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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, do you somebody's feel when you're bored time

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Speaker 3: slows down?

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Speaker 1: That never happens to me when I'm talking to you,

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Speaker 1: or Hey, every conversation with.

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Speaker 3: You is riveting, It goes back to super fast.

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Speaker 1: That's right. Time just flies by, you know, I call

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Speaker 1: you up and then all of a sudden, it's hours later.

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Speaker 3: Do you know what I mean? Like, it's the idea

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Speaker 3: that maybe time is relative in our heads.

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Speaker 1: No, I think that's true. When you're waiting for something,

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Speaker 1: time feels like it goes really slow. When you're listening

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Speaker 1: to your favorite podcast hosts, it just is right, Behy,

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Speaker 1: we're pretty bad at measuring time as a species.

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Speaker 3: Are we really? Like? Our brains are not good at

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Speaker 3: estimating time?

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Speaker 1: Oh?

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Speaker 4: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: They do all these experiments where they ask people to

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Speaker 1: estimate how long something has been and they always over

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Speaker 1: underestimate it.

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Speaker 3: Oh wow. So psychologically time can be relative, that's proven.

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Speaker 3: But what about physics can that actually happen?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it turns out that physics also doesn't provide a

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Speaker 1: bedrock layer of truth that time can slow down.

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Speaker 3: Huh. So there's no universal clock like, there's no impartial,

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Speaker 3: godlike measure of time.

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Speaker 1: That's right. So if next time you're late for a meeting,

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Speaker 1: you can just say, hey, I got my own clock

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Speaker 1: and my observer says that was on time. Physics gives

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Speaker 1: you an excuse to be late for your meeting. Hi'm

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Speaker 1: Horget and I'm Daniel.

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Speaker 3: Welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorgete explain the universe.

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Speaker 1: In which we take plenty of time to explain to

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Speaker 1: you how time works in the universe.

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Speaker 3: Hey, yeah, we're here to help you. Whatever it is

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Speaker 3: you're doing, commuting to work, on a subway, going out

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Speaker 3: for a jog. We're here to help the time move

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Speaker 3: a little bit faster for you.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We're here to kill some time for you.

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Speaker 3: And now it's time to get on with it. So

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Speaker 3: today's topic is why do clocks run slower when they

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Speaker 3: are moving fast.

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Speaker 1: That's right. This is a really popular thing for people

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Speaker 1: to get confused about in relativity. M hm. It's technically

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Speaker 1: called time dilation, the fact that clocks that move fast

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Speaker 1: run slow, and it's a topic that confuses people from

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Speaker 1: here to infinity.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it's the idea that if you're going really fast,

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Speaker 3: maybe at close up the speed of light, then time

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Speaker 3: slows down for you.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And the thing we want to understand today

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Speaker 1: is not just does it happen, but why does it happen?

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Speaker 1: What is it about the universe that makes that the

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Speaker 1: way it really works? And the thing that I love

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Speaker 1: about this is that it's one of the best examples

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Speaker 1: of how the universe doesn't work the way you think

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Speaker 1: it does, that it doesn't make sense to our sort

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Speaker 1: of intuitive understanding of the way the world should.

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Speaker 3: Work, especially at these extreme conditions.

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Speaker 1: Right. That's right, because we're not used to those extreme conditions.

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Speaker 1: So we've operated in on the surface of the Earth,

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Speaker 1: which is pretty slow speeds for thousands and thousands of years.

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Speaker 1: We build up these intuitive models for how we think

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Speaker 1: the universe behaves, right, what the rules are, And one

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Speaker 1: of those rules is that we think that there is

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Speaker 1: a absolute history, right, we think that there is a

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Speaker 1: reality out there and that something actually happens, and in

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Speaker 1: the end everybody should agree if they're honest observers about

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Speaker 1: what happened. It turns out that's just not true.

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Speaker 3: And hopefully this is kind of a topic that a

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Speaker 3: lot of people have hopefully, I think, and maybe have

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Speaker 3: heard about. It's sort of permeated out into popular culture

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Speaker 3: a little bit, right, Like it's the basis of the

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Speaker 3: movie Interstellar.

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Speaker 1: I knew you were going to talk about Interstellar interstellar reference.

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Speaker 3: But it's a big example of it in pop culture, right.

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Speaker 3: I think, really Interstellar was a pretty big movie, regardless

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Speaker 3: of what your physicists thinks of it.

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Speaker 1: Am I ear a physicist? Is that how you refer

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Speaker 1: to me? No, Interstellar actually did a pretty good job

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Speaker 1: of modeling the relativity portion. My issues with the Interstellar

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Speaker 1: are more about the time travel and going inside a

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Speaker 1: black hole. But from the point of view of relativity,

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Speaker 1: that made a lot of sense. I mean, I thought

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Speaker 1: it was good that they actually built into the plot

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Speaker 1: what would happen to various people's clocks, And that's the

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Speaker 1: key thing, is that relativity is all about comparing clocks.

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Speaker 1: How fast is my clock going to you compared to

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Speaker 1: your clock?

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Speaker 3: So we're going to assume that you have heard of

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Speaker 3: this concept that if you are in a spaceship going

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Speaker 3: really fast, then time will slow down for you. But

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Speaker 3: we were wondering how many people out there know why?

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Speaker 1: So, as usual, I torture the undergraduates of UC Irvine

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Speaker 1: by walking around and asking them random questions without any preparation.

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Speaker 1: And remember, for those of you who think that these

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Speaker 1: answers are silly, these are hard questions to answer on

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Speaker 1: the top of your head, so give them some slack.

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Speaker 3: It's torture. The HEIA calls it physics.

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Speaker 1: Sporting enhanced physics exactly, physics borting, Yeah, exactly. I'm going

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Speaker 1: to cover your face with a towel and pour physics

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Speaker 1: on your face. Eventually, I think the undergrads are going

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Speaker 1: to recognize me, and they're gonna be like, don't let

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Speaker 1: that guy talk to you. He'll embarrass you.

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Speaker 3: Run away.

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Speaker 1: We're not trying to embarrass these people.

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Speaker 3: No, it's great. I think I would be totally flabbergasted

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Speaker 3: if you asked me these questions out on the street.

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Speaker 1: All right, I'll plan the ambush you one day, so

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Speaker 1: before you listen to these answers, think for yourself. Do

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Speaker 1: you know what time dilation is? Can you explain why

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Speaker 1: moving clocks run more slowly?

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Speaker 3: Here's what people have to say.

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Speaker 1: Have you heard of time dilation?

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Speaker 3: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Do you know that clocks that move really fast go slower?

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Speaker 3: No?

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Speaker 1: This is fining your information to me.

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Speaker 4: Yes.

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Speaker 1: Do you know why that is?

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Speaker 4: No?

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Speaker 3: I don't know the real reason.

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Speaker 1: No, I'm sorry.

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Speaker 5: Okay, no, no, okay, there is no time?

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Speaker 1: Okay, thanks very much.

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Speaker 3: All right, So maybe I was a little wrong. Not

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Speaker 3: a lot of people have heard about this concept.

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Speaker 1: That's right, and there are even people out there that

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Speaker 1: deny the time exists. Right, there is no time.

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Speaker 3: That was my favorite away, there is no concept of time,

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Speaker 3: or that there was not enough time to explain it

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Speaker 3: to you.

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Speaker 1: You know, I was so flabbergasted by the response. I

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Speaker 1: couldn't even formulate a follow up question. I was just

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Speaker 1: like still processing, Like, what does that even mean? Wow?

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Speaker 3: Did he just dropped or she dropped the bike? There

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Speaker 3: is no time, straight phase.

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Speaker 1: She said it with a lot of finality. Yeah, so

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Speaker 1: there wasn't a whole lot of opening there for interrogation

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Speaker 1: or follow up questions. I was like, this is a

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Speaker 1: clearly known fact, there is no time.

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Speaker 3: Well, she was just in a rush and she's like,

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Speaker 3: I have no time for this.

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Speaker 1: No, I think it was definitely more of the time

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Speaker 1: and time is an illusion, so an answer.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, I've heard of that time is an illusion.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I think we have to do a whole

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Speaker 1: other podcast episode about what is time and how does

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Speaker 1: it work? And why does it only go forward and

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Speaker 1: all that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 3: But this is kind of related. This topic is related

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Speaker 3: to that idea that time is not what we think

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Speaker 3: it is.

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Speaker 1: That's right. We've made a lot of progress in the

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Speaker 1: last one hundred years in understanding time, and we've connected

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Speaker 1: it to space. You've probably heard the concept of space time, right.

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Speaker 1: We have three dimensions at least of space and one

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Speaker 1: dimension of time, and Einstein's relativity tied them together and

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Speaker 1: showed us how time and space are connected. But that

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Speaker 1: doesn't mean that time can be simply understood as a

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Speaker 1: fourth dimension of space. It's much more complicated. It's different

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Speaker 1: from the other dimensions of space.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, they're all tied together, time, speed, space, It's all

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Speaker 3: one big molasses of a universe.

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Speaker 1: It's all one big tangle The amazing thing is that

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Speaker 1: it actually all does work. You know, we have this

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Speaker 1: new version of our understanding of the universe, not that

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Speaker 1: new anymore, as one hundred years old, but this revived

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Speaker 1: version of our understanding of the universe, and it actually

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Speaker 1: hangs together. I mean, the answers it gives you don't

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Speaker 1: make any sense to your intuition, Like they fly in

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Speaker 1: the face of what you think should happen. They require

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Speaker 1: you to like throw out the way you think the

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Speaker 1: universe works. But they actually do hang together mathematically and

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Speaker 1: they are correct. Like every time we make a ridiculous

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Speaker 1: prediction from relativity and go out and check it, the

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Speaker 1: universe is like, yep, that ridiculous thing actually happens.

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Speaker 3: Well, let's break it down for people. So what does

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Speaker 3: it mean for clocks to run slower when they move fast?

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Speaker 3: So that's what we're exploring, and that's what we're trying

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Speaker 3: to explain, is why when you're moving really fast, your

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Speaker 3: clock is going to actually slow down.

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Speaker 1: Right, And so let's be very careful on how we

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Speaker 1: say this because a lot of people get confused. People

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Speaker 1: think that if you are moving fast that your clock

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Speaker 1: slows down, that like if you're looking at your watch

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Speaker 1: and running that you can see the seconds tick slower.

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Speaker 1: That's not true. If you're holding a clock and the

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Speaker 1: clock is not moving relative to you, you'll always see

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Speaker 1: it moving at one second per second. Okay, No matter

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Speaker 1: how fast you're going relative to anything else, your clock

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Speaker 1: always runs the same way.

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Speaker 3: It sound like I get on a spaceship, hit the

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Speaker 3: warp speed, and thenoo, that's not what I experience.

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Speaker 1: That's right. You never notice your own time changing, right,

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Speaker 1: You experience time at one second per second, no matter what. Okay,

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Speaker 1: The thing that does happen is that clock's moving relative

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Speaker 1: to you. Right. So, if I'm standing still and Horror

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Speaker 1: has a clock and he runs, because he's a pretty

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Speaker 1: zippy guy, if he runs it half the speed.

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Speaker 3: Of plight because I'm running late, probably.

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Speaker 1: If I notice that he's moving really fast, then I

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Speaker 1: will see his clock running more slowly. Right. So, now,

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Speaker 1: from his point of view, he will see his clock

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Speaker 1: running normally, but I will see his clock running more slowly.

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Speaker 3: If I'm zooming past you and you just look at

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Speaker 3: my clock as I'm zooing by, it's not going to

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Speaker 3: be running at the same speed as your clock.

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Speaker 1: That's right. If I'm watching you as you go by,

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Speaker 1: and I'm watching your clock's hands tick forward. Right, Then

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Speaker 1: they don't agree with mine. Yours mark the seconds more

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Speaker 1: slowly than my clock does.

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Speaker 3: Whoa.

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Speaker 1: And that's the key thing, is that the observation of

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Speaker 1: time depends on your relative velocity to the clock.

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Speaker 3: Hmm. So it's not that it actually slowed down for

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Speaker 3: me at least, it just you saw it run slower.

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Speaker 1: Right. I love how you try to use the word

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Speaker 1: actually right, because you're you're imagining there's some true version

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Speaker 1: of the effect of the effect, right, I'm just this

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Speaker 1: is an illusion or it looks this way, but it's

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Speaker 1: not actually happening. The problem is there is no what

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Speaker 1: actually happened. Okay, I observe one thing, you observe something else.

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Speaker 1: We can both be right even if those accounts disagree.

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Speaker 3: Whoa. Okay. So then I'm running past you really fast

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Speaker 3: with a clock and you see it run slower than

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Speaker 3: I do, or it's running slower than your clock. Then

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Speaker 3: what happens if I stop, Like, if I stop a

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Speaker 3: few paces after you, does that mean our clocks are

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Speaker 3: going to be out of sync?

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Speaker 1: Yes, our clocks will definitely be out sink exactly, and

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Speaker 1: there's a lot of interesting effects there. Right. So I'm

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Speaker 1: standing still from my point of view, right, then you're

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Speaker 1: running past me. I see your clock moving more slowly.

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Speaker 1: I see my clock running normally. Right, what do you see? Well,

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Speaker 1: you see your clock running normally, right, because everybody sees

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Speaker 1: their own clock running normally. But you also see my

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Speaker 1: clock running slowly because even though you're due one doing

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Speaker 1: the running, I'm moving relative to you and your clock.

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Speaker 3: So then what happens is if I stop, because I'm

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Speaker 3: going to think time move normally, but when I compare

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Speaker 3: my clock to your clock, your clock will have skipped

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Speaker 3: ahead because right or no, you'll have skip back.

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Speaker 1: This is really tricky, okay, and we should probably avoid

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Speaker 1: this topic. Well maybe we won't. Let's dig into it.

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Speaker 1: This is called the twin paradox, right. This is people say, well,

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Speaker 1: how do you reconcile this? Right? So the classic framing

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Speaker 1: of this is, say we're twins, right, and I stay

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Speaker 1: on We Dross draws for Hugus to go to Alpha

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Speaker 1: Centari and you lose. So you have to go to

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Speaker 1: Alpha Centari or you win. You have to go to

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Speaker 1: Alpha Centari. I stay on Earth and you take a

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Speaker 1: rocket ship to office Centari, and I see your clock

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Speaker 1: running more slowly.

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Speaker 3: Okay, well we sink first of all, we sink clocks

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Speaker 3: like before I take off.

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Speaker 1: First of all.

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Speaker 3: Yes, we're just gonna sink clocks. Time zero start go now.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And I see your clock running more slowly. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 1: you have a telescope. You're looking at my clock. You

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Speaker 1: see mine running more slowly. Right, So we both see

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Speaker 1: the other person as aging more slowly. Right. So now

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Speaker 1: after one hundred years, you see me as only being

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Speaker 1: ten years older, and I see you as only being

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Speaker 1: ten years older, right.

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Speaker 3: Right, So then I come back and then what happened?

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Speaker 3: Who's older?

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Speaker 1: M All right, let's break this down really carefully because

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Speaker 1: it is tricky. So when the Earth twin is watching

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Speaker 1: the ship twins clock, he of course sees time moving

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Speaker 1: more slowly on the ship, right, that's relativity. The same

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Speaker 1: way when the ship twin watches the Earth twins clock,

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Speaker 1: he also sees time moving more slowly on Earth. So

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Speaker 1: far everything is symmetric, right, And that's why we like it.

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Speaker 1: Because you could be in ship, you can be in

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Speaker 1: the Earth. It shouldn't really matter. Right now, if they

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Speaker 1: just kept going this way and nothing would change. Of course,

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Speaker 1: they would have conflicting views of whose clock is moving slower, right,

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Speaker 1: But that's okay. In relativity, you can have two people

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Speaker 1: with conflicting but both correct views of the same situation, right,

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Speaker 1: Because there is no ultimate truth, right, Your answers depend

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Speaker 1: on your speed and your location. So what happens to

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Speaker 1: break the symmetry? The symmetry is broken when the space

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Speaker 1: twin turns around. That's an acceleration, right, that changes everything. Wow,

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Speaker 1: only the space twin does any acceleration, so that makes

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Speaker 1: his case different, right, And during that acceleration, the time

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Speaker 1: on Earth seems to zoom forward really fast from the

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Speaker 1: point of view of the space twin. So on the

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Speaker 1: way back, yeah, he sees Earth moving fast and Earth's

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Speaker 1: clock going slowly. But during that acceleration, Earth time has

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Speaker 1: leapt forward really far. So when the space twin gets

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Speaker 1: back to Earth, he's younger than his twin on Earth.

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Speaker 2: Right.

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Speaker 1: And the reason they're no longer symmetric is that only

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Speaker 1: the space twin has done any acceleration, so you shouldn't

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Speaker 1: expect them to be the same from each point of view.

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Speaker 3: It's the coming back that then lets me stay younger.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.

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Speaker 3: Okay, let's dig into it even more. But let's take

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Speaker 3: All right, so this idea that time moves slower when

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00:18:04,680 --> 00:18:08,919
Speaker 3: you're going fast. It's what's cool is that it's always happening, right.

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Speaker 3: It doesn't just happen when you're going at the speed

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Speaker 3: of light or close to the speed of light. It's

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Speaker 3: it happens like on a daily basis.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It applies all the time. It always applies

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Speaker 1: to things that have velocity relative to you. But it's

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Speaker 1: a really tiny effect if you're not going really really fast.

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Speaker 1: So when you're driving sixty miles an hour on the freeway, yeah,

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Speaker 1: your clock is running a little bit slower, but you'll

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Speaker 1: never notice it.

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Speaker 3: Wow, But it's there, Like we are all feeling relativity

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Speaker 3: and time dilation all the time everywhere.

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Speaker 1: There is no way to escape relativity. It is everywhere.

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Speaker 3: It's relatively everywhere.

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Speaker 1: It's absolutely This absolute thing about relativity is that it's everywhere.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so it only happens when you get it's only noticeable,

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Speaker 3: you're saying, when you're going in the closest speed up.

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Speaker 3: But I heard it happens to astronauts here on Earth,

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Speaker 3: like the Space Shuttle, the clocks get out of sync

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Speaker 3: with the clocks on Earth.

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Speaker 1: That's right, though it takes a lot of precision to

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Speaker 1: measure it. It's something like every six months or so,

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Speaker 1: they lose like less than a hundredth of a second.

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Speaker 1: So it's something we can measure, and they have really

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Speaker 1: precise clocks precisely to measure this, to verify these predictions.

403
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Speaker 1: But it's not something that people have really like qualitatively experienced.

404
00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:24,520
Speaker 1: We haven't had an astronaut come back, you know, deep

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Speaker 1: into the future and still feel young. And it gets

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Speaker 1: really nonlinear. Right as you get faster and faster, the

407
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Speaker 1: effect gets stronger. And stronger.

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Speaker 3: But they did do the twin experiment with astronauts, right, Like,

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Speaker 3: they sent to one twin into space for a whole year,

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Speaker 3: and then he came back, and technically he was point

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Speaker 3: zero one seconds younger.

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Speaker 1: That's right. I wonder if he was the one who

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Speaker 1: was originally born first or the one who's originally born second,

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Speaker 1: because it'd be interesting to be like, well, you used

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Speaker 1: to be the older twin, but now I'm the older twin.

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Speaker 3: I should have stayed up there for ten more years.

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Speaker 1: Do you think grown up twins still argue by that

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Speaker 1: kind of stuff. Well, I'm the older brother, so you

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Speaker 1: have to listen to me.

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Speaker 3: Why do you think they're both Auster and us? They're

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00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:05,520
Speaker 3: probably trying to one up each other. Oh yeah, I'm

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00:20:05,520 --> 00:20:07,760
Speaker 3: an engineer. Oh yeah, I'm a pilot. Oh yeah, I'm

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Speaker 3: a I'm an Auster. Not me too.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, probably it never ends, right.

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Speaker 3: But technically that's true. He went out into space, went

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Speaker 3: around the Earth for a whole year. When he came back,

427
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Speaker 3: technically time for him moved one hundred of a second slower.

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00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:24,439
Speaker 1: Yeah. I wonder what he's gonna do with all that

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Speaker 1: extra time, you know, scratch his nose or something, right.

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Speaker 3: Yep, it's gone. He lost it.

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00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:32,200
Speaker 1: He used it up. Yeah, But as you go faster

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Speaker 1: and faster, the effect gets stronger and stronger, and as

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Speaker 1: you approach the speed of light, time gets so slow

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Speaker 1: that we can say that if you go the speed

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Speaker 1: of light, time would actually stop.

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Speaker 3: Oh so I if I'm zooming running past you at

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Speaker 3: the speed of light, you would see my clock totally.

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Speaker 1: Frozen, exactly. Now, coffeats are important here. Nothing that has

439
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Speaker 1: mass can actually go the speed of light, right, and

440
00:20:56,520 --> 00:20:58,600
Speaker 1: only massless things can go the speed of light. So

441
00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:00,000
Speaker 1: you can never go the speed of light.

442
00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:01,959
Speaker 3: Are you saying I have but much mass? Daniel?

443
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,120
Speaker 1: You're pretty massive, dude, Yeah, by which I mean you're

444
00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:11,000
Speaker 1: funny and you're massively awesome, and you have a massively

445
00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:14,879
Speaker 1: excellent podcast, and you are brilliant. But you're not entirely

446
00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:15,400
Speaker 1: made of light.

447
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,080
Speaker 3: M But that all right, Yeah, I was just fishing

448
00:21:18,119 --> 00:21:19,280
Speaker 3: for relative compliments.

449
00:21:20,720 --> 00:21:24,080
Speaker 1: Absolutely wonderful. So if you have somebody in a spaceship

450
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,119
Speaker 1: and they're going super duper fast and they're approaching the

451
00:21:26,160 --> 00:21:28,560
Speaker 1: speed of light, then time slows down further and further

452
00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,480
Speaker 1: to the point where it almost stops. But Remember, for them,

453
00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:35,000
Speaker 1: time doesn't slow down. It's not like they're living in molasses.

454
00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:38,600
Speaker 1: It's just our observation of their time. So if somehow

455
00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,679
Speaker 1: a photon had a clock, yeah, our view of the

456
00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,480
Speaker 1: photon's clock would be that it was frozen. Right for us,

457
00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:47,200
Speaker 1: Photons don't move forward in time. They are frozen in time.

458
00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:51,040
Speaker 1: But if you were a photon, what would your experience be. Well,

459
00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:53,000
Speaker 1: it's hard to answer that because you're not a photon,

460
00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,600
Speaker 1: and you have to have a concept of like acensioned photon,

461
00:21:55,640 --> 00:22:00,000
Speaker 1: which seems impossible. But so it's basically an impossible question

462
00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:03,640
Speaker 1: to answer. But they remember, your time always moves forward

463
00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:05,520
Speaker 1: at one second per second.

464
00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:13,199
Speaker 3: Okay, so that's the effect of time dilation. Time moves

465
00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:16,880
Speaker 3: seems to move slower when you're going faster. So let's

466
00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:20,560
Speaker 3: get into why it happens. Do we know why this happens.

467
00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:24,120
Speaker 1: We do know why, and it's the consequence of another

468
00:22:24,440 --> 00:22:28,400
Speaker 1: really strange, counterintuitive thing that we've observed about the universe

469
00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:29,840
Speaker 1: that makes very little sense.

470
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,200
Speaker 3: So it's a conundrum built on a conundrum.

471
00:22:33,920 --> 00:22:38,240
Speaker 1: It's a bizarre, counterintuitive consequence of something really weird about

472
00:22:38,280 --> 00:22:42,199
Speaker 1: the universe and really weird about light. Actually, it's the

473
00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:46,320
Speaker 1: fact that everybody always observes light going at the same speed,

474
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,240
Speaker 1: no matter how fast they're going relative to the source

475
00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:49,680
Speaker 1: of the light.

476
00:22:50,840 --> 00:22:53,200
Speaker 3: Okay, let's break it down what that means. So light

477
00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:58,080
Speaker 3: travels through space, but nobody can see it move faster

478
00:22:58,240 --> 00:22:59,960
Speaker 3: than that speed that light moves.

479
00:23:00,320 --> 00:23:02,120
Speaker 1: That's right. There's a certain speed of light that goes

480
00:23:02,160 --> 00:23:04,720
Speaker 1: through space three times ten to the eight meters per second,

481
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:06,600
Speaker 1: and we'll call it the speed of light. Of course.

482
00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:09,600
Speaker 1: And if I'm standing on a planet and I turn

483
00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:13,119
Speaker 1: on a flashlight, then the light leaves me and travels

484
00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:15,800
Speaker 1: at three times ten to the eight meters per second

485
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:16,720
Speaker 1: away from me.

486
00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,040
Speaker 3: Right, And if and if you're shooting it at me,

487
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,640
Speaker 3: then I see moving towards me at three times ten

488
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:24,080
Speaker 3: to eight meters per second.

489
00:23:24,119 --> 00:23:26,560
Speaker 1: Okay, that's right. Even if you're even if you're on

490
00:23:26,560 --> 00:23:28,880
Speaker 1: a rocket ship and you're moving towards me, right, saying

491
00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:30,760
Speaker 1: you're moving towards me at half the speed of light.

492
00:23:31,359 --> 00:23:34,240
Speaker 1: I shoot my laser beam at you're my flashlight at you.

493
00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:36,400
Speaker 1: You still see that flashlight, the light from it coming

494
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:38,840
Speaker 1: at you at the speed of light, right, And that's

495
00:23:38,880 --> 00:23:42,280
Speaker 1: different from you know, sound waves or rocks or something.

496
00:23:42,119 --> 00:23:44,880
Speaker 3: Or a baseball, Like that's weird, right, Like, if you

497
00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:48,000
Speaker 3: throw a baseball at me and I'm running full speed

498
00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:50,919
Speaker 3: towards you, that baseball is going to be it's going

499
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:52,960
Speaker 3: to look like it's moving really fast towards me.

500
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:54,600
Speaker 1: That's right. If I throw a baseball at you a

501
00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:56,640
Speaker 1: one hundred miles an hour, which I promise I can

502
00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,959
Speaker 1: totally do, this is very realistic, and you're running towards

503
00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:02,520
Speaker 1: me at fifty miles an hour, which I'm sure you're

504
00:24:02,560 --> 00:24:07,040
Speaker 1: totally capable of, then obviously I see the baseball as

505
00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:08,880
Speaker 1: moving away from me at one hundred miles per hour,

506
00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:10,919
Speaker 1: but you see the baseball is coming towards you at

507
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:13,320
Speaker 1: one hundred and fifty miles per hour. Right, Yeah, that's

508
00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:14,760
Speaker 1: the way it works for normal things.

509
00:24:14,880 --> 00:24:17,080
Speaker 3: But you're saying that if that baseball instead of a baseball,

510
00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:19,359
Speaker 3: it was a beam of light, that wouldn't happen.

511
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:22,679
Speaker 1: That's right. Light doesn't follow those rules. Everybody who measures

512
00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:25,960
Speaker 1: it measures it as traveling at that fixed speed of light,

513
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:28,360
Speaker 1: no matter what I mean. There are caveats here, like

514
00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:31,200
Speaker 1: it slows down when it travels through air or water whatever.

515
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:33,760
Speaker 1: But let's just talk about it. In a vacuum. The

516
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,080
Speaker 1: crazy thing is that it doesn't matter how fast you're going.

517
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,240
Speaker 1: Everybody sees light as traveling at this maximum speed of

518
00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:42,520
Speaker 1: the universe, no matter what. And that's crazy, right and

519
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,879
Speaker 1: right there is where your concept that everybody sees the

520
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:48,720
Speaker 1: same thing the same way, or that there is one

521
00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:52,440
Speaker 1: absolute truth that we're all observing in different ways breaks down,

522
00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:55,200
Speaker 1: because your description of events and my description of events

523
00:24:55,240 --> 00:24:57,240
Speaker 1: are going to be very different. If we see light

524
00:24:57,320 --> 00:24:59,040
Speaker 1: moving at different speeds.

525
00:24:58,840 --> 00:25:02,760
Speaker 3: It's like a whe rule of the universe. Not that light.

526
00:25:03,119 --> 00:25:05,720
Speaker 3: Something can't travel at this faster than the speed of light.

527
00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:08,480
Speaker 3: It's a weird rule that says nothing can be seen

528
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,160
Speaker 3: to travel faster than the speed of light, not even light.

529
00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:13,680
Speaker 1: That's right. Light always travels at the speed of light,

530
00:25:14,119 --> 00:25:16,080
Speaker 1: and nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.

531
00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:18,360
Speaker 1: And these two things are connected, right, because if light

532
00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,600
Speaker 1: operated the same way as baseballs, then you could see

533
00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:23,800
Speaker 1: light moving as faster than the speed of light just

534
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:26,239
Speaker 1: by moving towards me. When I'm shooting a laser at you,

535
00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,760
Speaker 1: right then that light would be moving relative to you

536
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:31,240
Speaker 1: at faster than the speed of light. But it doesn't. Right,

537
00:25:31,280 --> 00:25:33,359
Speaker 1: you move towards me, and you still measure light as

538
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,880
Speaker 1: moving at the same speed. It doesn't matter if you're

539
00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:37,600
Speaker 1: running away from me or towards me.

540
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:39,520
Speaker 3: Okay, So if you shoot a light beam at me

541
00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:43,160
Speaker 3: and I'm running towards you really really really fast, You're

542
00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:45,160
Speaker 3: going to measure the light moving at the speed of light.

543
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:48,480
Speaker 3: And I should measure the light moving faster towards me.

544
00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:51,560
Speaker 3: But I'm also going to measure moving at the speed

545
00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:54,359
Speaker 3: of light, even if I'm moving towards you or away

546
00:25:54,359 --> 00:25:57,040
Speaker 3: from you or to the side of you, exactly, no

547
00:25:57,080 --> 00:25:59,840
Speaker 3: matter how fast and moving, I'm always going to measure

548
00:25:59,880 --> 00:26:01,400
Speaker 3: it moving at the speed of light exactly.

549
00:26:01,840 --> 00:26:05,000
Speaker 1: And that's crazy, it's bonkers. It doesn't make any sense.

550
00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:06,840
Speaker 1: And it's a famous experiment, Michael said.

551
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:07,000
Speaker 3: Morall.

552
00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:09,600
Speaker 1: The experiment that did this, they shot beams of light

553
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,920
Speaker 1: in two directions, and because the earth is moving, they figured, well,

554
00:26:12,920 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: one of them is going to go slower than the

555
00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:16,879
Speaker 1: other one because the earth is moving, right, So they

556
00:26:16,880 --> 00:26:19,360
Speaker 1: did the experiment different times of year, and the light

557
00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:22,080
Speaker 1: came back took the same amount of time to go

558
00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:25,679
Speaker 1: in these two perpendicular directions every single time, and that

559
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:29,399
Speaker 1: told them that the speed at which light travels is

560
00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,600
Speaker 1: not dependent on how fast you are moving the observer

561
00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:35,479
Speaker 1: is moving. It's always the same speed. It's crazy.

562
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:40,200
Speaker 3: Is it like some kind of just like fundamental limit

563
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:43,720
Speaker 3: in this stuff of the universe itself? You know, like

564
00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:47,320
Speaker 3: nothing can propagate through this thing we call space faster

565
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,320
Speaker 3: than the speed of light. Is that kind of what

566
00:26:49,359 --> 00:26:50,040
Speaker 3: it's related to?

567
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:52,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, definitely. But it's a deep question and we don't

568
00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:56,119
Speaker 1: have a solid answer to why does light always travel

569
00:26:56,160 --> 00:26:58,640
Speaker 1: at this speed regardless of the speed of the observer.

570
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:00,919
Speaker 1: We don't know the answer to that. That's just like

571
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:04,439
Speaker 1: Einstein postulated that. He said, Okay, let's start from this

572
00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:07,760
Speaker 1: crazy assumption and build the math up from there, and

573
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:09,840
Speaker 1: if everything then works, and we'll say, well, that assumption

574
00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:12,160
Speaker 1: must be true. And if you start from that assumption,

575
00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:15,359
Speaker 1: you get all sorts of crazy predictions which all turn

576
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,240
Speaker 1: out to be true. Right, So that is a deep

577
00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:20,280
Speaker 1: truth of the universe. But the answer is we don't

578
00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:22,959
Speaker 1: know why. We don't know why light always travels at

579
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:25,520
Speaker 1: the same speed, or all light is always observed at

580
00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:28,040
Speaker 1: the same speed, no matter who is doing the measuring

581
00:27:28,040 --> 00:27:29,160
Speaker 1: and how fast they're going.

582
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,240
Speaker 3: WHOA, it's a weird rule about the universe.

583
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:33,920
Speaker 1: It's a weird, weird rule. And when I meet the

584
00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:36,360
Speaker 1: people who wrote the simulation, I'm gonna ask them, why

585
00:27:36,440 --> 00:27:37,080
Speaker 1: did you do that?

586
00:27:37,119 --> 00:27:37,320
Speaker 2: Man?

587
00:27:37,359 --> 00:27:43,760
Speaker 1: That may everything so complicated in the universe? One star

588
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:47,520
Speaker 1: on Yelp for that bit of load. No, I think

589
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:50,560
Speaker 1: it's it's there's a fascinating angle there, you know, because

590
00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:52,879
Speaker 1: we grew up sort of as a species in an

591
00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:55,000
Speaker 1: environment where nothing goes in near the speed of light,

592
00:27:55,480 --> 00:27:58,119
Speaker 1: and so we never noticed this, and so we assume

593
00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:00,960
Speaker 1: things like everybody's clock run at the same time because

594
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,040
Speaker 1: we've always thought it did, and so that allowed us

595
00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:06,040
Speaker 1: to assume things like there must be some sort of

596
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,520
Speaker 1: absolute sense of time and an absolute history, and there's

597
00:28:09,520 --> 00:28:11,920
Speaker 1: a real universe out there, and this is I mean,

598
00:28:11,920 --> 00:28:15,119
Speaker 1: this shakes the very foundations of how we even think

599
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:17,360
Speaker 1: about the universe that's out there and whether it makes

600
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,919
Speaker 1: sense at all. So it's pretty crazy stuff.

601
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,240
Speaker 3: I feel like we're capped with weirdness at both ends

602
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,280
Speaker 3: of the spectrum. What I mean is like, if you

603
00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:28,879
Speaker 3: move it close to the speed of light, things get weird,

604
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,760
Speaker 3: but also if you don't move it, all things good weird. Right,

605
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:35,199
Speaker 3: Because of quantum physics and the uncertainty principle. Right, Like,

606
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:38,200
Speaker 3: if you try to discern things that zero velocity, things

607
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:38,840
Speaker 3: get weird too.

608
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:41,320
Speaker 1: Things always get weird. I think that's the takeaway, right

609
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:44,320
Speaker 1: The universe is weird, Like I think I said last week.

610
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:46,960
Speaker 1: It is weirder and stranger and hotter and nastier and

611
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:50,000
Speaker 1: wetter than you could ever even imagine. And I think

612
00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:52,680
Speaker 1: the craziest surprises about the way the universe work are

613
00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:55,560
Speaker 1: still yet to come. You know, we've made these discoveries

614
00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:57,960
Speaker 1: that showed us to the universe is so different from

615
00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: the way our ancestors are imagined. There must be more

616
00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: of those discoveries coming. It's certainly not the case that

617
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:06,360
Speaker 1: we've figured them all out. There are crazy revelations in

618
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:06,960
Speaker 1: our future.

619
00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:12,400
Speaker 3: Well, that's good for our podcast topics, that's right. Well, okay,

620
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:15,920
Speaker 3: so let's get into how this affects time. But first,

621
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:17,000
Speaker 3: let's take a quick break.

622
00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:23,480
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth,

623
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:26,760
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

624
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,840
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

625
00:29:30,880 --> 00:29:33,480
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are us. Dairy

626
00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

627
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,440
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

628
00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:42,800
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

629
00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:47,080
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

630
00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,720
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

631
00:29:50,760 --> 00:29:54,160
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

632
00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,960
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

633
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors turn the methane from maneuver

634
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:05,280
Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.

635
00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:07,080
Speaker 1: So the next time you grab a slice of pizza

636
00:30:07,160 --> 00:30:09,400
Speaker 1: or lick an ice cream cone, know that dairy farmers

637
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,400
Speaker 1: and processors around the country are using the latest practices

638
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:15,640
Speaker 1: and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy products we

639
00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:18,640
Speaker 1: love with less of an impact. Visit usdairy dot com

640
00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:20,480
Speaker 1: slash sustainability to learn more.

641
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:23,440
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642
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643
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Speaker 5: When it comes to business, the people who succeed tend

660
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661
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662
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663
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Speaker 5: If you're not a tech expert, that's where Lenovo can help,

664
00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:37,479
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665
00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,040
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666
00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:43,040
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667
00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:48,440
Speaker 5: for free. That's Lenovo dot com, slash Lenovo Pro, Lenovo Lenovo.

668
00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:00,360
Speaker 3: So we know that the speed of light. You can't

669
00:32:00,360 --> 00:32:02,959
Speaker 3: observer going anything faster than the speed of light. So

670
00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:05,080
Speaker 3: how does this affect how we view time or how

671
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:06,000
Speaker 3: we experience time?

672
00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:09,520
Speaker 1: Right? So it comes directly the fact that light can't

673
00:32:09,560 --> 00:32:12,640
Speaker 1: travel at any other speed is what directly affects how

674
00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,840
Speaker 1: time passes and how we measure time. And it can

675
00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:18,240
Speaker 1: be a complicated topic, but I think the best way

676
00:32:18,280 --> 00:32:20,040
Speaker 1: to do is to think about maybe how a simple

677
00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,440
Speaker 1: clock operates. So let's build a simple clock that uses light.

678
00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:25,000
Speaker 3: You mean like an Apple watch or.

679
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:28,720
Speaker 1: No, I mean, let's imagine that you have to build

680
00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:30,560
Speaker 1: a clock and all you have is a laser, right,

681
00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:34,800
Speaker 1: And so you know, for example, that light takes about

682
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:39,240
Speaker 1: ten nanoseconds to go ten feet, right, light goes about

683
00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:42,120
Speaker 1: one foot every nanosecond. Okay, So what you do is

684
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:46,239
Speaker 1: you measure very precisely, you know, ten feet, You put

685
00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:48,640
Speaker 1: a mirror at the end, and then you shoot your laser.

686
00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:51,400
Speaker 1: You shoot a laser pulse, and you say, however long

687
00:32:51,440 --> 00:32:56,120
Speaker 1: it takes to go there and back. That's two seconds, right,

688
00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:57,720
Speaker 1: ten feet there and ten feet back.

689
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,040
Speaker 3: And you set up the mirrors in the floor and

690
00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,680
Speaker 3: in the ceiling, right, so the beam is bouncing up

691
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:04,240
Speaker 3: and down right right.

692
00:33:04,280 --> 00:33:07,160
Speaker 1: So you you shoot the laser up towards the ceiling

693
00:33:07,240 --> 00:33:10,120
Speaker 1: and back, and you know how far it is to

694
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:12,160
Speaker 1: your ceiling and how far it is back to your floor,

695
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:14,920
Speaker 1: and so you say that's twenty feet so that's two

696
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:15,920
Speaker 1: seconds round trip.

697
00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:18,200
Speaker 3: Oh I see. So then the way you turn that

698
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:22,160
Speaker 3: into a clock is you count how many times the

699
00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:24,600
Speaker 3: light bounces up and down the ceiling, and that sort

700
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,200
Speaker 3: of gives you a sense of how time is moving.

701
00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:29,400
Speaker 1: That's right. You want to say, well, how long does

702
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:32,080
Speaker 1: it take my cat to finish his lunch? And so

703
00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:34,760
Speaker 1: you count how many times it takes the laser pulse

704
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:36,800
Speaker 1: to go up to the ceiling and back, and that's

705
00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:39,000
Speaker 1: the number of two second intervals it takes your cat

706
00:33:39,040 --> 00:33:39,720
Speaker 1: to eat his lunch.

707
00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:45,960
Speaker 3: Okay, so that's it seems like a pretty impractical clock, but.

708
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:47,560
Speaker 1: Hey, this is how we do things in physics. Man.

709
00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:50,200
Speaker 1: We're like, can we build this thing using lasers.

710
00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:55,520
Speaker 3: What's the most inconvenient wristwatch we can build.

711
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,480
Speaker 1: It's a lasers at home. The way we toast bread

712
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,280
Speaker 1: for breakfast is we use laser, of course.

713
00:34:01,640 --> 00:34:04,240
Speaker 3: And cats cats. I feel like it's a key.

714
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:08,040
Speaker 1: No, that's just how we toast our cats, man, oh man,

715
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:10,880
Speaker 1: that's how you cook the food for their want to.

716
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,239
Speaker 1: I want to officially distance myself from that joke, because

717
00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:16,080
Speaker 1: nobody should ever fire a laser at a cat. Well,

718
00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:18,480
Speaker 1: you can fire a laser near a cat to entertain it,

719
00:34:18,520 --> 00:34:21,080
Speaker 1: of course, but don't actually hit your cat with a laser, please,

720
00:34:21,280 --> 00:34:23,839
Speaker 1: oh man. All right, So now we have our clock, right,

721
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:25,400
Speaker 1: that's the way a clock that uses light.

722
00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,480
Speaker 3: Okay, so this is a thought experiment. We're going to

723
00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:30,760
Speaker 3: build a clock where we measure time by measuring counting

724
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:33,080
Speaker 3: how many times it bounces off the ceiling up and down.

725
00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:35,080
Speaker 1: That's right, and it doesn't have to be a thought experiment.

726
00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:37,960
Speaker 1: You got mirrors, you got lasers. Go ahead, build yourself, o' clock.

727
00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,360
Speaker 1: But the interesting thing is, then what happens if you

728
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:44,879
Speaker 1: put that clock on a spaceship, right right on a train.

729
00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:50,040
Speaker 3: Let's make it even more inconvenient. Let's put the clock

730
00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:52,920
Speaker 3: on a spaceship, and so that's when things start to

731
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,720
Speaker 3: get interesting, right, Like, that's when we start to see

732
00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:56,799
Speaker 3: how time slows down.

733
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, Or let's put the clock on the back of

734
00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:01,480
Speaker 1: your cat, right, and then see what happens when you're well,

735
00:35:01,520 --> 00:35:03,200
Speaker 1: I guess, and you need the ceiling on the back

736
00:35:03,239 --> 00:35:04,719
Speaker 1: of the cat. Maybe that doesn't actually work.

737
00:35:04,920 --> 00:35:06,480
Speaker 3: I feel like trying to get a cat to do

738
00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:09,440
Speaker 3: what you want is even more difficult than getting on

739
00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:10,000
Speaker 3: a spaceship.

740
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,080
Speaker 1: Einstein had no idea how to get your cat to

741
00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:14,239
Speaker 1: do what you want. You can master. He was the

742
00:35:14,239 --> 00:35:16,399
Speaker 1: master of the cosmos, but not of cats.

743
00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:22,640
Speaker 3: All right, So we have a clock where you measure

744
00:35:22,719 --> 00:35:25,680
Speaker 3: time by counting how many times it bounces off the

745
00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,120
Speaker 3: ceiling on the floor, and we stick them in a spaceship,

746
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:30,760
Speaker 3: and then we start going what happens then.

747
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,799
Speaker 1: Right, So if you're in the spaceship, nothing changes. It

748
00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:35,520
Speaker 1: doesn't matter that you're going at half the speed of

749
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:37,440
Speaker 1: light or nine tenths of speed of light. You're in

750
00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:40,040
Speaker 1: the spaceship. You have no velocity relative to the clock.

751
00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:42,040
Speaker 1: So things work the same way in the spaceship for

752
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:44,319
Speaker 1: you as it did when you tested your clock in

753
00:35:44,360 --> 00:35:44,919
Speaker 1: your living room.

754
00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:46,799
Speaker 3: I see you just see the beam go up and down,

755
00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:49,040
Speaker 3: bounce up and down, and you count, and that's your time.

756
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:51,000
Speaker 1: That's right. And since you brought your cat along, it

757
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:52,640
Speaker 1: takes your cat the same amount of time to eat

758
00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:56,000
Speaker 1: his lunch in your spaceship as it does at home,

759
00:35:56,280 --> 00:35:59,680
Speaker 1: assuming he's not wearing a silly cat spacesuit. The interesting

760
00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:02,279
Speaker 1: thing is it when since you left me, you left

761
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,920
Speaker 1: me on Earth, you didn't invite me on your awesome spaceship. Thanks,

762
00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:05,200
Speaker 1: by the.

763
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:07,360
Speaker 3: Way, that would have been too inconvenient.

764
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,799
Speaker 1: And I'm so heartbroken that I'm spying on you have

765
00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:14,360
Speaker 1: a massive telescope and I'm watching your cat eat lunch

766
00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:18,120
Speaker 1: on a spaceship. Now I'm looking at your clock, okay,

767
00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:20,480
Speaker 1: and I'm wondering how long does it takes cat to

768
00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 1: eat lunch, et cetera. And I'm watching your clock.

769
00:36:24,480 --> 00:36:27,040
Speaker 3: Okay, you're trying to count how many times it bounces

770
00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:28,160
Speaker 3: off the ceiling too.

771
00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:31,480
Speaker 1: Hm, exactly. So I see the laser pulse go up,

772
00:36:31,640 --> 00:36:34,239
Speaker 1: and I see the laser pulse come down. Right. The

773
00:36:34,320 --> 00:36:37,080
Speaker 1: problem is that I don't see the laser pulse going

774
00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:39,520
Speaker 1: ten feet up and ten feet down. I see the

775
00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:43,440
Speaker 1: laser pulse as going further because you're moving, which means

776
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,200
Speaker 1: the laser pulse is not just going up and down,

777
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,959
Speaker 1: it's also going sideways in the direction of your motion.

778
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:50,960
Speaker 1: So you have the up and down and the sideways.

779
00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:52,880
Speaker 1: So the light for me, the laser is going in

780
00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:56,080
Speaker 1: a diagonal right, diagonal up hit the ceiling, and diagonal

781
00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:57,760
Speaker 1: back down to hit the floor.

782
00:36:57,920 --> 00:37:01,040
Speaker 3: Because you see it hit the ceiling and then on

783
00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:04,120
Speaker 3: its way down, the spaceship is also moving, so it's

784
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:08,160
Speaker 3: kind of moving diagonally to hit the floor where it's.

785
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:10,320
Speaker 1: Going to be exactly. And so the mirrors and the

786
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:12,560
Speaker 1: clock move with the laser. Obviously they're all going at

787
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,879
Speaker 1: the same speed sideways, and so the laser beam hits

788
00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:17,600
Speaker 1: the mirror on the top, and it hits the receiver

789
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:19,960
Speaker 1: or whatever on the bottom. But I see it traveling

790
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,960
Speaker 1: further than you do. Right, And this is where the

791
00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:26,960
Speaker 1: absolute speed of light kicks in, because you say, okay,

792
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:29,279
Speaker 1: it traveled ten feet, right, It traveled those ten feet

793
00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:30,680
Speaker 1: at the speed of light, So I know it takes

794
00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:33,360
Speaker 1: ten seconds, but I see it traveled further.

795
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:33,560
Speaker 2: Right.

796
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:35,520
Speaker 1: Depending on how fast you're going, it could have traveled

797
00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:39,880
Speaker 1: like fourteen fifteen feet right, because light always travels at

798
00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:43,120
Speaker 1: the same speed. Right, I see it taking longer because

799
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:44,480
Speaker 1: it's gone further.

800
00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:46,799
Speaker 3: And it can go faster than the speed of light.

801
00:37:47,040 --> 00:37:48,719
Speaker 1: It can go faster than the speed of light. So

802
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:52,080
Speaker 1: I see your clock running slower. It literally takes longer

803
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:56,239
Speaker 1: to count off seconds for you, because the clock is

804
00:37:56,239 --> 00:37:58,600
Speaker 1: built on the premise that it takes light a certain

805
00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:00,600
Speaker 1: time to go a certain disc. It's but now that

806
00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:03,359
Speaker 1: distance is further and the speed can't change.

807
00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:04,640
Speaker 3: Because it's going up and down. The light is going

808
00:38:04,719 --> 00:38:07,480
Speaker 3: up and down, and it's trying to go forward too, exactly,

809
00:38:07,520 --> 00:38:10,080
Speaker 3: so it has to take longer exactly.

810
00:38:10,120 --> 00:38:12,320
Speaker 1: Now, if you built this same kind of clock using

811
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:15,360
Speaker 1: something else like sound waves, right, you had a speaker,

812
00:38:15,560 --> 00:38:18,319
Speaker 1: then this wouldn't happen because the sound waves don't have

813
00:38:18,360 --> 00:38:21,040
Speaker 1: that same property that they always travel at the speed

814
00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:25,240
Speaker 1: at a certain speed relative to observers. Right, sound waves,

815
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:28,000
Speaker 1: as we know from Doppler shifts, change their speed based

816
00:38:28,040 --> 00:38:29,960
Speaker 1: on how fast you're going. So if this was a

817
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:32,160
Speaker 1: sound wave, if we use sound waves instead, then I

818
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:35,239
Speaker 1: would just see the soundwaves as traveling faster. But light

819
00:38:35,360 --> 00:38:37,680
Speaker 1: can't do that. Light always travels to the same speed

820
00:38:37,719 --> 00:38:40,200
Speaker 1: no matter who the observer is right, so it slows

821
00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:41,000
Speaker 1: your clock down.

822
00:38:41,239 --> 00:38:44,440
Speaker 3: So let's go back a step. Okay, So I'm going

823
00:38:44,520 --> 00:38:46,600
Speaker 3: to be in my spaceship counting how many times it

824
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 3: bounces off the ceiling. And for me, it's going to

825
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:52,080
Speaker 3: be like bounce, bounce, bounce, bounce bounds. But for you,

826
00:38:52,080 --> 00:38:55,479
Speaker 3: you're saying, because it has to travel up and down

827
00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:58,319
Speaker 3: and forward, you're going to count it slower, right, Like

828
00:38:58,360 --> 00:39:02,239
Speaker 3: for you, it's going to be bounce bounds, bounds. And

829
00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,640
Speaker 3: so that's kind of the definition of time.

830
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:09,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, exactly, and any clock. And you're thinking, okay,

831
00:39:09,320 --> 00:39:12,320
Speaker 1: well that's just one example, right, But the same argument

832
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:14,800
Speaker 1: holds for if you're going in another direction, right, you

833
00:39:14,840 --> 00:39:17,440
Speaker 1: don't have to be going sideways. If you're shooting in

834
00:39:17,480 --> 00:39:20,200
Speaker 1: the direction of the mirror, right, then the light has

835
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:22,600
Speaker 1: longer to go in one direction, right, but it can't

836
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:25,320
Speaker 1: make up the time. And if you go at an angle,

837
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:28,319
Speaker 1: the same thing happens. And also for any clock. This

838
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:31,000
Speaker 1: is just one example. It's the clearest example because we

839
00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:34,239
Speaker 1: built it out of something that only uses light, but

840
00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:38,000
Speaker 1: the same happens for every physical process and for any

841
00:39:38,080 --> 00:39:38,720
Speaker 1: kind of clock.

842
00:39:38,840 --> 00:39:41,720
Speaker 3: Okay, So that's kind of The explanation is that time,

843
00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,560
Speaker 3: the definition of time is sort of tied to the

844
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:49,880
Speaker 3: speed of light, and the universe has this weird rule

845
00:39:49,920 --> 00:39:52,359
Speaker 3: about the speed of light, which is that nobody can

846
00:39:52,360 --> 00:39:54,359
Speaker 3: ever see it move faster than the speed of light.

847
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:56,920
Speaker 1: That's right. And the other important thing to understand is

848
00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:59,759
Speaker 1: that your definition of time and your definition of what

849
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:03,080
Speaker 1: happens depends on how fast you are going. There is

850
00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:05,920
Speaker 1: no absolute sense of time. It's not like the universe

851
00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,120
Speaker 1: has a big clock out there and it's keeping track

852
00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:10,280
Speaker 1: of what's going on, and we're trying to make measures

853
00:40:10,360 --> 00:40:12,320
Speaker 1: of measurements of it, and they're kind of sloppy sometimes

854
00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:15,000
Speaker 1: when we get them wrong. Like there is no absolute

855
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:18,600
Speaker 1: sense of time. And you can do crazy experiments where

856
00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:21,960
Speaker 1: you know, depending on how fast people are going relative

857
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,120
Speaker 1: to the experiment, they can see the order of events changing,

858
00:40:25,160 --> 00:40:27,680
Speaker 1: like I can see A happen before B, and you

859
00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:29,920
Speaker 1: can see B happen before A. Because you're assuming in

860
00:40:29,960 --> 00:40:33,240
Speaker 1: the other direction, and you might think, well, that's impossible

861
00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:36,120
Speaker 1: either A happened before B or B happened before A.

862
00:40:36,280 --> 00:40:39,080
Speaker 1: There is a real truth, right, The answer is there

863
00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:41,520
Speaker 1: is no truth. The truth is not out there. Expiles

864
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:42,240
Speaker 1: was a lie.

865
00:40:43,080 --> 00:40:44,640
Speaker 3: So I feel like we should get into that in

866
00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:47,319
Speaker 3: another episode. But I think the conclusion we're reaching here

867
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:49,840
Speaker 3: is that basically there is no time.

868
00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:53,480
Speaker 1: After all, there's no time to talk about this anymore.

869
00:40:53,480 --> 00:40:55,840
Speaker 1: And that's true. No, there is time. But time is

870
00:40:55,880 --> 00:40:58,160
Speaker 1: a different thing that than you thought it was. Right.

871
00:40:58,520 --> 00:41:02,120
Speaker 1: It's something weirder and moreal now. In our safe, little

872
00:41:02,120 --> 00:41:05,160
Speaker 1: slow worlds, it doesn't. You can pretend that time is

873
00:41:05,160 --> 00:41:06,839
Speaker 1: the way you thought it was right and you'll get

874
00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:09,560
Speaker 1: by just fine. But in reality, if you want to

875
00:41:09,640 --> 00:41:12,520
Speaker 1: understand the way that physics works at its deepest level,

876
00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:14,480
Speaker 1: the whether the universe is actually put together, what the

877
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,600
Speaker 1: real rules are, then it turns out time is really

878
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:19,080
Speaker 1: different than you thought it was.

879
00:41:20,040 --> 00:41:22,399
Speaker 3: So that person who answered there is no time sort

880
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,239
Speaker 3: of I feel like she skipped ahead to the end

881
00:41:25,280 --> 00:41:26,440
Speaker 3: of this country's.

882
00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:28,200
Speaker 1: Probably a physicist visiting from the future.

883
00:41:29,600 --> 00:41:32,279
Speaker 3: From Alpha Centauri. Is it her?

884
00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:36,359
Speaker 1: Or she's your cat evolved the for thousands of years

885
00:41:36,360 --> 00:41:38,399
Speaker 1: into a future physicist and then traveled back in time

886
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:39,400
Speaker 1: to deliver that message.

887
00:41:39,480 --> 00:41:40,880
Speaker 3: I think she's your twin Danny.

888
00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:44,880
Speaker 1: Maybe she is, maybe she is.

889
00:41:45,239 --> 00:41:47,800
Speaker 3: Well, speaking of time, I think we're out of time

890
00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:48,880
Speaker 3: for this episode.

891
00:41:49,040 --> 00:41:51,080
Speaker 1: So it's time to wrap it up. Thank you everyone

892
00:41:51,120 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 1: for your patience and for listening. And if you have

893
00:41:53,160 --> 00:41:56,280
Speaker 1: questions about how things work in the universe or anything

894
00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:59,040
Speaker 1: else crazy, please send them to us on Twitter or

895
00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:03,280
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. We love

896
00:42:03,560 --> 00:42:04,520
Speaker 1: listener questions.

897
00:42:04,640 --> 00:42:06,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, hopefully we made time move a little bit faster

898
00:42:07,040 --> 00:42:10,560
Speaker 3: for you whatever it is you're doing. Unless you were born,

899
00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:12,279
Speaker 3: which the days have probably canceled out.

900
00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:24,399
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

901
00:42:24,440 --> 00:42:27,640
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

902
00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:30,120
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

903
00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:33,840
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

904
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:46,799
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Danielanorge dot com. When you

905
00:42:46,840 --> 00:42:48,880
Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably

906
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:51,960
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in

907
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,120
Speaker 1: the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every

908
00:42:55,239 --> 00:42:58,560
Speaker 1: day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

909
00:42:58,560 --> 00:43:02,600
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling

910
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Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the

911
00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:10,240
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy. That can power farms,

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Speaker 1: towns and electric cars. Visit you as Dairy dot COM's

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