1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:17,000 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It is 4 00:00:17,079 --> 00:00:20,320 Speaker 1: time for Unearthed. If you're new to the show, this 5 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:23,840 Speaker 1: is when we talk about things that were figuratively or 6 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 1: literally unearthed. This one covers basically the last quarter of Normally, 7 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:35,040 Speaker 1: when we record our year in Unearthed episodes, it's one 8 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: of the last things that we do before we take 9 00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:41,280 Speaker 1: a break. Uh. But in we started our break early 10 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:45,400 Speaker 1: because we were tired. Uh that wasn't the only reason 11 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 1: I was tired. Uh So I finished up these episodes 12 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:50,720 Speaker 1: as the very first thing I meant to do list 13 00:00:50,760 --> 00:00:54,640 Speaker 1: in one. So unlike normal, there's not just a gap 14 00:00:54,840 --> 00:00:57,000 Speaker 1: of a couple of weeks where we just are never 15 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: going to talk about those things. Um. So today we 16 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:04,920 Speaker 1: have a lot of updates to previous episodes, and some 17 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:09,200 Speaker 1: books and letters, some stuff about vikings and Money's and 18 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:12,679 Speaker 1: some other things too. And then part two has some 19 00:01:12,760 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 1: of the other listener favorites and favorites of ours also, 20 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:20,279 Speaker 1: including the edibles and potables and the exclamations, so stuff 21 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:23,200 Speaker 1: to look forward next time. Also so we're going to 22 00:01:23,280 --> 00:01:26,680 Speaker 1: start out with something that is not entirely typical for 23 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:29,760 Speaker 1: our Unearthed episodes. But it was really big news at 24 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:32,520 Speaker 1: the end of and so big that it would seem like, 25 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:35,000 Speaker 1: if we don't talk about it right out of the gates, 26 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: some folks are going to spend the whole episode wondering 27 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: if we will ever get to it. That's that monolith. Yeah. 28 00:01:44,440 --> 00:01:46,520 Speaker 1: I wrote most of the stuff about the monolith before 29 00:01:46,520 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: I went on break, and when I got back, I 30 00:01:48,080 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 1: was like, does anybody even remember that monolith? At this point? 31 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:53,880 Speaker 1: It seems like it's been eons ago. It was not 32 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: eons ago. It was in November and November the Utah 33 00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 1: Department of Public Safety and Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 34 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:06,160 Speaker 1: we're conducting a sheep count by helicopter, and as they 35 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: were doing that, somebody noticed something strange. Upon closer investigation, 36 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: it was a triangular prism that was ten or twelve 37 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,919 Speaker 1: feet high, made of metal held together with rivets and 38 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:22,600 Speaker 1: securely anchored into the rock. And since this thing kind 39 00:02:22,639 --> 00:02:25,639 Speaker 1: of resembled the monolith from the film two thousand and 40 00:02:25,639 --> 00:02:28,839 Speaker 1: one A Space Odyssey, a lot of people started talking 41 00:02:28,880 --> 00:02:34,359 Speaker 1: about aliens, and although authorities tried to keep the location 42 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: of this monolith's secret. It didn't take very long for 43 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:39,680 Speaker 1: people to figure out exactly where it was, and they 44 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:43,480 Speaker 1: found it on Google or satellite imagery, and soon it 45 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:46,080 Speaker 1: became clear that it was a lot newer than the 46 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: things that we would usually cover on an Unearthed episodes, 47 00:02:48,960 --> 00:02:52,960 Speaker 1: not an ancient historical thing. Uh. It wasn't there in August, 48 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:57,920 Speaker 1: but it was as of October of twenty six. And 49 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:01,079 Speaker 1: one hypothesis was that it was a work art, possibly 50 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,520 Speaker 1: by sculptor John McCracken, whose son said he liked to 51 00:03:04,560 --> 00:03:09,160 Speaker 1: install his artwork in remote and unexpected places, but that 52 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:13,360 Speaker 1: doesn't really add up because McCracken died in eleven. A 53 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 1: representative for McCracken's estate later said that it was not 54 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:20,600 Speaker 1: his work. So this announcement that this monolith had been 55 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:24,080 Speaker 1: spotted came on November twenty three, and then on the 56 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,240 Speaker 1: twenty eight the Bureau of Land Management reported that this 57 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:31,680 Speaker 1: quote illegally installed structure had been removed. The day before, 58 00:03:32,440 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: photographer Ross Bernard's of Colorado reported that he had gone 59 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:39,160 Speaker 1: to the site with some friends to check out this monument, 60 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:42,960 Speaker 1: and that while they were there, four other people arrived, 61 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,200 Speaker 1: they knocked the monolith down and took the pieces away 62 00:03:46,200 --> 00:03:50,160 Speaker 1: in a wheelbarrow. One of those four people reportedly said 63 00:03:50,360 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 1: this is why you don't leave trash in the desert, 64 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:55,600 Speaker 1: and then on their way out another one of them said, 65 00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 1: leave no trace. Michael James Newlands took photos of this 66 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: whole removal on his phone. People who have taken credit 67 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:07,120 Speaker 1: for this removal include Andy L. Lewis and Sylvan Christensen. 68 00:04:07,880 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 1: Christensen sent a statement to The New York Times that 69 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: they had removed the monolith to protect the area from 70 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:16,360 Speaker 1: the sightseers who had started flocking to the site pretty 71 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:20,040 Speaker 1: much as soon as people figured out where it was. Then, 72 00:04:20,440 --> 00:04:24,960 Speaker 1: a similar monolith appeared in Romania on November, only to 73 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:28,080 Speaker 1: vanish on December one, and then on the second one 74 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:31,680 Speaker 1: appeared in southern California and disappeared again the next day. 75 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:34,840 Speaker 1: Four men took credit for that one on the fifth, 76 00:04:35,279 --> 00:04:37,880 Speaker 1: and that was also the day that another one appeared 77 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: in Joshua Tree National Park in California. Still more monoliths 78 00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:45,680 Speaker 1: came and went around California. There was also one on 79 00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:48,719 Speaker 1: the Isle of Wight and one outside of El Paso, Texas, 80 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:51,880 Speaker 1: and one in Finland. Matty Mo, who's the founder of 81 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:54,800 Speaker 1: the collective known as the Most Famous Artist, gave some 82 00:04:54,960 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: pretty cag interviews in which he didn't exactly take credit 83 00:04:59,279 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: for the monolith but did not deny being involved with 84 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,560 Speaker 1: them either, and the Most Famous Artist websites been listing 85 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:12,320 Speaker 1: monolithts for sale for the price of forty dollars. As 86 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:15,479 Speaker 1: of when we are recording this, that listing says that 87 00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 1: it is sold out. I mean, who doesn't want a 88 00:05:18,880 --> 00:05:22,360 Speaker 1: dollar monoliths? I have that d i y thing where 89 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:23,919 Speaker 1: I'm like, if I wanted it, I just make it 90 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:30,000 Speaker 1: myself skod. Honestly, this whole thing has become increasingly silly 91 00:05:30,040 --> 00:05:33,800 Speaker 1: since then. A gingerbread monolith, my personal favorite, appeared in 92 00:05:33,839 --> 00:05:38,600 Speaker 1: San Francisco on Christmas Day, among other things. Yeah, we 93 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:41,920 Speaker 1: may not know the true nature of that first one 94 00:05:41,960 --> 00:05:44,839 Speaker 1: that was cited and who was responsible for it, but 95 00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:46,680 Speaker 1: I liked that people took the idea and ran with 96 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 1: it in cookie form. Yeah, when it initially showed up, 97 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: before people figured out how recently it had appeared, I 98 00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:56,240 Speaker 1: was thinking it might turn out to be like some 99 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:59,320 Speaker 1: piece of a movie set from some classical film. We 100 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: would get to talk about that, and no it was 101 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:06,680 Speaker 1: not that. Uh. And then when I got back to 102 00:06:06,760 --> 00:06:09,560 Speaker 1: my desk on January fourth and was like, any updates 103 00:06:09,560 --> 00:06:11,479 Speaker 1: on that modelith in the time that I was not 104 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: at work, Well, there was a gingerbread one. Um, it's 105 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:17,400 Speaker 1: the whole thing, and that that's This is not the 106 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:21,800 Speaker 1: only disappearing and reappearing object that happened at the end 107 00:06:21,800 --> 00:06:26,599 Speaker 1: of last year, and other news have disappearing and reappearing things. 108 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:30,839 Speaker 1: A few years ago, someone put a two meter or 109 00:06:30,960 --> 00:06:35,840 Speaker 1: seven foot tall wooden sculpture on the ridge of Grutten 110 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:41,039 Speaker 1: Mountain in southern Bavaria. The sculpture was of a fallust. 111 00:06:41,960 --> 00:06:45,360 Speaker 1: There's no real documentation of how it came to be there, 112 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:48,840 Speaker 1: but the local story is that somebody got this gigantic 113 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:51,479 Speaker 1: statue of a pallast as a gag gift and did 114 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: not want it, so they hauled it up the mountain 115 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: and just left it there. Then in late November, without 116 00:06:59,800 --> 00:07:02,800 Speaker 1: ex planation, someone chopped it down and took it away. 117 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:05,919 Speaker 1: As was the case with the Utah Monolith. It is 118 00:07:05,960 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: not clear who this sculpture actually belonged to, so that 119 00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,480 Speaker 1: means it's also not clear whether an actual crime was committed, 120 00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:17,320 Speaker 1: but authorities were investigating. Yeah, earlier I said this was 121 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: a disappearing and reappearing thing, but it's really it's just 122 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: appearing and then disappearing. There was no reappearance of it 123 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: yet yet. See we see moving on to things that 124 00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: are a little more typical of of Unearthed. We have 125 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:36,840 Speaker 1: lots of fines that are related to past episodes of 126 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:41,080 Speaker 1: this show. So we've had some previous updates on Unearthed 127 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:44,640 Speaker 1: about efforts to find mass graves that are connected to 128 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: the nineteen twenty one massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma. We covered 129 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:52,360 Speaker 1: that massacre on the show in We also replayed it 130 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:56,560 Speaker 1: as a Saturday Classic. More recently, I think in October, 131 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,679 Speaker 1: Oklahoma state Archaeologist Carrie Stackleback and now that a team 132 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:04,920 Speaker 1: had found human remains at Oaklawn Cemetery. It was one 133 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: of the sites they were investigating at that time. They 134 00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:12,120 Speaker 1: found the remains of one or possibly two people at 135 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: a site where it's believed that eighteen victims of the 136 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: massacre had been buried. In October, Peru's Culture Ministry announced 137 00:08:20,440 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: the discovery and conservation of a thirty seven meter that's 138 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: about a hundred and twenty foot long gia glyph in 139 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 1: the Nasca Desert. It's about two thousand years old and 140 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:33,040 Speaker 1: in the shape of a cat. It was discovered during 141 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:35,240 Speaker 1: planning for a new path that would lead up to 142 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:40,000 Speaker 1: an observation tower. So Peru's chief archaeologist for the Nasca 143 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:44,199 Speaker 1: Lines told reporters that this glyph actually pre dates the 144 00:08:44,280 --> 00:08:48,359 Speaker 1: Nasca culture that is credited with creating the other glyphs 145 00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:51,520 Speaker 1: in the area. This cat glyph dates back to the 146 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:54,640 Speaker 1: late Paracas era, which is between five hundred b c 147 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 1: E and two hundred c E, while the Nasca culture 148 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:02,480 Speaker 1: that is associated with the other lines spans from two 149 00:09:02,559 --> 00:09:06,280 Speaker 1: hundred to seven hundred C. Because of its age and 150 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 1: its position on the slope, this cat glyph had eroded 151 00:09:09,800 --> 00:09:13,440 Speaker 1: to the point that was just barely visible. And if 152 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,959 Speaker 1: you look at pictures of this glyph, it seems stylistically 153 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:20,840 Speaker 1: much different from many of the other Nasca lines. I 154 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: will confess that when I first saw pictures, I said, 155 00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: that's one of hoax. Someone went into pure um. It 156 00:09:26,920 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: is not clear whether that difference in style is because 157 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:33,360 Speaker 1: of its origins in an earlier era or because of 158 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: that recent cleaning and restoration. Our episode on the Nasca lines, 159 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:39,559 Speaker 1: so you can get more context for all of this 160 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 1: came out in Moving On. According to research that was 161 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:48,680 Speaker 1: published in December, analysis of mummified baboons that were found 162 00:09:48,679 --> 00:09:52,320 Speaker 1: in ancient Egyptian temples might help pinpoint the location of 163 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:56,719 Speaker 1: the Kingdom of Poot. A team from Dartmouth College analyzed 164 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: isotope composition of these mummies and that analysis suggested that 165 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:07,160 Speaker 1: their origins were from a region that includes parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, 166 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: Somalia and Yamen. So kind of a narrowing down into 167 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 1: that general region we talked about had Schepsu and the 168 00:10:15,640 --> 00:10:20,400 Speaker 1: expeditions to put on the show in July of next up, 169 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,800 Speaker 1: three metal detectorists have found a shipment of arms that 170 00:10:23,920 --> 00:10:27,080 Speaker 1: was meant for the Jacobite uprising of seventeen forty five, 171 00:10:27,400 --> 00:10:30,360 Speaker 1: which we covered on the show in twos sixteen. This 172 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:33,480 Speaker 1: find was on the shores of Lockerberlock, near a ruined 173 00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:36,920 Speaker 1: croft house that had belonged to Bonnie Prince Charlie's tutor. 174 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: It included at least two hundred musket balls and it's 175 00:10:41,080 --> 00:10:43,240 Speaker 1: believed that they are part of a shipment that arrived 176 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 1: not long after the Battle of Colloden. These metal detectorists 177 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:50,600 Speaker 1: had the permission of the landowner to be there and 178 00:10:50,600 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: they reported their find to Treasure Trove in Scotland and 179 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: that's the official organization for handling finds that might have 180 00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: some kind of archaeological or historical important in Scotland. Next up, 181 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:05,400 Speaker 1: divers in the Baltic Sea have found a German Enigma 182 00:11:05,440 --> 00:11:09,599 Speaker 1: machine from World War Two. Divers on assignment from environmental 183 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:14,240 Speaker 1: group with WWF found it while looking for abandoned fishing nets. 184 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:16,880 Speaker 1: The person who spotted it actually first thought it was 185 00:11:16,920 --> 00:11:20,720 Speaker 1: an old typewriter. The Enigma machine is expected to undergo 186 00:11:20,840 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: a year long restoration process before being put on display 187 00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:28,119 Speaker 1: in a museum. Prior Hosts did a series of episodes 188 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 1: on cryptography during World War Two. In September, we have 189 00:11:32,880 --> 00:11:36,560 Speaker 1: a couple of updates to previous Unearthed episodes. In our 190 00:11:36,679 --> 00:11:40,080 Speaker 1: Fall Unearthed last year, we talked about the discovery of 191 00:11:40,280 --> 00:11:44,640 Speaker 1: thirteen unopened coffins that were found in a burial well 192 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:49,199 Speaker 1: in Sakara, Egypt. These were estimated to be years old. 193 00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:53,640 Speaker 1: Their wooden coffins found in very good condition, with much 194 00:11:53,640 --> 00:11:57,679 Speaker 1: of the original painting on the exterior still very clearly visible. 195 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:01,320 Speaker 1: Work on these is of course still ongoing, and in 196 00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:05,400 Speaker 1: October Greg Lewis, New Zealand's ambassador to Egypt, shared a 197 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:08,000 Speaker 1: video of one of them being opened for the first time. 198 00:12:08,760 --> 00:12:11,559 Speaker 1: This was part of an unveiling of that earlier find, 199 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,359 Speaker 1: which is actually much larger than that was originally reported 200 00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:19,840 Speaker 1: as thirteen coffins. As of October, fifty nine coffins had 201 00:12:19,880 --> 00:12:22,880 Speaker 1: been discovered, which were believed to belong to priests and 202 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:28,200 Speaker 1: senior officials. By November, that number of discovered coffins had 203 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:31,640 Speaker 1: risen to a hundred, and they had also found funerary 204 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:36,400 Speaker 1: masks and forty gilded statues. Officials had also started x 205 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:39,560 Speaker 1: raying the mummies to try to visualize their structures and 206 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:42,600 Speaker 1: figure out how they had been preserved. Some of the 207 00:12:42,679 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: openings of these coffins and the x raying processes that 208 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:48,800 Speaker 1: have gone along along the way, have been carried out 209 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:53,560 Speaker 1: publicly to try to help offset the pandemics impact on 210 00:12:53,679 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: the Egyptian tourism industry. In Unearthed in March, we talked 211 00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 1: about some glassy matter that was found at the site 212 00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:04,720 Speaker 1: of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine, 213 00:13:05,160 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: and that glassy matter was believed to be part of 214 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: a person's brain. Further research into this find has actually 215 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: uncovered the fact that there are intact neurons preserved in 216 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:19,480 Speaker 1: that glassy material. According to a paper published in October, 217 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,320 Speaker 1: the rapid cooling of the volcanic material allowed those neurons 218 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:28,839 Speaker 1: to be preserved in this way. So cool. Yeah. When 219 00:13:28,880 --> 00:13:30,200 Speaker 1: I was looking at this, I was like, is this 220 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:34,480 Speaker 1: the same brain? Yes. We will move on to the 221 00:13:34,520 --> 00:13:37,959 Speaker 1: books and letters after we take a quick sponsor break. 222 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:48,960 Speaker 1: Next up we have the category of books and letters, 223 00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:55,480 Speaker 1: and first up. In November of the correspondence between authors J. M. 224 00:13:55,559 --> 00:13:58,800 Speaker 1: Berry and Robert Louis Stevenson was published in a book 225 00:13:58,840 --> 00:14:03,000 Speaker 1: titled A Friendship Letters Robert Louis Stevenson and J. M. Barry. 226 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:07,720 Speaker 1: Most of Stevenson's letters in this correspondence had already been published, 227 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:10,800 Speaker 1: so they were not really new, but Barry's side of 228 00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:14,280 Speaker 1: the conversation had not been published. A lot of the 229 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:18,120 Speaker 1: chatter about this described Barry's letters as having been lost, 230 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:21,000 Speaker 1: but as is so often the case in these episodes, 231 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:24,080 Speaker 1: that is not really the right way to describe this situation. 232 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: The letters were in the Boneke Library at Yale University, 233 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: and they were cataloged there. But somehow people didn't make 234 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:35,360 Speaker 1: the connection between that catalog box of letters and Berry's 235 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:40,000 Speaker 1: unpublished correspondents. Dr Michael Shaw, who realized what they were 236 00:14:40,080 --> 00:14:43,200 Speaker 1: after being unable to buy a copy, was quoted by 237 00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:45,600 Speaker 1: The Guardian is saying when I first saw them, I 238 00:14:45,640 --> 00:14:49,120 Speaker 1: didn't realize that these were lost letters. I just assumed 239 00:14:49,160 --> 00:14:53,000 Speaker 1: they had been published and I didn't know about them. Yeah, 240 00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:55,720 Speaker 1: the letters were there the whole time. Folks just didn't 241 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:58,680 Speaker 1: quite realize that they were not ones that were widely 242 00:14:58,720 --> 00:15:01,960 Speaker 1: publicly available. Of course they were published, I just never 243 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:06,000 Speaker 1: stumbled across them. So these letters chronicle not only the 244 00:15:06,040 --> 00:15:09,240 Speaker 1: two writers intense affection and even love for each other, 245 00:15:09,480 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: but also Stevenson's influence on Barry's work, with phrases and 246 00:15:14,160 --> 00:15:17,960 Speaker 1: images making their way into various stories and his novel 247 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: Peter Pan next up. In December, the US Federal Bureau 248 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: of Investigation released a statement that the three hundred forty 249 00:15:25,680 --> 00:15:29,200 Speaker 1: character cipher attributed to the Zodiac Killer, which was sent 250 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,920 Speaker 1: to the San Francisco Chronicle in November of nineteen sixty nine, 251 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:36,960 Speaker 1: has been cracked. This cipher is one of four attributed 252 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 1: to the killer, and it was the first one to 253 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,760 Speaker 1: be submitted to the FBI. Before this point, only one 254 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,560 Speaker 1: of the other cipher's had been solved. Five murders from 255 00:15:46,560 --> 00:15:49,680 Speaker 1: the late nineteen sixties are attributed to the Zodiac Killer, 256 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:53,800 Speaker 1: whose identity is still not known. So this solution to 257 00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 1: the cipher was the work of three private citizens. Software 258 00:15:57,920 --> 00:16:02,200 Speaker 1: developer David ore in Check, applied mathematicians Sam Blake, and 259 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:06,920 Speaker 1: warehouse operator and computer programmer Yarl von Ikey, who used 260 00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 1: a code breaking program to test more than six fifty 261 00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:15,520 Speaker 1: thousand possible solutions. They're decoding found some of the same 262 00:16:15,560 --> 00:16:19,800 Speaker 1: themes as the killers other communications, including this idea that 263 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:23,600 Speaker 1: these murders were about collecting slaves to take to the afterlife. 264 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:27,600 Speaker 1: The decoded cipher also misspelled the word paradise, and it 265 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:31,360 Speaker 1: had some rather convoluted phrasing. I feel like this would 266 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:35,440 Speaker 1: have been way bigger news if there were less going 267 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: on in the world. You would think, right, Yeah, it 268 00:16:38,520 --> 00:16:40,160 Speaker 1: was one of those things that I saw a brief 269 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:45,720 Speaker 1: headline of same, saw nothing further about. Uh, forgot totally 270 00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:49,040 Speaker 1: about it. Then heard somebody mention it on a podcast 271 00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:52,000 Speaker 1: while I was out on break and I emailed myself 272 00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:55,560 Speaker 1: like Zodiac Killer cipher, so I would remember to put 273 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:59,920 Speaker 1: it in here. In September, to move on to another subject, 274 00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: thieves stole a scroll of poetry that had been written 275 00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:07,840 Speaker 1: by Mao Zandong. They stole this from the Hong Kong 276 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:12,359 Speaker 1: apartment of art collector Fush and Shao. This was part 277 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:16,800 Speaker 1: of a really enormous heist, with an estimated value in 278 00:17:16,880 --> 00:17:20,880 Speaker 1: the Hong Kong Press as being worth four billion Hong 279 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:25,199 Speaker 1: Kong dollars. The US Press estimated the value of the 280 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:30,400 Speaker 1: stolen items as five hundred million U S dollars. At 281 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:34,439 Speaker 1: the time, Fush and Shaw was away from Hong Kong 282 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,280 Speaker 1: because of the pandemic. The scroll was sold for just 283 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:41,960 Speaker 1: five hundred dollars in Hong Kong currency, with the buyer 284 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:46,080 Speaker 1: believing that it was a forgery. It was recovered in October, 285 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:49,359 Speaker 1: by which point it had been cut in half. It 286 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:52,000 Speaker 1: originally measured about nine feet that's about two point eight 287 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 1: meters long, and the buyer, who was arrested for handling 288 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 1: stolen property, reportedly found it too long to display the 289 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:03,399 Speaker 1: way they wanted. And in our last find Underbooks and Letters, 290 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:08,199 Speaker 1: research at the European Synchrotron radiation facility has looked at 291 00:18:08,240 --> 00:18:11,240 Speaker 1: the composition of inks that were used to write on 292 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:15,080 Speaker 1: Egyptian papyrus. These papyride date back to the years one 293 00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:17,919 Speaker 1: hundred to two hundred, and most of the writing on 294 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:20,719 Speaker 1: them is in black, but red ink is used for 295 00:18:20,760 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 1: things like the heading or words that require some kind 296 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: of special emphasis. They discovered that the inks contained lead, 297 00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: but not as a pigment. Instead, lead seems to have 298 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,439 Speaker 1: acted as a drying agent, encircling particles of ochre and 299 00:18:36,520 --> 00:18:40,120 Speaker 1: adhering them to the papyrus. This pre day to similar 300 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:42,960 Speaker 1: technique used to dry oil paints during the Renaissance in 301 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:47,760 Speaker 1: Europe by hundreds of years. Moving on, in this installment 302 00:18:47,840 --> 00:18:50,920 Speaker 1: of unearthed, we once again have a few finds related 303 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,000 Speaker 1: to Vikings. The first is that DNA testing has solved 304 00:18:56,040 --> 00:18:59,880 Speaker 1: some mysteries about a Viking era burial site known as 305 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,680 Speaker 1: the Gerdrip Grave near russ Killed, Denmark. This burial site 306 00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:07,439 Speaker 1: was discovered about forty years ago and it was not 307 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:11,840 Speaker 1: clear whose remains they were or why they were buried together. 308 00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 1: The remains seems to belong to a man and a woman, 309 00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:18,879 Speaker 1: and for a time it was believed that the man 310 00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:22,680 Speaker 1: was enslaved and had been killed as a sacrifice, because 311 00:19:22,720 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: he seems to have been hanged and bound. The woman's 312 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:30,320 Speaker 1: remains had been covered in large stones. Based on that 313 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:34,359 Speaker 1: DNA analysis their mother and son, and while a lot 314 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:37,560 Speaker 1: about their deaths and their burials is still unclear, one 315 00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:41,159 Speaker 1: hypothesis is that they are figures described in the Icelandic 316 00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:45,600 Speaker 1: Sagas the sorceress Katla and her son Odd. In the Sagas, 317 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:48,960 Speaker 1: Kotla was stoned to death and Odd was hanged. To 318 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:51,919 Speaker 1: be clear, the female remains in this grave were covered 319 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 1: in heavy stones, but the remains themselves do not show 320 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,879 Speaker 1: evidence of being stoned or pressed to death. Yet. The 321 00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:02,720 Speaker 1: Sagas are sort of like epic accounts of the settlement 322 00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:09,400 Speaker 1: of Iceland, which are both um. They're both literary and historical, 323 00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:12,439 Speaker 1: so there are elements of them that are rooted in 324 00:20:12,720 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: factual accuracy and then parts of them that are more mythologized. 325 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:19,600 Speaker 1: And this burial site also includes a weapon, which was 326 00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:22,880 Speaker 1: a lance, and this was one of the first examples 327 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,560 Speaker 1: of a weapon being included in a grave that was 328 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,159 Speaker 1: identified as belonging to a set of female remains. But 329 00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:32,520 Speaker 1: based on this idea that the bodies may belong to 330 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:36,080 Speaker 1: Catala and odd There's another idea that has arisen, which 331 00:20:36,080 --> 00:20:39,080 Speaker 1: is that maybe is it a it is a sorceress's staff. 332 00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:42,760 Speaker 1: Next up, the remains of a twelve year old temple 333 00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:46,199 Speaker 1: known as a God House have been found in Norway. 334 00:20:46,240 --> 00:20:48,119 Speaker 1: This was a temple that would have been dedicated to 335 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,680 Speaker 1: old Norse gods, and while other examples had previously been 336 00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 1: unearthed in Sweden and Denmark, this is the first such 337 00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:58,919 Speaker 1: find in Norway. This find includes the temples foundations, and 338 00:20:59,040 --> 00:21:01,520 Speaker 1: it seems to have been a later addition to a 339 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:05,280 Speaker 1: settlement that included at least two long houses that were 340 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:10,360 Speaker 1: first built between two thousand and years ago. Other finds 341 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: that the site that were related to the Godhouse include 342 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,240 Speaker 1: remains of animal sacrifices and cooking pits that would have 343 00:21:17,280 --> 00:21:21,560 Speaker 1: been used for religious feasts. Ground penetrating radar studies and 344 00:21:21,680 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: yellowstad in southeastern Norway have discovered that there is a 345 00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:27,880 Speaker 1: lot of other stuff surrounding a Viking burial ship. There. 346 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,359 Speaker 1: Viking burial ships have, if you listen, come up on 347 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: on Earth before this one was discovered. In In addition 348 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,840 Speaker 1: to the ship, there are a buried feast hall and 349 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:42,440 Speaker 1: a cult temple, along with at least thirteen burial mounds. 350 00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: These are close to Yell Mound, which is a burial 351 00:21:45,320 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 1: mound that had already been excavated and studied, So it 352 00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:51,879 Speaker 1: is possible that this whole area was an important ritual 353 00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:54,560 Speaker 1: and burial site, and that the ship was placed there 354 00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: because of its established use for burial mounds. Yeah. I 355 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:00,800 Speaker 1: tried to figure out whether we had ACKed about this 356 00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:07,359 Speaker 1: specific ship before. I'm not actually sure. I'm not either. 357 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,280 Speaker 1: I can't remember if it came up in our Yelling 358 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:14,200 Speaker 1: Stones episode. Yeah. Yeah, we've definitely talked about burial ships before, 359 00:22:14,840 --> 00:22:17,359 Speaker 1: but whether whether this specific one has come up is 360 00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:20,120 Speaker 1: not as clear. Over the summer, there was also a 361 00:22:20,119 --> 00:22:23,480 Speaker 1: team of archaeologists who were really racing to excavate this 362 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:27,199 Speaker 1: ship because it was being destroyed by a fungus. And 363 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:29,879 Speaker 1: in our last bit of Viking news, a team in 364 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,960 Speaker 1: central Norway has excavated the grave of a woman dating 365 00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:37,000 Speaker 1: back to the Viking era. This find was unexpected because 366 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,560 Speaker 1: there aren't any other graves nearby. Some of the items 367 00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:43,679 Speaker 1: buried with the woman include a three lobed brooch and 368 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:47,199 Speaker 1: hundreds of tiny beads so small that the team had 369 00:22:47,240 --> 00:22:49,679 Speaker 1: to buy mosquito netting to have something fine enough to 370 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,880 Speaker 1: sift them out from the soil. Although the beads were 371 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:55,800 Speaker 1: mostly found around the body's right shoulder, it isn't clear 372 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:57,760 Speaker 1: if they were part of a necklace or a piece 373 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: of clothing or something else entirely. Just like the idea 374 00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:03,760 Speaker 1: of like needing to go get some mosquito netting to 375 00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:08,560 Speaker 1: get these tiny, tiny, tiny beads, We're going to shift 376 00:23:08,640 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: gears now and talk about some mummies. According to research 377 00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:17,439 Speaker 1: that was reported in the journal Analytical Chemistry, researchers have 378 00:23:17,560 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: found a new, non destructive technique that uses electron paramagnetic 379 00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:29,720 Speaker 1: resonance to analyze bitumen in ancient Egyptian mummies. Before this point, 380 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:33,000 Speaker 1: most methods that were used to study bet uman required 381 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: researchers to collect a small sample of it and then 382 00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,440 Speaker 1: that sample was destroyed over the course of the tests. 383 00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:44,440 Speaker 1: This process doesn't destroy anything, and rather than examining the 384 00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:47,840 Speaker 1: bitumen itself as a whole, this technique analyzes some of 385 00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:52,240 Speaker 1: its components, which are byproducts of the decomposition of plant matter. 386 00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:55,760 Speaker 1: But tuman is the compound that gives mummies their dark color, 387 00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:58,879 Speaker 1: and it can be found in natural deposits, or it 388 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,520 Speaker 1: can be made from subs is like bees, wax, fat, 389 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,600 Speaker 1: and resin, and this analysis can help determine exactly where 390 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: the bitumen came from and how old it is because 391 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,360 Speaker 1: of the specific byproducts used in the tests, It can 392 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,679 Speaker 1: also confirm whether they came from a marine source like 393 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:18,640 Speaker 1: the Dead Sea or a land source like a tar pit. 394 00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:22,320 Speaker 1: It can also help researchers confirm whether a mummy has 395 00:24:22,320 --> 00:24:26,359 Speaker 1: been restored at some point during its history. In other news, 396 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: during the Roman Era in Egypt, which spanned from about 397 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:33,440 Speaker 1: the first century b c e To the third century CE, 398 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:36,680 Speaker 1: that was common for members of the upper class to 399 00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,760 Speaker 1: have a mummy portrait. That was the portrait of the 400 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,919 Speaker 1: person on a wooden board that would be attached to 401 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:46,120 Speaker 1: their mummy. Many of these have been found in the 402 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:50,919 Speaker 1: Phyume basin and are described as the Phyume Mommy portraits. 403 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:55,000 Speaker 1: This find isn't a mummy portrait, though, it's an earring 404 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:58,640 Speaker 1: found in the Roman city of Daletem in southeast Bulgaria. 405 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:01,800 Speaker 1: Archaeologists found the earring while excavating the remains of the 406 00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:06,199 Speaker 1: city's public baths, wedged between two tiles, and the earring 407 00:25:06,359 --> 00:25:10,800 Speaker 1: is identical or at least extremely similar to one depicted 408 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,320 Speaker 1: on Phayu mummy portraits of at least two women. I 409 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:19,360 Speaker 1: loved this. I loved the lost earring and the fact 410 00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:21,960 Speaker 1: that it's in these two different portraits and just sort 411 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: of the wondering like, is this the exact same earring? 412 00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:27,280 Speaker 1: Is it just a really similar earring? Was this just 413 00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:32,960 Speaker 1: a really popular earring line that everyone was it the 414 00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:37,560 Speaker 1: hot earring of the season and other Fiume portrait News 415 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:42,040 Speaker 1: Researchers at the University of Utah have analyzed a tiny, tiny, 416 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:46,280 Speaker 1: tiny speck of pigments on the portrait known as Portrait 417 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:49,719 Speaker 1: of a Bearded Man. In this portrait, the pigment was 418 00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:52,879 Speaker 1: used for the clay vey or the purple stripes that 419 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,480 Speaker 1: indicated a person's high status. This particle, I said tiny 420 00:25:57,560 --> 00:26:00,680 Speaker 1: so many times. It's because it was only fifty krons 421 00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 1: in diameter, and it was sent to the team at 422 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,680 Speaker 1: the College of Minds and Earth Sciences at the University 423 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:13,680 Speaker 1: of Utah between two glass slides. In transit, this particle 424 00:26:13,880 --> 00:26:17,480 Speaker 1: shifted by about a millimeter, so it took a while 425 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 1: for them to actually find it in the slides to 426 00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:25,640 Speaker 1: analyze it because it was so small shifted this tiny amount. 427 00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:33,280 Speaker 1: After analysis using energy dispersive X ray fluorescence analysis, electron 428 00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:37,679 Speaker 1: microscopy diffraction, and ADAM probe tomography, they concluded that the 429 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:40,920 Speaker 1: pigment was made with dye mixed with clay or silica, 430 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:43,919 Speaker 1: known as a lake pigment. They also found evidence of 431 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:47,879 Speaker 1: beeswax binder, and there's still some uncertainty about how the 432 00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:50,919 Speaker 1: dye was made. Although they did conclude that the purple 433 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,320 Speaker 1: pigment had been synthesized in a lead container and it 434 00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:57,040 Speaker 1: was not made from the purple dye that came from 435 00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:00,399 Speaker 1: your X snails, it's not clear whether cro meum in 436 00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,359 Speaker 1: the sample was intentionally included there or if it was 437 00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 1: a byproduct of some other ingredients. Now we're just going 438 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:09,280 Speaker 1: to take a quick break before we moved on to 439 00:27:09,480 --> 00:27:20,680 Speaker 1: some other unearth things. Next up, we have a few 440 00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:26,240 Speaker 1: finds that I have loosely grouped together as prehistory. They 441 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,040 Speaker 1: are not all from the exact same time period, but 442 00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:31,919 Speaker 1: they're from before the start of the written record in 443 00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:36,320 Speaker 1: the areas where they were found. First up, a local 444 00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:41,920 Speaker 1: resident named Roman Novac was out picking mushrooms in northern 445 00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:45,639 Speaker 1: Morabia when he stumbled upon a Bronze age sword along 446 00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:48,520 Speaker 1: with an x Both of these have been dated to 447 00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:53,080 Speaker 1: about and even though the region where they were found 448 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:57,159 Speaker 1: was really sparsely populated at that time, they do appear 449 00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:00,800 Speaker 1: to be local rather than something that was ought in by, say, 450 00:28:00,840 --> 00:28:03,760 Speaker 1: an army that was just passing through the area. In 451 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: other news, according to research published in the Proceedings of 452 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:11,000 Speaker 1: the National Academy of Sciences in October, the first human 453 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:14,480 Speaker 1: arrival in the Bahamas may have led to the extinction 454 00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:18,000 Speaker 1: of several species of birds through the newly arrived humans 455 00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:21,439 Speaker 1: hunting them directly because of habitat loss related to that 456 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: human arrival, or, in the case of a giant barn 457 00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 1: owl and a giant eagle, because their prey species disappeared 458 00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,479 Speaker 1: or became harder to find. These conclusions came from a 459 00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:36,719 Speaker 1: ten year study of more than seven thousand fossils. In 460 00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:40,280 Speaker 1: many cases, there was about a hundred year overlap between 461 00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: the arrival of the humans and the disappearance of the birds, 462 00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:48,239 Speaker 1: disappearances not really explained by any other changes to the 463 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:51,920 Speaker 1: environment that the researchers could find. In some cases, the 464 00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:55,880 Speaker 1: birds did survive, but only on some of the islands. 465 00:28:55,920 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: For example, the Abaco parrot lives only on two islands 466 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: in the Bahama Us, and there are islands in between 467 00:29:01,920 --> 00:29:06,000 Speaker 1: them that also would have supported similar habitats. The team 468 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:09,160 Speaker 1: were able to find fossils of those parrots on islands 469 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:13,000 Speaker 1: where that species currently does not live and other news. 470 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:16,560 Speaker 1: According to research published in the Journal of Human Evolution, 471 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:21,680 Speaker 1: Homo sapiens did not, as was previously believed, invent the 472 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:26,920 Speaker 1: first barbed bone point that inventor was probably really Homo 473 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:31,760 Speaker 1: orectus about eight hundred thousand years ago. This came from 474 00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: a study of a set of fifty two different animal 475 00:29:34,240 --> 00:29:38,800 Speaker 1: bones from East Africa's al du Gorge. One of these 476 00:29:38,880 --> 00:29:42,120 Speaker 1: was carved with three barbs and a curved tip, and 477 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem to have been made to attached to 478 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 1: any kind of a handle or a shaft, so it's 479 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:50,240 Speaker 1: unclear how this point would have been used Before this. 480 00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:53,760 Speaker 1: The oldest known barbed bone points were much younger, only 481 00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,400 Speaker 1: about ninety thousand years ago. These points were attached to 482 00:29:57,480 --> 00:30:01,280 Speaker 1: shafts and probably used to fish or to hunt other prey. 483 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:03,680 Speaker 1: It is one of those parts that I wrote before 484 00:30:03,720 --> 00:30:05,400 Speaker 1: going out a break, and when I came back to 485 00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:07,440 Speaker 1: my desk, I was like is this right. Are these 486 00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:09,960 Speaker 1: numbers are right? That I put an extra zero somewhere, 487 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:14,680 Speaker 1: because that's a huge difference. Note that is it's correct. Uh, 488 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,640 Speaker 1: we have recapped this next thing we're going to talk 489 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:20,040 Speaker 1: about a little bit before, but it's been a while, 490 00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:25,600 Speaker 1: so to touch on it again. Anytime archaeologists are trying 491 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:29,560 Speaker 1: to draw conclusions about human remains based on the things 492 00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,880 Speaker 1: that were buried with them, there are layers of assumptions 493 00:30:32,880 --> 00:30:36,880 Speaker 1: at work, like how sex and gender worked in that 494 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:42,000 Speaker 1: particular society and why that society chose to bury specific 495 00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:45,920 Speaker 1: items with specific people. As one example, it's pretty easy 496 00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:48,200 Speaker 1: to conclude that a person who was buried with a 497 00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:51,560 Speaker 1: sword was a warrior, but it's also possible that a 498 00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,880 Speaker 1: sword had a ceremonial or a symbolic purpose that didn't 499 00:30:54,920 --> 00:30:57,520 Speaker 1: have anything to do with combat. So, no matter how 500 00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,280 Speaker 1: careful and thoughtful we are when we try to think 501 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:03,960 Speaker 1: about these things, our own experiences and our own societies 502 00:31:03,960 --> 00:31:07,720 Speaker 1: and our own perspectives influence how we interpret these kinds 503 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,200 Speaker 1: of fines. Sometimes there is other information that we can 504 00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: use to back up these assumptions and conclusions, for example, 505 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 1: written records or artwork, or in the case of that 506 00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:21,000 Speaker 1: sword where patterns in the person's remains that suggest that 507 00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: they saw a lot of combat while they were alive, 508 00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:26,640 Speaker 1: but sometimes it's just a lot more nebulous. All of 509 00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:31,360 Speaker 1: that said, research published in the journal Science Advances suggests 510 00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:36,040 Speaker 1: that gender roles and hunter gatherer societies and the America's 511 00:31:36,160 --> 00:31:39,440 Speaker 1: might not have been strictly delineated along the lines of 512 00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,800 Speaker 1: men hunted and women gathered, which I know is a 513 00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,760 Speaker 1: thing that I learned and many other people learned in school. 514 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: The three start started with the discovery of what appeared 515 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: to be the burial site of a female hunter, which 516 00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 1: dated back about nine thousand years. This find was unearthed 517 00:31:56,760 --> 00:31:59,840 Speaker 1: in Peru, and researchers started trying to figure out whether 518 00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:03,080 Speaker 1: they was a relatively unique situation or whether there were 519 00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,880 Speaker 1: other similar burial sites. They looked at four hundred twenty 520 00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:10,480 Speaker 1: nine skeletons from one hundred seven late Pleistocene in early 521 00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:15,040 Speaker 1: Holocene burial sites across the America's Twenty seven of those 522 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:17,960 Speaker 1: one d seven skeletons were buried with tools that would 523 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,760 Speaker 1: have been used to hunt big game. Of those, eleven 524 00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: were female and sixteen were male. The eleven female skeletons 525 00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:30,320 Speaker 1: came from ten different burial sites, and the sixteen males 526 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:34,280 Speaker 1: came from fifteen sites, so this pattern wasn't confined to 527 00:32:34,440 --> 00:32:38,120 Speaker 1: one particular time in place. The sex of the skeletons 528 00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:41,120 Speaker 1: was determined by both the morphology of the bones and 529 00:32:41,280 --> 00:32:45,560 Speaker 1: analysis of dental enamel proteins. So this is adding to 530 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:48,640 Speaker 1: an increasing body of work that suggests that the whole 531 00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:53,120 Speaker 1: men hunted, women gathered binary doesn't exactly hold up, and 532 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:56,240 Speaker 1: a lot of that binary idea really came from the 533 00:32:56,240 --> 00:33:00,440 Speaker 1: assumptions of eighteenth and nineteenth century archaeologists and anthropole lologists 534 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:04,200 Speaker 1: who didn't have very robust methods of figuring out the 535 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:08,360 Speaker 1: sex of skeletons, but could draw conclusions about what sex 536 00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:11,800 Speaker 1: the skeletons were based on what was buried with them. 537 00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:16,480 Speaker 1: I love when science evolves me too. Uh. There's a 538 00:33:16,520 --> 00:33:21,560 Speaker 1: whole podcast about this whole idea UM from the podcast 539 00:33:21,640 --> 00:33:24,600 Speaker 1: seen on radio. They did a series. One of their 540 00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: seasons was called Men, and it was basically about where 541 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:33,480 Speaker 1: patriarchy came from UM and this idea that it's really 542 00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:36,760 Speaker 1: reductive to imagine that men hunted and when women gathered, 543 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:41,200 Speaker 1: like they talk about that being way more reductive than 544 00:33:41,240 --> 00:33:45,560 Speaker 1: could really have worked in Prehistoric Society's A team from 545 00:33:45,560 --> 00:33:49,120 Speaker 1: the National Museum of Natural History in France, the University 546 00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:52,440 Speaker 1: of the Bosque Country in Spain, and other institutions has 547 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:56,240 Speaker 1: published a study in the journal Scientific Reports that concludes 548 00:33:56,320 --> 00:34:00,760 Speaker 1: that Neanderthal's intentionally buried they're dead. That's a conclusion that 549 00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:04,400 Speaker 1: has been suggested in earlier work, but it wasn't considered 550 00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:09,000 Speaker 1: a conclusive conclusion. So this research involved forty seven bones, 551 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:12,480 Speaker 1: all belonging to the same Neanderthal child who was approximately 552 00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:15,280 Speaker 1: two years old when they died and who lived about 553 00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:18,640 Speaker 1: forty one thousand years ago, and there are several pieces 554 00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:21,799 Speaker 1: of evidence at this burial site that added up to 555 00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:25,919 Speaker 1: the conclusion that this child had been intentionally buried very 556 00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:30,120 Speaker 1: soon after their death. The stratification layers in the soil 557 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: in the area are inclined to the northeast, but the 558 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:36,799 Speaker 1: child's remains were oriented to the west, so it's not 559 00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:40,040 Speaker 1: a matter of like the child's body being covered in 560 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: sediment gradually with the other material in the area. The 561 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,480 Speaker 1: bones themselves were also all together still in about the 562 00:34:48,520 --> 00:34:50,879 Speaker 1: same position that they would have been at the time 563 00:34:50,880 --> 00:34:54,520 Speaker 1: of burial, while animal bones in the same area from 564 00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:57,719 Speaker 1: the same time are just a lot more scattered. They 565 00:34:57,719 --> 00:35:02,359 Speaker 1: confirmed that the bones were Neanderthal using mitochondrial DNA analysis, 566 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,560 Speaker 1: and they dated them using carbon fourteen dating. While they're 567 00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,760 Speaker 1: published findings described this as conclusive proof that Neanderthals buried 568 00:35:10,760 --> 00:35:13,720 Speaker 1: they're dead. The team does also note that quote further 569 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:18,240 Speaker 1: discoveries will be necessary to understand the chronology and geographical 570 00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:22,239 Speaker 1: extension of Neanderthal burial practices. And that's where we are 571 00:35:22,239 --> 00:35:25,400 Speaker 1: going to leave things for part one of our Unearthed. 572 00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:27,600 Speaker 1: We have lots more stuff to talk about in our 573 00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:31,560 Speaker 1: next episode. Yay, do you want to talk about listener mail? 574 00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:35,200 Speaker 1: I do. I also want to say we're recording this 575 00:35:35,320 --> 00:35:39,080 Speaker 1: on January five. We have many days of not looking 576 00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:44,200 Speaker 1: at email, So if you send us an email during 577 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:48,160 Speaker 1: like the last three weeks of December. Uh, there's just 578 00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:51,279 Speaker 1: a lot of email to go through. Um So we're 579 00:35:51,280 --> 00:35:53,560 Speaker 1: not trying to ignore anyone, there's just there's just a 580 00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:55,839 Speaker 1: lot of it to catch up on having come back 581 00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:59,880 Speaker 1: from the holidays. Um. So this one is from Laura 582 00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:02,520 Speaker 1: and it is about our episode on Jim Thorpe, and 583 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,359 Speaker 1: Laura says, Holly and Tracy, I'm a little behind on 584 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:07,600 Speaker 1: all my podcasts at the moment, but I was elated 585 00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:10,520 Speaker 1: to see a three part series on jim Thorpe. When 586 00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:13,240 Speaker 1: I went looking through my yet to be downloaded list, 587 00:36:13,719 --> 00:36:16,399 Speaker 1: I wrote to you guys years ago were requesting one 588 00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:19,360 Speaker 1: on him right after you covered the Fort Show Indians School. 589 00:36:19,840 --> 00:36:23,280 Speaker 1: Immediately downloaded them this morning and listened to while I worked, 590 00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:27,120 Speaker 1: which is something I don't often do. Laura then goes 591 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: on to talk about growing up pretty near jim Thorpe 592 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,800 Speaker 1: and says, quote, I managed one of the major tourist 593 00:36:33,920 --> 00:36:37,640 Speaker 1: operations in town from two thousand seven to fourteen. Growing 594 00:36:37,719 --> 00:36:39,560 Speaker 1: up in the eighties and nineties, the town of jim 595 00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,839 Speaker 1: Thorpe was a bit of a mess. Buildings were being neglected, 596 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,920 Speaker 1: tourism was minimal, and yes, even the jim Thorpe Memorial, 597 00:36:45,960 --> 00:36:48,279 Speaker 1: which is unfortunately a bit of a trek outside the 598 00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:52,160 Speaker 1: historic tourist part of town, was greatly neglected. At the 599 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:54,480 Speaker 1: time I graduated college, moved back to the area, and 600 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 1: started working in town. However, most of these neglected buildings 601 00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:01,160 Speaker 1: were fixed up and filled with unique little galleries, restaurants, 602 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:03,960 Speaker 1: and gift shops. The sidewalks were fixed and the building 603 00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:06,400 Speaker 1: facades were well on their way to being restored to 604 00:37:06,440 --> 00:37:09,759 Speaker 1: their late nineteenth century glory. The Jim Thorpe tomb and 605 00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:13,560 Speaker 1: memorial were restored and added on too as well, partly 606 00:37:13,640 --> 00:37:16,960 Speaker 1: due to projects by students at jim Thorpe School District 607 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:20,040 Speaker 1: known as the Olympians. Having grown up in the area, 608 00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:22,480 Speaker 1: everyone knew the story of Jim Thorpe and why he 609 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:24,719 Speaker 1: was buried in a town he never stepped foot in, 610 00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:28,920 Speaker 1: or at least most knew the story through my interactions 611 00:37:28,920 --> 00:37:30,759 Speaker 1: with tourists though, who were coming to town for a 612 00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,560 Speaker 1: variety of reasons. I was shocked to have to continuously 613 00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,399 Speaker 1: answer questions like who was Jim Thorpe and why does 614 00:37:36,440 --> 00:37:39,080 Speaker 1: your town have a man's name, not that so many 615 00:37:39,160 --> 00:37:42,240 Speaker 1: people not even recognized the name of the greatest athlete 616 00:37:42,239 --> 00:37:46,120 Speaker 1: in the world. Everyone in the area closely followed all 617 00:37:46,120 --> 00:37:48,800 Speaker 1: the legal battles of the past decade, with the people 618 00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:52,080 Speaker 1: of the town torn between the two sides. Some felt 619 00:37:52,080 --> 00:37:54,799 Speaker 1: the town deserve to keep his body, others felt he 620 00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:57,560 Speaker 1: should be sent back to his family. Back when the 621 00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,279 Speaker 1: area buried Jim Thorpe and changed its name, they were 622 00:38:00,320 --> 00:38:03,719 Speaker 1: expecting at least a hospital in the National Football Hall 623 00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:06,200 Speaker 1: of Fame to come out of the deal. They also 624 00:38:06,239 --> 00:38:08,560 Speaker 1: helped that having the athlete would bring back tourism to 625 00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:10,799 Speaker 1: an area that had been at one point one of 626 00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,400 Speaker 1: the most popular tourists and nations of the United States, 627 00:38:13,719 --> 00:38:17,279 Speaker 1: second only to Niagara Falls. But none of these things happened. Then, 628 00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:22,319 Speaker 1: Lara goes on to give some topic suggestions for the 629 00:38:22,440 --> 00:38:27,680 Speaker 1: podcast uh and says, anyway, I love listening to you guys. 630 00:38:27,719 --> 00:38:30,520 Speaker 1: As a student, I hated history class, but I've always 631 00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:34,080 Speaker 1: loved learning about local histories of locations I visited, and 632 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:37,000 Speaker 1: I'm a sucker for any museum. I've learned so much 633 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,080 Speaker 1: from your podcast over the past several years, and I'm 634 00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:42,800 Speaker 1: looking forward to several more years to come. Laura. Thank you, Laura. 635 00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:47,960 Speaker 1: Um that that description of sort of how the the 636 00:38:48,040 --> 00:38:51,360 Speaker 1: tourism industry of jim Thorpe evolved over the years really 637 00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:54,000 Speaker 1: matches up to what I had read previously from other 638 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,040 Speaker 1: folks that like did not live in the area, but 639 00:38:56,120 --> 00:38:59,319 Speaker 1: knew about it and had visited it. Um having seen 640 00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:03,600 Speaker 1: pictures of the town, like it looks like a super cute, 641 00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:07,279 Speaker 1: little um kind of touristy place to visit when the 642 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:11,359 Speaker 1: weather is good and traveling is safe. UM. So Thank 643 00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:14,279 Speaker 1: you so much Laura for sending that email. If you 644 00:39:14,280 --> 00:39:16,520 Speaker 1: would like to write to us about this or any 645 00:39:16,560 --> 00:39:20,360 Speaker 1: other podcast or history podcast at iHeart radio dot com 646 00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,360 Speaker 1: and we are all over social media at miss in History. 647 00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:27,000 Speaker 1: That is where you will find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 648 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram, and you can subscribe to our show and 649 00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,759 Speaker 1: the iHeart radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else 650 00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:41,760 Speaker 1: you get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class 651 00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,880 Speaker 1: is a production of I heart Radio. For more podcasts 652 00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:48,440 Speaker 1: from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 653 00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:50,600 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.