WEBVTT - Bad Science Questions 0:00:07.800 --> 0:00:10.440 Hey, Daniel, what's your favorite science fiction movie? I think 0:00:10.440 --> 0:00:13.360 my favorite one is probably Primer. Primer, What do you 0:00:13.400 --> 0:00:15.880 like about it? I like that it tells like counterintuitive 0:00:15.880 --> 0:00:18.920 tale of time travel, but it actually really tries to 0:00:18.960 --> 0:00:20.560 hold true to the rules. Like they set up some 0:00:20.680 --> 0:00:23.200 rules and they follow them and the results are not 0:00:23.239 --> 0:00:24.759 what you expect. But then you think about you like, 0:00:24.800 --> 0:00:28.160 actually that makes perfect sense. So it's like clever, it's insightful. 0:00:28.200 --> 0:00:31.800 That's the best science fiction. It's like new idea, insightful. Uh, 0:00:32.360 --> 0:00:35.360 comments about how it impacts reality and human life, right, 0:00:35.360 --> 0:00:37.360 but they don't even try to explain how they achieve 0:00:37.400 --> 0:00:39.760 a time travel right, like at all. There's a little 0:00:39.760 --> 0:00:42.120 bit of YadA YadA YadA there, you know, like trying 0:00:42.120 --> 0:00:44.200 to do this YadA YadA YadA. Oops, look what happened? 0:00:44.200 --> 0:00:46.839 We can travel with time? Yeah exactly. But you know 0:00:46.880 --> 0:00:49.839 it's science fiction. It's not technology fiction or engineering fiction. Right. 0:00:49.880 --> 0:00:51.839 It's like, imagine we had this new thing of science, 0:00:52.120 --> 0:00:53.800 what would it would be like in our world? And 0:00:53.880 --> 0:00:57.640 can you make a consistent story? Yeah exactly, which is 0:00:57.720 --> 0:01:00.480 really a challenge. And as you know, because I've complained 0:01:00.480 --> 0:01:03.600 about it bitterly, most time travel movies are horribly inconsistent, 0:01:03.680 --> 0:01:07.720 untially implausible. If only you could go back in time 0:01:07.760 --> 0:01:10.800 and fix fix those plots. Yeah, I would just cancel 0:01:10.880 --> 0:01:15.319 all those projects, but then you wouldn't have seen them, 0:01:15.319 --> 0:01:17.959 and you wouldn't be inspired too, and they would be 0:01:18.000 --> 0:01:20.240 made again, and then I would cancel them and we'd 0:01:20.280 --> 0:01:22.920 be stuck in a loop forever. Yeah, but I'll be 0:01:22.920 --> 0:01:24.399 watching a lot of movies, so I guess that's not 0:01:24.440 --> 0:01:29.200 too bad. Yeah, you were creating a paradox, and the 0:01:29.360 --> 0:01:50.400 entertainment paradox exactly. Hi, I'm Hormma cartoonists and the creator 0:01:50.440 --> 0:01:53.760 of PhD comments. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, 0:01:54.000 --> 0:01:56.720 and I'm not the creator of any online comic website 0:01:56.920 --> 0:02:00.640 yet yet. And welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge 0:02:00.720 --> 0:02:03.880 Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio in 0:02:03.920 --> 0:02:06.240 which we try to take the universe apart, piece by 0:02:06.280 --> 0:02:09.600 piece and shove them down your ear whole, I guess, 0:02:09.680 --> 0:02:15.800 your wormhole brain exactly. We try to transmit them from 0:02:15.840 --> 0:02:17.800 our brain to your brain in a way that actually 0:02:17.840 --> 0:02:20.600 makes sense, so you can impress your mom or boyfriend 0:02:21.040 --> 0:02:22.880 or kids when you talk to them about it. Today, 0:02:22.919 --> 0:02:26.040 we have an extra special kind of question episode in 0:02:26.040 --> 0:02:29.520 which we're taking questions from a friend. So today on 0:02:29.560 --> 0:02:32.560 the program we have Ethan Edinburgh, the host of the 0:02:32.600 --> 0:02:36.560 podcast Bad Science. Welcome Ethan, Hey, thanks for having me. 0:02:36.720 --> 0:02:38.960 I'm very delighted to be here. I also have no 0:02:39.639 --> 0:02:44.239 comic series on the internet, so yeah, but I will 0:02:44.240 --> 0:02:46.440 say that no one would enjoy it because my drawing 0:02:46.480 --> 0:02:52.920 abilities are very bad, so bad, the worst have you 0:02:52.960 --> 0:02:57.960 have you seen? The internet? Okay, figures? Really I wasted 0:02:58.000 --> 0:02:59.560 a lot of time trying to learn how to draw. 0:03:00.000 --> 0:03:02.800 Apparently I just have to use stick figures. So maybe 0:03:02.800 --> 0:03:05.920 I'm good. Here you go. Maybe after this, after this episode, 0:03:05.919 --> 0:03:07.799 you'll give it a shot. Yeah. Well, well we're really 0:03:07.800 --> 0:03:09.880 happy you're here, right then, Ethan. Um, so, tell us 0:03:09.880 --> 0:03:12.639 a little bit about the podcast Bad Science and where 0:03:12.639 --> 0:03:14.760 people can find it, and a little bit about yourself 0:03:16.040 --> 0:03:18.720 promoting bad Science. That's what happens in your podcast? All 0:03:18.720 --> 0:03:21.240 about Gwyneth Paltrow. Yeah, pretty much, that's all that. We 0:03:21.280 --> 0:03:24.840 talk about, her little gene shorts and the Avengers. Uh No, 0:03:25.000 --> 0:03:28.120 Bad Science. I sit down with a comedian and a 0:03:28.160 --> 0:03:32.960 scientist every week and we discussed the inaccuracies of films. 0:03:33.400 --> 0:03:37.920 So anything from Alien to Star Wars to whatever we 0:03:38.040 --> 0:03:39.920 go through and we have a different scientist and we 0:03:39.960 --> 0:03:42.440 talk about their expertise and try to get down to 0:03:42.600 --> 0:03:44.880 what's going on there, and I you know, butt in 0:03:44.920 --> 0:03:46.840 with my stupid questions as I'm sure I'm gonna ask 0:03:46.880 --> 0:03:49.840 you guys today. Uh. And the comedian also, you know, 0:03:49.920 --> 0:03:53.680 most comedians, I feel, are like really curious about the world. 0:03:53.960 --> 0:03:56.600 So they, you know, also think it's necessary to be 0:03:56.640 --> 0:04:00.480 curious to be a comedian. Oh that's a good one, probably, Yeah, 0:04:00.520 --> 0:04:05.200 I think so, or at least nitpicky you know this way. 0:04:05.520 --> 0:04:07.840 How do people think that's reasonable? I don't know. I 0:04:08.240 --> 0:04:10.760 was just having this argument with a friend where you know, 0:04:10.800 --> 0:04:12.720 they were like, is it bad that we've complained a lot? 0:04:12.960 --> 0:04:14.760 And I've said, like, I don't know. If it might 0:04:14.840 --> 0:04:18.440 be a show. It might show that we're able to 0:04:18.600 --> 0:04:23.080 dissect the world instead of just accept what's going on. Uh. 0:04:23.080 --> 0:04:25.080 And so I think for comedy that that might be. 0:04:25.200 --> 0:04:28.400 You know, that's like Jerry Seinfeldt whole career. That's observational comedy. Yeah, 0:04:28.480 --> 0:04:31.400 it's like, why is this this way? That's science basically right. Yeah. 0:04:31.600 --> 0:04:33.200 So it's so it's a show where you make sort 0:04:33.200 --> 0:04:35.800 of a comedian and a scientist on different topics. U 0:04:36.040 --> 0:04:38.360 and so you sort of have that sort of accessibility 0:04:38.440 --> 0:04:40.560 of the science but also funny. So it's a very 0:04:40.640 --> 0:04:43.840 kind of show. It's a show that's very kind of 0:04:43.880 --> 0:04:46.919 in the spirit is our show. Yes, yeah, you'd like 0:04:47.000 --> 0:04:49.480 to show it. You should definitely check out Bad Science. 0:04:49.680 --> 0:04:51.200 I think you're saying on our show, one of us 0:04:51.240 --> 0:04:53.440 is smart and one of us is funny. I'm saying 0:04:53.600 --> 0:04:59.600 neither of us are smart or funny. Writing that that 0:04:59.760 --> 0:05:01.960 really down into the bottom there. No, I think it's 0:05:02.000 --> 0:05:04.920 great to to educate people in an entertaining way, which 0:05:04.960 --> 0:05:09.760 I think you guys do expertly. I do mediocre, But 0:05:09.760 --> 0:05:11.800 but the podcast I think is a great way to 0:05:12.240 --> 0:05:13.840 It's a great medium for that where it's like, oh, 0:05:13.880 --> 0:05:15.160 I want to learn a bunch of stuff, but I 0:05:15.200 --> 0:05:17.359 don't want to be bored by it, you know, I 0:05:17.400 --> 0:05:20.520 also want to know about you know, the Secret Men 0:05:20.520 --> 0:05:23.040 in Black Trivia at the same time, So that's kind 0:05:23.080 --> 0:05:25.520 of the basis there. Cool and so Daniel and I 0:05:25.560 --> 0:05:28.960 were just guests on your podcast, Yes, and so that 0:05:29.000 --> 0:05:32.080 will because that should probably already be out now, So 0:05:32.120 --> 0:05:35.240 you can definitely check that out. Bad science. Yes, so fun. 0:05:35.279 --> 0:05:37.520 Thank you guys again for doing that. Great time. Yeah, 0:05:37.560 --> 0:05:39.240 and it was great. We sat around and talked for 0:05:39.279 --> 0:05:42.119 an hour about the Avengers. Yeah, and the science behind 0:05:42.120 --> 0:05:45.800 the Avengers and the stretches of the imagination in Avengers 0:05:45.880 --> 0:05:48.599 and and so you should definitely check that out. Yes, yes, 0:05:48.720 --> 0:05:51.360 the guys, the bad science, the engineering, all of it. 0:05:51.400 --> 0:05:52.720 It was a lot of fun. Yeah, there was a 0:05:52.920 --> 0:05:57.120 very there was a vicious engineering verse science debate that 0:05:57.160 --> 0:05:58.560 happened that I just kind of I was in the 0:05:58.600 --> 0:06:02.000 front row pop or like watching your parents argued. It's 0:06:02.000 --> 0:06:06.240 like Ques, I loved it. Like to create a little 0:06:06.240 --> 0:06:08.760 bit of tention on the podcast, I mean not on purpose, 0:06:08.800 --> 0:06:12.400 but if it's there, I'm highlighting it. I want to 0:06:12.400 --> 0:06:19.160 see that layout. Cool. Well, today, Ethan, we're answering your 0:06:19.200 --> 0:06:22.200 science questions. Yes, and so tell us what's your kind 0:06:22.200 --> 0:06:24.960 of relationship to science? Have you been interested in in it? 0:06:25.160 --> 0:06:29.760 I'm a very curious man. I have these questions all 0:06:29.800 --> 0:06:32.240 the time. I I've used my podcast as a way 0:06:32.240 --> 0:06:36.520 to like as a self serving way to learn, but 0:06:36.600 --> 0:06:38.880 I still have just endless questions. So I'm happy to 0:06:38.920 --> 0:06:41.680 be here and ask you guys. But my relationship with 0:06:41.720 --> 0:06:46.440 science is probably somewhat typical. I was in classes in school. 0:06:46.480 --> 0:06:50.440 I've had anatomy and chemistry and these types of things, 0:06:50.440 --> 0:06:52.440 and I was always fascinated by it. Not very good 0:06:52.480 --> 0:06:54.200 at it, just so you guys know, don't have a 0:06:54.200 --> 0:06:57.480 PhD like you guys, So I've would I love science, 0:06:57.600 --> 0:07:01.360 love to learn about it and deal somehow after a 0:07:01.440 --> 0:07:04.080 year of doing the podcast, feel like I know nothing, 0:07:04.640 --> 0:07:08.719 and but it does, uh make me really happy to 0:07:08.800 --> 0:07:11.600 learn that there's so much there's so many areas of 0:07:11.640 --> 0:07:14.160 science that scientists don't know anything about. So that makes 0:07:14.200 --> 0:07:15.720 me feel like, Okay, we're kind of in the same 0:07:15.760 --> 0:07:17.320 boat here when it comes to like you said, like 0:07:17.400 --> 0:07:20.240 dark matter, dark energy. Uh, I don't know if I'm 0:07:20.240 --> 0:07:23.320 even saying that right, what a schmuck, But definitely, I 0:07:23.360 --> 0:07:27.240 think it's definitely impossible for anyone human being to know 0:07:27.360 --> 0:07:31.120 everything that all humans know, you know, like anymore. Yeah, 0:07:31.120 --> 0:07:33.360 we're all expert. You're expert in something and you know, 0:07:33.840 --> 0:07:36.440 um and things that we have no idea about. Great, 0:07:36.840 --> 0:07:38.720 So yeah, I mean I'll teach you guys from Jazz 0:07:38.760 --> 0:07:43.600 Chords after this we can hang out in the show 0:07:43.600 --> 0:07:45.720 where big believers in the idea that You don't need 0:07:45.760 --> 0:07:48.920 a degree or a PhD to participate in science, to 0:07:49.080 --> 0:07:52.960 ask interesting questions about science, to you know, to learn 0:07:53.040 --> 0:07:56.240 from it and or even contribute to the search for it. Yeah. 0:07:56.360 --> 0:07:58.240 Science is a part of being human, you see, especially 0:07:58.280 --> 0:08:01.200 in kids, right, Kids ask the best questions because they're 0:08:01.240 --> 0:08:03.520 curious about the world. We all want to understand the world. 0:08:03.960 --> 0:08:06.360 And something else else really exciting about it is that 0:08:06.360 --> 0:08:08.240 there are big questions. You don't need a science to 0:08:08.280 --> 0:08:10.720 be to understand the questions. Right, You're saying, what is 0:08:10.800 --> 0:08:13.360 dark energy? How the universe begin? These are fun questions 0:08:13.360 --> 0:08:15.280 everybody wants to know the answer to. Well, today you 0:08:15.320 --> 0:08:18.760 have four really interesting and tough questions, I think for 0:08:19.040 --> 0:08:22.040 Daniel here right now, for us here today, you have 0:08:22.120 --> 0:08:25.120 questions about the recent black hole picture, Yes, the photo 0:08:25.160 --> 0:08:27.720 of the black hole. Yes, you have questions about Jupiter 0:08:27.800 --> 0:08:30.120 and what's the core of it? And questions about the 0:08:30.120 --> 0:08:33.319 big band and the future of humanity. So not small 0:08:33.400 --> 0:08:36.520 questions here even. No, Yes, I'm going big today. I'm 0:08:36.559 --> 0:08:40.320 here to light a fire. Questions about secret jelly belly 0:08:40.320 --> 0:08:42.800 flavors or anything. We're going big. You know, we're going big. 0:08:43.320 --> 0:08:44.839 Uh Yeah, I mean I don't know which one you 0:08:44.840 --> 0:08:46.640 guys want to start with. I know, I feel like 0:08:46.640 --> 0:08:50.040 the future of Earth one is it might be like grim. 0:08:50.440 --> 0:08:53.000 So I don't know, Like sometimes we get into that 0:08:53.120 --> 0:08:55.400 zone on bad Signs and I feel like, oh no, 0:08:55.400 --> 0:08:57.080 we gotta like get away from this because it's like 0:08:57.559 --> 0:08:59.760 it's dark. You know where we're at right now a 0:08:59.760 --> 0:09:02.880 little bit. But you're assuming the future of humanities is grim? 0:09:02.960 --> 0:09:06.320 Is that? I just think that we could go there, 0:09:06.520 --> 0:09:08.079 That's all I'm saying. So, I don't know if you 0:09:08.120 --> 0:09:09.760 want to leave that one for last. I'm just throwing 0:09:09.800 --> 0:09:11.440 it out there. I feel like there's a good, good 0:09:11.440 --> 0:09:17.440 one to end on. Then we'll end with the band well, 0:09:17.480 --> 0:09:21.560 I mean, assuming people are still listening by then. By 0:09:21.600 --> 0:09:23.400 the end of the maybe you'll have ended by then, 0:09:23.640 --> 0:09:25.480 in which case it's all. I mean, you never know. 0:09:25.640 --> 0:09:27.280 Somebody in the missile silo is going to press the 0:09:27.320 --> 0:09:29.800 button just before they listen to that part of the podcast. 0:09:29.840 --> 0:09:31.640 We just need Tony Stark to go after it and 0:09:31.760 --> 0:09:36.520 catch it, throw it into a portal, our wormhole, defense 0:09:36.679 --> 0:09:39.080 plot hole, a plot hole, or a wormhole. I don't know. 0:09:39.120 --> 0:09:41.600 It was gonna fell the same thing the Avengers movie. 0:09:41.679 --> 0:09:45.520 Maybe with that let's take a break. We'll be back 0:09:45.600 --> 0:10:01.920 in just a short minute. Yeah. The recent discovery or 0:10:02.040 --> 0:10:04.520 or advancement I guess is this picture is the black 0:10:04.520 --> 0:10:08.120 hole picture, which which I thought did look like the 0:10:08.160 --> 0:10:12.520 Interstellar like rendering of a black pretty pretty close. Yeah, 0:10:12.760 --> 0:10:15.160 so cool. I thought it looked more like a fuzzy donut, 0:10:15.360 --> 0:10:18.200 actually a fuzzy oh yeah, a little bit. It looks 0:10:18.240 --> 0:10:20.520 like a Krispy Cream donut. Yeah. Well that's my impression 0:10:20.520 --> 0:10:24.520 of the whole movie Interstellar. It's a bit of a 0:10:25.040 --> 0:10:29.280 stales mushy uh sale. But there were people online who 0:10:29.320 --> 0:10:31.360 thought it was all faked, it wasn't a real picture 0:10:31.400 --> 0:10:33.520 of a black hole, and it was actually a picture 0:10:33.640 --> 0:10:36.680 of a donut. Like literally, that would have been a 0:10:36.720 --> 0:10:39.000 great hope. Really yeah, I kind of want that to 0:10:39.000 --> 0:10:41.679 be true. Now. That would assume a sense of humor 0:10:42.080 --> 0:10:46.720 in scientists which you have never found, which does not exist, 0:10:46.840 --> 0:10:52.360 can which could be disproved by the existence of really 0:10:52.360 --> 0:10:55.880 funny science podcasts, which a year right here are so 0:10:56.120 --> 0:10:57.960 there's a few of them out there that are good. 0:10:58.240 --> 0:11:02.640 Uh So. I was getting very briefly, very brief research 0:11:02.679 --> 0:11:05.320 on this, but they needed and I can't. It was 0:11:05.360 --> 0:11:07.360 like what was the name of it was like the 0:11:07.440 --> 0:11:09.920 name of the hard drives were ridiculous. I can't remember 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:12.320 what it was called. But they needed these like extra 0:11:12.480 --> 0:11:16.640 huge hard drive you know, tara flops or some I 0:11:16.640 --> 0:11:21.320 don't know what it was. Caps of data. Yeah, but 0:11:21.440 --> 0:11:25.079 jiga blop, thank you. It'snd like a Rick and Morty alien. 0:11:25.679 --> 0:11:27.840 But yeah, no, they needed like, I don't know, a 0:11:27.880 --> 0:11:30.120 bunch of data too. And I saw a picture of it. 0:11:30.120 --> 0:11:33.720 There's like a lady with like rows of these hard drives, 0:11:34.040 --> 0:11:35.720 which I thought was really cool. I didn't know if 0:11:35.720 --> 0:11:37.480 you guys knew about that, but it was like it 0:11:37.559 --> 0:11:40.400 was years in the making to get this picture. So 0:11:40.960 --> 0:11:43.679 a why was it years in the making? What were 0:11:43.679 --> 0:11:46.520 they doing for these years? Why is it so much data? 0:11:47.040 --> 0:11:50.000 And what are we looking at here? Yeah, these are 0:11:50.040 --> 0:11:52.720 great questions. I think it's really sort of too fascinating 0:11:52.760 --> 0:11:55.040 aspects there. One is like how did they do it? 0:11:55.200 --> 0:11:57.200 Like the technology of it while it was it hard? 0:11:57.200 --> 0:11:59.040 Why did it take so many years? And number two 0:11:59.040 --> 0:12:02.000 like what does it mean? So how did they do it? Yeah? 0:12:02.040 --> 0:12:04.319 Maybe it stepp us through like the just the problem 0:12:04.480 --> 0:12:07.800 of taking a picture of a black hole in the 0:12:07.840 --> 0:12:11.200 center of the universe, the center of the galaxy. Uh, 0:12:11.440 --> 0:12:13.360 like you know what does that even mean? Like how 0:12:13.400 --> 0:12:16.280 far away is it? What's preventing us from just looking 0:12:16.320 --> 0:12:18.920 at it? Yeah, and falling into it and daring also 0:12:18.960 --> 0:12:22.080 a good question, right, right, So folks probably remember, black 0:12:22.080 --> 0:12:24.560 holes are like really really dense, right, so dense that 0:12:24.600 --> 0:12:27.599 the gravity inside the black hole is strong enough to 0:12:27.679 --> 0:12:30.920 bend space so nothing can escape, right, So it's black 0:12:31.000 --> 0:12:34.240 because photons even can't escape it. So if you would 0:12:34.240 --> 0:12:35.760 just like saw a black hole in the middle of 0:12:35.840 --> 0:12:38.200 nowhere with nothing around it, it it would be invisible. So 0:12:38.280 --> 0:12:41.760 I can't really see a black hole directly, scary, Yeah, 0:12:41.880 --> 0:12:44.080 unless something passes behind it, right, then you could see 0:12:44.080 --> 0:12:46.400 like it's shadow. Um. And we did a whole podcast 0:12:46.440 --> 0:12:48.360 episode about what is it like to see a black hole? 0:12:48.400 --> 0:12:50.520 How can you see them? And the short answer is 0:12:50.600 --> 0:12:52.320 you can't see the black hole directly, but you can 0:12:52.360 --> 0:12:54.880 see this stuff around it. So, for example, you have 0:12:54.920 --> 0:12:57.920 a black hole, it's gobbling gas, right, it's like sucking 0:12:57.960 --> 0:13:00.920 stuff up from somewhere, and the stuff hasn't yet gone 0:13:00.960 --> 0:13:03.640 into the black hole. It's like swirling around it. It's 0:13:03.679 --> 0:13:06.559 called the accretion disk. That stuff is getting hot and 0:13:06.920 --> 0:13:10.240 confused and upset and banging into itself and emitting like 0:13:10.440 --> 0:13:13.240 gamma rays and radio waves and all sorts of radiation. 0:13:13.400 --> 0:13:15.280 And you can see that. That's the part you can 0:13:15.320 --> 0:13:18.400 actually see. Oh but they took pictures of two black 0:13:18.400 --> 0:13:20.199 holes or just one black hole? I think they took 0:13:20.240 --> 0:13:22.240 pictures of two. They've only released one that I've seen 0:13:22.280 --> 0:13:24.400 so far, Okay, and where where is that black hole? 0:13:24.440 --> 0:13:26.520 And so one that they looked at is in the 0:13:26.559 --> 0:13:28.040 center of our galaxy, right in the center of the 0:13:28.080 --> 0:13:29.800 Milky Way. They haven't released that one yet. The other 0:13:29.840 --> 0:13:32.880 one is in another galaxy. And the difficulty of seeing 0:13:32.880 --> 0:13:34.960 black holes I think you're really into is that black 0:13:34.960 --> 0:13:36.960 holes are at the center of galaxies and they're surrounded 0:13:37.000 --> 0:13:39.240 by huge blobs of stuff. So you just like look 0:13:39.280 --> 0:13:40.760 in the center of the galaxy, you're gonna see the 0:13:40.760 --> 0:13:43.080 stuff around the black hole, like the dust and the 0:13:43.160 --> 0:13:45.440 gas and all that stuff. It's hard to see through 0:13:45.480 --> 0:13:49.200 that um And these galaxies are really far away. So 0:13:49.240 --> 0:13:51.280 this galaxy that they were looking at is really far 0:13:51.320 --> 0:13:54.520 away and makes the black hole like super duper tiny. 0:13:55.440 --> 0:13:57.880 It seems almost impossible to me. I mean, you can't 0:13:57.880 --> 0:13:59.640 even see galaxies when you look at the night sky 0:13:59.880 --> 0:14:02.120 or if you see one, they're not that big, right, 0:14:02.120 --> 0:14:04.880 It's just like a little fuzzy oval. And so you're 0:14:04.880 --> 0:14:07.320 saying that we actually took a picture of a black 0:14:07.360 --> 0:14:12.920 hole inside of that little tiny blob that's bright. Yeah, exactly. 0:14:13.120 --> 0:14:15.640 It's amazing because if you use the Hubble, like the telescope, 0:14:15.679 --> 0:14:17.480 the best telescope we have in space, to zoom in 0:14:17.480 --> 0:14:20.120 on those galaxies, you can get pretty nice pictures. But 0:14:20.160 --> 0:14:22.440 if you take like a single pixel from the Hubble, 0:14:22.800 --> 0:14:25.480 the black hole is like a tiny, tiny, tiny tiny 0:14:25.520 --> 0:14:28.960 thing inside a single pixel of the most powerful telescope. 0:14:29.280 --> 0:14:31.720 So one problem is they're basically invisible. The other one 0:14:31.760 --> 0:14:34.400 is it's small and really really far away. So this 0:14:34.480 --> 0:14:37.040 is a hard thing to look at. Wow, okay, I 0:14:37.080 --> 0:14:40.080 mean I'm confused by a few things. Number one, conspiracy 0:14:40.080 --> 0:14:46.040 corner here. Why not release the other pictures? You said 0:14:46.080 --> 0:14:48.760 they have two, and one's released and one's not. So 0:14:48.880 --> 0:14:53.280 what's the government hiding the question? Aliens and chocolate. That's 0:14:53.360 --> 0:14:55.560 usually the answer that the picture of it's like the 0:14:55.600 --> 0:14:57.440 black hole, but then there's like an alien doing a 0:14:57.480 --> 0:15:00.520 selfie chocolate. I want to see that they found the 0:15:00.520 --> 0:15:02.680 tests act No, I think they're just not done processing 0:15:02.680 --> 0:15:05.680 that one yet. Um, so it's coming out, Yeah, good, 0:15:05.960 --> 0:15:08.280 it's coming out. They're staggering them like Game of Thrones. 0:15:09.760 --> 0:15:13.600 It's not a binge worthy. They're waiting for the ad campaign, 0:15:13.680 --> 0:15:15.440 you know, they get the right sponsors and all that 0:15:15.520 --> 0:15:18.200 kind of stuff. Um. And the reason it took so 0:15:18.240 --> 0:15:20.480 long is that it's really far away and it's tiny, 0:15:21.080 --> 0:15:23.760 and um, the wavelength of light that we used to 0:15:23.760 --> 0:15:27.520 see it radio waves are really really large, and so 0:15:27.560 --> 0:15:30.080 in order to see something really really far away you 0:15:30.160 --> 0:15:33.040 need a really really big telescope. You gotta gather enough light. 0:15:33.480 --> 0:15:36.720 And also, because the length of the light waves is 0:15:36.760 --> 0:15:38.840 so large compared to the size of the thing in 0:15:38.880 --> 0:15:42.800 the distance, you need basically an earth size telescope. Jesus. Yeah, 0:15:42.960 --> 0:15:45.240 so we don't have that. We don't really have that. 0:15:45.280 --> 0:15:47.080 We don't have a single telescope that's the size of 0:15:47.080 --> 0:15:49.200 the Earth. Right. But what they did is they said, 0:15:49.280 --> 0:15:52.200 let's take a bunch of telescopes all around the Earth, okay, 0:15:52.280 --> 0:15:54.960 and take pictures from each of those little ones, and 0:15:55.000 --> 0:15:57.560 then pretend that they're all part of a bigger telescope. 0:15:58.000 --> 0:15:59.800 And you're thinking, okay, but you're missing most of the 0:15:59.800 --> 0:16:01.760 tell lescope. And that's true, but you know, the Earth 0:16:01.880 --> 0:16:04.360 spins and rotates, so you can sort of like fill 0:16:04.400 --> 0:16:08.200 in the gaps. So you're never taking one earth size picture. 0:16:08.240 --> 0:16:10.320 But if you wait a few years and then you 0:16:10.400 --> 0:16:13.720 collect elevent good jiggle blocks of data and analyze it, 0:16:13.920 --> 0:16:17.120 you can reconstruct the black hole. Because it's not like 0:16:17.160 --> 0:16:19.760 an action shot, right, it's not like in motion. This 0:16:19.800 --> 0:16:23.040 is like integrated over years a single picture. And as 0:16:23.080 --> 0:16:25.600 the Earth rotates around the Sun too, right, did that 0:16:25.680 --> 0:16:29.160 give us an actually a little bit of like coverage. Yeah, 0:16:29.200 --> 0:16:31.800 exactly exactly after Earth spins and it rotates, and you know, 0:16:32.120 --> 0:16:34.440 our galaxy is moving compared to that galaxy, and so 0:16:34.480 --> 0:16:36.600 we get all these different angles and you have to 0:16:36.600 --> 0:16:39.000 add them all up to get one picture. So it's 0:16:39.000 --> 0:16:42.480 not a picture. It's not a snapshot of a moment 0:16:42.680 --> 0:16:47.200 of this black hole's life. It's uh combination of a 0:16:47.240 --> 0:16:49.920 bunch of cameras taking a bunch of pictures and then 0:16:50.080 --> 0:16:51.920 for a long time. Yeah, it's like say you had 0:16:51.920 --> 0:16:54.120 a statue in a town square and you had a 0:16:54.120 --> 0:16:56.680 picture from somebody's tourist photo of the back of it, 0:16:56.880 --> 0:16:58.480 and then a year later, somebody took a picture of 0:16:58.520 --> 0:17:00.200 the front of it. A year later some it took 0:17:00.200 --> 0:17:01.920 a picture of the side and you put together like 0:17:01.920 --> 0:17:04.040 a three TV construction and what that statue looked like. 0:17:04.480 --> 0:17:06.719 Because Satu is not moving, it's pretty cool you can 0:17:06.760 --> 0:17:10.000 do that. But the stuff around the black hole is moving, right, 0:17:10.160 --> 0:17:12.480 I mean, can we do we know how fast that 0:17:12.560 --> 0:17:14.879 stuff to move, like the speed at which it's getting 0:17:15.160 --> 0:17:20.159 sucked into the abyss. Yeah, it's moving really fast. Um 0:17:20.200 --> 0:17:23.560 it's getting sucked in there. And um I was glowing. Right, 0:17:23.560 --> 0:17:26.679 It's it's like it's falling and being shredded so fast 0:17:26.720 --> 0:17:28.919 that it just it just explodes, right, Yeah, And the 0:17:29.000 --> 0:17:31.040 environment around a black hole is not a nice place 0:17:31.080 --> 0:17:34.159 to be. Right. Gravity is a really powerful force, but 0:17:34.280 --> 0:17:36.439 the strength of the force varies with distance, Like the 0:17:36.480 --> 0:17:38.560 further you are away from the black hole, the weaker 0:17:38.560 --> 0:17:41.240 it is, and the closer you are, the stronger it is. Right. 0:17:41.480 --> 0:17:43.920 But because the gravity is so strong near the black hole, 0:17:43.960 --> 0:17:45.800 if you were near the black hole, the force of 0:17:45.840 --> 0:17:48.280 gravity on your legs, for example, would be different than 0:17:48.280 --> 0:17:50.920 the force of gravity on your head. There are different distances, 0:17:51.240 --> 0:17:53.920 and that means that effectively a force tearing you apart. 0:17:54.359 --> 0:17:56.320 So black hole. If you got near it would literally 0:17:56.520 --> 0:17:59.320 pull you in pieces because the differential gravity on the 0:17:59.359 --> 0:18:02.879 different parts of you. So I wouldn't recommend it, okay. 0:18:02.960 --> 0:18:04.760 And that's what's happening to the gas, That's what Jorge 0:18:04.760 --> 0:18:06.800 was saying. So that gas is getting squeezed and pulled 0:18:06.840 --> 0:18:09.120 and torn apart, and that makes it glow. And that's 0:18:09.119 --> 0:18:11.600 what we're seeing is the glow of the gas around 0:18:11.640 --> 0:18:16.080 the black hole. Interest, that's the donut. That's the donut. Yeah, 0:18:16.320 --> 0:18:18.359 that's the thing that looks like a donut, not actually 0:18:18.359 --> 0:18:21.960 a donut, hoaxa. So it's like space is black and 0:18:22.000 --> 0:18:25.120 then you got the glowing stuff around the center, the edges, 0:18:25.280 --> 0:18:27.920 but then the center is black again, right, because that's 0:18:27.960 --> 0:18:30.400 but the black hole. That's right, that's the event horizon. 0:18:30.440 --> 0:18:33.680 That's the place afterward inside which no light can never 0:18:33.760 --> 0:18:35.960 leave um and the and so what you see in 0:18:36.000 --> 0:18:38.560 the picture is gas around the black hole, right, which 0:18:38.600 --> 0:18:41.520 is glowing um. And then in the center is blackness, right, 0:18:41.560 --> 0:18:43.639 and that's where the black hole is. Well, it just 0:18:43.720 --> 0:18:46.080 looks like blackness, but actually it's like a wormhole to 0:18:46.119 --> 0:18:50.560 the other side of the universe, right to the DC universe. Okay, 0:18:50.600 --> 0:18:53.720 I just want to make sure um exactly, And the 0:18:54.200 --> 0:18:56.080 size of that hole is not really the size of 0:18:56.080 --> 0:18:58.679 the black hole itself, right, Like the black hole, we 0:18:58.680 --> 0:19:01.040 don't know what's happening inside the event horizon, like huge 0:19:01.080 --> 0:19:03.520 mystery of science, Like what's in there? Is it a 0:19:03.560 --> 0:19:05.720 tiny little dot that's super super heavy, Is it's some 0:19:05.800 --> 0:19:08.880 quantum fuzziness. Is there something else going on? We don't know. 0:19:09.600 --> 0:19:11.879 But there's a sphere we call the event horizon that 0:19:11.920 --> 0:19:14.520 says nothing from inside here can ever leave. But the 0:19:14.560 --> 0:19:16.520 picture you see of the black hole is actually bigger 0:19:16.560 --> 0:19:20.639 than that event horizon, Yeah, because it's really complicated. The 0:19:20.680 --> 0:19:23.240 space around a black hole. Like you look at something, 0:19:23.680 --> 0:19:26.159 you imagine that you're seeing the photons sort of in 0:19:26.240 --> 0:19:28.560 the same order that they were sent to you. Like 0:19:28.720 --> 0:19:31.200 I see the photons from your head above the photons 0:19:31.240 --> 0:19:34.080 from your foot, So imagine your heads above your foot. Right. 0:19:34.119 --> 0:19:37.159 But if there's some like complicated lens or mirror between us, 0:19:37.160 --> 0:19:39.440 that can get all mixed up, right, Well, a black 0:19:39.440 --> 0:19:42.800 hole is a huge complicated lens. It bends space. So 0:19:42.960 --> 0:19:46.200 part of the blackness you're seeing is like the backside 0:19:46.400 --> 0:19:49.040 of the event horizon, because light from that comes around 0:19:49.119 --> 0:19:51.560 and gets bent towards your eyes. So it's a it's 0:19:51.680 --> 0:19:58.480 really complicated the matrix here, you're describing broken part of reality. 0:19:59.000 --> 0:20:01.720 It's no, it's a reveals the matrix, right, It shows 0:20:01.800 --> 0:20:03.679 us how the matrix actually works. It tells us like 0:20:03.720 --> 0:20:05.600 what's going on in science? These are the best, the 0:20:05.600 --> 0:20:08.960 most extreme, Uh, areas of the universe are the place 0:20:09.000 --> 0:20:10.840 to learn, like where things break down and where we 0:20:10.840 --> 0:20:12.800 don't understand them, and so that's why it's pretty awesome. 0:20:12.840 --> 0:20:15.560 But he's sort of writing that it does break our 0:20:15.640 --> 0:20:18.720 models of the universe, right, like things like are we 0:20:18.760 --> 0:20:21.280 don't have a good model for what's happening inside of 0:20:21.320 --> 0:20:23.600 the black hole? Right like wheverything just breaks down. We 0:20:23.640 --> 0:20:25.640 have two models for what's happening instead of a black hole. 0:20:25.760 --> 0:20:28.840 They don't agree. Both of them are wrong. Um, and 0:20:28.880 --> 0:20:31.560 so yeah, we don't know they're both right about everything 0:20:31.600 --> 0:20:33.880 else in the universe. Yeah, they just disagree about what's 0:20:33.880 --> 0:20:36.040 inside exactly. And the black hole is the place where 0:20:36.040 --> 0:20:38.200 they disagree most and also a place where we can't 0:20:38.240 --> 0:20:41.879 look inside. So that's like frustrating and tantalizing and amazing. Yeah, 0:20:42.040 --> 0:20:45.120 do you prescribe to you know that this could be 0:20:45.160 --> 0:20:49.720 a interdimensional thing like there's some other I don't know 0:20:49.920 --> 0:20:53.639 dimention or universe multiverse like, and black hole is the 0:20:54.400 --> 0:20:56.639 I don't know what entry point for something. Does that 0:20:56.640 --> 0:20:58.640 make sense? That would be pretty awesome if they were true. 0:20:59.200 --> 0:21:01.120 There are a lot of theories of wormholes, like how 0:21:01.160 --> 0:21:04.120 black holes could be connected to white holes, and they 0:21:04.160 --> 0:21:06.120 could be and these are really big black holes, so 0:21:06.640 --> 0:21:09.000 you know it's honestly, it could be true, Like all 0:21:09.040 --> 0:21:11.960 that crazy stuff you just said, honestly could be reality. 0:21:12.760 --> 0:21:14.919 That's the thing I love about it, Like you did 0:21:15.000 --> 0:21:16.480 you get credit for it though it turns out to 0:21:16.520 --> 0:21:18.440 be true. Oh yeah, I'm not sure. He's the first 0:21:18.440 --> 0:21:22.480 person to speak Maybe that's a unique set of science 0:21:22.520 --> 0:21:25.440 words nobody's ever said before in that order. Hey, i'll 0:21:25.440 --> 0:21:26.840 take it. I'll give it to you. Get an honorary 0:21:26.840 --> 0:21:30.359 degree from Daniel and jrge My mom is gonna be 0:21:30.480 --> 0:21:33.560 so proud. But I think also there's a larger context, 0:21:33.640 --> 0:21:35.399 Like I think some people think, oh, we saw a 0:21:35.440 --> 0:21:37.359 picture of a black hole, so now we know they're real. 0:21:37.720 --> 0:21:39.920 We sort of already knew they were real. You could 0:21:39.920 --> 0:21:42.840 tell the black holes were there indirectly from their gravity, 0:21:43.040 --> 0:21:45.520 the way the stars move around them. Um, a lot 0:21:45.560 --> 0:21:47.960 of black holes are not that hard to see, Like, 0:21:48.040 --> 0:21:50.199 the gas around them is super bright. It's actually one 0:21:50.240 --> 0:21:52.640 of the brightest things in the universe. We call them quaisars. 0:21:53.040 --> 0:21:55.560 They admit a huge amount of radiation. These ones that 0:21:55.600 --> 0:21:57.640 they took a picture of are the more common ones 0:21:57.680 --> 0:21:59.359 that are not very bright, that are hard to see. You, 0:21:59.440 --> 0:22:02.000 that's why it's so impressive. But wait, wait, wait, If 0:22:02.080 --> 0:22:05.639 quasars are the brightest thing, it's easy to see and 0:22:05.720 --> 0:22:08.159 it's around the black hole, why haven't we seen pictures 0:22:08.160 --> 0:22:10.639 of that? We have, We've seen quasars are all over 0:22:10.680 --> 0:22:14.240 the place. We've seen them as stars. Basically, we haven't 0:22:14.280 --> 0:22:17.320 We've never had this kind of detailed picture of an 0:22:17.320 --> 0:22:19.560 actual black circle. Right. This is the first time we 0:22:19.600 --> 0:22:21.639 see like an actual black circle. Right. The cool thing 0:22:21.680 --> 0:22:23.560 about this is it's the first time we've seen them 0:22:23.640 --> 0:22:27.080 in this way. This directly and resolved the shape of 0:22:27.080 --> 0:22:29.520 the event horizon. That's the thing we hadn't seen. It 0:22:29.600 --> 0:22:31.240 was like, what does the event horizon look like? We 0:22:31.240 --> 0:22:33.440 think it's a circle? What if it was something else? 0:22:33.440 --> 0:22:38.400 When it was a hexagon or like a big middle finger, right, 0:22:38.920 --> 0:22:42.320 like the big cube. Yeah, or the agents agents of 0:22:42.359 --> 0:22:46.320 shield symbol or something. So that's what you're looking at 0:22:46.320 --> 0:22:49.800 in the picture. Then, right, that's you're looking at the 0:22:49.800 --> 0:22:52.680 glowy stuff. The doughnut is the gas around the black hole. 0:22:52.760 --> 0:22:55.560 But then what you're seeing the black spot in the middle. 0:22:55.600 --> 0:22:58.760 That is like the event horizon of a black hole. 0:22:58.800 --> 0:23:01.479 That's like the spot where not even like can escape. 0:23:01.600 --> 0:23:04.160 It's the first time that we can put it as 0:23:04.160 --> 0:23:09.040 our wallpaper. Yeah first selfie, very cool. And wait, what 0:23:09.080 --> 0:23:12.320 about white holes? Then that is also real? Have we 0:23:12.400 --> 0:23:15.880 seen those? We have pictures? White hole could be real. 0:23:16.200 --> 0:23:20.680 We don't know, theoretically possible, never been observed, but yeah, 0:23:20.720 --> 0:23:22.400 it could be a thing in the universe for sure, 0:23:22.520 --> 0:23:25.400 could be a thing. Okay, stay tuned, and remember black 0:23:25.440 --> 0:23:26.879 holes used to be in the could be a thing 0:23:26.920 --> 0:23:29.040 in the universe category, but nobody really believed it because 0:23:29.040 --> 0:23:31.720 it sounds too crazy. Now actually a thing. We have 0:23:31.760 --> 0:23:34.040 pictures of them. Yeah, so there's a good, long, rich 0:23:34.160 --> 0:23:36.880 history of stuff going from crazy idea nobody really believes, 0:23:36.920 --> 0:23:39.240 but we can't rule it out to Look, there's a 0:23:39.280 --> 0:23:41.600 hundred of them over there. Yeah, so that's pretty awesome. 0:23:41.600 --> 0:23:47.200 Wake up, you doubters. Yeah, the universe is filled with crazy, nasty, 0:23:47.240 --> 0:23:50.320 hot stuff, weirder than we could ever imagine. So it's 0:23:50.320 --> 0:23:52.600 a it's a great source of entertainment for me. Cool. Well, 0:23:52.600 --> 0:23:55.080 that's that's your first question, Ethan. We'll get to your 0:23:55.119 --> 0:24:10.760 other questions, but first let's take a quick break. All right, 0:24:10.800 --> 0:24:14.119 we have Ethan Edinburgh here from the podcast bat Science, 0:24:14.520 --> 0:24:18.280 a podcast which deconstructs science fiction movies with real sciences 0:24:18.359 --> 0:24:20.280 and comedians. Yeah. Yeah, it doesn't even have to be 0:24:20.320 --> 0:24:23.840 science fiction movies. Just anything that there's a science spin on. 0:24:23.960 --> 0:24:26.720 Science will attack it science movies. You ever like take 0:24:26.760 --> 0:24:29.080 a movie and you're like, actually, this is all good science, 0:24:29.119 --> 0:24:31.439 so we should rename our podcast. You canceled this episodes 0:24:31.560 --> 0:24:34.760 that never happened accurate science. Sometimes there are like Apollo 0:24:34.880 --> 0:24:37.800 thirteen was one of them that science was all pretty 0:24:38.119 --> 0:24:41.240 you know, accurate. You were watching documentary by accident and 0:24:41.320 --> 0:24:46.160 be like, oh wait, we can't uh no, I mean 0:24:46.240 --> 0:24:49.920 we have you ever dismantled documentary claimed man discovery was real? 0:24:50.160 --> 0:24:53.160 That's normally what we do. No, we I mean, honestly, 0:24:53.200 --> 0:24:55.760 we will just use it as like a launching pad 0:24:55.840 --> 0:24:58.480 to talk about science. So I'm not in the field, 0:24:58.560 --> 0:25:00.600 you know, I'm not trying to attack these movies or 0:25:00.640 --> 0:25:02.840 say like, oh this is wrong and this isn't good, 0:25:03.200 --> 0:25:05.240 you know, I mean normally because I don't know anything, 0:25:05.400 --> 0:25:08.520 but also just to uh, you know, say the movie 0:25:08.560 --> 0:25:10.760 is great, here's what I love about it. Here's what 0:25:10.840 --> 0:25:13.080 didn't really make sense to me. But let's dive into 0:25:13.760 --> 0:25:18.639 how snakes reproduce because that's interesting, you know. Yeah, we 0:25:18.720 --> 0:25:22.080 just did Anaconda, so it's on my mind. So they 0:25:22.160 --> 0:25:23.960 just like butt off a little mini and a conda 0:25:23.960 --> 0:25:26.240 off the back or how does that work? It's honestly, 0:25:26.440 --> 0:25:29.800 and how snakes I had no idea. Well they so 0:25:29.920 --> 0:25:31.920 first of all, the I'm not gonna get super indokes. 0:25:31.960 --> 0:25:33.400 We don't have a ton of time, Like we can 0:25:33.560 --> 0:25:35.280 look up your podcast. Yeah, yeah, it goes to the 0:25:35.320 --> 0:25:38.840 Anaconda episode. I'll just tease you with the fact that males, 0:25:38.920 --> 0:25:41.359 and this is across a lot of species apparently, you know, 0:25:41.520 --> 0:25:45.720 multiple males will like smell the pheromones from a female 0:25:45.800 --> 0:25:47.919 and all want to mate with the same female, and 0:25:47.960 --> 0:25:52.520 they'll create this anaconda ball. So like there's like seven 0:25:52.560 --> 0:25:55.439 snakes all wrapped in one and they'll just stay that 0:25:55.480 --> 0:25:58.960 way for like weeks at a time, fighting and trying 0:25:59.040 --> 0:26:02.240 to mate, and it's it's a disaster. You just give 0:26:02.280 --> 0:26:04.879 all our listeners Nightmara. I know, I'm sorry. It's a 0:26:04.920 --> 0:26:07.840 ball of snakes. Guys, this is real. It's out there. 0:26:08.080 --> 0:26:10.639 It's probably not in your backyard. It's scarier than the 0:26:10.680 --> 0:26:16.560 film Anaconda. So imagine that makes a podcast. Yeah, finally, Well, 0:26:16.600 --> 0:26:19.920 today we're answering York science questions about physics and the universe, 0:26:19.960 --> 0:26:22.280 and so your next question is about Jupiter. Right, So 0:26:22.320 --> 0:26:24.959 I've always been fascinated with Jupiter because it's the largest 0:26:25.000 --> 0:26:27.920 planet and it's like a gas giant, and that huge 0:26:27.960 --> 0:26:31.479 red spot is super weird. And I remember learning as 0:26:31.520 --> 0:26:34.840 a kid that we just don't know what's in the 0:26:34.880 --> 0:26:37.600 middle because we just can't send anything out there, we 0:26:37.640 --> 0:26:40.000 can't measure what's there. And so I want to know 0:26:40.040 --> 0:26:43.480 if that's still true, and what what do you guys 0:26:43.560 --> 0:26:46.280 think you know, theoretically is in the middle? You know? 0:26:46.359 --> 0:26:48.960 And why can't we tell We can see a picture 0:26:49.000 --> 0:26:51.240 of a fuzzy donut in the middle of the galaxy 0:26:51.240 --> 0:26:53.720 and we don't know about Jupiter. Why is that? Daniel, Well, 0:26:53.880 --> 0:26:55.680 we actually have learned the core of Jupiter is actually 0:26:55.680 --> 0:26:59.640 a huge ball of snakes. They're all fighting. It's amazing. Um, 0:27:00.080 --> 0:27:02.360 it's a fascinating question. And you know, it's really interesting, 0:27:02.359 --> 0:27:03.800 like we see these things in the sky, can we 0:27:03.840 --> 0:27:06.119 understand them? What's in there? Are they like our planet 0:27:06.200 --> 0:27:08.280 or not? When I was a kid, I always wondered, like, 0:27:08.280 --> 0:27:10.639 why can't you land on Jupiter and just like sink 0:27:10.720 --> 0:27:13.439 forever through gas and pass through the other side or something. 0:27:14.119 --> 0:27:16.560 But Jupiter is really interesting. It's got a lot of layers, 0:27:16.560 --> 0:27:18.440 like an onion. You know, you cut through it and 0:27:18.440 --> 0:27:21.720 you get two different stuff, um and um. We can 0:27:21.760 --> 0:27:24.240 actually probe it a little bit two different ways. One is, 0:27:24.760 --> 0:27:28.120 we can study the density of Jupiter because we fly 0:27:28.200 --> 0:27:30.679 satellites around it, and those satellites can measure the gravity 0:27:30.680 --> 0:27:33.040 of Jupiter, and the gravity of Jupiter depends on how 0:27:33.119 --> 0:27:35.959 much stuff there is, right, more stuff, more gravity, So 0:27:36.000 --> 0:27:38.000 we can measure sort of in the same way that 0:27:38.040 --> 0:27:41.040 we can measure like what's inside the Earth. We can measure, um, 0:27:41.040 --> 0:27:44.359 the density of different regions inside Jupiter just by measuring 0:27:44.400 --> 0:27:46.639 how the gravity changes as you move around, which is 0:27:46.640 --> 0:27:49.600 pretty cool. Okay, so this is sounding like we do 0:27:49.680 --> 0:27:51.359 kind of know what's in there, because that gives us 0:27:51.359 --> 0:27:53.960 a picture and then once we actually dropped something into 0:27:54.040 --> 0:27:56.920 Jupiter and we're like, okay, let's see what's in there. 0:27:57.200 --> 0:27:58.640 They built this thing, they try to make it really 0:27:58.640 --> 0:28:00.439 really tough. I guess they you know, add a mandam 0:28:00.520 --> 0:28:02.760 or vibranium or whatever. And it dropped it in there 0:28:02.760 --> 0:28:06.240 and it lasted like, you know, tens of seconds before 0:28:06.240 --> 0:28:09.880 it was just like crushed into a tiny pulp. So, 0:28:10.000 --> 0:28:12.280 because Jupiter is really big and so it has a 0:28:12.320 --> 0:28:15.879 lot of gravity, and so it's squeezing things really really hard, 0:28:16.119 --> 0:28:19.159 and so it's really dense. And so mostly Jupiter is 0:28:19.160 --> 0:28:22.640 a huge ball of hydrogen. But that ball hydrogen gets 0:28:22.680 --> 0:28:26.639 compressed by all that gravity, and crazy stuff starts to happen. Well, 0:28:26.720 --> 0:28:30.560 it changes mad state of matter, right, Like most most 0:28:30.560 --> 0:28:33.200 of the ball that you see in Jupiter is like hydrogen, right, 0:28:33.440 --> 0:28:36.800 but it's in different forms of hydrogen, right, So it's 0:28:36.840 --> 0:28:40.160 hydrogen gets hotter or more compressed, it changes, right. Hygen 0:28:40.240 --> 0:28:42.000 here on Earth is just a gas. We can breathe 0:28:42.000 --> 0:28:43.920 it or you know, put it in a balloon or whatever, 0:28:44.120 --> 0:28:47.880 or inside of individual and ill fated airshift for example, 0:28:48.000 --> 0:28:51.600 you know, the humanity, the humanity um. But on Jupiter 0:28:51.640 --> 0:28:54.440 gets compressed, and so the outer layer is gaseous hydrogen. 0:28:54.680 --> 0:28:57.440 Then you sink down further and you get liquid hydrogen. Right, 0:28:57.600 --> 0:28:59.920 So you can press a gas and it turns in 0:29:00.040 --> 0:29:03.600 a liquid um, and then below that it turns into 0:29:03.600 --> 0:29:08.040 this crazy stuff. It's helium rain, helium rain rain. It's 0:29:08.080 --> 0:29:10.440 like drops of helium that are like going up and 0:29:10.520 --> 0:29:13.160 down like clouds of helium then raining down and like 0:29:13.760 --> 0:29:16.040 helium is crazy stuff, and like you've got to be 0:29:16.120 --> 0:29:18.320 really really dense or really really cold to get it 0:29:18.440 --> 0:29:21.120 liquid um. So it's it's under a lot of pressure. 0:29:21.160 --> 0:29:25.640 So so it's raining inside these other layers of and 0:29:25.640 --> 0:29:28.440 it's raining helium. You're telling me it's raining helium. And 0:29:28.480 --> 0:29:30.480 this isn't a big practical joke that you're trying to 0:29:31.280 --> 0:29:35.200 I'm trying to act deliver some real science exactly. Um. 0:29:35.240 --> 0:29:37.800 And then it just gets crazier, Like as you go down, 0:29:38.280 --> 0:29:40.560 you get crazier and crazier stuff. A huge blob of 0:29:40.680 --> 0:29:44.160 is this thing we call metallic hydrogen. She's like hydrogen 0:29:44.480 --> 0:29:47.160 that acts like a metal, like a conduct electricity that 0:29:47.280 --> 0:29:53.240 likes heavy metal music. I think, so, yeah, exactly, And 0:29:53.320 --> 0:29:55.600 it can conduct the electricity, it can be a solid 0:29:55.760 --> 0:29:57.680 or it can be a liquid. Right, So if you 0:29:57.720 --> 0:29:59.880 went down far enough, you would like pass through the 0:30:00.080 --> 0:30:03.400 rain of helium. It's assuming you were in some incredibly 0:30:03.400 --> 0:30:06.040 powerful ship that could withstand all this pressure, and then 0:30:06.080 --> 0:30:08.680 you would either get to the surface of the you 0:30:08.680 --> 0:30:11.719 get like an ocean of liquid metallic hydrogen, and then 0:30:11.760 --> 0:30:14.600 you get to like a surface of like metallic hydrogen, 0:30:14.640 --> 0:30:16.440 which I don't know what that would be like, we 0:30:16.480 --> 0:30:18.640 don't have that here. We do not have that here 0:30:18.680 --> 0:30:22.360 now exactly. Okay, Okay, so that's yes, that's it's metallic 0:30:22.640 --> 0:30:26.840 possibly liquid. There's one more layer though, because Jupiter is 0:30:26.880 --> 0:30:29.400 not just hydrogen is hygen plus is a bunch of 0:30:29.440 --> 0:30:31.920 like rocks and other stuff in there, and that stuff 0:30:31.960 --> 0:30:34.160 all sunk to the bottom. So the very very core 0:30:34.120 --> 0:30:36.440 of Jupiter is actually basically a big rock, you know. 0:30:36.480 --> 0:30:40.280 It's like a big rocky icy ball, you know, like 0:30:40.320 --> 0:30:42.120 the kind of stuff that made the Earth. And so 0:30:42.200 --> 0:30:44.880 when the Solar System formed, different planets got different amounts 0:30:44.880 --> 0:30:47.680 of stuff. Jupiter got a huge serving of hydrogen and 0:30:47.720 --> 0:30:50.440 a big blob of rock. Earth got mostly rock, right, 0:30:50.880 --> 0:30:53.000 So you could sort of think of like Jupiter as 0:30:53.000 --> 0:30:55.640 a much smaller planet with a really really really big 0:30:55.760 --> 0:30:59.520 and really really dense atmosphere that's like liquid hydrogen. So 0:31:00.160 --> 0:31:03.000 it's pretty crazy over there on Jupiter. And again, well, 0:31:03.040 --> 0:31:04.640 it's not like we have a picture of this, or 0:31:04.720 --> 0:31:07.000 we send the probe down, or we we've take an 0:31:07.080 --> 0:31:09.000 X rays of Jupiter. It's it's more like we have 0:31:09.120 --> 0:31:12.960 models of what's going on in there, and those match 0:31:13.000 --> 0:31:16.360 what we're seeing from satellites that go around Jupiter. That's right, 0:31:16.360 --> 0:31:18.520 And we can probe it gravitationally. You can also probe 0:31:18.520 --> 0:31:21.600 it electromagnetically, like we can look at the magnetic field 0:31:21.600 --> 0:31:23.720 of Jupiter, and in order to have a magnetic field, 0:31:23.760 --> 0:31:26.040 you have to have certain stuff going on inside, and 0:31:26.120 --> 0:31:28.320 so we can compare like is the magnetic field the 0:31:28.320 --> 0:31:31.440 way you would expect if this model works. So it's indirect, 0:31:31.480 --> 0:31:34.800 like you, we haven't sent probes deep into Jupiter that survived, 0:31:35.240 --> 0:31:38.200 but we have a pretty good picture. But yeah, it's indirect. Okay. 0:31:38.320 --> 0:31:40.200 I do think taking an X ray is a smart 0:31:40.240 --> 0:31:48.240 idea that somebody should, right, yeah, get on it. Um Okay. 0:31:48.280 --> 0:31:50.880 So I was also wondering about the Big Bang, uh, 0:31:51.040 --> 0:31:54.200 and and if something happened before the Big Bang, Yeah, 0:31:54.200 --> 0:31:56.080 that's wonderful. Question, Tell me, why do you want to know? 0:31:56.160 --> 0:31:57.880 Like if I told you the answer, If I knew 0:31:57.880 --> 0:31:59.560 the answer and I told you, how would that change 0:31:59.560 --> 0:32:03.800 your life? Um? It probably wouldn't, because even just the 0:32:03.840 --> 0:32:07.560 Big Bang is a huge mystery to me. Uh and 0:32:07.760 --> 0:32:10.360 the how the universe came to be and how it's 0:32:10.360 --> 0:32:13.600 all evolving all the time, expanding all the time, that's 0:32:13.640 --> 0:32:18.240 just mind numbing. But I just I'm very you know, 0:32:18.360 --> 0:32:21.680 it's like that, uh, what comes after the end or 0:32:21.680 --> 0:32:24.400 what comes before the beginning? You know? So I just 0:32:24.560 --> 0:32:27.120 was curious if there's any because we can measure, which 0:32:27.160 --> 0:32:29.840 I already find fascinating, that the Big Bang even happened, 0:32:29.840 --> 0:32:32.280 what a thirteen point eight million years ago or something 0:32:32.280 --> 0:32:35.800 like that. Uh So, just that is crazy to me 0:32:35.840 --> 0:32:39.360 that we even know that that happened. But yeah, I 0:32:39.400 --> 0:32:42.200 don't know. I mean why, if there's any information at 0:32:42.200 --> 0:32:45.680 all out there, how could that a have happened? And 0:32:45.760 --> 0:32:49.440 what could have possibly been before that? It's a great question. 0:32:49.520 --> 0:32:51.120 I think it's a really deep question. I think we 0:32:51.160 --> 0:32:52.800 knew the answer, he would change that way we felt 0:32:52.840 --> 0:32:55.080 about like our whole existence, you know, like if you 0:32:55.160 --> 0:32:56.960 knew like how the universe came to be, and what 0:32:57.000 --> 0:33:00.360 happened beforehand that made it happen. That's a pretty deep question. 0:33:00.640 --> 0:33:02.360 I mean I feel like I think it would change 0:33:03.200 --> 0:33:06.800 human the human condition that much like you know, people 0:33:06.920 --> 0:33:11.440 suddenly abandoned Instagram and devote themselves knowing more about you 0:33:11.440 --> 0:33:12.880 know what I mean? Like, do you think really think 0:33:12.880 --> 0:33:15.800 people would uh change their every day life? I think so. 0:33:15.840 --> 0:33:17.800 I think it's a delicate territory. But I think a 0:33:17.800 --> 0:33:22.080 lot of people believe in a creator and also accept 0:33:22.160 --> 0:33:25.640 the you know, old universe hypothesis. The universe is fourteen 0:33:25.680 --> 0:33:28.360 billion years old almost, and they imagine the universe had 0:33:28.360 --> 0:33:30.360 a creator because there was this moment when it started. 0:33:31.000 --> 0:33:32.920 But what if there wasn't. What if that we knew 0:33:32.920 --> 0:33:35.479 that that moment was instead the end of the previous universe, 0:33:35.520 --> 0:33:37.320 just part of some infinite cycle, and there was no 0:33:37.440 --> 0:33:40.080 moment of creation. I think that argument plays a big 0:33:40.160 --> 0:33:42.640 role in a lot of people's context for the universe, 0:33:42.640 --> 0:33:44.240 and they're they're belief in God, So I think it 0:33:44.280 --> 0:33:47.400 would inform people's decisions. Just as the more we learned 0:33:47.440 --> 0:33:50.440 about our origin and where we are in the universe 0:33:50.480 --> 0:33:51.920 and how big and old it is, we learned about 0:33:51.920 --> 0:33:55.160 our context and it changes people's views about how important 0:33:55.200 --> 0:33:57.920 we are or aren't. So yeah, great answer, Um, so 0:33:57.960 --> 0:33:59.560 what is the answer the question? Though? The answer is 0:33:59.640 --> 0:34:02.120 we have no idea what came before the Big Bang, 0:34:03.200 --> 0:34:07.840 and also we might never like it might be impossible 0:34:07.880 --> 0:34:10.280 to learn. You know, it might be that you're still 0:34:10.320 --> 0:34:12.479 in the Big Bang, right, Daniel, Yeah, there's that also, 0:34:12.520 --> 0:34:15.080 like what does the Big Bang even mean? Right? Some 0:34:15.120 --> 0:34:17.239 people think of the Big Bang is this moment very 0:34:17.280 --> 0:34:19.640 very early on in the universe when the universe expanded 0:34:19.640 --> 0:34:22.120 really really fast. And the numbers I'm about tell you 0:34:22.160 --> 0:34:24.319 are crazy that it's really hard to imagine. But like 0:34:24.600 --> 0:34:26.719 the universe expanded by a factor of ten to the 0:34:26.760 --> 0:34:31.200 twenty five. That's like ten with zeros in ten to 0:34:31.200 --> 0:34:35.200 the minus thirty seconds. So yeah, they went from really 0:34:35.200 --> 0:34:38.840 really small to enormously massive, really really quickly. And it's 0:34:38.920 --> 0:34:42.279 not moving at that rate anymore. It's like slowed down. Yeah, 0:34:42.320 --> 0:34:44.719 it did that really really briefly, and then it then 0:34:44.760 --> 0:34:47.200 it's just sort of puttered along for about ten billion years, 0:34:47.920 --> 0:34:50.800 and then five billion years ago it started expanding again 0:34:51.440 --> 0:34:54.240 and we don't know why, but we call that dark energy. 0:34:55.200 --> 0:34:57.439 So you know, looke back to the podcast. We talked 0:34:57.440 --> 0:35:01.319 to you about. That's the tests a rapt man. You know, 0:35:01.360 --> 0:35:04.000 the infinity stones were created in the moment of creation 0:35:04.080 --> 0:35:07.480 and responsible. Um. I mean, I just feel like I'm 0:35:07.520 --> 0:35:11.600 equally insignificant no matter how the Big Bang happened or 0:35:11.600 --> 0:35:14.160 what happened before your musical man, So you're definitely significant. 0:35:14.719 --> 0:35:17.200 Are gonna be kind of those records? Yeah, for billions 0:35:17.200 --> 0:35:19.560 of years. But I think the point is that, you know, 0:35:19.800 --> 0:35:23.279 fourteen billion years ago sounds like a long time, but 0:35:23.320 --> 0:35:26.160 if you imagine maybe the universe is trillions of years, 0:35:26.800 --> 0:35:28.600 it's going to be around for trillions of years. And 0:35:28.840 --> 0:35:31.200 you know, technically we're still of like at the beginning 0:35:31.200 --> 0:35:32.880 of the universe, right, we could be still in the 0:35:32.960 --> 0:35:34.960 kind of like the echoes of the Big Bank. I mean, 0:35:35.000 --> 0:35:38.160 it makes still makes me feel like I'm totally meaningless. 0:35:38.239 --> 0:35:41.680 But I hear you, and that's nice special extra special names. 0:35:41.719 --> 0:35:43.879 I mean, yeah, I know it's both. That's true. That's true. 0:35:43.920 --> 0:35:46.000 It is both. And so we look backwards, we try 0:35:46.040 --> 0:35:47.960 to understand, like what happened in those first few moments. 0:35:48.239 --> 0:35:50.200 We have some ideas for like how do you get 0:35:50.239 --> 0:35:52.759 this crazy expansion and what would you need to make 0:35:52.800 --> 0:35:55.040 that happen, and we have like a few sort of 0:35:55.120 --> 0:35:56.959 ideas for how to put that together that are really 0:35:56.960 --> 0:35:59.600 pretty fuzzy. But we don't know is how do you 0:35:59.640 --> 0:36:02.320 create those conditions? Like, in order to make the universe 0:36:02.360 --> 0:36:04.200 explode in the first few moments, you need this stuff 0:36:04.200 --> 0:36:07.839 called inflationary matter. All right, how do you make inflationary matter? 0:36:08.000 --> 0:36:10.920 We literally have zero ideas. Okay, but you know that's 0:36:10.920 --> 0:36:13.160 how science works. We're like, okay, explain this. We need 0:36:13.280 --> 0:36:15.400 you know something before it. How do we explain that? Okay, now, 0:36:15.400 --> 0:36:18.000 how do we explain that? It's an iterative process? But 0:36:18.600 --> 0:36:21.200 if the universe started from this like really really dense state, 0:36:21.320 --> 0:36:24.000 it might be that all information from what happened before 0:36:24.040 --> 0:36:27.960 it is destroyed, right, that it's just gone. The records 0:36:27.960 --> 0:36:32.439 were sway, yes, and then you can never know even 0:36:32.520 --> 0:36:35.799 like humans in billions of years. Yeah, it's possible. Or 0:36:35.800 --> 0:36:38.200 it could be that there's like dregs of information and 0:36:38.400 --> 0:36:41.200 super duper smart scientists will be able to figure it out. Yeah, 0:36:41.280 --> 0:36:43.239 that could be Also, we don't know, But it could 0:36:43.239 --> 0:36:45.400 be that the universe is in a cycle, you know, 0:36:45.440 --> 0:36:47.600 it expands and then we don't know what dark energy 0:36:47.680 --> 0:36:49.080 is doing, or if it could turn around and make 0:36:49.080 --> 0:36:51.320 a crunch. So it could be that our universe started 0:36:51.360 --> 0:36:53.320 at the end of the last universe when there was 0:36:53.320 --> 0:36:56.680 a crunch um. There's also a lot of really crazy 0:36:56.680 --> 0:37:00.320 philosophical questions, like was there time before the Big Bang? 0:37:00.719 --> 0:37:03.040 Like what is the word before the big bang? Even 0:37:03.120 --> 0:37:05.840 means right, And you might think, but maybe there's no 0:37:05.960 --> 0:37:09.200 before the big bang? Yeah, like big bang? Is it? 0:37:09.360 --> 0:37:11.799 That's when time started? Right? And you might think, well, 0:37:11.840 --> 0:37:13.560 that's crazy. That's just like a bunch of words. I 0:37:13.600 --> 0:37:16.560 don't mean anything, but I mean something to me. But 0:37:16.719 --> 0:37:19.040 like imagine, for example, I think this is Stephen Hawkins analogy. 0:37:19.040 --> 0:37:22.120 Imagine you're at the North pole, right, which direction is north? 0:37:22.120 --> 0:37:25.399 From the north pole? There's no more north. Yeah, that's 0:37:25.440 --> 0:37:29.000 the north northeast exactly, And so it might be the 0:37:29.080 --> 0:37:30.880 time is like that, it sort of started there, and 0:37:30.920 --> 0:37:32.759 you can't if you go back to zero, you can't 0:37:32.760 --> 0:37:36.200 really ask what's before because there's no more before us. Yeah, 0:37:36.320 --> 0:37:38.080 we don't know. I would like that. Actually, that seems 0:37:38.120 --> 0:37:40.680 like a nice organized you know, like this is when 0:37:40.680 --> 0:37:42.839 it started. That's it's well with you. Yeah, that's nice. 0:37:43.400 --> 0:37:52.840 That's pretty that's that definitive. Yes, I appreciate that. Cool. 0:37:52.840 --> 0:37:55.000 All right, Um, so you have one last question for us, 0:37:55.040 --> 0:37:58.000 even yes, it is a big one because I worry 0:37:58.000 --> 0:38:00.719 about this all the time and I'm talking to you know, 0:38:00.880 --> 0:38:06.720 marine biologists and environmentalists of different uh expertises, and sometimes 0:38:06.719 --> 0:38:10.839 we get into this place of sheer frustration because of 0:38:10.880 --> 0:38:15.160 what's happening with the climate, and to me, it's hard 0:38:15.239 --> 0:38:18.040 to be optimistic about it. And it seems like we 0:38:18.080 --> 0:38:21.280 are messing up huge and have been for a while. 0:38:21.400 --> 0:38:23.640 And you know, you can look up these like little 0:38:23.719 --> 0:38:26.640 documentaries even from the sixties and like they knew that 0:38:26.960 --> 0:38:28.800 what we're doing is bad and we need to stop, 0:38:28.840 --> 0:38:31.440 and like we just keep on keep on truck and 0:38:32.040 --> 0:38:34.960 uh so, yeah, my question is how do you guys 0:38:35.600 --> 0:38:37.440 view that? How do you deal with it? How do 0:38:37.480 --> 0:38:40.279 you you know, do you think that we're headed in 0:38:40.320 --> 0:38:43.120 a good direction or a bad direction or both? Are 0:38:43.120 --> 0:38:45.360 there things to be optimistic about? And please tell me 0:38:45.400 --> 0:38:53.320 about them? No, all right, I'll see you next time, guys. 0:38:53.560 --> 0:38:58.040 Uplifting Podcast. Um, what do you mean that when you 0:38:58.160 --> 0:38:59.680 when you ask a questions are we going to save 0:38:59.719 --> 0:39:02.720 the or or destroyed? You're you're talking about the climate 0:39:02.840 --> 0:39:05.040 and the our ability to live on the planet, not 0:39:05.160 --> 0:39:08.440 like if it we're accidentally going to open a wormhole 0:39:08.719 --> 0:39:12.480 or no. I mean I think that possibility. When you 0:39:12.520 --> 0:39:14.240 say that, I'm not open any more. But I didn't. 0:39:14.239 --> 0:39:18.000 I didn't. I didn't look at the scientists working to 0:39:18.040 --> 0:39:24.239 create that hole. Yeah, ploding weirdly, tapping his fingers. I mean, 0:39:24.320 --> 0:39:28.480 I think that the whole thing is possible nuclear bombs, Like, Okay, 0:39:28.520 --> 0:39:30.759 that's a threat that you know, at any moment we 0:39:30.840 --> 0:39:34.000 could all just end. Sure, but it seems like we're 0:39:34.000 --> 0:39:37.960 in this slow decline that we know about with the climate, 0:39:38.000 --> 0:39:41.239 man made climate change, global warming, all this, you know, 0:39:41.320 --> 0:39:44.360 melting ice caps and so yeah, that that's really what 0:39:44.400 --> 0:39:47.680 I'm referring to is like, can we reverse this process? 0:39:47.800 --> 0:39:50.640 Can we save the Earth? How would we do it? 0:39:50.840 --> 0:39:55.080 Or in your guys opinion, are we screwed? You know, 0:39:57.880 --> 0:40:00.760 I think we're screwed, um, But I think the answer 0:40:00.840 --> 0:40:02.520 is different from what you might expect, because I think 0:40:02.560 --> 0:40:06.080 I worry most about is actually the nuclear bombs. Because 0:40:06.480 --> 0:40:07.799 I grew up in Los Alumus, I know a lot 0:40:07.800 --> 0:40:10.280 about like the nuclear infrastructure and all this kind of stuff, 0:40:10.520 --> 0:40:12.400 and you know, we have a lot of nuclear weapons 0:40:12.760 --> 0:40:14.640 and they have a lot of nuclear weapons and they're 0:40:14.640 --> 0:40:16.960 all pointed at us and where ours appointed at them, 0:40:17.560 --> 0:40:20.200 and they're on a hair trigger like that, you have 0:40:20.239 --> 0:40:22.400 to be able to launch nuclear weapons within like a 0:40:22.520 --> 0:40:26.760 minute of hearing that somebody else has attacked you are destroyed, 0:40:26.880 --> 0:40:28.840 so dumb, So you need like to be able to 0:40:28.880 --> 0:40:31.919 launch nukes within a minute. No congressional approval, nothing else. 0:40:32.040 --> 0:40:36.120 Just whoever is the presidents like shocking that it hasn't happened? Yes, exactly. 0:40:36.160 --> 0:40:38.319 So now ask yourself this question, how long can we 0:40:38.360 --> 0:40:41.160 go on for with people having this their finger on 0:40:41.160 --> 0:40:44.120 this button and never press it? Never ever, ever, ever ever. 0:40:44.280 --> 0:40:46.719 I don't know. I don't think billion years. I don't 0:40:46.719 --> 0:40:49.799 think so. I think I think it's inevitable as long 0:40:49.840 --> 0:40:52.600 as we have they're going to present at some point. No, 0:40:52.680 --> 0:40:55.320 I think there's gonna be a miscommunication or a mistake 0:40:55.480 --> 0:40:57.640 or a technical glitch. And you know, we've been close 0:40:57.680 --> 0:41:00.400 to that several times. It's really terrif find if you 0:41:00.400 --> 0:41:03.000 look up the history of that, there's been times when 0:41:03.040 --> 0:41:05.520 like one guy has just said that no, we're not 0:41:05.600 --> 0:41:09.600 launching and has like literally saved humanity. Um, so it's 0:41:09.640 --> 0:41:12.040 pretty dangerous. We're living with huge guns pointed at our 0:41:12.040 --> 0:41:14.000 heads at a hair trigger all the time, and that 0:41:14.040 --> 0:41:18.879 will eventually go off unless, oh, climate change destroys human 0:41:18.920 --> 0:41:23.040 civilization and then we lose we lose the capability to 0:41:23.080 --> 0:41:26.279 maintain it by a nuclear weapons, So hopefully we ruin 0:41:26.360 --> 0:41:30.400 the planet and you know, then the few survivors you 0:41:30.440 --> 0:41:34.760 know living in the swamp will not die of radiation poisoning. Sweet, Okay, 0:41:35.120 --> 0:41:38.239 they've had me, guys a right, let's uh. But you know, 0:41:38.280 --> 0:41:40.040 I think I have a more positive view, which is 0:41:40.800 --> 0:41:43.960 I feel like, um, I think I think things are 0:41:43.960 --> 0:41:46.880 not going to get better anytime soon, right, And I 0:41:46.920 --> 0:41:49.120 think part of the problem is just that a lot 0:41:49.120 --> 0:41:52.719 of it is just kind of a communication problem, you know, like, um, 0:41:53.640 --> 0:41:57.480 our forecast for the future is based on models and uh, 0:41:57.600 --> 0:42:00.840 you know, our current understanding of things, and they're projecting 0:42:00.960 --> 0:42:02.520 far into the future, and so right now, I think 0:42:02.520 --> 0:42:05.759 it's it's harder for scientists to communicate and for people 0:42:05.760 --> 0:42:07.719 to really absorb the idea that we're heading in a 0:42:07.719 --> 0:42:10.839 bad direction. Um. But you know, I think eventually things 0:42:10.880 --> 0:42:14.680 will become more obvious and people population, hopefully through podcasts 0:42:14.680 --> 0:42:17.080 like Yours and Hours. She's kind of become more familiar 0:42:17.120 --> 0:42:21.200 with science and are able to absorb the message and 0:42:21.520 --> 0:42:24.600 hopefully it won't be too late. Yeah, that would be nice. 0:42:24.960 --> 0:42:27.040 And maybe in the process we could also make some 0:42:27.080 --> 0:42:29.800 sort of nuclear arms treaty where we just all agree 0:42:29.880 --> 0:42:33.920 to blast them all into the black hole, or at 0:42:33.960 --> 0:42:35.840 least make it like a two stap button, you know, 0:42:35.920 --> 0:42:37.960 I feel like that that would help a lot. Yeah, 0:42:39.760 --> 0:42:43.160 it's a clever proposal from an ex defense um um 0:42:43.520 --> 0:42:45.920 secretary Defense to get rid of all of our stationary 0:42:45.960 --> 0:42:48.840 nuclear weapons, the ones that are like voluntary, Yeah, the 0:42:48.840 --> 0:42:51.200 ones like in underground silos, those are the ones that 0:42:51.200 --> 0:42:54.319 can be destroyed by baron nukes. Right, So if your 0:42:54.400 --> 0:42:57.720 nukes are on submarines, you know, or in the air instead, 0:42:57.800 --> 0:42:59.719 that you don't have to launch within a minute. You 0:42:59.719 --> 0:43:02.200 can wait and really make sure it's happening, and you 0:43:02.200 --> 0:43:04.680 have thirty minutes or so, because your nukes are not 0:43:04.719 --> 0:43:06.840 necessarily going to be destroyed by their nukes, so you 0:43:06.880 --> 0:43:08.920 don't have to be on a hair trigger. Shouldn't we 0:43:09.040 --> 0:43:12.320 just not allowed nukes? I mean, is that a crazy thought? 0:43:12.480 --> 0:43:16.239 Why do we need huge bombs? Right? Yeah? Why don't 0:43:16.239 --> 0:43:19.839 we all just get along? I mean, yeah, I think 0:43:19.920 --> 0:43:25.200 guns are even unnecessary. Can't we just use like paintball? 0:43:25.200 --> 0:43:28.600 Why a nuke replaced nukes with paintballs? That's what is 0:43:28.640 --> 0:43:31.359 their war in humanstory? But yeah, I think we can 0:43:31.400 --> 0:43:33.960 answer that today. Okay, great, Well, I feel ethan. I 0:43:33.960 --> 0:43:36.280 feel like maybe the answer to all of your questions 0:43:36.320 --> 0:43:39.040 today has been we have no idea. No. I. By 0:43:39.080 --> 0:43:41.480 the way, it's the title of our book, Daniel book Plug. 0:43:42.000 --> 0:43:45.680 There is yeah, true, but but yeah, do you feel 0:43:46.200 --> 0:43:49.399 like we very informed? I think there was a lot 0:43:49.400 --> 0:43:52.000 of answers today. I I mean the Core of Jupiter 0:43:52.080 --> 0:43:54.399 was a big one for me. I mean Helium Rain 0:43:54.920 --> 0:44:01.040 was shocking your next album. I mean that does sound 0:44:01.080 --> 0:44:02.640 I'm sure people would be like a little bit for us. 0:44:02.680 --> 0:44:05.000 Come on, what does Helium Rain sound like? Helium Rain? 0:44:05.600 --> 0:44:10.879 It sounds like almost like a love song exactly cover. 0:44:11.040 --> 0:44:15.600 It's a weird al parody. Actually, uh no, I I think, well, 0:44:15.600 --> 0:44:17.359 first of all, that's a really intriguing title. I think 0:44:17.360 --> 0:44:19.279 anything Helium Rain I'm gonna check out just based on 0:44:19.320 --> 0:44:21.680 the title is like, what the hell is that? But no, 0:44:21.800 --> 0:44:24.480 I think the whole like the black whole stuff, and 0:44:24.760 --> 0:44:27.279 if there was a lot there, Yeah, I feel I 0:44:27.320 --> 0:44:31.120 feel what's the word looking for educated? I got I 0:44:31.160 --> 0:44:36.439 got schooled today. Here's your Oh thank you, Yes, it's 0:44:36.440 --> 0:44:38.719 so gorgeous. Put up on you wall show it's all 0:44:38.760 --> 0:44:41.640 your friends. I will, I will. But I think that's 0:44:41.680 --> 0:44:43.319 a big part of what we like to talk about 0:44:43.400 --> 0:44:45.760 is that there's still big mysteries out there, and even 0:44:45.880 --> 0:44:49.840 the scientists and the experts are still asking questions, and 0:44:50.320 --> 0:44:55.160 everyone out there people listening. People, uh, it's studying this, 0:44:55.320 --> 0:44:58.000 and kids in the future can all participate in answering 0:44:58.040 --> 0:45:00.600 these questions. And some of these questions that we're asking, 0:45:00.880 --> 0:45:03.040 people will know the answer to them in fifty years, right, 0:45:03.080 --> 0:45:04.719 and they'll look back and be like, ha ha, those 0:45:04.719 --> 0:45:08.000 guys didn't know anything, you know, how silly were they? Hey, listen, 0:45:08.040 --> 0:45:09.520 if people are listening to this in fifty years, we 0:45:09.560 --> 0:45:14.720 did something, right, boys, dig this out of the rubble 0:45:14.840 --> 0:45:20.360 of human civilization of our climate. But I mean, imagine 0:45:20.400 --> 0:45:22.359 like what people used to think about a hundred years ago, 0:45:22.440 --> 0:45:24.560 the questions they had two hundred years ago. Right Now 0:45:24.680 --> 0:45:29.240 children know the answers to those questions. So in yeah, 0:45:29.400 --> 0:45:31.680 six year old will like casually know the answer to 0:45:31.760 --> 0:45:34.239 questions we are struggling with today, and I love that 0:45:34.239 --> 0:45:38.000 progression of human knowledge. It's just wonderful to think about. Yeah. Cool, Well, 0:45:38.040 --> 0:45:39.880 I hope people enjoy that, And thank you Ethan for 0:45:39.920 --> 0:45:41.400 being on the show to thing having us in your 0:45:41.400 --> 0:45:45.160 show Science anytime, anytime on Absolute Delight. Let's ry had 0:45:45.160 --> 0:45:48.319 bad science and good answers. Yeah, and you can find 0:45:48.320 --> 0:45:52.480 bad science at anywhere anywhere listen to the podcast. Yeah. 0:45:52.520 --> 0:45:56.160 And also, if you're curious, have a very stupid fake 0:45:56.320 --> 0:46:00.920 financial podcast called success Express. Uh. They're like fifteen minute 0:46:00.920 --> 0:46:03.800 episodes and they're just basically a bunch of fake advertisements. 0:46:04.120 --> 0:46:06.600 So if you want to laugh and not think about anything, 0:46:06.760 --> 0:46:10.040 that's probably the way to go. Foundable. Thanks for being 0:46:10.040 --> 0:46:12.040 on and thanks to all of you guys for listening 0:46:12.080 --> 0:46:22.320 to this discussion. See you next time. Before you still 0:46:22.360 --> 0:46:25.320 have a question after listening to all these explanations, please 0:46:25.640 --> 0:46:27.920 drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 0:46:27.920 --> 0:46:30.759 You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 0:46:31.080 --> 0:46:34.239 Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 0:46:34.480 --> 0:46:38.200 Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, 0:46:38.200 --> 0:46:40.920 and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is 0:46:40.960 --> 0:46:44.560 a production of I Heart Radio more podcast from my 0:46:44.680 --> 0:46:48.480 heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio, Apple podcasts, or 0:46:48.480 --> 0:46:50.720 wherever you listen to your favorite shows.