible. I'll misremember an actor who was in

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Speaker 1: a movie for an since, or maybe I'll think an

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Speaker 1: older celebrity is already dead, like your instance with Gene Wilder.

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Speaker 1: Happened to me. When Martin Landau died recentthing. I was like,

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Speaker 1: what didn't that guy already die like ten years ago?

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Speaker 1: But you know, and I feel bad, But then I'm like, well,

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Speaker 1: he just hasn't been working for a while, right, The

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Speaker 1: last thing I remember him and was probably ed Wood.

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Speaker 1: So you know, I definitely get spelling and pronunciation of

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Speaker 1: things wrong, as many of the listeners of the show now.

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Speaker 1: But I've never felt like there's anything going on here

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Speaker 1: beyond the fallibility of my recollection. But let's you want

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Speaker 1: to take a break, and then when we come back,

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Speaker 1: let's get into some of the theories surrounding this before

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Speaker 1: we hit the science. Okay, we're back, so what are

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Speaker 1: let's go. Let's cover like the broad gamut of I

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Speaker 1: guess wild theories as to what's going on here with

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Speaker 1: what is called the Mandela effect. All right, Well, as

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Speaker 1: we already mentioned. There's the alternate reality multiverse view of it.

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Speaker 1: There's the the idea that we're in a computer s

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Speaker 1: relation that some far future civilization has decided that the

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Speaker 1: best way for us to live is to live in

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Speaker 1: a simulation of an earlier, more simple time. You know

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Speaker 1: what's interesting to me about that is like when you

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Speaker 1: take like philosophy one oh one in school, right, you

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Speaker 1: learn about Descartes and his whole argument with himself centuries

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Speaker 1: ago about whether or not his brain was actually in

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Speaker 1: a jar being tortured by a demon and reality was

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Speaker 1: just all fake illusions. It's essentially the same thing, just

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Speaker 1: a different framework. Yeah, it's actually a topic with don't

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Speaker 1: I discussed on the recent episode Order Out of Chaos

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Speaker 1: how to create a universe? It's it's it's a fascinating

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Speaker 1: area of sort of thought experiment and discussion. Uh. And

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Speaker 1: there's some there's some interesting arguments on both sides, but

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Speaker 1: you know, it's it's again, it's one of those cases

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Speaker 1: where when we're looking at at an alleged phenomenon in

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Speaker 1: our world, what what hypothesis entails the fewest assumption about reality? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and you can see how like you know, you go

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Speaker 1: back and you look at that Decartes stuff, and he

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Speaker 1: pretty firmly was able to ground his argument and say, well,

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Speaker 1: the world is actually real. I'm not braining a jar,

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Speaker 1: but you can see how in our present day circumstances,

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Speaker 1: because so much of life is simulated via entertainment or computers,

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Speaker 1: right for most of us, um that it would be

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Speaker 1: easy to fall back on that and be like, well,

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Speaker 1: wait a minute, what if none of this is real? Well,

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Speaker 1: it's interesting that a lot of this relates to thinking

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Speaker 1: about the human mind and human experience in terms of

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Speaker 1: a computer, because they're analyze the real error. I think,

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Speaker 1: because we tend to think of our mind as as

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Speaker 1: as like video footage and a surveillance, uh, you know,

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Speaker 1: a system or just a computer record of what has

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Speaker 1: occurred and uh. And then when we pull up an

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Speaker 1: actual computer record of what has occurred Sinbad's IMDb profile,

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Speaker 1: for instance, we say, WHOA, what's going on? My database

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Speaker 1: doesn't match with this database? But I but we're resistant

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Speaker 1: to completely throw out our own database, not realizing that

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Speaker 1: the memory, of course, is full of flaws and holes

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Speaker 1: and false memories and uh and false flourishes. Uh. As

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Speaker 1: we will discuss there is something inherently egocentric about the

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Speaker 1: argument that it's like, no, I have to be the

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Speaker 1: center of things. Even though these other records are different

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Speaker 1: from my internal record, they must be wrong and it's

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Speaker 1: clearly not me. It's like, am I wrong? Or do

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Speaker 1: we live in a computer simulation? I'm I'm I'm going

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Speaker 1: with the computer simulation. And again, like I would love

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Speaker 1: to say, men, if there's evidence out there that we

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Speaker 1: live in a computer simulation, send it our way. And

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Speaker 1: I mean, I know people actually have brought this up

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Speaker 1: to us before and said, you guys should do an

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Speaker 1: episode on it, But like that seems to be something

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Speaker 1: that has more evidence to it elsewhere than me not

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Speaker 1: remembering a sin bad boo. I'm going to use this

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Speaker 1: the next time I forget something at the grocery store

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Speaker 1: and my wife says, hey, did you pick up the

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Speaker 1: SEC and such? How we go, Well, do you see

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Speaker 1: we live in a computer simulation? I think we're just

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Speaker 1: this this is essentially turning into excuses for our wives. Well, okay,

426
00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:19,680
Speaker 1: before we go too far down that road, how about

427
00:23:19,760 --> 00:23:22,760
Speaker 1: we revisit a stuff to blow your mind favorite, which

428
00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:26,560
Speaker 1: is a psychologist Daniel Schackter in his book, The Seven

429
00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:30,360
Speaker 1: Sins of Memory. Yes, the Seven Sins of Memory, How

430
00:23:30,640 --> 00:23:33,640
Speaker 1: the mind forgets and remembers. It's a it's a fabulous book.

431
00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,640
Speaker 1: I recommend anyone who isn't more interested in deeper dive

432
00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:41,240
Speaker 1: here check this out. Um. Now here's an interesting memory tidbit.

433
00:23:41,640 --> 00:23:45,359
Speaker 1: I cannot, I honestly cannot remember if I have seen

434
00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:49,440
Speaker 1: Daniel Shackter speak on this live at the World Science Festival,

435
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:52,600
Speaker 1: or if I've merely seen a video of him speaking

436
00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,040
Speaker 1: about this. Um, I think I saw him live, but

437
00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:58,600
Speaker 1: I could be mistaken. Yeah, that's happened to me before,

438
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:01,520
Speaker 1: for sure, especially like when you go to conferences and

439
00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:03,840
Speaker 1: you can watch the events from like your hotel room,

440
00:24:03,960 --> 00:24:07,040
Speaker 1: sometimes on the TV as it's happening. Yeah. Yeah, So

441
00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:10,760
Speaker 1: I'm not certain, but this might be a you know,

442
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:15,159
Speaker 1: a false memory as well. But he basically takes the

443
00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:17,360
Speaker 1: way our memory works and the way that we form

444
00:24:17,440 --> 00:24:20,119
Speaker 1: false memories, and he breaks them down into seven different categories.

445
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:22,520
Speaker 1: I've hit this on the on the show before, and

446
00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:25,159
Speaker 1: I think I've we've done it recently in the Alien Abduction.

447
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:26,520
Speaker 1: So I'll try and be quick with it here. But

448
00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:29,320
Speaker 1: there's transience. This is the weakening, weakening or loss of

449
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,399
Speaker 1: memory over time. There's absent mindedness. So this just has

450
00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:34,280
Speaker 1: to do with attention in memory. And I think we

451
00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:36,240
Speaker 1: can already see how these line up with say the

452
00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:38,920
Speaker 1: Shazam example. You know, transience, it's been a while since

453
00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:42,560
Speaker 1: the nineties. Absent mindedness, maybe you didn't care that much

454
00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:46,480
Speaker 1: about sin bad movies to begin with. And then there's blocking.

455
00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:49,040
Speaker 1: This has failed attempts to recall tidbits of memories. So

456
00:24:49,080 --> 00:24:51,600
Speaker 1: you're trying to remember a film that came out of

457
00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:54,640
Speaker 1: the night. Maybe you're trying to remember Kazam, and then

458
00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:57,720
Speaker 1: you end up, you know, blocking it something. Maybe you

459
00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:00,520
Speaker 1: saw a Kazam and you're trying to to forget yes,

460
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,359
Speaker 1: And then there's a misattribution. This is we crawled. We

461
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:07,280
Speaker 1: recall an authentic memory, but aspects of it are misattributed,

462
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:09,200
Speaker 1: and that of course is key into what we're talking

463
00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:13,240
Speaker 1: about here. Suggestibility. This is the power of suggestion, the

464
00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:16,879
Speaker 1: ability for someone else to make a suggestion about what

465
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:20,080
Speaker 1: you should recall, what you do recall, and affect your memory.

466
00:25:20,119 --> 00:25:21,920
Speaker 1: So an example of this would be like you saw

467
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,399
Speaker 1: Kazam with Shaquille O'Neil, but then your friend was like,

468
00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,240
Speaker 1: wouldn't it be cooler if Sinbad was in that movie

469
00:25:28,320 --> 00:25:31,400
Speaker 1: and then twenty years passed and you remember Sinbad being

470
00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,000
Speaker 1: in that movie? Yeah. Or for instance, this came up

471
00:25:34,080 --> 00:25:36,080
Speaker 1: just the other other night with my wife and I

472
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,000
Speaker 1: because we sat down to watch the latest episode of

473
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:42,680
Speaker 1: Rick and Morty, which is The Defenders Part three, and

474
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,040
Speaker 1: they're the characters are talking about their previous adventures with

475
00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:48,680
Speaker 1: the Defenders, but they haven't actually shown them on the

476
00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:51,639
Speaker 1: TV show. It's just off screen adventures. Yeah. But my

477
00:25:51,760 --> 00:25:53,879
Speaker 1: wife asked me, she said, is that a previous episode?

478
00:25:53,920 --> 00:25:57,320
Speaker 1: Did we see that one? And? Uh? If I had

479
00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:00,359
Speaker 1: insisted that we we had, If I thought we had,

480
00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:02,400
Speaker 1: I could have probably made a pretty strong case because

481
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,920
Speaker 1: I'm the one who fills their head with useless TV information.

482
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,680
Speaker 1: But I was able to to to sort of see

483
00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:11,199
Speaker 1: through it and say, no, no, no, they're they're doing

484
00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:13,399
Speaker 1: a bid here. There is I've read about this. I

485
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,480
Speaker 1: haven't actually seen this, but it's essentially like Rick and

486
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:18,040
Speaker 1: Morty are part of like a group like the Avengers

487
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,040
Speaker 1: sort of. Ok. Yeah, and they there have been past adventures,

488
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,919
Speaker 1: but they don't actually factor into any previous episode. Alright,

489
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,720
Speaker 1: So then there's bias. This is just you know the

490
00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:31,679
Speaker 1: power of biased to influence memories. There's persistence, the failure

491
00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:35,560
Speaker 1: of of the memory system that involves the unwanted recall

492
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,600
Speaker 1: of information that it's just that is disturbing. Again. Maybe

493
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:40,560
Speaker 1: you're just trying to forget that because them movie. Yeah,

494
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:43,960
Speaker 1: I mean it sounds like the kind of film that

495
00:26:44,119 --> 00:26:46,320
Speaker 1: you know, if one if it existed and one saw it,

496
00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:47,960
Speaker 1: you might want to do you know, the only reason

497
00:26:48,119 --> 00:26:50,639
Speaker 1: I know about that movie is because of a podcast,

498
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,040
Speaker 1: that podcast How Did This Get Made? Which is all

499
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:57,400
Speaker 1: about comedians. Yeah, they just watch bad movies and talk

500
00:26:57,440 --> 00:27:01,280
Speaker 1: about them, and I remember they're conversation about how bad

501
00:27:01,359 --> 00:27:05,959
Speaker 1: that movie is stronger than I remember that movie ever existing. Man,

502
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:08,640
Speaker 1: we're still waiting for a shock to make that great film.

503
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:13,000
Speaker 1: You never saw Steal, No, I didn't. I felt I

504
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:14,960
Speaker 1: think I felt part of it. I want to see

505
00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 1: a film adaptation of Shack Fu. Yeah. So those are

506
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:22,119
Speaker 1: the seven sins of memory. Some of those are going

507
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,240
Speaker 1: to be more important than others as we move forward.

508
00:27:24,960 --> 00:27:26,760
Speaker 1: So one of the key things to keep in mind

509
00:27:26,840 --> 00:27:30,960
Speaker 1: is that that that you can have binding failures in

510
00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:34,720
Speaker 1: what's called memory binding. So this is where a false

511
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:37,560
Speaker 1: memory can certainly emerge on the individual level, So we're

512
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:40,760
Speaker 1: gonna we're gonna focus on individual false memories before we

513
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:43,879
Speaker 1: get into the idea that we can share them. So

514
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,760
Speaker 1: memory binding is the gluing together of various components of

515
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:52,719
Speaker 1: an experience into a hole. Okay, a binding failure at

516
00:27:52,760 --> 00:27:55,399
Speaker 1: the time the event occurs in action or object is

517
00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:59,240
Speaker 1: not properly bound to a particular time and place, and

518
00:27:59,320 --> 00:28:02,200
Speaker 1: these can cause the actual actions and objects to bind

519
00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:06,480
Speaker 1: together incorrectly. But they can also dragon events that we've

520
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:10,040
Speaker 1: merely thought about or imagined. So one example that the

521
00:28:10,160 --> 00:28:13,440
Speaker 1: checked always brings up is this, this real life example

522
00:28:13,640 --> 00:28:16,480
Speaker 1: of a woman who was assaulted and there was a

523
00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:20,680
Speaker 1: TV on in the room and she she was able

524
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,119
Speaker 1: to it because his binding failure, which she put the

525
00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,639
Speaker 1: face of the individual on the TV, the face of

526
00:28:25,680 --> 00:28:28,680
Speaker 1: the attacker. Now, another example he brings up is a

527
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,920
Speaker 1: particular experiment where he took younger and older adults and

528
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:34,320
Speaker 1: they were shown one object and then asked to imagine

529
00:28:34,359 --> 00:28:37,919
Speaker 1: a similar object. So they were dealing with like magnifying

530
00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:42,160
Speaker 1: glass and then a lollipop, uh, and then two dissimilar objects.

531
00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:45,400
Speaker 1: And older adults were more likely to say they'd actually

532
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:49,520
Speaker 1: seen the lollipop that they were asked to imagine instead

533
00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:53,400
Speaker 1: of the magnifying glass that they actually saw. Oh that's interesting, okay.

534
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,960
Speaker 1: And I would imagine like an empirical test like this

535
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:59,680
Speaker 1: would probably have like measurable amounts of time in between

536
00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:02,520
Speaker 1: the memories, right and now. Another this is another big

537
00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:06,480
Speaker 1: one too, is the misset attribution for the source of memories.

538
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,080
Speaker 1: So people regularly say that they read something in the newspaper,

539
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:12,280
Speaker 1: they saw it on the news, when actually a friend

540
00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,520
Speaker 1: told them, or they saw it in an advertisement or something.

541
00:29:15,960 --> 00:29:18,400
Speaker 1: So in In one particular study, and this is one

542
00:29:18,440 --> 00:29:20,960
Speaker 1: that Shafter was involved with in the N four with

543
00:29:21,920 --> 00:29:26,880
Speaker 1: hard Book and McLaughlin UH, participants with normal memories UH

544
00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:30,800
Speaker 1: were shown to regularly make mistakes of thinking they had

545
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,000
Speaker 1: acquired a trivial fact from a newspaper when actually the

546
00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,120
Speaker 1: experiment it's the experimenters themselves had supplied it. I have

547
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:41,160
Speaker 1: a similar study to talk about related to that later

548
00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:43,680
Speaker 1: in the episode. Yeah, I think this one is especially

549
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:50,320
Speaker 1: I mean, this goes beyond contemplations of of Shazam and whatnot,

550
00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:52,680
Speaker 1: because you know, clearly we're in an age now where

551
00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:54,680
Speaker 1: we have a lot of misinformation that is out there,

552
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:59,400
Speaker 1: some of it intentionally confusing, you know, can intentionally u

553
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:04,960
Speaker 1: crafted to mislead individuals, and so even you know, it's

554
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,120
Speaker 1: easy to see how people would get their memories crossed,

555
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,040
Speaker 1: especially with all the information that's coming out you're on

556
00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:12,040
Speaker 1: various social media accounts. Yeah, I think that this is

557
00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:15,200
Speaker 1: a really good example of why media literacy is so

558
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:18,840
Speaker 1: important and understanding how media is made, like whether it's

559
00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:23,440
Speaker 1: your newspaper or Wikipedia or your podcast that you're listening to, right, Like,

560
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,440
Speaker 1: like having a general idea of how that information is

561
00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:29,720
Speaker 1: coming to you, so you can judge for yourself whether

562
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,360
Speaker 1: or not that is worth storing a memory of, right

563
00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:35,480
Speaker 1: And and I think our go to with newspapers for

564
00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:39,120
Speaker 1: the longest time, maybe that's starting to fade now, was Okay,

565
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:41,840
Speaker 1: I can trust that if it's printed on that kind

566
00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:44,760
Speaker 1: of paper and that and it's in that big font,

567
00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:48,360
Speaker 1: that's a true thing. Right. But then the dangerous part

568
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:50,960
Speaker 1: is when it's days later and you have this this

569
00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:53,320
Speaker 1: fact or this viewpoint rolling around in your head and

570
00:30:53,360 --> 00:30:55,360
Speaker 1: you have to ask yourself, did I did I get

571
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:56,720
Speaker 1: that from the New York Times? Did I get that

572
00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,800
Speaker 1: from Reuters? Or did I get that from inquirer, from

573
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:03,600
Speaker 1: inquired or just or somebody on Twitter who's just very

574
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:07,520
Speaker 1: alarmist and and and therefore should I build anything on that?

575
00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:11,080
Speaker 1: Should I build any of my thoughts on that foundation? Yeah? Absolutely, Yeah.

576
00:31:11,160 --> 00:31:14,040
Speaker 1: We are definitely in a period of time where it's

577
00:31:14,280 --> 00:31:17,160
Speaker 1: very it's it's easier for this stuff to happen, I think,

578
00:31:17,640 --> 00:31:20,640
Speaker 1: and like I think it's sort of contingent upon all

579
00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:23,680
Speaker 1: of us to train ourselves to be able to sort

580
00:31:23,720 --> 00:31:26,480
Speaker 1: of what would be the term here cut the wheat

581
00:31:26,520 --> 00:31:30,800
Speaker 1: from the cheff. Now. Another memory error that is worth

582
00:31:30,880 --> 00:31:33,920
Speaker 1: the focusing on here again for the individual false memory

583
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:38,440
Speaker 1: formation is uh that of a memory conjunction error. So

584
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:41,440
Speaker 1: a memory conjunction error is is common and this occurs

585
00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:45,480
Speaker 1: when we incorrectly combine parts of previously experienced memories to

586
00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:49,400
Speaker 1: create an entirely new memory. For example, such an error

587
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:53,440
Speaker 1: has occurred when when people are remembering the you know

588
00:31:53,560 --> 00:31:56,560
Speaker 1: that they see the word toothache after viewing the words

589
00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:00,479
Speaker 1: toothpick and earache instead. I've had this occurring and referring

590
00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:04,640
Speaker 1: to notes or you know, they're just going to be

591
00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:06,760
Speaker 1: two particular words in a sentence and then they end

592
00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,680
Speaker 1: up forming together and do a different word. We had that. Okay,

593
00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,040
Speaker 1: this week, here's a little behind the scenes for your listeners.

594
00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:14,280
Speaker 1: So the other episode we're recording this week is about

595
00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:17,960
Speaker 1: Cleo Dynamics, and both Robert and I, you know, we

596
00:32:18,040 --> 00:32:20,880
Speaker 1: spent hours doing this research ahead of time, just staring

597
00:32:20,960 --> 00:32:23,400
Speaker 1: at these notes, typing them out, reading article after article

598
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:25,800
Speaker 1: after article, and reading that word over and over again,

599
00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:28,280
Speaker 1: typing that word over and over again. And yet I

600
00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:31,440
Speaker 1: could not get it to stick the landing in my brain,

601
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:34,360
Speaker 1: Like even after eight hours of reading about it. My

602
00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:36,400
Speaker 1: wife came home and said, well, what were you researching today?

603
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:41,720
Speaker 1: And I was like, uh, ker fluffle Dynamo. I don't know,

604
00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:44,120
Speaker 1: Like it couldn't It wouldn't stick for some reason. So

605
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:46,640
Speaker 1: it's Cleo dynamics. And I kept combining it in my

606
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:50,400
Speaker 1: head with Kell Deldonis, which has come up in the

607
00:32:50,440 --> 00:32:53,040
Speaker 1: past concerning like the future re virtual sex. Well that's

608
00:32:53,080 --> 00:32:55,000
Speaker 1: the other thing too, is that you and I and

609
00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:58,720
Speaker 1: Joe are just constantly absorbing so much information that it's

610
00:32:58,760 --> 00:33:01,240
Speaker 1: hard to get all of it to stick, right. Like

611
00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:02,920
Speaker 1: I think a lot of people when they meet us

612
00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:06,120
Speaker 1: assume that we have all like nine episodes we've done

613
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:10,160
Speaker 1: like at total recall in our main and it's hard.

614
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,280
Speaker 1: You know, sometimes that stuff I only remember like the main,

615
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:15,160
Speaker 1: Like I don't know three or four points of an

616
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:19,320
Speaker 1: episode six months later. Yeah, indeed, it all just become

617
00:33:19,360 --> 00:33:23,760
Speaker 1: sort of a confused jelly in there. Uh. Now, as

618
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,160
Speaker 1: we've stressed many times on the show, merely recalling a

619
00:33:27,240 --> 00:33:31,440
Speaker 1: memory also entails reconsolidation of that memory. So each memory

620
00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:33,440
Speaker 1: is a thing of soft clay, and by touching it

621
00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:35,960
Speaker 1: we alter its form. The memories you handle the most

622
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:39,040
Speaker 1: are sometimes the one you can trust the least. And uh,

623
00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:40,920
Speaker 1: and then this is an important to note to our

624
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:43,040
Speaker 1: brains work that don't work this way for you know,

625
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,880
Speaker 1: no reason. Reconsolidation can aid in learning. Its strengthens neural

626
00:33:46,920 --> 00:33:51,080
Speaker 1: connections and allows the formation of new associations. Like essentially

627
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:54,880
Speaker 1: it's about updating your knowledge of a thing. But you know,

628
00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:57,600
Speaker 1: the way the human mind works, and the complexity of

629
00:33:57,680 --> 00:33:59,680
Speaker 1: the of the of the modern human mind is that

630
00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,000
Speaker 1: you can update existing information with false information, with purely

631
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:09,080
Speaker 1: emotional information, and it just changes it over time. Uh.

632
00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:11,160
Speaker 1: And it and it also can occur just sort of

633
00:34:11,440 --> 00:34:14,759
Speaker 1: based on when you were absorbing other information. So there's

634
00:34:14,760 --> 00:34:17,480
Speaker 1: an article in Ian magazine on this on the Mandel

635
00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:20,600
Speaker 1: effect from Caitlin A. Mont and she brings up the

636
00:34:20,640 --> 00:34:24,480
Speaker 1: example of Alexander Hamilton's. So here's the here's this is

637
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:26,520
Speaker 1: all pre Hamilton's the musical. I'm not sure to what

638
00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:29,239
Speaker 1: extent that would change this, but for a lot of people,

639
00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:32,080
Speaker 1: you went to school, you learned that Alexander Hamilton's was

640
00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:34,719
Speaker 1: a founding father of the US but never a U

641
00:34:34,920 --> 00:34:39,279
Speaker 1: S president. But a study on false memories from this

642
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:43,560
Speaker 1: was published in Psychological Science titled Recognizing the Presidents was

643
00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:47,800
Speaker 1: the Alexander Hamilton's President. This looked at who most Americans

644
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,759
Speaker 1: identify as presidents, and the subjects were more likely to

645
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:55,880
Speaker 1: incorrectly select Hamilton's but not several other actual former presidents.

646
00:34:56,360 --> 00:34:59,920
Speaker 1: Hamilton's simply became encoded at the same time as the

647
00:35:00,040 --> 00:35:04,520
Speaker 1: other presidents wired together. Ben Franklin is similar to this.

648
00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:07,920
Speaker 1: That's another one where like you learn about Ben Franklin

649
00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:10,800
Speaker 1: at the same time as you learn about the founding

650
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,400
Speaker 1: fathers and the first presidents of the country, and and

651
00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:16,360
Speaker 1: and then twenty years later, as an adult, your brain

652
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:18,879
Speaker 1: just kind of wires it all together and goes, wait,

653
00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:21,120
Speaker 1: he was a president, wasn't he and then somebody goes, oh,

654
00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:24,560
Speaker 1: come on, no, he wasn't you know. Yeah, well, I

655
00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:26,360
Speaker 1: mean even you know, there was a time I remember

656
00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:29,000
Speaker 1: we where we had to in school memorize all the

657
00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:32,160
Speaker 1: president the United States in order, and you know, maybe

658
00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:34,440
Speaker 1: you even had a visual aid there with little pictures

659
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:38,520
Speaker 1: of all these guys, and and I didn't retain that completely.

660
00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:40,719
Speaker 1: I so I don't know to what extent I could

661
00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:44,279
Speaker 1: set here and and get a one when I have,

662
00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:48,279
Speaker 1: you know, presidential history exam, so I can understand how

663
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:51,560
Speaker 1: this kind of thing happens. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. Yeah, That's

664
00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:53,480
Speaker 1: one of those things where like when you when you're

665
00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:55,800
Speaker 1: little and you're learning that stuff in school, you're like

666
00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:59,879
Speaker 1: agonizing over being able to actually remember all however many

667
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,560
Speaker 1: of them there were, and now here in the present day,

668
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:05,320
Speaker 1: it's just kind of like when is there ever a

669
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:07,840
Speaker 1: moment when it comes up where it's like, if you

670
00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:12,200
Speaker 1: don't know when Grover Cleveland was president, then it's going

671
00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:17,000
Speaker 1: to be like an absolute, uh, you know, life threatening scenario. Yeah. Well,

672
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:19,960
Speaker 1: our American history education tends to be kind of rushed

673
00:36:20,239 --> 00:36:22,480
Speaker 1: and and even and even then, if you're going back

674
00:36:22,520 --> 00:36:24,880
Speaker 1: and doing deep dives, you're doing deep dives into certain

675
00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:28,280
Speaker 1: sections of history, so you know, the formation of the country,

676
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:32,280
Speaker 1: the Civil War, Uh, you know, the twentieth century history, etcetera.

677
00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,040
Speaker 1: And they're still gonna be holes and and also just

678
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:41,719
Speaker 1: something less newsworthy, less interesting phases in presidential history. But

679
00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:44,440
Speaker 1: to bring it back to Shazam. Uh, it's easy to

680
00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:47,320
Speaker 1: walk through the various ways that a vague pop culture

681
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:49,960
Speaker 1: or historical memory could get twisted around in your mind.

682
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:52,720
Speaker 1: So you remember that there was that film called Kazam.

683
00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:56,960
Speaker 1: It starts shack and shack plus Kazam kind of sounds

684
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:01,040
Speaker 1: like Shazam, which is the name of a comic book character.

685
00:37:01,120 --> 00:37:04,920
Speaker 1: So it's not just a completely new nonsense word shazam.

686
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:07,160
Speaker 1: This is like a major comic guy. Right. Yeah, they're

687
00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:09,800
Speaker 1: actually making a Shazam movie pretty soon. The rock is

688
00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,680
Speaker 1: going to be in oh man. But it's uh so Shazam.

689
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,759
Speaker 1: Here's here's a fun memory fact for you. A lot

690
00:37:16,840 --> 00:37:19,720
Speaker 1: of people thought the name of the character with Shazam

691
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:22,520
Speaker 1: for a very long time. The name of the character

692
00:37:22,640 --> 00:37:27,480
Speaker 1: is actually Captain Marvel. But he says Shazam to turn

693
00:37:27,560 --> 00:37:30,359
Speaker 1: from a little boy into like the Superman figure, right,

694
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:33,439
Speaker 1: oh man, it's that that his current power. He's really

695
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:35,680
Speaker 1: a boy. Oh yeah, he's always been like a little

696
00:37:35,719 --> 00:37:38,360
Speaker 1: ten year old kid, and and his power is to

697
00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:41,040
Speaker 1: turn into like a like a magical superman. Yeah. Oh

698
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:43,399
Speaker 1: my goodness. So this movie, we're gonna have some child

699
00:37:43,480 --> 00:37:46,320
Speaker 1: that turns into the Rock. I think the Rock is

700
00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:49,000
Speaker 1: playing the villain in this, but I'm not sure. Yeah,

701
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:51,200
Speaker 1: but it might be a child turns into the Rock. Which,

702
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:53,520
Speaker 1: by the way, that's the premise of the new Jumanji

703
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:59,000
Speaker 1: movie coming out too, that a child turns into the Rock. Yes, yes, well,

704
00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:00,920
Speaker 1: I think the bottom line though, is you're telling me

705
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,239
Speaker 1: there's still a chance that Sinbad could play Shazam and

706
00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:07,000
Speaker 1: an actual film. I think so, yeah, yeah, I mean

707
00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:11,480
Speaker 1: I don't see why this can't happen. Now. Another aspect

708
00:38:11,719 --> 00:38:13,720
Speaker 1: to all of this is the idea that the character

709
00:38:13,840 --> 00:38:17,040
Speaker 1: is a genie and uh, and the genie is, of course,

710
00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:21,080
Speaker 1: the creature of that emerges from Arabic mythology Sinbad the

711
00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:24,920
Speaker 1: actor his name is Sinbad. Sinbad of course also emerges

712
00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:28,800
Speaker 1: from from from folk tales and mythology of of the

713
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:31,640
Speaker 1: the Arab people, right, yeah, tales of a thousand and

714
00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:34,239
Speaker 1: one Nights, I think, and the timeline is right for this.

715
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:38,880
Speaker 1: You know, it's the nineties, you have various films and hopping,

716
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:41,799
Speaker 1: you know, sort of the clinging on films that come

717
00:38:41,840 --> 00:38:44,520
Speaker 1: off out around the same theme. And it's the sort

718
00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:46,839
Speaker 1: of film that you probably wouldn't have seen, the kind

719
00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:49,319
Speaker 1: of thing that just a trailer came out, you heard

720
00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:51,839
Speaker 1: about it, you didn't watch it. The false memory kind

721
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:56,280
Speaker 1: of gets stored away incorrectly. Yeah, I gotta say, Sinbad

722
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:58,600
Speaker 1: is one of these guys, and look, Sinbad, if you're listening,

723
00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:02,399
Speaker 1: this is nothing into you, buddy. But I just don't

724
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:05,239
Speaker 1: really have any memory of anything he actually was in,

725
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,600
Speaker 1: just a memory of him being a pop culture figure, right,

726
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:12,080
Speaker 1: Like I think he was in that Cosby show spent

727
00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:15,200
Speaker 1: off a different world. But other than that, I don't

728
00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:18,400
Speaker 1: remember anything he was in. Oh, I feel like he

729
00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:22,160
Speaker 1: was in. Like, here's here's a potential. If you told me, hey,

730
00:39:22,239 --> 00:39:25,319
Speaker 1: Sinbad was in Stallone's Judge Dread movie he played one

731
00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:28,040
Speaker 1: of the other judges, I would be tempted to believe you,

732
00:39:28,920 --> 00:39:31,800
Speaker 1: even though I've seen the film and and and actually

733
00:39:32,280 --> 00:39:35,359
Speaker 1: I think prefer it to the most recent Judge Dread film. Yeah,

734
00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 1: I love the new Dread film the New Dread film.

735
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:41,440
Speaker 1: The New Dread film was was was very entertaining, but um,

736
00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:43,760
Speaker 1: I feel like I feel like both of these films

737
00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:47,719
Speaker 1: get something wrong about the the the actual comic book.

738
00:39:47,880 --> 00:39:50,840
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, absolutely that it's a satire. Yeah, so I

739
00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:52,680
Speaker 1: really I really need those two films to sort of

740
00:39:52,719 --> 00:39:56,120
Speaker 1: come together into one film and and maybe it will

741
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,359
Speaker 1: in your memory after a couple of years. I need

742
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:02,840
Speaker 1: I need talking robots and and Italian nanny's and uh

743
00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,200
Speaker 1: and aliens. I need all the wacky stuff in there

744
00:40:05,239 --> 00:40:09,520
Speaker 1: to really buy into. Yeah. Alright, So at this point,

745
00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:11,200
Speaker 1: I think we've we've given you a good idea of

746
00:40:11,239 --> 00:40:14,320
Speaker 1: how the false memory of Shazam or what have you

747
00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:17,200
Speaker 1: can emerge. But what we're gonna get into after this

748
00:40:17,320 --> 00:40:19,839
Speaker 1: next break is then how do we share it? How

749
00:40:19,880 --> 00:40:22,040
Speaker 1: do we end up in this weird scenario where we're

750
00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:26,480
Speaker 1: talking to other people and and and reminiscing about things

751
00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:34,520
Speaker 1: that simply were not so alright, we're back. So, okay,

752
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:37,440
Speaker 1: we've got a little bit more from that Eon article

753
00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:40,759
Speaker 1: to discuss here about false memories leading us into what's

754
00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:44,600
Speaker 1: actually happening. Amatt argues that that a lot of this,

755
00:40:44,880 --> 00:40:46,880
Speaker 1: you know, it's going to come down to two issues.

756
00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:50,400
Speaker 1: One is definitely the case suggestibility, which we'll get to.

757
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:54,640
Speaker 1: But then there's also confabulation. So confabulation is the brain's

758
00:40:54,680 --> 00:40:57,879
Speaker 1: attempt to fill in missing memory gaps by adding fabricated

759
00:40:57,960 --> 00:41:02,440
Speaker 1: facts and experiences. This is tied to various neurological disorders

760
00:41:02,560 --> 00:41:09,520
Speaker 1: like stroke, brain injury, Alzheimer's um corsa cough syndrome, epilepsy, schizophrenia.

761
00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:12,040
Speaker 1: But here's the thing too, it can happen to healthy

762
00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:14,960
Speaker 1: individuals as well. Yeah, I have a note here about

763
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:19,160
Speaker 1: how the term is used clinically confabulation, and it refers

764
00:41:19,239 --> 00:41:23,120
Speaker 1: to memory defects that are experienced when patients have brain damage,

765
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:26,920
Speaker 1: but it also applies to everyday events, like when we

766
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:30,520
Speaker 1: embellish the truth while recounting events. For instance, she brings

767
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,280
Speaker 1: up one particular case. So there's a there's a editor

768
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:36,840
Speaker 1: with the name Epic Journeyman who apparently was key and

769
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,800
Speaker 1: and and you know, being I guess, ah, you know,

770
00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:44,440
Speaker 1: spokesman for the idea that that Shazam existed. And he

771
00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:47,000
Speaker 1: worked at a video store in the nineties and he

772
00:41:47,120 --> 00:41:50,680
Speaker 1: had to watch multiple copies of film several times to

773
00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:53,200
Speaker 1: verify that the you know, the tape wasn't damaged and

774
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:55,360
Speaker 1: they could actually rent it again or they or have

775
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,120
Speaker 1: a rent or complained they'd have to like watch it through.

776
00:41:58,840 --> 00:42:02,719
Speaker 1: And UH, so in this case, he was he was

777
00:42:03,080 --> 00:42:08,000
Speaker 1: he was engaging in this repetitive unpacking of memory. And

778
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:10,919
Speaker 1: she says that this, uh, this is a situation where

779
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,880
Speaker 1: confabulation seems to be more frequent. So that's a possibility

780
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:19,160
Speaker 1: that that's that's what occurred with this particular individual. But

781
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:25,000
Speaker 1: then to draw in uh shacters um commentary not not

782
00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:30,040
Speaker 1: particular to uh Mandela syndrome or what have you, but

783
00:42:30,239 --> 00:42:34,920
Speaker 1: just memory in general. He talks a lot about flashbulb memories.

784
00:42:35,880 --> 00:42:40,200
Speaker 1: So these are memories of events, you know, very emotional events,

785
00:42:40,239 --> 00:42:43,919
Speaker 1: such as nine eleven, uh and UH, and they're stored

786
00:42:43,920 --> 00:42:46,680
Speaker 1: in the amygdala, an emotion processing center of the brain

787
00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:53,040
Speaker 1: that is particularly involved in fear. So uh. The basic

788
00:42:53,120 --> 00:42:56,400
Speaker 1: situation here is that the a magdala focus is so

789
00:42:56,520 --> 00:42:59,520
Speaker 1: heavily on emotions that it doesn't store all the details

790
00:42:59,560 --> 00:43:02,360
Speaker 1: of an event it. But because our emotions are so

791
00:43:02,520 --> 00:43:06,759
Speaker 1: involved in recalling flashboat bald memories, we remain confident about them,

792
00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:11,080
Speaker 1: and this confidency uh spills over into poorly remember details.

793
00:43:11,719 --> 00:43:14,319
Speaker 1: So the example here is when you have people who

794
00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:17,279
Speaker 1: and this has been tested and studies, the idea that

795
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:19,880
Speaker 1: when asked, people say, oh, yeah, I remember what I

796
00:43:19,960 --> 00:43:22,720
Speaker 1: was eating for breakfast, when when eleven occurred, I remember

797
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:25,520
Speaker 1: what shirt I was wearing, you know, my shoes, and

798
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:27,520
Speaker 1: that you see examples of this in other you know,

799
00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:30,440
Speaker 1: very emotional events. Uh, the idea that it's just you know,

800
00:43:30,520 --> 00:43:34,000
Speaker 1: etched in the stone of memory. But but when when

801
00:43:34,080 --> 00:43:36,080
Speaker 1: we've been able to check up on that, we find

802
00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:38,560
Speaker 1: that that's not the case, that the brain is is

803
00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:41,600
Speaker 1: filling in the blanks and these flash bold memories. Yeah.

804
00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:44,120
Speaker 1: I mean when I think back to nine eleven, what

805
00:43:44,239 --> 00:43:46,360
Speaker 1: I was doing that morning, I don't remember what I

806
00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:49,000
Speaker 1: had for breakfast. I don't remember what I was wearing,

807
00:43:49,719 --> 00:43:53,759
Speaker 1: but I like distinctly remember being at my job, the

808
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:57,720
Speaker 1: radio being on in us listening intensely to what was happening.

809
00:43:58,120 --> 00:44:00,279
Speaker 1: And then at the time I lived in Boston, when

810
00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:04,160
Speaker 1: I looked out the windows there were fighter jets flying

811
00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:07,360
Speaker 1: overhead because the planes have flown out of logan, and

812
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:12,120
Speaker 1: I remember all those things distinctly. But I'm remembering those

813
00:44:12,280 --> 00:44:15,840
Speaker 1: memories right like it's like I'm looking at like a

814
00:44:16,360 --> 00:44:20,680
Speaker 1: like a movie file. Uh, and it's slightly distorted, right

815
00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:24,920
Speaker 1: or blurry. So all these examples we've discussed so far,

816
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:27,200
Speaker 1: these might not explain everything, but I think they're enough

817
00:44:27,239 --> 00:44:31,640
Speaker 1: to create certain individuals who are who are very confident

818
00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:34,240
Speaker 1: in their memory of something, even though that memory is false,

819
00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:36,400
Speaker 1: and then it just has to be planted in the

820
00:44:36,480 --> 00:44:39,920
Speaker 1: heads of others. And luckily we're quite susceptible to that

821
00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:42,960
Speaker 1: sort of thing. So we've already talked about misinformation, be

822
00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:46,640
Speaker 1: it you know, a deliberate misinformation campaign on social media,

823
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:50,200
Speaker 1: or me telling you know, making something up and telling

824
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:53,719
Speaker 1: somebody about the boss of a of a video game.

825
00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:59,239
Speaker 1: And in these cases it's been it's been shown in

826
00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:02,800
Speaker 1: and studies it misinformation can actually compromise the fidelity of

827
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:06,480
Speaker 1: an existing memory. Uh. This is the reason leading questions

828
00:45:06,520 --> 00:45:09,560
Speaker 1: are so frowned upon in journalism and objectionable in a

829
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:13,680
Speaker 1: court of law. If you're asking the question, that is

830
00:45:13,719 --> 00:45:18,439
Speaker 1: kind of inserting the answer into the individual's mind. Yeah.

831
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:22,239
Speaker 1: If you ever want to be more terrified by our

832
00:45:22,360 --> 00:45:25,879
Speaker 1: justice system, be on a jury for like a couple

833
00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:28,279
Speaker 1: of days and then go into the deliberation room and

834
00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:32,240
Speaker 1: see how well you and your fellow jurors remember everything

835
00:45:32,320 --> 00:45:35,160
Speaker 1: that was presented to and how you recollect it back

836
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,440
Speaker 1: to each other, because it's it's scary how everybody remembers

837
00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:41,040
Speaker 1: things a little bit differently, and then the jurors can

838
00:45:41,160 --> 00:45:44,960
Speaker 1: kind of start like convincing one another that they remembered

839
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:48,640
Speaker 1: something the wrong way necessarily or the right way. Yeah. Yeah,

840
00:45:48,840 --> 00:45:50,440
Speaker 1: I mean a lot of it relates could just basically

841
00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:53,719
Speaker 1: boils down to comments and suggestions made when a person

842
00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:56,880
Speaker 1: is trying to recall a past experience. And you know,

843
00:45:57,000 --> 00:45:58,960
Speaker 1: this ties in with some of what we talked about

844
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:03,520
Speaker 1: with alien abduction or or allegations of ritual satanic abuse

845
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:07,400
Speaker 1: where an individual, you know, and it's even more complicated.

846
00:46:07,480 --> 00:46:10,719
Speaker 1: It's a very young individual, but they're being questioned about

847
00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:14,759
Speaker 1: what happened and if their seeds being planted uh in

848
00:46:14,880 --> 00:46:17,400
Speaker 1: that questioning while they're trying to recall, then it can

849
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:20,000
Speaker 1: it can alter the memory. Yeah, when we talked about

850
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:24,360
Speaker 1: that at length, uh in the alien abduction episode. There's

851
00:46:24,719 --> 00:46:27,640
Speaker 1: all kinds of factors that can lead to faulty memories. Right,

852
00:46:27,719 --> 00:46:31,880
Speaker 1: We're talking about everything in distortions from bias to association,

853
00:46:32,040 --> 00:46:34,680
Speaker 1: to imagination sometimes even peer pressure. Right, So like the

854
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:37,880
Speaker 1: jury example, I was just giving. That's because our memory

855
00:46:37,960 --> 00:46:42,080
Speaker 1: is constructive, not reproductive. We think of it as being reproductive,

856
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:45,080
Speaker 1: but it's not. The brain actually builds memories out of

857
00:46:45,239 --> 00:46:48,160
Speaker 1: various pieces of information and then it plays them back

858
00:46:48,360 --> 00:46:51,160
Speaker 1: like a recording. And this is why when you're discussing

859
00:46:51,320 --> 00:46:55,040
Speaker 1: a memory, we often say here on the show, we

860
00:46:55,160 --> 00:46:58,400
Speaker 1: have to say, you're not remembering what happened, You're remembering

861
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:01,040
Speaker 1: the last time you remembered it, last time you watched

862
00:47:01,160 --> 00:47:04,520
Speaker 1: that file, that recording, right and real quick. Some more

863
00:47:05,239 --> 00:47:07,760
Speaker 1: notes on false memories that we covered in alien abduction,

864
00:47:08,080 --> 00:47:11,360
Speaker 1: So false memory implantation. It's important to recognize that this

865
00:47:11,520 --> 00:47:15,879
Speaker 1: does happen in hypnotherapy, but most hypnotherapists are earnest about

866
00:47:15,880 --> 00:47:20,000
Speaker 1: their desire to help patients. But experimental psychology has actually

867
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:22,960
Speaker 1: shown it's it's pretty easy to implant false memories in

868
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,480
Speaker 1: an individual's mind. So there was a study where researchers

869
00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:30,640
Speaker 1: were able to implant false memories of getting lost in

870
00:47:30,680 --> 00:47:33,319
Speaker 1: a shopping mall and participants when they never had been

871
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:35,759
Speaker 1: lost in the shopping mall. And then in another two

872
00:47:35,840 --> 00:47:39,120
Speaker 1: thousand one study, they showed that even when events are

873
00:47:39,239 --> 00:47:42,359
Speaker 1: unlikely such as alien abduction. They can be implanted as

874
00:47:42,400 --> 00:47:46,880
Speaker 1: false memories. This leads to suggestive information being presented to

875
00:47:46,920 --> 00:47:51,880
Speaker 1: the participants and that can increase the plausibility or implausibility

876
00:47:51,960 --> 00:47:55,359
Speaker 1: of an event to them. So take for example, a newspaper, right, yeah,

877
00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:57,919
Speaker 1: I mean there have been numerous studies that have back

878
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,960
Speaker 1: this up with restart showing the suggest can influence how

879
00:48:01,040 --> 00:48:04,319
Speaker 1: we perform a memory tasks, how we learned tasks are

880
00:48:04,480 --> 00:48:08,640
Speaker 1: product preference response to supplements and medications. Even so, the

881
00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:12,480
Speaker 1: placebo effect comes into play. One example personal example that

882
00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,640
Speaker 1: comes to my mind is so growing up, when my

883
00:48:15,719 --> 00:48:18,200
Speaker 1: family would have boiled eggs, like hard boiled eggs, my

884
00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:22,239
Speaker 1: mom would always enjoyed putting mustard on them. And I

885
00:48:22,840 --> 00:48:25,520
Speaker 1: don't think I actually put mustard on it. I mean

886
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:28,480
Speaker 1: I wasn't like yuck, but I didn't do it. And

887
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:30,799
Speaker 1: then at some point, like in grade school, I had

888
00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:32,799
Speaker 1: to write a story, and I wrote a story about

889
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:37,239
Speaker 1: someone who put mustard on an egg and and my

890
00:48:37,440 --> 00:48:39,200
Speaker 1: my mom got to read it. And then at some

891
00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:41,680
Speaker 1: point my mom was like, oh, you really like mustard

892
00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:43,880
Speaker 1: on your eggs. Let me get mustard out for you.

893
00:48:44,239 --> 00:48:47,320
Speaker 1: And and it ends up with me loving putting mustard

894
00:48:47,360 --> 00:48:49,400
Speaker 1: on my eggs, like like it made it happen, like

895
00:48:49,520 --> 00:48:52,759
Speaker 1: somehow the false memory got implanted in my head and

896
00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:55,640
Speaker 1: then became a reality. But I know that I didn't

897
00:48:55,680 --> 00:48:58,239
Speaker 1: always love mustard on on my egg This is a

898
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,719
Speaker 1: ridiculous thing to spend an time disgusting, but it's I

899
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:03,800
Speaker 1: think it's a mile in a mild example, and I

900
00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:06,359
Speaker 1: imagine everyone else has these mild examples as well, where

901
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:10,279
Speaker 1: the idea gets implanted in your head and becomes the reality. Yeah.

902
00:49:10,320 --> 00:49:13,719
Speaker 1: I think actually that's a really good like area, like

903
00:49:13,840 --> 00:49:17,480
Speaker 1: a fertile area for researching on. This is like things

904
00:49:17,640 --> 00:49:20,120
Speaker 1: that we have convinced ourselves that we like or don't

905
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:23,040
Speaker 1: like food wise the course of time. And then of

906
00:49:23,120 --> 00:49:25,480
Speaker 1: course with childhood memories, there's a lot of this too

907
00:49:25,640 --> 00:49:28,040
Speaker 1: where you have to ask yourself, do I remember this

908
00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:31,560
Speaker 1: or was I told that this happened by my parents

909
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:34,759
Speaker 1: and now I remember it being so right? Like your

910
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:37,759
Speaker 1: parents say, boy, you hated Brussels sprouts, And the next

911
00:49:37,760 --> 00:49:39,799
Speaker 1: time Brussels sprouts show up on your plate, You're like, wait,

912
00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:42,840
Speaker 1: do I like these are not? Yeah? Yeah, Well in

913
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:46,720
Speaker 1: nineteen there is this other study McNally and Clancy researched

914
00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:49,920
Speaker 1: memory function in women who believed that they had recovered

915
00:49:50,040 --> 00:49:53,520
Speaker 1: memories of sexual child abuse, and they found that such

916
00:49:53,680 --> 00:49:57,759
Speaker 1: victims were actually more likely to create false memories of

917
00:49:58,080 --> 00:50:01,120
Speaker 1: non traumatic events in the lab, so not false memories

918
00:50:01,160 --> 00:50:04,160
Speaker 1: of their abuse, but of non traumatic events than the

919
00:50:04,239 --> 00:50:08,080
Speaker 1: women who had always remembered being sexually abused. Uh, and

920
00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:11,319
Speaker 1: that women and also women who had never been abused. Right.

921
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,200
Speaker 1: So this is actually what led to them studying alien

922
00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:17,680
Speaker 1: abductions because they were like, we can't implant false memories

923
00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:21,160
Speaker 1: of sexual abuse in these people. That's unethical. We need

924
00:50:21,239 --> 00:50:24,359
Speaker 1: to come up with something that that we're pretty sure

925
00:50:24,440 --> 00:50:28,000
Speaker 1: didn't happen, but they that we can maybe trick them

926
00:50:28,040 --> 00:50:33,680
Speaker 1: into thinking happened. What about alien abduction? Yeah, Now, another

927
00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:40,200
Speaker 1: study on false memory implantation comes from Darren Strange, Marianne Gary,

928
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:45,880
Speaker 1: Daniel M. Bernstein that's Bernstein, not Burned Stain, and d

929
00:50:46,160 --> 00:50:50,239
Speaker 1: Stephen Lindsay and it's titled Photographs cause false Memories for

930
00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:52,160
Speaker 1: the news. This is the newspaper when I was telling

931
00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:56,239
Speaker 1: you about. In this study, participants were tested to see

932
00:50:56,239 --> 00:51:00,560
Speaker 1: if false memories were more prevalent when images were used

933
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:05,600
Speaker 1: in conjunction with words rather than when words were used alone. Okay,

934
00:51:05,960 --> 00:51:09,319
Speaker 1: So participants would look at ten newspaper headlines for four

935
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:13,319
Speaker 1: seconds each. Sometimes the headlines were real, sometimes they were fake,

936
00:51:13,719 --> 00:51:16,480
Speaker 1: and after each viewing, they were asked to rate, on

937
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,520
Speaker 1: a scale of one to five how confident they were

938
00:51:19,640 --> 00:51:23,200
Speaker 1: that they actually recognized the story. Now, when a picture

939
00:51:23,360 --> 00:51:26,560
Speaker 1: was next to the headline, participants were way more likely

940
00:51:26,640 --> 00:51:29,560
Speaker 1: to remember a false event as being a real thing,

941
00:51:30,040 --> 00:51:34,040
Speaker 1: and on the true events, the participants were totally comfortable

942
00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:36,560
Speaker 1: reporting when they did not remember it at all. So

943
00:51:36,719 --> 00:51:40,080
Speaker 1: that wasn't a factor here. It wasn't like these participants

944
00:51:40,120 --> 00:51:43,000
Speaker 1: were scared to admit they didn't know anything. They would

945
00:51:43,040 --> 00:51:46,680
Speaker 1: admit to it if they didn't remember something that actually happened. Now,

946
00:51:46,760 --> 00:51:50,480
Speaker 1: the data here supports the idea that images can cause

947
00:51:50,760 --> 00:51:54,759
Speaker 1: false memories, and according to this, memories seem to need

948
00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:58,440
Speaker 1: a support system to make them personally believable to us.

949
00:51:59,239 --> 00:52:03,200
Speaker 1: What provides that support pictures? As we searched through our memories,

950
00:52:03,280 --> 00:52:06,879
Speaker 1: we're looking for cues and we provide evidence for our

951
00:52:06,960 --> 00:52:10,360
Speaker 1: memories so we can make sure they're accurate with these images.

952
00:52:10,880 --> 00:52:13,319
Speaker 1: So this is even scarier, especially when you take into

953
00:52:13,320 --> 00:52:15,920
Speaker 1: account you and Joe talked about this in the Uncanny

954
00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:21,640
Speaker 1: Valley episodes about how easy it is to replicate uh images,

955
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:25,480
Speaker 1: And now we're getting closer to replicating video of things

956
00:52:25,719 --> 00:52:28,560
Speaker 1: people didn't actually do or say, right, Like, I just

957
00:52:28,719 --> 00:52:31,719
Speaker 1: actually related to what you guys had talked about in

958
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:34,359
Speaker 1: that episode. I just saw a video the other day

959
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:37,080
Speaker 1: that somebody did a c g I Barack Obama and

960
00:52:37,239 --> 00:52:39,279
Speaker 1: had him saying things that he didn't really say in

961
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:41,719
Speaker 1: real life, and it was it wasn't quite there yet,

962
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:43,680
Speaker 1: but you know what I'm saying, Like, we're gonna get

963
00:52:43,719 --> 00:52:45,879
Speaker 1: to a point where that can be floating around out there.

964
00:52:46,360 --> 00:52:48,680
Speaker 1: And again, media literacy is important. You need to be

965
00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:51,320
Speaker 1: able to determine is this something that I can trust

966
00:52:51,440 --> 00:52:55,200
Speaker 1: to remember my to ensure my memory is accurate, or

967
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:58,120
Speaker 1: is this something I need to like judge on a

968
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:03,320
Speaker 1: different system. Yeah, it's interesting this we're discussing the ability

969
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:06,920
Speaker 1: to use the Internet and modern technology to fact check ourselves,

970
00:53:06,960 --> 00:53:09,440
Speaker 1: because I think that's where a lot of the the

971
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:16,120
Speaker 1: situation of the Mandela effect emerges from, because we've always had,

972
00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,360
Speaker 1: you know, false information kicking around in the back of

973
00:53:18,440 --> 00:53:21,399
Speaker 1: our head, you know, and memories that have been become

974
00:53:21,480 --> 00:53:25,800
Speaker 1: skewed over time. But with the with with the Internet

975
00:53:25,840 --> 00:53:28,440
Speaker 1: at hand, with for instance, IMBB at hand, we've been

976
00:53:28,440 --> 00:53:32,200
Speaker 1: in the position to just instantly look ups and Bad's

977
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:35,919
Speaker 1: biography and see what's on there, and and so we're

978
00:53:36,080 --> 00:53:40,000
Speaker 1: forced to confront a lot of our our our false

979
00:53:40,120 --> 00:53:43,360
Speaker 1: memories and then discuss them with each other. But is

980
00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:47,680
Speaker 1: i AMDB community built the same way like Wikipedia? Oh yeah.

981
00:53:47,680 --> 00:53:51,239
Speaker 1: I don't mean to imply that IMDb is infallible, but

982
00:53:52,080 --> 00:53:54,239
Speaker 1: it is a pretty good source. And and if you

983
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:58,359
Speaker 1: do not see a film that you remember on there,

984
00:53:58,520 --> 00:54:01,520
Speaker 1: then then it's a pretty good sign that something's up.

985
00:54:01,640 --> 00:54:04,120
Speaker 1: I'm just imagining this reditor guy that you were talking

986
00:54:04,120 --> 00:54:07,520
Speaker 1: about earlier, like constantly going in and editing IMDb and

987
00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:13,000
Speaker 1: Wikipedia on Sinbad's pages and like adding Shazam there. Well,

988
00:54:13,440 --> 00:54:16,560
Speaker 1: about I guess ten years or more ago, I remember

989
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:19,560
Speaker 1: there being a few cases of films that don't exist

990
00:54:19,719 --> 00:54:23,160
Speaker 1: in IMDb that then fraudently put there, and they are

991
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:25,480
Speaker 1: always a lot of fun because they had weird descriptions.

992
00:54:26,320 --> 00:54:28,839
Speaker 1: I haven't looked into this recently, but I I don't

993
00:54:29,040 --> 00:54:31,560
Speaker 1: know that there's anything like that anymore. I would love

994
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,000
Speaker 1: to hear if there are any known false films in

995
00:54:35,160 --> 00:54:38,920
Speaker 1: IMDb or if that's something that has been completely removed

996
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:42,879
Speaker 1: through oversight or just the hive mind of the people involved. Yeah.

997
00:54:42,880 --> 00:54:45,520
Speaker 1: I get the impression just overall from Wikipedia that the

998
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:49,279
Speaker 1: act the community is so active that like I don't know,

999
00:54:49,360 --> 00:54:51,640
Speaker 1: they're they're paying attention, and they're able to sort of

1000
00:54:52,320 --> 00:54:56,719
Speaker 1: for the most part, keep things factual. I I know,

1001
00:54:57,040 --> 00:54:59,040
Speaker 1: for the most part when I visit Wikipedia. This is

1002
00:54:59,080 --> 00:55:01,000
Speaker 1: one of the reasons why we don't do our research

1003
00:55:01,080 --> 00:55:03,560
Speaker 1: based on Wikipedia. It is a good place though to

1004
00:55:03,719 --> 00:55:08,200
Speaker 1: go find sources, uh for further research, but for instance,

1005
00:55:08,280 --> 00:55:11,799
Speaker 1: like almost always, if there's an article that's in dispute,

1006
00:55:11,960 --> 00:55:14,080
Speaker 1: it's got one of those uh what do you call them?

1007
00:55:14,120 --> 00:55:15,840
Speaker 1: Like there there's like a header up on top that

1008
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:18,680
Speaker 1: lets you know, hey, some of the information in this

1009
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:23,680
Speaker 1: article is up for dispute right now. Um now Strange,

1010
00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:27,440
Speaker 1: this is Darren Strange, which is an interesting name for

1011
00:55:27,480 --> 00:55:32,320
Speaker 1: a psychologist, right right. Uh. Strange had other colleagues and

1012
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:35,239
Speaker 1: went on to publish another experiment in two thousand and eight.

1013
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,840
Speaker 1: This showed that it's easier to implant false memories and

1014
00:55:39,960 --> 00:55:43,520
Speaker 1: people for an event that supposedly happened when they were

1015
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:46,680
Speaker 1: two years old rather than when they were ten years old.

1016
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:50,600
Speaker 1: And basically this shows that our childhood memories are sparse

1017
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,440
Speaker 1: and they lack detail, so we filled them in with

1018
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:56,880
Speaker 1: distortions from other information. So going back to our food example, right,

1019
00:55:56,960 --> 00:55:59,840
Speaker 1: like things our parents tell us that we did or

1020
00:56:00,040 --> 00:56:02,919
Speaker 1: we believed or we felt, uh you know up until

1021
00:56:02,960 --> 00:56:05,359
Speaker 1: I don't know, maybe age five or something like that. Right,

1022
00:56:05,480 --> 00:56:09,040
Speaker 1: and then you sort of take that on as fact. Yeah,

1023
00:56:09,640 --> 00:56:11,879
Speaker 1: you know, I think this, Uh, this gets a little

1024
00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:16,719
Speaker 1: bit into the the power of creepy pasta because there

1025
00:56:16,760 --> 00:56:19,920
Speaker 1: are certain creepy pasta tales to sort of play on this,

1026
00:56:20,080 --> 00:56:23,600
Speaker 1: the idea that hey, everybody remembers this, right, Yeah, and

1027
00:56:23,840 --> 00:56:26,320
Speaker 1: uh and then goes from their crafting some form of

1028
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:28,879
Speaker 1: fiction that reminds me, we're coming up on October. We're

1029
00:56:28,880 --> 00:56:31,439
Speaker 1: gonna need to pull out a creepy Pasta episode again

1030
00:56:31,520 --> 00:56:34,319
Speaker 1: this year. Yeah. Yeah, I wonder if there's hopefully there's

1031
00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:36,719
Speaker 1: there's fuel for one at least one that's gotta be

1032
00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:39,440
Speaker 1: yeah part four. There was that whole TV show that

1033
00:56:39,480 --> 00:56:42,400
Speaker 1: came out after we did the last Yeah. Uh. So

1034
00:56:42,640 --> 00:56:45,920
Speaker 1: there are other studies to support mass distortions of memories.

1035
00:56:45,960 --> 00:56:47,359
Speaker 1: As well, and we're not gonna go through all of them,

1036
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:48,960
Speaker 1: but here's two more that I want to give you.

1037
00:56:49,280 --> 00:56:52,880
Speaker 1: First is, in two thousand five, Stephen Lewandowski and his

1038
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:57,239
Speaker 1: colleagues showed that Americans were more likely than Australians and

1039
00:56:57,480 --> 00:57:01,760
Speaker 1: Germans to falsely remember that actual weapons of mass destruction

1040
00:57:01,840 --> 00:57:04,719
Speaker 1: were found in Iraq. So that's pretty interesting, like like

1041
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,920
Speaker 1: your your memory distortions can be based on your national identity.

1042
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:12,320
Speaker 1: And then another study in two thousand seven showed that

1043
00:57:12,440 --> 00:57:16,360
Speaker 1: when we look at doctored photos of past public events,

1044
00:57:16,560 --> 00:57:19,440
Speaker 1: that can distort our memories. So tying back into that

1045
00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:22,400
Speaker 1: newspaper study, you have to really be careful about which

1046
00:57:22,440 --> 00:57:25,920
Speaker 1: you believe now, because it's so easy to use photoshop

1047
00:57:26,080 --> 00:57:30,360
Speaker 1: essentially right now, there's other examples where two people witness

1048
00:57:30,440 --> 00:57:32,560
Speaker 1: the same event and then they discuss it. One person's

1049
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,080
Speaker 1: memory can contaminate the other, kind of like how you

1050
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:37,760
Speaker 1: did with Top Gun the video game, Top Gun two

1051
00:57:37,960 --> 00:57:42,400
Speaker 1: the video game. Um, let's tackle quickly the two big

1052
00:57:43,360 --> 00:57:47,320
Speaker 1: Mandela effect ones though. Okay, so we've got Barren Stain

1053
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:51,480
Speaker 1: versus Barren Stein bears. Okay, maybe the explanation is just

1054
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:55,160
Speaker 1: simply that names ending in stein are more common than

1055
00:57:55,280 --> 00:57:59,600
Speaker 1: names ending in stain. But because we have this prior association,

1056
00:58:00,240 --> 00:58:04,960
Speaker 1: we think it's Barren Steaen or Nelson Mandela's death. Frankly,

1057
00:58:05,440 --> 00:58:09,000
Speaker 1: the only two moments people in America, for the most part,

1058
00:58:09,080 --> 00:58:11,600
Speaker 1: seemed to be familiar with Mandela are when he was

1059
00:58:11,680 --> 00:58:14,560
Speaker 1: imprisoned and when he died. And so it's possible that

1060
00:58:14,640 --> 00:58:17,760
Speaker 1: they're piecing together a false memory from these disparate pieces

1061
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:21,760
Speaker 1: of information. Yeah, yeah, that makes sense. Okay, So leading

1062
00:58:21,880 --> 00:58:25,440
Speaker 1: us out here, what if? What if this? What if

1063
00:58:25,680 --> 00:58:29,240
Speaker 1: this Mandela effect? Stuff that's sprinkling up and we're we're

1064
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:31,840
Speaker 1: considering it now, and I think we've gotten past the

1065
00:58:31,880 --> 00:58:34,200
Speaker 1: point that, like you and I are pretty sure this

1066
00:58:34,320 --> 00:58:37,440
Speaker 1: is an alternate dimensions at play. Yeah, I'm I'm I'm

1067
00:58:37,520 --> 00:58:40,520
Speaker 1: pretty positive. What if it's a good thing? What if

1068
00:58:40,560 --> 00:58:43,280
Speaker 1: this is a necessary thing for the human mind. In

1069
00:58:43,360 --> 00:58:48,800
Speaker 1: a paper for Frontiers in Psychology from twelve, Adam D. Brown,

1070
00:58:49,280 --> 00:58:53,600
Speaker 1: Nicole Curry, and William Hurst argued that there's growing evidence

1071
00:58:53,680 --> 00:58:57,760
Speaker 1: that the reconstructive process of memory, which includes its distortions,

1072
00:58:58,480 --> 00:59:03,680
Speaker 1: might provide us with great cognitive flexibility. So this helps,

1073
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:07,800
Speaker 1: for instance, support the construction and maintenance of your identity. Subsequently,

1074
00:59:07,960 --> 00:59:12,200
Speaker 1: the malleability of an individual's memory can then transform shared

1075
00:59:12,400 --> 00:59:15,920
Speaker 1: collections and a group. And then through social interactions, we

1076
00:59:16,080 --> 00:59:20,240
Speaker 1: try to take out distinct individual memories and make them

1077
00:59:20,320 --> 00:59:24,080
Speaker 1: converge together with other people's memories, and from this emerges

1078
00:59:24,160 --> 00:59:28,280
Speaker 1: a collective memory, which establishes our collective identity. So maybe

1079
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:31,280
Speaker 1: all of this isn't as much like a flaw in

1080
00:59:31,360 --> 00:59:34,640
Speaker 1: our programming as it is like a like a tactic,

1081
00:59:34,720 --> 00:59:39,120
Speaker 1: a strategy that the human mind uses as a social animal. Yeah,

1082
00:59:39,160 --> 00:59:41,320
Speaker 1: when you realize that your memory and recollection is not

1083
00:59:41,480 --> 00:59:44,680
Speaker 1: just this iron chain, you know, reaching back through time

1084
00:59:44,760 --> 00:59:47,880
Speaker 1: behind you, there's there's something liberating in that, Like you

1085
00:59:48,160 --> 00:59:51,160
Speaker 1: can realize that you have a certain amount of control

1086
00:59:51,760 --> 00:59:55,840
Speaker 1: over your own memories, over your own identity based on those,

1087
00:59:55,840 --> 00:59:57,400
Speaker 1: and you're not just a you know, a slave to

1088
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:02,439
Speaker 1: what has come before. Yeah, yeah, very much. So, all right, audience, Look,

1089
01:00:02,520 --> 01:00:05,520
Speaker 1: I'm dying to hear what your examples of the Mandela

1090
01:00:05,560 --> 01:00:08,640
Speaker 1: effect are, because if there are twenty two up there

1091
01:00:08,720 --> 01:00:11,040
Speaker 1: out there on buzz feed, I'm sure our audience has

1092
01:00:11,080 --> 01:00:13,440
Speaker 1: got even more than that. So let us know what

1093
01:00:13,560 --> 01:00:15,800
Speaker 1: some of your examples are. Let us know what you think,

1094
01:00:16,080 --> 01:00:17,720
Speaker 1: did we come down a little too hard on the

1095
01:00:17,720 --> 01:00:20,960
Speaker 1: alternate realities theory? Or should we do an episode on

1096
01:00:21,040 --> 01:00:24,880
Speaker 1: alternate realities in the future. Maybe we will. Yeah, and

1097
01:00:24,960 --> 01:00:27,120
Speaker 1: if you want to check out all the episodes of

1098
01:00:27,160 --> 01:00:30,160
Speaker 1: the podcast, you want to check out videos, blog, post,

1099
01:00:30,640 --> 01:00:33,440
Speaker 1: et cetera, head on over to Stuff Table your mind

1100
01:00:33,480 --> 01:00:35,960
Speaker 1: dot com. You'll also find links out to our various

1101
01:00:36,040 --> 01:00:39,920
Speaker 1: social media accounts. That's right, We're on Facebook, Twitter, Tumbler,

1102
01:00:40,000 --> 01:00:43,920
Speaker 1: and Instagram. We also have our brand new Facebook discussion

1103
01:00:44,040 --> 01:00:47,000
Speaker 1: module up for people who want to chat with each

1104
01:00:47,080 --> 01:00:50,720
Speaker 1: other about the show in particular, or you can maybe

1105
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:53,760
Speaker 1: sometimes get find us in there. Were occasionally lurking around

1106
01:00:53,760 --> 01:00:55,760
Speaker 1: in there, and we'll comment on things as well. Yeah,

1107
01:00:55,880 --> 01:00:58,280
Speaker 1: it's a fun thread. They just popped up in there

1108
01:00:58,640 --> 01:01:04,360
Speaker 1: in the last a few hours us about contemplations of mortality. Yeah,

1109
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:06,760
Speaker 1: so stuff like that's pretty fun. Doesn't even necessarily tie

1110
01:01:06,800 --> 01:01:09,280
Speaker 1: and directly to an episode. Uh. And Hey, if you

1111
01:01:09,320 --> 01:01:11,720
Speaker 1: want to reach out to us directly and get in

1112
01:01:11,800 --> 01:01:15,840
Speaker 1: touch and discuss this episode or others make suggestions, you

1113
01:01:15,920 --> 01:01:18,360
Speaker 1: can do so by emailing us at below the mind

1114
01:01:18,440 --> 01:01:30,520
Speaker 1: and how Stuff works dot com For more on this

1115
01:01:30,720 --> 01:01:33,200
Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, does it, how stuff works,

1116
01:01:33,240 --> 01:01:33,640
Speaker 1: dot com