1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:09,680 Speaker 1: Ythaniel. Do you ever get caught using a word that 2 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:13,080 Speaker 1: you don't really understand? Do you actually always know what 3 00:00:13,119 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: you're talking about? I don't think I'm willing to devote 4 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:18,759 Speaker 1: that here on the podcast, and maybe we can have 5 00:00:18,840 --> 00:00:22,479 Speaker 1: that conversation over a beer sometimes. But the thing that 6 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:25,240 Speaker 1: I love is that there are some topics in physics, 7 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:29,120 Speaker 1: some idea, some words that I'm pretty sure nobody actually 8 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 1: really understands. I feel like this is taking us to 9 00:00:33,800 --> 00:00:38,559 Speaker 1: another episode about quantum physics that's right and wrong at 10 00:00:38,560 --> 00:00:47,640 Speaker 1: the same time. No, I mean, yes, exactly what at 11 00:00:47,640 --> 00:01:07,120 Speaker 1: the same time. Hi'm Jorge. I'm a cartoonist and the 12 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:11,160 Speaker 1: creator of PhD Comics. Hi I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist, 13 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:14,960 Speaker 1: and Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 14 00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:17,679 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which we take 15 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:20,959 Speaker 1: crazy and fascinating and amazing and hot and wet and 16 00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 1: nasty things about the universe and try to explain them 17 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:27,360 Speaker 1: to you. Today's episode is dedicated to a Lana, whose 18 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:30,120 Speaker 1: boyfriend Nick is a local fan of the podcast here 19 00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:38,600 Speaker 1: in Irvine. Happy Birthday, Alana. Today's topic is a really 20 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: fun one, and in preparation for it. Not only did 21 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: I go and do the normal street interviews I usually 22 00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:46,880 Speaker 1: do with random people, but I actually went around the 23 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: halls of my physics department and I asked a bunch 24 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:52,000 Speaker 1: of grad students if they could explain today's topic for me, 25 00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:55,200 Speaker 1: and they found it pretty tough. Wow, that's a pretty 26 00:01:55,240 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 1: interesting spin on the topic in our process. That's right, 27 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: that's right to be on the podcast. We're going to 28 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:11,639 Speaker 1: be talking about quantum spin exactly. Quantum spin? What is it? 29 00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 1: What does it mean? Are things actually spinning? Why is 30 00:02:14,760 --> 00:02:18,000 Speaker 1: it quantum um? We've got a lot of people sending 31 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:20,359 Speaker 1: in requests to talk about this topic. And I think 32 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:23,040 Speaker 1: when people are interested in physics and digging around in 33 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:25,519 Speaker 1: videos on the internet and listening to podcast you hear 34 00:02:25,600 --> 00:02:28,519 Speaker 1: this come up a lot. It comes up in quantum entanglement, 35 00:02:28,560 --> 00:02:31,480 Speaker 1: It's in science fiction everywhere, and of course people want 36 00:02:31,520 --> 00:02:34,200 Speaker 1: to know what does it mean, what's going on? Why 37 00:02:34,240 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: is it so important? That's right? What is spin? How 38 00:02:37,040 --> 00:02:40,680 Speaker 1: fast is it spinning? What's the spin on it? Exactly? 39 00:02:40,880 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: Is it's spinning out of control? That's right? Is it 40 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:46,760 Speaker 1: different from political spin? Um? It's definitely a thing, right, 41 00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:50,000 Speaker 1: It's something fascinating and more importantly, if you're an expert 42 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 1: in this field, does that make you a spin doctor 43 00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:57,280 Speaker 1: doctor of spin? Yes, exactly. You know, we have sort 44 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:00,359 Speaker 1: of a bad track record in physics of naming things 45 00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: um naming things using familiar words, like we give corks flavors, right, 46 00:03:06,919 --> 00:03:08,919 Speaker 1: the up cork and the charm cork and the top 47 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:12,839 Speaker 1: cork a different flavors of corks, colors and colors, right 48 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:16,400 Speaker 1: when they don't really have color, they don't really have color, 49 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:18,840 Speaker 1: and they don't really taste different. I mean, I don't know, 50 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: I've never actually tasted a top cork, So there you go. 51 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,560 Speaker 1: I'm speaking on something I don't really understand, but we 52 00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:26,840 Speaker 1: don't mean it in that way. So sometimes we're like 53 00:03:26,880 --> 00:03:31,919 Speaker 1: adopting existing words and just using them totally inappropriately. Other 54 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:35,000 Speaker 1: times we're trying to use words that are similar to 55 00:03:35,160 --> 00:03:38,760 Speaker 1: some other concepts because specifically because we want to call 56 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:42,040 Speaker 1: up structures and ideas from those concepts. Like color is 57 00:03:42,080 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 1: actually a pretty cool one because while the particles are 58 00:03:45,240 --> 00:03:49,600 Speaker 1: not colored, there's something about quantum color which is similar 59 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:52,400 Speaker 1: to color, and so we want to express that. You're 60 00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: sort of trying to grab onto an intuitive idea, even 61 00:03:56,040 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: if you're trying to like a reference, you're trying to 62 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: reference an intuitive idea in our everyday experience and and 63 00:04:03,080 --> 00:04:06,000 Speaker 1: kind of latch that onto a physics concept exactly. And 64 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:08,000 Speaker 1: we do that all the time, right, That's basically what 65 00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:11,360 Speaker 1: physics is is try to explain the unknown in terms 66 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: of the known, right, Like when we try to talk 67 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 1: about particles, we're doing that all the time. You know, 68 00:04:16,480 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 1: we're saying, oh, it's a particle, No, it's a wave. Right, 69 00:04:19,400 --> 00:04:21,599 Speaker 1: It's really neither, and it's both and it's something else 70 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:24,279 Speaker 1: more complicated, And we're just trying to patch together a 71 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: description of using ideas in your head, right, we weave 72 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: these together into some sort of understanding. Here's such a 73 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:33,720 Speaker 1: suggestion for you guys. Maybe you should just instead of 74 00:04:33,720 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 1: calling being bold and calling it like colors or flavors, 75 00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,159 Speaker 1: just at the word, like at the beginning in your 76 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:43,960 Speaker 1: official definition. So the announcement should be like, like we're 77 00:04:43,960 --> 00:04:48,480 Speaker 1: calling this color, I mean, like let's call flavor. No, 78 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:52,720 Speaker 1: I just call it like a quantum light color. It's 79 00:04:52,800 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: light color. It has a color like property or a 80 00:04:55,920 --> 00:04:58,760 Speaker 1: spin like property, or you know, I mean, if you 81 00:04:58,760 --> 00:05:00,880 Speaker 1: want to get mathematically, just with a little Tilda in 82 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 1: the front right, and then nobody would be confused. Yeah, 83 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:09,880 Speaker 1: I like that idea a lot good. You like like it? Yeah, 84 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:12,000 Speaker 1: I totally like it, and I think, um, I hope 85 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,680 Speaker 1: on Twitter it gets a lot of likes. There you go. 86 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: I think I want to something. I think I think 87 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 1: you should be nominated onto the secret International Physics Naming Committee. 88 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:24,640 Speaker 1: I don't know where it meets or when it meets, 89 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:26,200 Speaker 1: or who's in charge of it, but they have been 90 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: making some dubious decisions recently and they need some fresh blood. Well, 91 00:05:29,440 --> 00:05:31,039 Speaker 1: I think if I was in charge, I would just 92 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:33,480 Speaker 1: put the tilt in front of physics itself. You know, 93 00:05:34,120 --> 00:05:38,440 Speaker 1: what are you study till the physics? Physics? I'm studying 94 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: something like physics, but it's not actually, I mean, isn't 95 00:05:44,279 --> 00:05:48,520 Speaker 1: everything like physics? Pretty next thing, you're gonna be calling 96 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:51,880 Speaker 1: me like a physicist, not actually a physicist, but something 97 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: like approximating a physicist. You know, you're gonna spread this 98 00:05:56,680 --> 00:06:00,159 Speaker 1: Tilda Daniels sort of like a Daniel into it. Lee, 99 00:06:00,160 --> 00:06:02,240 Speaker 1: You're Daniel. You know I'm actually a Daniel. I am 100 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:08,760 Speaker 1: the definition of me, right, You're Daniel sub zero exactly. 101 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,320 Speaker 1: I'm not like me I am me, right, you are, 102 00:06:12,760 --> 00:06:15,719 Speaker 1: I think therefore I am Daniel. Well, anyways, before we 103 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: spin out of control here on this um side conversation, um, 104 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:21,600 Speaker 1: we're talking about quantum spin, and so it's it. It 105 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,320 Speaker 1: plays a big deal in quantum physics and quantum entanglement, right, 106 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:28,920 Speaker 1: and atomic orbitals. I mean it's it's sort of it's 107 00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:32,880 Speaker 1: important in everybody's atoms, which um which are a kind 108 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:36,159 Speaker 1: of important to people, that's right. I like my atoms, 109 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:39,039 Speaker 1: you know, they're not like atoms. I just like them. 110 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:41,680 Speaker 1: But exactly, spin is everywhere, and you hear come up, 111 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:45,280 Speaker 1: and especially when you're hearing explanations of quantum entanglement or 112 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:49,119 Speaker 1: quantum computing or or orbitals and this kind of stuff, 113 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:51,679 Speaker 1: you hear about it. And when I was a student 114 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:54,000 Speaker 1: and I was learning about quantum spin, I was like, okay, 115 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: but what is it like? Are these things actually spinning? 116 00:06:57,040 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: Why do we call it spin? Right? How could a 117 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:02,920 Speaker 1: particle spin? And so let's dig into all that today. Well, 118 00:07:02,960 --> 00:07:05,840 Speaker 1: as usual, Daniel went out there and asked people in 119 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:09,440 Speaker 1: the street if they knew what quantum spin was. And 120 00:07:09,560 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: you actually have kind of an interesting spin twid this time, right, Yeah, 121 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: I went out and I asked people on the U 122 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:16,320 Speaker 1: C Irvine campus and then a few other folks at 123 00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: the at an Irvine mall Um what they thought quantum 124 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:21,840 Speaker 1: spin was, if they could describe it, and if they 125 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 1: did understand quantum spin. I also asked them, are these 126 00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:28,680 Speaker 1: particles actually spinning or is that just like spin? Is 127 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:31,200 Speaker 1: that just like a word we use. Well, here's what 128 00:07:31,240 --> 00:07:34,960 Speaker 1: people had to say, um, so energy, I just think 129 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:39,120 Speaker 1: of energy. Oh yes, what's the quantum spin? Uh? Like 130 00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:43,080 Speaker 1: quantum spin as an like spin up, spin down with 131 00:07:43,080 --> 00:07:49,600 Speaker 1: within molecular orbitals and electrons um. So are those particles 132 00:07:49,640 --> 00:07:59,760 Speaker 1: like actually spinning gesa Uh No, I haven't quantum spin? No? 133 00:08:00,520 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, it's electron spin um that it can be 134 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:08,280 Speaker 1: positive or negative um. And then how's it different from 135 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:11,280 Speaker 1: normal spin? Like a tennis ball can spin? Is electron 136 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: spain the same thing? Are they physically spinning? Uh? I'm 137 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:20,800 Speaker 1: not sure. I know some stuff about Polly's principle that 138 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:23,640 Speaker 1: the spin should be in a specific way, and they're prepared, 139 00:08:23,920 --> 00:08:27,560 Speaker 1: so I know some way in distunt stuff, but I'm 140 00:08:27,640 --> 00:08:31,760 Speaker 1: not sure about the people. Right. Yeah, isn't because um 141 00:08:31,880 --> 00:08:34,320 Speaker 1: every electron has a different type of spin. It's like 142 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:36,160 Speaker 1: either a plus one half a minus one half. I 143 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:39,320 Speaker 1: forgot what it would Yeah, and are they like actually spinning. 144 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:41,160 Speaker 1: Is it like the same thing as a tennis ball spinning? 145 00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:44,640 Speaker 1: Or is it's um? No, because it's not like because 146 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:47,760 Speaker 1: you can't treat it like it's a particle, right, because 147 00:08:48,400 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: it's um like an electron is a mix of a 148 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: particle and a way. I've heard of it, but I'm 149 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:57,080 Speaker 1: not familiar with the meaning. Okay, No, I don't know 150 00:08:57,120 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: what that is, all right. Yes, there's up and down spin, right, 151 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:03,360 Speaker 1: and it's in me. Uh well, I don't know much 152 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:06,480 Speaker 1: more than that, Okay, all right. It seemed very binary. 153 00:09:06,760 --> 00:09:09,680 Speaker 1: Some people had had no idea, never even heard of it, 154 00:09:09,720 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 1: and some people had a lot to say about this topic. Yeah, 155 00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:14,400 Speaker 1: and some people knew some stuff sort of in the 156 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:17,360 Speaker 1: vicinity of the topic, but not actually like reluing to 157 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:21,400 Speaker 1: the question the vicinity. Yeah, yeah, exactly. I like when 158 00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 1: when I asked somebody question and I can tell they 159 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:26,000 Speaker 1: haven't thought about this in a long time, and they 160 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,000 Speaker 1: have sort of like a free association going off in 161 00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 1: their mind that wait, this is connected to that idea, 162 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 1: to that idea of that idea, and then they go no, Actually, 163 00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: I don't know. I don't know the answer. That's really fun, 164 00:09:35,840 --> 00:09:38,200 Speaker 1: but you can see their process. Yeah, because a lot 165 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 1: of people to be heard about it or read about 166 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:42,880 Speaker 1: it a long time ago, maybe in high school physics 167 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:45,320 Speaker 1: or something, and so you sort used to feel like 168 00:09:45,320 --> 00:09:47,400 Speaker 1: it's in there in your brain. You just need some 169 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:50,840 Speaker 1: time to you know, boot up the hard drives. Yeah, exactly. 170 00:09:50,960 --> 00:09:53,440 Speaker 1: But I think my favorite part of this experience asking 171 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:56,720 Speaker 1: people these questions was that one gentleman after I asked him, um, 172 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: if you knew about quantum spin, he then asked me, 173 00:09:59,040 --> 00:10:01,360 Speaker 1: he said, is this some thing you need for your dissertation? 174 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: Said yes, yes, sir, Yes, sir, I am a twenty 175 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:11,840 Speaker 1: five year old graduate student. Absolutely, are you saying that 176 00:10:12,280 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: you can be a grad student at forty something? There 177 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:16,960 Speaker 1: are fewer of them. Yes, there are a few or 178 00:10:16,960 --> 00:10:18,720 Speaker 1: forties something year old grad students. But I have to 179 00:10:18,720 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 1: say the ones that are forty years old, like folks 180 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 1: that went out into the real world and worked in 181 00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,680 Speaker 1: real estate or law or something and then came back 182 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,120 Speaker 1: to do physics grad school, they're really good students. They 183 00:10:29,200 --> 00:10:31,360 Speaker 1: really want it. Yeah, it takes a it's a lot 184 00:10:31,400 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: of work to divert from a path in the real 185 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:37,080 Speaker 1: world back into academia. It's much harder than just like 186 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:39,840 Speaker 1: going from undergrad to grad school. So I really respect that. 187 00:10:39,880 --> 00:10:42,720 Speaker 1: You know, you gotta really want it cool. So if 188 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: there are any there, any listeners out there who want 189 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:47,880 Speaker 1: to change careers and get a PhD, they should contact you, 190 00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: right and you have a spot for them. I'm not 191 00:10:51,440 --> 00:10:53,800 Speaker 1: sure I just offered anybody funding, but I would encourage you. 192 00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 1: If you have a deep passion for physics and you're 193 00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:57,880 Speaker 1: finding yourself in a dead end job and you wish 194 00:10:57,920 --> 00:11:00,640 Speaker 1: you had gone to physics grad school to unraveled mr 195 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:04,559 Speaker 1: of the universe, I encourage you, sir and ma'am, if 196 00:11:04,559 --> 00:11:09,280 Speaker 1: you'd like to be in another dead end of of 197 00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: awesome knowledge, then be a cartoonist. Is that what you're 198 00:11:12,400 --> 00:11:19,800 Speaker 1: gonna say? Yes? Yes, alright, So Daniel, let's break it 199 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:24,280 Speaker 1: down for people. What is quantum spin? We don't know? 200 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:31,280 Speaker 1: Done podcast over, why we had to diversely so much? 201 00:11:31,440 --> 00:11:33,920 Speaker 1: Just do fill fill in the air time? Um, So 202 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:36,480 Speaker 1: people don't know because I don't know what quantum spin is. 203 00:11:36,600 --> 00:11:38,400 Speaker 1: We don't really know what it is. Now we know 204 00:11:38,480 --> 00:11:41,559 Speaker 1: it's a thing, right, So there's this thing, this property 205 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:43,920 Speaker 1: of particles. We don't really understand what it is, what 206 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:46,920 Speaker 1: it's doing. But there's this thing we've observed and we 207 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:49,679 Speaker 1: call it quantum spin. So let's do that. Let's talk 208 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:51,920 Speaker 1: about what this thing is that we can observe, and 209 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: then we'll talk about why we call it quantum spin. 210 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:56,680 Speaker 1: And you know whether it's actually spinning and stuff. Right, Well, 211 00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:59,080 Speaker 1: what's the origin of this? How did this come to 212 00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:00,920 Speaker 1: be a thing? And it came to be a thing 213 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:06,320 Speaker 1: basically because of magnets, right, and you remember that charged particles. 214 00:12:06,360 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 1: So a little particle with the charge on it, like 215 00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:10,800 Speaker 1: an electron, if you move it in a circle, right, 216 00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:14,160 Speaker 1: like through a wire loop or something, then it makes 217 00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: a magnetic field. Right, you can turn it on and 218 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:19,319 Speaker 1: off like electro magnets. This is how they work, right, 219 00:12:19,360 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 1: like motors everyday electric motors, motors in your car and 220 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:26,800 Speaker 1: in your electric car, and you're um even your phone, right, 221 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: there's probably a little motor of solenoid doing the vibrations 222 00:12:30,280 --> 00:12:32,600 Speaker 1: when you put it on vibrate mode. That that's the principle. 223 00:12:32,760 --> 00:12:36,600 Speaker 1: Like they just pump electrons through a coil a little loop, 224 00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,800 Speaker 1: and then that creates a magnetic magnetic field which moves something. 225 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,680 Speaker 1: That's right. And the cute cool thing there is you 226 00:12:41,679 --> 00:12:44,840 Speaker 1: have a magnet you can control electronically or digitally. So 227 00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:47,440 Speaker 1: that's pretty awesome. But the important concept there is that 228 00:12:47,559 --> 00:12:50,080 Speaker 1: things moving in a circle. Charges moving in a circle 229 00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:52,880 Speaker 1: give you a magnetic field. Right, So that's something we 230 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:56,199 Speaker 1: know about, right, something we understand. And so then people 231 00:12:56,200 --> 00:13:01,040 Speaker 1: were asking the question, um, well, do electrons themselves like 232 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: individual particles? Do they have little magnets on them, like 233 00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: not just moving in a circle, but is there a 234 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 1: magnetic field just due to the particle? And this is 235 00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: the kind of thing physicists do. They're like, well, we 236 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:14,000 Speaker 1: don't expect this to be this way, but let's just check, right, 237 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:17,280 Speaker 1: let's see if this happens. Because back then maybe they 238 00:13:17,280 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: thought particles were like little little balls, right maybe yeah, 239 00:13:21,040 --> 00:13:23,360 Speaker 1: well they didn't know. Right, this is in the nineteen twenties, 240 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: this is almost a hundred years ago. The whole idea 241 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:29,439 Speaker 1: of a particle was still pretty new. People discovered electrons 242 00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:32,200 Speaker 1: and neutrons and you know, it was a crazy era 243 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:35,319 Speaker 1: of discovery. They were maybe asking, like, is one electron 244 00:13:35,679 --> 00:13:38,960 Speaker 1: maybe like a magnet itself? Yes, exactly right, And that's 245 00:13:38,960 --> 00:13:40,840 Speaker 1: what they were wondering about. And so if it's a magnet, 246 00:13:40,880 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: it would have a direction, right, like a field exactly 247 00:13:43,840 --> 00:13:45,880 Speaker 1: what it have its own little magnetic field. So that 248 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:47,600 Speaker 1: was the question they were trying to answer, like does 249 00:13:47,640 --> 00:13:50,319 Speaker 1: an electron or a silver atom or whatever, a little 250 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:53,800 Speaker 1: particle have its own magnetic field. So what they did 251 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,120 Speaker 1: is they built this device that would um that. Basically, 252 00:13:57,160 --> 00:13:59,520 Speaker 1: they put particles in this device and the device has 253 00:13:59,559 --> 00:14:01,880 Speaker 1: a magnet nick field on it, and they move the 254 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: particles through the device, not in a circle, just in 255 00:14:04,040 --> 00:14:06,760 Speaker 1: a straight line. And the idea is that the device 256 00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: has magnets in it. So if the particles have their 257 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:12,400 Speaker 1: own magnetic field, then they'll get pushed to one side 258 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:14,840 Speaker 1: because the magnets on the particle would interact with the 259 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,400 Speaker 1: magnets um from this device and would push the particles 260 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:20,000 Speaker 1: to one side or the other, kind of like like 261 00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:22,400 Speaker 1: if you not through an electron, but if you through 262 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 1: like an actual magnet, like a fridge magnet, if you 263 00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:29,360 Speaker 1: threw it at some other magnets, it would get deflected, right, yeah, exactly, 264 00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: it would get deflected. Now, most magnets are balanced, right, 265 00:14:32,320 --> 00:14:34,520 Speaker 1: Most magnets have a north and a south. So say 266 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:37,280 Speaker 1: you set up like a really strong pair of magnets 267 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:39,840 Speaker 1: and then you threw a fridge magnet through it, probably 268 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,960 Speaker 1: wouldn't get deflected because it has a north and a south, 269 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,160 Speaker 1: and so the polls would get balanced. So what they 270 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: did was they set up one really big magnet and 271 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: then a weaker magnet on the other side, so there's 272 00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:53,920 Speaker 1: like an uneven magnetic field through it, so that if 273 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:56,880 Speaker 1: your fridge magnet goes through it, depending on the angle 274 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:58,840 Speaker 1: of the magnet, depending on the angle of the north 275 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:00,880 Speaker 1: and the south, they'll get pulled the one direction or 276 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:04,880 Speaker 1: the other. So they build the particle version of this, Right, 277 00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:07,680 Speaker 1: They an uneven magnetic field, and they shot some particles 278 00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:11,800 Speaker 1: through it, and what they found was really surprising, Right, 279 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:14,560 Speaker 1: it was really shocking what they discovered. They found that 280 00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:17,440 Speaker 1: particles do have magnetic fields. Yeah. Well, first of all, 281 00:15:17,520 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: they found two things that were surprising. One, particles do 282 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,120 Speaker 1: have their own little magnetic fields. I mean, first they 283 00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,000 Speaker 1: did it with silver atoms, which is sort of the 284 00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:27,320 Speaker 1: easiest thing they could do to to make a beam. 285 00:15:27,440 --> 00:15:29,120 Speaker 1: Then this is a long time ago before you could 286 00:15:29,160 --> 00:15:31,400 Speaker 1: easily make like a beam of particles. They just put 287 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,480 Speaker 1: a bunch of silver in an oven and like some 288 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:35,920 Speaker 1: of it boiled off and they collimated it and got 289 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: a beam of silver atoms. And then later they did 290 00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:40,320 Speaker 1: the same thing with electrons, and they found that these 291 00:15:40,360 --> 00:15:43,040 Speaker 1: things have their own little magnets. Like an electron is 292 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,840 Speaker 1: a magnet, which is kind of perplexing, like what does 293 00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:48,200 Speaker 1: that mean? Like where does this magnet come from? Right? 294 00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:50,520 Speaker 1: But what does it mean that it's a magnet? Like 295 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:52,920 Speaker 1: if I just look at an electron, it has like 296 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:56,040 Speaker 1: a north and south poll to it. Yes, exactly. Electrons 297 00:15:56,080 --> 00:15:58,480 Speaker 1: have their own little magnetic fields, even when they're not 298 00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: moving in a circle, even if they're not moving at all, 299 00:16:01,720 --> 00:16:03,640 Speaker 1: Like if you suspended a like current, can you can 300 00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:06,040 Speaker 1: you do it? Yeah? Yeah, exactly. If you have an 301 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 1: electron just floating motionless in mid air, it will have 302 00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:14,160 Speaker 1: its own little magnet. And that's really weird to us now, right, 303 00:16:14,240 --> 00:16:17,600 Speaker 1: because we know that part of electrons and particles, they're 304 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: not like little balls or just points. Yes, exactly, and 305 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:23,800 Speaker 1: so the question of where does that magnet come from? 306 00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:26,280 Speaker 1: That's where this whole idea of spin came from. But 307 00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:29,400 Speaker 1: the other really weird thing they found was that the 308 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,680 Speaker 1: magnets didn't point in every direction, Like if you just 309 00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,840 Speaker 1: throw a bunch of magnets through this device, if they're 310 00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:39,240 Speaker 1: all pointed in different directions. Right is just randomly oriented, 311 00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,280 Speaker 1: you'd expect them to get deflected in random directions. This 312 00:16:42,320 --> 00:16:44,120 Speaker 1: one goes left, this one goes right, this one goes 313 00:16:44,160 --> 00:16:45,920 Speaker 1: a little bit up, this one goes a little bit down. 314 00:16:46,240 --> 00:16:48,320 Speaker 1: But you know, if they're randomly organized, they should go 315 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: in all sorts of directions, right, But what they found 316 00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:54,640 Speaker 1: was that they either went left or they went right. 317 00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: There was not nothing in between, Like it's either left 318 00:16:57,760 --> 00:17:00,880 Speaker 1: or right and nothing else, like, those are your two options, really, 319 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: and no variations and how much right or how much left? Yeah, 320 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:07,000 Speaker 1: they all went exactly the same amount left or this 321 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:11,360 Speaker 1: exactly the amount right? What, Yeah, exactly. And that's why 322 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:14,119 Speaker 1: we call it quantum. Right, they have this little quantum 323 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:17,159 Speaker 1: magnetic field. The amazing thing is that, say, then you 324 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:20,120 Speaker 1: rotate the device, you're like, okay, rotated ninety degrees. Maybe 325 00:17:20,119 --> 00:17:22,360 Speaker 1: you were measuring it on the X axis. Now you're 326 00:17:22,359 --> 00:17:25,560 Speaker 1: measuring on the y axis, right, so you're imagining, okay, well, 327 00:17:25,600 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: maybe these particles just you know, we're somehow weirdly oriented 328 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:31,400 Speaker 1: along the x axis, so they either go left or right. 329 00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,280 Speaker 1: So then rotate your device ninety degrees. Then all the 330 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:39,320 Speaker 1: particles either move up or down right. No matter how 331 00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: you orient the device, the particles either go along the 332 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:45,159 Speaker 1: magnet or against it. Right. So it's not like a 333 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:49,600 Speaker 1: it's not like a real magnetic field, right, it's something weirder. 334 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,960 Speaker 1: It's not like a real magnetic field. Exactly like a 335 00:17:54,040 --> 00:17:58,120 Speaker 1: magnetic it's like a magnetic field. And that's that's exactly 336 00:17:58,119 --> 00:18:00,520 Speaker 1: where we what they struggled with. They're like, Okay, this 337 00:18:00,560 --> 00:18:04,359 Speaker 1: has some property. It's something is generating this magnet, and 338 00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,679 Speaker 1: it's definitely quantum mechanical in some weird way because we 339 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:10,639 Speaker 1: have all these weird properties. Like another weird thing about 340 00:18:10,640 --> 00:18:13,520 Speaker 1: this magnetic devices. So you send a bunch of electrons 341 00:18:13,560 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: through and you split them um left and right. Okay, 342 00:18:16,840 --> 00:18:19,480 Speaker 1: then you take the left beam, only the left beam, 343 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:21,880 Speaker 1: and you split them through a device that's rotated ninety 344 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:24,720 Speaker 1: degrees that goes up and down. Then they split up 345 00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:28,119 Speaker 1: and down right, even though beforehand they would only split 346 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,320 Speaker 1: left and right. Wait, what if you take the left beam, 347 00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:32,480 Speaker 1: the one that the ones that went left? What if 348 00:18:32,480 --> 00:18:36,320 Speaker 1: you try to split them up again? Horizontally. Do they 349 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:39,639 Speaker 1: all go left again, Yes, they do. But if you 350 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:42,080 Speaker 1: split them left right, and you take the left beam, 351 00:18:42,160 --> 00:18:44,960 Speaker 1: then you split them up down, you take the upbeam, 352 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:46,800 Speaker 1: and then you try to split it left and right again, 353 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:49,879 Speaker 1: then they mix they go both left and right. And 354 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:54,159 Speaker 1: that's why it's quantum mechanical, yeah, because you can't you 355 00:18:54,240 --> 00:18:57,840 Speaker 1: can't measure this weird little quantum magnet that the electron has. 356 00:18:57,880 --> 00:18:59,919 Speaker 1: You can't measure it both in X and in y 357 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,639 Speaker 1: at the same time. It's the old Heisenberg uncertainty principle. 358 00:19:03,920 --> 00:19:07,159 Speaker 1: You can't know too much information about the universe. So 359 00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:09,639 Speaker 1: when you measure it in up, down, it mixes it 360 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,280 Speaker 1: up again and left right. Whoa. It's like, oh, I see, 361 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:15,120 Speaker 1: you can't measure the up and down and the left 362 00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:17,240 Speaker 1: and right at the same time. It's like them that 363 00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:19,360 Speaker 1: you can't know a particle where it is and where 364 00:19:19,359 --> 00:19:21,840 Speaker 1: it's going at the same time. The same thing applies 365 00:19:21,920 --> 00:19:24,439 Speaker 1: to the magnet exactly. And that's how we knew it 366 00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:27,919 Speaker 1: was a quantum mechanical property. Right, So we discovered this 367 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 1: weird thing about particles that they have their own little magnets, 368 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:33,800 Speaker 1: and somehow this magnet is quantum mechanical, and so they 369 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:37,600 Speaker 1: were like, what could this be? All right, let's get 370 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:39,440 Speaker 1: into what it could be and some of the weird 371 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: things about that. But first let's take a quick break, okay, Daniel. 372 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:59,600 Speaker 1: So people were measuring electrons and they found that they 373 00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:02,280 Speaker 1: have sort of like an inherent and inherent magnet inside 374 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:05,240 Speaker 1: of electrons, and that it's quantum mechanical, meaning that it's 375 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:08,080 Speaker 1: like really weird and you can't measure up and down 376 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 1: and left and right. That's right um, and so people 377 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:14,640 Speaker 1: that's why people decide to call quantum spin. Yeah, even 378 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: though it's not really spinning, they just went for that name. 379 00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:19,320 Speaker 1: That's right. They call it quantum spin. And so let's 380 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:21,400 Speaker 1: try to figure out what do they mean by quantum spin? 381 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:24,199 Speaker 1: What why did they call it quantum spin? Alright, Well, 382 00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:27,120 Speaker 1: quantum is pretty straightforward. It's definitely it's a property of particles, 383 00:20:27,480 --> 00:20:30,440 Speaker 1: and it behaves like other quantum things that you can't 384 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:33,200 Speaker 1: know too much about it at the same time or 385 00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:36,200 Speaker 1: you can't measure the x and the y um direction 386 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:38,480 Speaker 1: of at the same time. And also it's either up 387 00:20:38,520 --> 00:20:41,240 Speaker 1: or down, right, there's no in between, So it's quantized. 388 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:43,639 Speaker 1: So the quantum stuff all right, I buy it. Right, 389 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:46,040 Speaker 1: you should definitely call this quantum something. If you're gonna 390 00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:48,880 Speaker 1: call it quantum spin or quantum banana, you know, that's 391 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: another question. But it should definitely have the quantum label. Okay, Well, 392 00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,080 Speaker 1: I feel like maybe they should have called it quantum 393 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:57,879 Speaker 1: pole or something, you know, like something that references that, 394 00:20:58,720 --> 00:21:00,919 Speaker 1: because really you're trying to you're trying to capture this 395 00:21:01,160 --> 00:21:05,240 Speaker 1: kind of the magnetic the direction of the magnetic field 396 00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:08,240 Speaker 1: of the electron, right, which is kind of like the pole. Yeah, well, 397 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:10,360 Speaker 1: what they what they did is they thought about what 398 00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:14,080 Speaker 1: generates magnetic polls, right, what generates magnetic fields. And we 399 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:16,439 Speaker 1: know that a particle moving in a circle, right, like 400 00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:19,520 Speaker 1: orbiting for example, will generate a magnetic field. So then 401 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:23,320 Speaker 1: they thought, maybe the particle is spinning. Maybe it's like 402 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:27,120 Speaker 1: physically spinning. And if you imagine electron like it has 403 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: charge on it, think about the surface of the electron 404 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:33,359 Speaker 1: has like little bits of its charge distributed across the surface. 405 00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:35,320 Speaker 1: This is the image they had back then, not the 406 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:38,000 Speaker 1: image that we use now. If that was spinning, then 407 00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:41,800 Speaker 1: you can imagine that the spinning surface of the electron 408 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:45,000 Speaker 1: could be basically particles moving in a circle and now 409 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,120 Speaker 1: would generate a magnetic field. So they were like, ah, 410 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 1: maybe we've discovered that electrons can spin, right, but why 411 00:21:53,119 --> 00:21:55,560 Speaker 1: didn't they just call it like quantum poles and that? 412 00:21:56,560 --> 00:21:58,959 Speaker 1: Because because you were born a hundred years too late. Man, 413 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 1: I know, that's what I'm saying. Totally. I'm officially nominating 414 00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:04,879 Speaker 1: you to be on the Secret Physics Naming Committee. I 415 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:06,720 Speaker 1: think you're you're great at this. I mean in the 416 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:08,840 Speaker 1: sense of people out there who might be trying to understand, 417 00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:11,760 Speaker 1: is you know, I mean they're enough is they don't 418 00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:15,159 Speaker 1: really um care what they call it a perthennial thing. 419 00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,840 Speaker 1: But if if they had called the quantum the quantum 420 00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:20,280 Speaker 1: magnetic pole or something like that, would that still be 421 00:22:20,359 --> 00:22:23,560 Speaker 1: accurate and also maybe be easier to understand. I don't 422 00:22:23,560 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: think it's accurate because it's describing the effect and not 423 00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:30,720 Speaker 1: the cause. Right. We think something is happening which generates 424 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:33,720 Speaker 1: the magnetic field and these other properties. But what we'd 425 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:35,320 Speaker 1: like to do is figure out what the cause of 426 00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:37,760 Speaker 1: it is, Like, what is the particle doing that generates 427 00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,840 Speaker 1: the magnetic field? Right? What is the source of it? 428 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,720 Speaker 1: And does that give us insight into other stuff? And um, 429 00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:47,119 Speaker 1: it turns out it does. Right, If we like to 430 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:49,639 Speaker 1: think about the particles having this thing we call spin, 431 00:22:49,680 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: and we call it spin because it generates the magnetic field, 432 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:55,760 Speaker 1: but also because the way the mathematics of the spin 433 00:22:55,960 --> 00:22:59,800 Speaker 1: is really similar to the mathematics of electrons in orbit. 434 00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: M What do you mean it's similar? Well, the like 435 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,760 Speaker 1: the mathematical language we use to like to describe it 436 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,440 Speaker 1: is very very similar, right, And when you see it's 437 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,760 Speaker 1: like some phenomenon A and you describe it mathematically, and 438 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:14,680 Speaker 1: you see phenomenon being you describe mathematically and you notice 439 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,159 Speaker 1: how look they're described by the same math, then you 440 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:19,920 Speaker 1: have to wonder are they two sides of the same 441 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,199 Speaker 1: coin or are they really the same thing? And so 442 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:26,280 Speaker 1: people's people thought, oh, look at all this release relationships 443 00:23:26,320 --> 00:23:29,680 Speaker 1: between quantum between this thing we call quantum spin and 444 00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,960 Speaker 1: orbital angular momentum, you know, the angular momentum of something 445 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,600 Speaker 1: moving around in a circle. And it was a lot 446 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:38,800 Speaker 1: of connections there, but they turned out to be wrong, right, 447 00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,000 Speaker 1: Like I know, I know we were trying to do, 448 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 1: but you sort of missed kind of well, yes and no, right, 449 00:23:44,560 --> 00:23:46,399 Speaker 1: that's the first way you think about quantum mechanics like 450 00:23:46,720 --> 00:23:51,199 Speaker 1: theoretically it does work, Physically it doesn't. So like theoretically 451 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:54,880 Speaker 1: it does, it works in this beautiful, really deep way 452 00:23:54,960 --> 00:23:59,000 Speaker 1: because um, what we know, for example, is that angular 453 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 1: momentum is conserved. Right, Like momentum is this property of 454 00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:05,879 Speaker 1: particles to keep going in the direction they're going. Angular 455 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:08,919 Speaker 1: momentum is property particles to keep spinning the way they 456 00:24:08,920 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: were spinning, right, And we know that angler momentum is conserved. 457 00:24:11,760 --> 00:24:14,159 Speaker 1: If you start something spinning, it's going to keep spinning 458 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:18,000 Speaker 1: until you stop it. Now, what's what's conserved is total 459 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:20,560 Speaker 1: angle momentum, not the anglementum of like one thing. So 460 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: you spin a top right, and you can stop it 461 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,640 Speaker 1: by touching it against another top, which then takes its 462 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:29,080 Speaker 1: spin right. So the total spin of those two tops 463 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:32,639 Speaker 1: is conserved. Well, the fascinating thing is that while we 464 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:35,600 Speaker 1: don't know what spin is, we know that orribital, angular 465 00:24:35,640 --> 00:24:39,919 Speaker 1: momentum and spin are conserved together, like the some of 466 00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:43,679 Speaker 1: them is conserved, so you can change the spin of 467 00:24:43,720 --> 00:24:49,320 Speaker 1: some particle and and it will influence its angular momentum. Right, 468 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:51,240 Speaker 1: what do you need to conserve is the some of 469 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:54,159 Speaker 1: those two things, which tells you that spin really is 470 00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: like a kind of angular momentum. Fundamentally, theoretically, these really 471 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:02,680 Speaker 1: are related thing, Like a particle has that kind of 472 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 1: quite angular momentum, and so it's approble to call it spin. Yes, 473 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:11,160 Speaker 1: it's some kind of intrinsic angular momentum. Like you can 474 00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,560 Speaker 1: transfer angular momentum from orbital from the orbital kind to 475 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:18,000 Speaker 1: the spin kind and back right, which tells you that 476 00:25:18,040 --> 00:25:21,080 Speaker 1: they really are two kinds of the same thing, that 477 00:25:21,119 --> 00:25:23,679 Speaker 1: in some way the division between them is just in 478 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:26,720 Speaker 1: our minds. It's just mathematical. Oh, I see, So you're 479 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,720 Speaker 1: saying it's some kind of spin, it's some kind of 480 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,080 Speaker 1: a rotation. Yes, exactly. So it's like spin. It's like 481 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:36,919 Speaker 1: spin exactly. And so it's really I got you, I 482 00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: got you. Yeah, you admit it on air that horror 483 00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:42,480 Speaker 1: Chand was right. They should be called like spin. It 484 00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:45,080 Speaker 1: should be called like spin. I completely in totally agree 485 00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:50,600 Speaker 1: with you. There you go. But I guess that the 486 00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:53,359 Speaker 1: question is, like, so they called they decided to call 487 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:55,520 Speaker 1: it spin because it's sort of like it, like real spin. 488 00:25:55,640 --> 00:26:00,480 Speaker 1: But I guess the question is are these particles actually spinning? Right? 489 00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,639 Speaker 1: And that's the fascinating part is that they can't I 490 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:07,919 Speaker 1: mean particles are points, right, they have no volume. We 491 00:26:07,920 --> 00:26:10,080 Speaker 1: were talking earlier about the idea of a particle with 492 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:12,159 Speaker 1: a surface and maybe bits of it on the surface 493 00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:15,120 Speaker 1: we're spinning like the surface was rotating and the bits 494 00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: of charge removing in a circle to generate a magnetic field. 495 00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:21,439 Speaker 1: That's hogwash, Like that can't happen because particles don't have 496 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:24,760 Speaker 1: a size. Right, Electronics, as far as we know, has 497 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:28,160 Speaker 1: zero size. Like the one side of it is exactly 498 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:30,960 Speaker 1: the same place as the other side of it, so 499 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 1: there's nothing to spin. You can't turn around a point 500 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:36,960 Speaker 1: and has no direction. It's like a vector of zero length, 501 00:26:37,080 --> 00:26:40,439 Speaker 1: Like there's no the distance between one end of the 502 00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:42,720 Speaker 1: particle and the other end of the particle for them 503 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:45,720 Speaker 1: to be sort of moving at different in different directions. Right, 504 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,600 Speaker 1: exactly because it's a point particle. Yeah, you spin the 505 00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,320 Speaker 1: particle and it's exactly the same as it was before. Right, 506 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: there's no direction to it. Right, But what isn't it 507 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:58,560 Speaker 1: kind of maybe a philosophical question, like maybe a particle 508 00:26:58,680 --> 00:27:01,160 Speaker 1: a point can't spin? Who's is a point can't spin? 509 00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:05,600 Speaker 1: You just can't see it. I just said it. That's 510 00:27:05,640 --> 00:27:10,160 Speaker 1: not enough for you. I'm only a like physicist. You're liked. 511 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:14,399 Speaker 1: You're well liked, Daniel. Um. No, imagine a imagintive vector right, 512 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:18,639 Speaker 1: imagintive vector right, which is a length and a direction. Okay, Um, 513 00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:20,879 Speaker 1: that can spin right, you can turn it ninety degrees 514 00:27:20,960 --> 00:27:24,280 Speaker 1: or degrees or whatever like an arrow. Like an arrow exactly. 515 00:27:24,359 --> 00:27:27,159 Speaker 1: But if an arrow has zero length, what direction is 516 00:27:27,160 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: it pointing in the one that I told, the one 517 00:27:30,560 --> 00:27:34,159 Speaker 1: that it decides to have. I don't know this quantum stuff. No, 518 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:36,119 Speaker 1: it has no directive, has no length. It can't have 519 00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:39,440 Speaker 1: a direction, right, because the direction would imply a length. Right, 520 00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:41,000 Speaker 1: But you're sort of telling me that it does kind 521 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,920 Speaker 1: of have a direction, right, It kind of has like spin, Yeah, 522 00:27:43,920 --> 00:27:47,000 Speaker 1: it has some property. It can't spin physically, like, it 523 00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:48,760 Speaker 1: can't spin in the way that we would spin a 524 00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:51,960 Speaker 1: tennis ball. Right. It definitely cannot do that. Also, these 525 00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:55,760 Speaker 1: other problems, like if you imagine an electron, if you say, well, 526 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:59,080 Speaker 1: we don't really know. Maybe an electron does have a size, right, 527 00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:01,639 Speaker 1: you haven't seen it. It maybe does. Well, you know, 528 00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,000 Speaker 1: if you say, we know the size of electron has 529 00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:06,480 Speaker 1: to be less than like ten to the minus twenty meters, 530 00:28:06,520 --> 00:28:09,240 Speaker 1: because that's the most best resolution we have we have 531 00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:12,760 Speaker 1: on our biggest particle accelerators, and then you calculate, like, well, 532 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,680 Speaker 1: how fast would the service the electron be spinning? Will 533 00:28:15,680 --> 00:28:18,200 Speaker 1: it be spinning faster than the speed of light? So 534 00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:21,639 Speaker 1: it's definitely not happening. And these are not tiny, little 535 00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: actually spinning balls, right. But this always happens when we 536 00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:28,639 Speaker 1: try to describe something quantum mechanical in terms of something 537 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: that's not right. You have the tennis ball or the 538 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:33,280 Speaker 1: baseball spinning in your head and you're trying to use 539 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:35,359 Speaker 1: that as a model, and it works for a while 540 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,040 Speaker 1: until it doesn't. And it doesn't work because this thing 541 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:41,160 Speaker 1: is not a tiny ball, right, It's some weird thing 542 00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:43,920 Speaker 1: and it has some weird property. The amazing thing is 543 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:47,160 Speaker 1: this spin property is really similar to this other thing 544 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:50,160 Speaker 1: we do understand, right. I think maybe the problem is 545 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:55,160 Speaker 1: that you're saying that um like precision wise, like where 546 00:28:55,600 --> 00:29:01,520 Speaker 1: it's constituent matter is can't rotate in space, right, But 547 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:05,000 Speaker 1: you're saying that it has other properties other than position 548 00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: of its constituent matter that do sort of have a 549 00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,080 Speaker 1: preferred direction. Yes, exactly, it has. That's why we call 550 00:29:12,120 --> 00:29:15,960 Speaker 1: it intrinsic spin because it has some property which is 551 00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:19,480 Speaker 1: very similar mathematically to spin, but we know it's not 552 00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:22,640 Speaker 1: actually spinning. So like intrinsic is like is the physics 553 00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:25,600 Speaker 1: version of like right, because well, it's intrinsic spin. It's 554 00:29:25,640 --> 00:29:28,840 Speaker 1: like some kind of spin. Right, So you're saying that 555 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:30,959 Speaker 1: that it's a point, but it is kind of spinning. 556 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:34,080 Speaker 1: I'm saying it's a point and it has some weird 557 00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:37,760 Speaker 1: property which is related to physical spin, but it's not. 558 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: But mathematically it's kind of equivalent. Before we keep going, 559 00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:56,600 Speaker 1: let's take a short break. It's really quite fascinating, and 560 00:29:56,840 --> 00:29:58,320 Speaker 1: you know it's amazing too. It's to look at the 561 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:00,920 Speaker 1: history because they did these experiments in twenties and the 562 00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: twenties was also when they were figuring out quantum mechanics, 563 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:05,680 Speaker 1: like they're like, how does this thing work? And they're 564 00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,320 Speaker 1: still trying to put the math together. And when they 565 00:30:08,360 --> 00:30:11,920 Speaker 1: were trying to put together the math for relativistic quantum mechanics, 566 00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:14,640 Speaker 1: I was like the quantum mechanics of tiny particles moving 567 00:30:14,680 --> 00:30:18,480 Speaker 1: really fast, they discovered it didn't work. It only worked 568 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:22,640 Speaker 1: if you added some new hidden variable to the electrons, 569 00:30:22,680 --> 00:30:25,320 Speaker 1: like there had to be two kinds of them, not 570 00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:28,239 Speaker 1: just anti particles and particles, but every electron also had 571 00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:31,719 Speaker 1: to have this other weird hidden property and then they 572 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:34,760 Speaker 1: called it spin, and it's the same. It turned out 573 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:37,200 Speaker 1: to be the same spin that the other physics we're 574 00:30:37,240 --> 00:30:39,840 Speaker 1: looking at, Yes, exactly. It all converged beautifully, and they 575 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:41,800 Speaker 1: were like to ching, look at this, Oh my god, 576 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:45,320 Speaker 1: it all makes sense now we understand those experiments, right, 577 00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:50,720 Speaker 1: and so you need spin, like quantum mechanics doesn't work 578 00:30:50,760 --> 00:30:53,600 Speaker 1: without spin, Like the Lorenz group and quantum field theory, 579 00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: all that has has been deeply built inside of it, 580 00:30:56,760 --> 00:30:59,320 Speaker 1: so we know it's a thing and theoretically it makes sense. 581 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,320 Speaker 1: Do you mean it needed like a hidden variable? What 582 00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:05,240 Speaker 1: does that mean? Like it needed needing it like an 583 00:31:05,240 --> 00:31:08,680 Speaker 1: extra space, like an extra variable attached to it for 584 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:12,560 Speaker 1: the math to like. Yeah, think about an electron is 585 00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:15,200 Speaker 1: having labels, right, like it has certain mass, that has 586 00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:19,520 Speaker 1: a certain position, has certain direction whatever. Every electron also 587 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:21,880 Speaker 1: has to have this other label. You know, it's either 588 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,840 Speaker 1: up or down. Right, Remember this is spin, so it's 589 00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:27,920 Speaker 1: not like you're spinning at some random speed. It's quantum spin. 590 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:32,040 Speaker 1: So there's only two options up or down. And so 591 00:31:32,120 --> 00:31:34,680 Speaker 1: every electron has to have this weird label you're spinning 592 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:37,360 Speaker 1: up or you're spinning down, and that makes a difference, 593 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,080 Speaker 1: like when you fill out atomic orbitals. Right, No, two 594 00:31:41,160 --> 00:31:43,880 Speaker 1: electrons can be in the same orbital because their fermions 595 00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:46,400 Speaker 1: they don't like to share. But an electron that spin 596 00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:48,719 Speaker 1: up is different from an electron that spin down. So 597 00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,760 Speaker 1: you can have two electrons in the ground state because 598 00:31:51,760 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: they have this weird sort of hidden thing that's different 599 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,760 Speaker 1: about them, like black on the red or it's like 600 00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:01,120 Speaker 1: the exception to the probably exclusion, right, it's like it 601 00:32:01,240 --> 00:32:03,600 Speaker 1: lets you go around it, right. It's why you can 602 00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:07,040 Speaker 1: have two atoms in the ground state where otherwise the 603 00:32:07,080 --> 00:32:09,360 Speaker 1: poll exclusion principle, well tell you can't. It's because, well, 604 00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: they're not really in the ground state. There's two ground states. 605 00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:13,480 Speaker 1: You can have a ground state for up and a 606 00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:18,480 Speaker 1: ground state for down. Right, But it's not really up 607 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:19,960 Speaker 1: and down, right, it's only up and down if you 608 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,880 Speaker 1: measure it up and down. It's up and down along 609 00:32:22,920 --> 00:32:25,800 Speaker 1: whatever direction you measure. So if you measure it in X, 610 00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 1: every electron will say I'm up or I'm down. If 611 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: then you measure it in why, every electron will say, oh, 612 00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:35,240 Speaker 1: I'm up or I'm down, but they get mixed up. Right, 613 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:37,880 Speaker 1: So there are the quantum mechanically confusing because they're either 614 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:40,440 Speaker 1: up or down in X and then later your upper 615 00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 1: down and why which makes misses up your upper downness 616 00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:46,120 Speaker 1: and X. It's very complicated. So you're saying that electrons 617 00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:52,760 Speaker 1: can like talk essentially it's a way to communicate. Yeah, um. 618 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:55,760 Speaker 1: And and this is why um. This comes up all 619 00:32:55,800 --> 00:32:58,280 Speaker 1: the time in like quantum computing, because you can use 620 00:32:58,320 --> 00:33:00,840 Speaker 1: electrons as sort of a cube bit. Right is it 621 00:33:00,920 --> 00:33:03,440 Speaker 1: spin up or is it spin down? Electron can be 622 00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:05,880 Speaker 1: in two states and it's like a nice map from 623 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:09,600 Speaker 1: a classical bit which is zero or one. So these 624 00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical properties are nice because they have two states. Right, 625 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,240 Speaker 1: So electrons are spin up or spin down. Um. So 626 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:17,600 Speaker 1: that's why it comes up all the time. And also 627 00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:20,880 Speaker 1: in quantum entanglement, like you you have some particle, create 628 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:24,400 Speaker 1: two electrons, well to conserve anglo momentum, one has to 629 00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:26,360 Speaker 1: be spin up and one has to be spinned down. 630 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,640 Speaker 1: Oh really Yeah, when you when you create them out 631 00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:31,959 Speaker 1: of nothing or out of something else, they can they 632 00:33:31,960 --> 00:33:34,320 Speaker 1: can't both come out the same spin. Yeah. Well, for example, 633 00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:37,320 Speaker 1: z bosons can have spin zero. WHOA, what does that 634 00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:41,160 Speaker 1: even mean, Daniel? It has no things, which is not 635 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,480 Speaker 1: really like spin. It's actually it's actually even more complicated. 636 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: Z Bosons have a total spin of one. That's like 637 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:50,440 Speaker 1: the length of their spin. But this is a vector, 638 00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:52,479 Speaker 1: so it can point in different directions, which means they 639 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 1: have three waves to spin. So particles like electrons are 640 00:33:57,440 --> 00:33:59,840 Speaker 1: called spin one half particles. They have one half of 641 00:33:59,840 --> 00:34:02,040 Speaker 1: a unit to spin, which means they can be spin 642 00:34:02,520 --> 00:34:05,400 Speaker 1: up one half or down one half. Z Bosons have 643 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:07,760 Speaker 1: spin one, right, so they can be spinned plus one 644 00:34:08,080 --> 00:34:11,840 Speaker 1: or minus one or zero. So z bosons have three 645 00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:15,200 Speaker 1: different ways to spin, whereas electrons have two ways to spin. 646 00:34:15,239 --> 00:34:18,520 Speaker 1: It's pretty weird it considered like spin one way or 647 00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:21,200 Speaker 1: the other way or not at all. Yes, exactly. But 648 00:34:21,239 --> 00:34:23,840 Speaker 1: if you have a z boson with spin zero and 649 00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:27,080 Speaker 1: it decays into an electron and a positron, then one 650 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:29,359 Speaker 1: of them has to be spin up and the other 651 00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:31,800 Speaker 1: one has to be spinned down so that they add 652 00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:34,800 Speaker 1: up to the original angular momentum of the z boson, 653 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,680 Speaker 1: which was zero. What if a plus one then it 654 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:41,479 Speaker 1: turns into an electron and a positron which are spinning 655 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:44,040 Speaker 1: in the same direction. So they add those two one 656 00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:49,759 Speaker 1: halves add up to one. I'm gonna pretend I understood that. Well, 657 00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:51,399 Speaker 1: that's the cool thing about it is that the math 658 00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:53,759 Speaker 1: of this is really similar. You can use all the 659 00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:56,600 Speaker 1: math you developed for like angler momentum and understanding spin 660 00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:58,959 Speaker 1: orbitals and stuff like that, you can use that same 661 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,359 Speaker 1: math to understands been which is really compelling to me. 662 00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 1: Tells me that theoretically we're dealing with a very similar topic, right, 663 00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,760 Speaker 1: or maybe the math we had to understand angular momentum 664 00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:14,040 Speaker 1: matches the physics of quantum particles, right, yes, exactly when 665 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:18,200 Speaker 1: the Mathew describing matches the physics, then that success, right, 666 00:35:18,239 --> 00:35:20,520 Speaker 1: that says, oh, look I've described it. I've gotten some inside. 667 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120 Speaker 1: I mean, that's all we can ever do writ is 668 00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:24,600 Speaker 1: hope that the math describes the physics, right, You know 669 00:35:24,719 --> 00:35:27,120 Speaker 1: what I mean is like um, maybe maybe if you 670 00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:30,120 Speaker 1: hadn't called it spin, you called it quantum blukity book, right, 671 00:35:31,239 --> 00:35:33,759 Speaker 1: and then reconsidering nominating you for that committee after that? 672 00:35:36,520 --> 00:35:38,759 Speaker 1: What do you have against the blukaty books? I don't 673 00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:42,200 Speaker 1: even know how to spell it anyway. All right, So 674 00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:45,359 Speaker 1: let's say we had quantum blukaty blok. Yeah, and then 675 00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:48,120 Speaker 1: later you find out that angular momentum behaves like quantum 676 00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:51,040 Speaker 1: blukity bluk, then that would be which one would be 677 00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:55,879 Speaker 1: more correct? Right? We don't work correct? Well, if you're 678 00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:58,120 Speaker 1: using the same math for both of them, then you're done. 679 00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:00,160 Speaker 1: And there it's really just a question of how you 680 00:36:00,239 --> 00:36:03,000 Speaker 1: name it. Right. In the end, it's the math, right, 681 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:04,719 Speaker 1: Then the physics is really about the math and not 682 00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:06,640 Speaker 1: the names. In the end, it's about the equations on 683 00:36:06,640 --> 00:36:08,879 Speaker 1: the paper and and and they're the structures and however 684 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,760 Speaker 1: about it. So really you could have called it anything, 685 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,200 Speaker 1: but you picked spin because it's sort of related to 686 00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:19,200 Speaker 1: something that we people had knowledge about, or people have 687 00:36:19,280 --> 00:36:22,440 Speaker 1: kind of intuitive understanding about, that's right, And because we 688 00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:26,000 Speaker 1: think it really is a kind of angular momentum. What 689 00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:28,560 Speaker 1: kind is it? And are these things really spinning? And 690 00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,920 Speaker 1: why do electrons have intrinsic angle momentum? That we have 691 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:34,560 Speaker 1: no idea, but it seems to be necessary to make 692 00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:36,680 Speaker 1: quantum field theory work. It seems to be a kind 693 00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:40,399 Speaker 1: of angular momentum. It's definitely a real thing, but it's 694 00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:42,040 Speaker 1: kind of a mystery, and it's something I like to 695 00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:45,200 Speaker 1: think about like, why are you doing the electron, why 696 00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:48,759 Speaker 1: are you spinning this way? What? What is making you 697 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:54,360 Speaker 1: generate that magnetic field? Yeah, exactly exactly, Well I guess so. 698 00:36:54,640 --> 00:36:57,200 Speaker 1: And then the answer is what it's quantum? Say, it's um. 699 00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:01,360 Speaker 1: It's some property of electrons um that sort of behaves 700 00:37:01,360 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: similar to rotation. But we don't really know what it is, 701 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:08,160 Speaker 1: but it's there, it's real, and it's definitely not actually spinning. 702 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:11,040 Speaker 1: And it's not just electrons, right, All particles have some 703 00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:14,440 Speaker 1: kind of spin. There's particles with half integer spin we 704 00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:16,719 Speaker 1: call them fermions, and all the matter particles and like that, 705 00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:20,200 Speaker 1: electrons and quarks, and then there's particles with integer spin, 706 00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:24,400 Speaker 1: like bosons, like photons and ws and zs and gluons 707 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:26,719 Speaker 1: and those kind of particles. And that's actually the way 708 00:37:26,719 --> 00:37:29,279 Speaker 1: we distinguish them. Right, Fermions have half endeger spin and 709 00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:31,839 Speaker 1: bosons have integer spin. So it's a it's a it's 710 00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:34,560 Speaker 1: an important deal. Like in the particle world, it's a 711 00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:36,360 Speaker 1: big deal. Right, And you meet a new particle, you 712 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:38,960 Speaker 1: want to know what is its spin. The Higgs, for example, 713 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:41,360 Speaker 1: is spin zero. It's the only particle we know that 714 00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,319 Speaker 1: has no spin at all and never can spin. It's 715 00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:47,239 Speaker 1: the only particle we've ever found that can never spin. Wow, 716 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:52,200 Speaker 1: now you're just messing with basic arithmetic. Man. You're like, 717 00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:54,160 Speaker 1: if it's zero, can only be zero. If it's one, 718 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:56,400 Speaker 1: it can be zero when mine is you know what 719 00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,360 Speaker 1: I mean, Like you're using the same words to describe 720 00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:01,720 Speaker 1: things that means anyways, Okay, I should be more careful 721 00:38:01,719 --> 00:38:03,440 Speaker 1: when I say what it means for a particle have 722 00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:05,720 Speaker 1: a certain amount of spin. When we say a particle 723 00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,120 Speaker 1: spin one, what we mean is that the length of 724 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:11,120 Speaker 1: its spin vector is one, and that vector can point 725 00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:14,359 Speaker 1: in different directions, and the individual particle can have spin 726 00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:16,880 Speaker 1: plus one, zero or minus one if it's a spin 727 00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:20,239 Speaker 1: one particle. If a particle spin one half, that's like 728 00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:23,040 Speaker 1: the length of its spin vector, then it's spin vector 729 00:38:23,080 --> 00:38:25,640 Speaker 1: con point either plus one half or minus one half. 730 00:38:25,719 --> 00:38:29,920 Speaker 1: Those guys can't be zero. It's like, it's like arithmetic. 731 00:38:29,920 --> 00:38:32,560 Speaker 1: It's not really Yeah, that's what I mean. It would 732 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:34,799 Speaker 1: just be so much easier to understand, you guys if 733 00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,919 Speaker 1: you just said, instead of saying it's quantum spin, it's 734 00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:40,320 Speaker 1: it's like spin. All right, I'm gonna say it's like 735 00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:42,480 Speaker 1: spin from now on, and we'll see how many weird 736 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:45,960 Speaker 1: eyebrow races I get in my physics conversations. Yeah, totally. 737 00:38:46,040 --> 00:38:48,880 Speaker 1: Well you'll probably get weird eyebrows in your physics department. 738 00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:50,759 Speaker 1: But I'm saying, if you're talking to people out there 739 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: in the street, are you suggesting there's like more unibrows 740 00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:58,759 Speaker 1: in the physics department than in your average street more unibrows, 741 00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:09,240 Speaker 1: one weird eyebrows man. All right, well, that's what quantum 742 00:39:09,239 --> 00:39:12,080 Speaker 1: spin is. I know it's confusing and it's complicated, but 743 00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:14,240 Speaker 1: we hope we at least brought you up to speed 744 00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:17,640 Speaker 1: to where the physics community is. And remember, even physicists, 745 00:39:17,680 --> 00:39:20,359 Speaker 1: we don't really know what quantum spin is. And all 746 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:22,920 Speaker 1: those grad students I asked, what, how would you explain 747 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,279 Speaker 1: quantum spin to a random person on the street, They 748 00:39:25,280 --> 00:39:27,960 Speaker 1: got themselves tangled up and by their tongues as well. 749 00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:30,680 Speaker 1: So it's a confusing topic. But if you still have 750 00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:33,719 Speaker 1: questions about quantum spin, send us an email to feedback 751 00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:36,120 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorne dot com. That's right. You can 752 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:40,720 Speaker 1: even send us like emails or like questions or emails 753 00:39:40,719 --> 00:39:45,520 Speaker 1: that about how much you like us. See you next time. 754 00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:56,120 Speaker 1: If you still have a question. After listening to all 755 00:39:56,160 --> 00:39:59,360 Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to 756 00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:01,800 Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, 757 00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:05,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or 758 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:09,640 Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. 759 00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:12,440 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain 760 00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:15,400 Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of I heart Radio. For 761 00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:18,479 Speaker 1: more podcast from my heart Radio, visit the i heart 762 00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:22,160 Speaker 1: Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your 763 00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:22,960 Speaker 1: favorite shows.