1
00:00:12,200 --> 00:00:16,720
Speaker 1: Just before Christmas nineteen sixty eight, three men blasted off

2
00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:21,320
Speaker 1: from Cape Kernaville, Florida. Frank Bourman, James Lovell and Bill

3
00:00:21,400 --> 00:00:24,800
Speaker 1: Anders were on a very special mission to orbit the

4
00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:29,360
Speaker 1: Moon for the first time. They were leaving behind a

5
00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:34,080
Speaker 1: world in crisis. Martin Luther King was shot and was

6
00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:37,159
Speaker 1: killed tonight in the metals, two hundred and thirty two

7
00:00:37,240 --> 00:00:40,159
Speaker 1: gis killed and nine hundred wounded, makes one of the

8
00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:46,559
Speaker 1: heaviest weeks in the Vietnam War. Senator Robert Francis Kennedy

9
00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:51,839
Speaker 1: died at one forty four am today, June six, nineteen

10
00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,720
Speaker 1: sixty eight. Nineteen sixty eight was the year the world

11
00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,920
Speaker 1: tore itself apart. The unrest and violence had spread rappid

12
00:01:00,440 --> 00:01:04,760
Speaker 1: in Paris. It was a night of wild disorder. Russians

13
00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:13,319
Speaker 1: have occupied Czechoslovakia, and as the three astronauts soar into

14
00:01:13,400 --> 00:01:17,080
Speaker 1: lunar orbit, they pray for the people back home. In

15
00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:21,720
Speaker 1: the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth, and

16
00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:25,840
Speaker 1: the earth was about form and void and darkness, with

17
00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:29,280
Speaker 1: upon the face of the deep, and the bearing of

18
00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:33,680
Speaker 1: God moved upon the face of the water, and God

19
00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:37,600
Speaker 1: let there be light. They go around the moon three times,

20
00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:41,480
Speaker 1: recording data, trying to pick landmarks out of the relentless gray.

21
00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:43,600
Speaker 1: But I couldn't get it quick enough look at it

22
00:01:44,080 --> 00:01:48,440
Speaker 1: to see it lany. But on their fourth orbit, Bill

23
00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:51,360
Speaker 1: Anders looks out of his left hand side window and

24
00:01:51,400 --> 00:01:55,280
Speaker 1: he sees something that makes him lose that trademark astronaut composure.

25
00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:58,000
Speaker 1: Oh my god, look at that picture of it in

26
00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:03,800
Speaker 1: the Earth coming up. Wow, just over the Moon's curved horizon,

27
00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,600
Speaker 1: A slither of bright blue is rising up from the blackness.

28
00:02:09,480 --> 00:02:16,360
Speaker 1: It's the Earth, this rich patchwork of green, white and

29
00:02:16,639 --> 00:02:22,480
Speaker 1: dazzling blue coming out of the darkness, A small, perfect

30
00:02:22,480 --> 00:02:30,440
Speaker 1: circle in our huge universe, so far away, so beautiful.

31
00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:36,320
Speaker 1: Film him color quick. Bill scampers to get a camera

32
00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:38,840
Speaker 1: and load a roll of film to get a once

33
00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:46,440
Speaker 1: in a lifetime shot the Earth rising in the distance.

34
00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:53,840
Speaker 1: Probably seen that shot. It's now become known as earth Rise,

35
00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:59,280
Speaker 1: one of the most powerful photos ever. It showed the

36
00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:04,239
Speaker 1: world as a singular, fragile oasis, and God it was

37
00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:12,800
Speaker 1: good and the girl a boy A good night. I married,

38
00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:16,560
Speaker 1: and God will have all of you, all of you

39
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:22,440
Speaker 1: on the good Earth. When they landed, Bill, who took

40
00:03:22,440 --> 00:03:25,560
Speaker 1: the photo, said, we came all this way to explore

41
00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:30,000
Speaker 1: the Moon, and the most important thing is that we

42
00:03:30,120 --> 00:03:41,960
Speaker 1: discovered the Earth. That photo. It changed Bill. He'd grown

43
00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:46,040
Speaker 1: up your classic cold warrior, convinced the Soviet Union was

44
00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:49,880
Speaker 1: evil incarnate, that America's role in the world was to

45
00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:53,560
Speaker 1: defeat its enemies. But when he saw the Earth, he

46
00:03:53,680 --> 00:03:58,080
Speaker 1: had a profound realization. This is the only home we have,

47
00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:02,160
Speaker 1: and yet we're busy shooting each other, threatening nuclear war

48
00:04:02,640 --> 00:04:10,240
Speaker 1: and wearing suicide vests. It amazes me. You can't go

49
00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:13,320
Speaker 1: to space, see the Earth from a distance and come

50
00:04:13,360 --> 00:04:16,520
Speaker 1: back the same person. Bill was only in space for

51
00:04:16,560 --> 00:04:21,440
Speaker 1: a week, and it changed his whole life. It's an experience.

52
00:04:21,520 --> 00:04:25,120
Speaker 1: Many astronauts talk about the feeling of suddenly seeing our

53
00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:30,240
Speaker 1: planet from a distance, realizing that we're all connected, that

54
00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:36,360
Speaker 1: our humanity transcends national borders. In politics. The philosopher Frank

55
00:04:36,440 --> 00:04:40,680
Speaker 1: White even gave that feeling a name, the overview effect.

56
00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:47,719
Speaker 1: I wonder if Serage Krikalev experienced something like it decades

57
00:04:47,839 --> 00:04:52,920
Speaker 1: later in space for three and thirteen days, watching storms

58
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:57,760
Speaker 1: brew and subside, city lights go on and off, seeing

59
00:04:57,800 --> 00:05:03,360
Speaker 1: no countries, no borders, just these huge, anonymous, yellow green

60
00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:10,080
Speaker 1: chunks of land. Suspended in a brilliant blue sea. How

61
00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:13,560
Speaker 1: did that change him and what would happen when he

62
00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:20,120
Speaker 1: came back. I'm Lance bass And from Kaleidoscope and iHeart

63
00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:37,560
Speaker 1: and Exile Media. This is the last Soviet It's early

64
00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:41,400
Speaker 1: nineteen ninety two. Sergei Krikolev has been in space for

65
00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:45,160
Speaker 1: nearly a year. After a long day of repair work,

66
00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:48,719
Speaker 1: he floats over to his ham radio station, looking forward

67
00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,520
Speaker 1: to a call with Maggie. They talk about normal stuff,

68
00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:55,960
Speaker 1: what he's been doing on the station, about Maggie's kids,

69
00:05:56,520 --> 00:06:03,160
Speaker 1: But then the tone changes. She says, Saragay, I actually

70
00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,720
Speaker 1: have a question for you. It's from a journalist. He

71
00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:10,240
Speaker 1: wants to know if the Russians are selling mer your

72
00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:17,200
Speaker 1: space station. Could it really be true they want to

73
00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:20,279
Speaker 1: sell the station that he sacrificed so much to keep alive.

74
00:06:22,200 --> 00:06:25,719
Speaker 1: Sarage doesn't know what to tell Maggie. In fact, the

75
00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:28,279
Speaker 1: Russians had put a price tag on the space station

76
00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:33,719
Speaker 1: six hundred million dollars. NASA was tempted, but in the

77
00:06:33,839 --> 00:06:37,080
Speaker 1: end the Americans decided it was a national security concern.

78
00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:43,240
Speaker 1: It went nowhere. Meanwhile, the Russians are desperately trying to

79
00:06:43,240 --> 00:06:46,280
Speaker 1: sell a seat to space. It's the only way they

80
00:06:46,279 --> 00:06:50,560
Speaker 1: can get enough cash to bring Saragey back, And so

81
00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:54,680
Speaker 1: month after month, the same directive crackles across the radio.

82
00:06:55,240 --> 00:07:00,240
Speaker 1: Just stay put, But Sarah Gay is getting agitated eating.

83
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:04,600
Speaker 1: He asked Mischi Control to send a supply craft with

84
00:07:04,680 --> 00:07:08,760
Speaker 1: some honey to cheer himself up. Sorry, they say none available.

85
00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:16,160
Speaker 1: Times are tough. They sent lemons and horseradish instead. But

86
00:07:16,360 --> 00:07:19,880
Speaker 1: finally Sarah Gay receives the call he's been waiting for him.

87
00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:25,160
Speaker 1: We found a German cosmonaut. He's buying a seat for

88
00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:37,760
Speaker 1: twenty four million dollars. You're coming home. Sarahgee makes calls

89
00:07:37,800 --> 00:07:41,600
Speaker 1: to his family. The news spreads, he does a press conference.

90
00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:47,920
Speaker 1: One Russian journalist asked him, when you left Earth, it

91
00:07:48,080 --> 00:07:55,160
Speaker 1: was still the USSR. Your city was called Leningrad and

92
00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:59,640
Speaker 1: now it's Saint Petersburg. What is the biggest change for you?

93
00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:12,000
Speaker 1: Saragey pauses, then says, so much has changed, but what

94
00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:15,440
Speaker 1: surprises me most is that at first the Earth was dark,

95
00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:19,600
Speaker 1: and then it was light. It was winter, then summer.

96
00:08:20,480 --> 00:08:24,720
Speaker 1: Now everything is thawing again. That's the biggest change you

97
00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:32,920
Speaker 1: can see from here. His last days are filled with

98
00:08:32,960 --> 00:08:37,480
Speaker 1: handover tasks, checks, final repairs, writing up notes for the

99
00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:41,640
Speaker 1: next crew. And then it's time to call Maggie. You father,

100
00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:51,640
Speaker 1: my you father. Ready to go home? Okay, she sounds flat,

101
00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:59,800
Speaker 1: not her usual self. I'm going to miss you, but blood,

102
00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,560
Speaker 1: we're here to go home, he says. I'm glad too,

103
00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:12,320
Speaker 1: but I'm going to miss my friends. And then the

104
00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:24,320
Speaker 1: connection cuts and I'm Maggie. You have a few things

105
00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:26,080
Speaker 1: too that you would like to read to us that

106
00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:29,199
Speaker 1: they actually sent to you from space. Oh one is

107
00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,160
Speaker 1: a very poignant letter. That's Maggie on an Australian radio show.

108
00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:40,920
Speaker 1: Perhaps Margaret, you have read that that they considered say,

109
00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:44,360
Speaker 1: a time traveler. In other words, he was in space

110
00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:49,079
Speaker 1: while his country changed its name, attract the political system.

111
00:09:49,679 --> 00:09:56,240
Speaker 1: Everything changed, everything changed, and their pay changed, their their

112
00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:59,800
Speaker 1: rank or status, everything changed, and he was in space

113
00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:02,240
Speaker 1: is going to return to a new world. It was

114
00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:06,360
Speaker 1: rather like he was a time traveler, time travel time traveler.

115
00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:16,560
Speaker 1: And I received a really lovely letter from Sudage. Would

116
00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:20,120
Speaker 1: you like to hear that letter? It's rather interesting and

117
00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:25,560
Speaker 1: this is what Sudhegey said, my head. It translated to

118
00:10:25,640 --> 00:10:28,640
Speaker 1: be precise. It is as yet difficult to say how

119
00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,280
Speaker 1: our life will change in these circumstances. Previously, the borders

120
00:10:33,320 --> 00:10:38,760
Speaker 1: between republics were by convention. If the republics are separated anymore,

121
00:10:39,240 --> 00:10:42,960
Speaker 1: there will be more problems from space. The Earth is

122
00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,280
Speaker 1: like a map, but in contrast to a map, there

123
00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:49,800
Speaker 1: are no borders seen. It is pleasant when there are

124
00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:54,760
Speaker 1: fewer borders. People can rub shoulders, be friends, travel freely

125
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,440
Speaker 1: among each other, and get to know one another more.

126
00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:01,600
Speaker 1: Many of our friends in real to live in different republics.

127
00:11:02,200 --> 00:11:06,480
Speaker 1: If rigid borders between neighboring people appear, then that will

128
00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:12,040
Speaker 1: be bad. Sarage's vantage point on the collapse of the

129
00:11:12,120 --> 00:11:17,079
Speaker 1: USSR was to say the least unique. Like Bill Landers,

130
00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:20,200
Speaker 1: the guy who took the Earthrise photo serge experienced his

131
00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:24,839
Speaker 1: own version of the overview effect. He continues to say,

132
00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:30,000
Speaker 1: there are always changes going on, even when one returns

133
00:11:30,040 --> 00:11:33,960
Speaker 1: from a short journey. One must become accustomed to changes,

134
00:11:38,559 --> 00:11:42,920
Speaker 1: and his very last comment, it's a long flight now.

135
00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:46,760
Speaker 1: Rapid change is at home. We know a lot from

136
00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:50,240
Speaker 1: news on the radio, but for all that, in order

137
00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:54,400
Speaker 1: to understand everything and get used to it, it is

138
00:11:54,480 --> 00:12:11,800
Speaker 1: necessary to return and plunge into this life on the

139
00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:16,240
Speaker 1: twenty fifth of March nineteen ninety two, Serge's capsule lands

140
00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:21,960
Speaker 1: in the desert steps of Bikanore, now Kazakhstan, a new country.

141
00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:29,040
Speaker 1: People run to the capsule, open the hatch Saraghe's lungs

142
00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:33,920
Speaker 1: fill with fresh air. He feels hands dragging him out.

143
00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:37,720
Speaker 1: He tries to move, but his limbs feel like heavy dough.

144
00:12:38,520 --> 00:12:42,760
Speaker 1: His skin's clammy. Someone is fanning his face with a handkerchief.

145
00:12:43,480 --> 00:12:48,800
Speaker 1: He feels a blanket being wrapped around his shoulders. Warm

146
00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:52,880
Speaker 1: broth is spooned into his mouth. The press cameras click

147
00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:57,600
Speaker 1: away in the background. After the doctor has checked his

148
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:01,240
Speaker 1: blood pressure and heart rate, Surge, still pretty out of it,

149
00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:03,439
Speaker 1: is bundled off into a small plane that's going to

150
00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:10,320
Speaker 1: take him home. But it's not home as he knows it.

151
00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:15,600
Speaker 1: When he left, his city was called Leningrad. Now it's

152
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:20,440
Speaker 1: Saint Petersburg. And in the new Saint Petersburg sarage, the

153
00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:23,959
Speaker 1: hero who saved mere earns less than a taxi driver.

154
00:13:25,080 --> 00:13:28,520
Speaker 1: He discovers he can barely afford his weekly shop, and

155
00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:32,400
Speaker 1: no one cares about cosmonauts. Now we live in a

156
00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:36,920
Speaker 1: different reality. That's Artemi Trotzky again, one of the founders

157
00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:40,520
Speaker 1: of the Gagaran raves. I think that the perception of

158
00:13:40,840 --> 00:13:45,960
Speaker 1: normal people here is just forget it all right, Yes,

159
00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:48,120
Speaker 1: we're the first man in space. It was great, but

160
00:13:48,559 --> 00:13:53,680
Speaker 1: so what, so what the dream of the Soviets conquering space,

161
00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:59,520
Speaker 1: the dream that started with Uri Gagaron, It's died. Sarage

162
00:13:59,520 --> 00:14:04,160
Speaker 1: Hessaker fist everything for this dream, his own body, time

163
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:08,760
Speaker 1: with his family. But now finally back home, he's a

164
00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:13,000
Speaker 1: nobody in this. In your reality, they're simply low space

165
00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:17,839
Speaker 1: for space. Everything is very much down to Earth now,

166
00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:22,280
Speaker 1: and Serage is maybe starting to wonder will he ever

167
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:27,680
Speaker 1: go to space again. He's a real space here and

168
00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:32,040
Speaker 1: the second biggest space hereafter, but in Les Condri is

169
00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:35,800
Speaker 1: almost unknown. His colleagues are leaving the Space Agency in

170
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:41,320
Speaker 1: droves to work in places making plastic toys, Coca Cola,

171
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:45,440
Speaker 1: Western products, and if they can't get those jobs, they

172
00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:50,280
Speaker 1: sell their space metals in the metro. But then sometime

173
00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,640
Speaker 1: in the summer, just as the first long warm evenings

174
00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:58,600
Speaker 1: are creeping up, Sarage gets an opportunity from an unlikely source,

175
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:01,520
Speaker 1: and I said, okay, what is it? He said, well,

176
00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:04,640
Speaker 1: it's STS sixty and you're going to have two Russian

177
00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:09,040
Speaker 1: cosmonauts who are going to train with you, and one

178
00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:11,320
Speaker 1: of them will fly, And I said, forget it. I'm

179
00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:13,360
Speaker 1: a marine. I trained all my life to kill those guys,

180
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:14,800
Speaker 1: and they trained all their life to kill me, and

181
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:32,200
Speaker 1: I don't want to fly with any damn Russian. My

182
00:15:32,280 --> 00:15:35,400
Speaker 1: preconceptions about the USSR was that they were one of

183
00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:38,680
Speaker 1: the most powerful militaries in the world, and that everything

184
00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,400
Speaker 1: that they did was designed to take down the US,

185
00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:44,120
Speaker 1: and that they would stop at nothing to do that.

186
00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:50,200
Speaker 1: They were our ultimate enemy. That's Charles Bolden, retired astronaut

187
00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:55,000
Speaker 1: and the first black NASA administrator well a day. I

188
00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:58,240
Speaker 1: did not want to become an astronaut growing up. I

189
00:15:58,280 --> 00:16:00,760
Speaker 1: grew up in the segregated South during the time of

190
00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:04,440
Speaker 1: Jim Crow in schools, and because of the way things

191
00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:06,840
Speaker 1: were when I grew up, I knew what astronauts were,

192
00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:11,200
Speaker 1: but that was not anything that was remotely possible in

193
00:16:11,280 --> 00:16:14,120
Speaker 1: my mind. They were all white, they were all about

194
00:16:14,160 --> 00:16:17,120
Speaker 1: five ten. I was none of those and I never

195
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:19,240
Speaker 1: did become five ten, so I was never going to

196
00:16:19,280 --> 00:16:22,760
Speaker 1: get tall enough to be an astronaut in my mind. Instead,

197
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,840
Speaker 1: Charles joined the Army Major General Charles F. Bulden, Jr.

198
00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:31,360
Speaker 1: US Marine Corps retired. He fought against the Communists in

199
00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:34,600
Speaker 1: Vietnam when things were at their hottest. He risked his

200
00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:37,440
Speaker 1: life and he came back to the US a certified

201
00:16:37,520 --> 00:16:41,720
Speaker 1: Cold warrior, And in nineteen eighty one Charles applied to

202
00:16:41,720 --> 00:16:45,560
Speaker 1: become an astronaut. He went from fighting communism in the

203
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:48,640
Speaker 1: skies of Asia to doing it on a much higher

204
00:16:48,640 --> 00:16:53,400
Speaker 1: plane space. We lived in a bipolar world at that time,

205
00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:56,880
Speaker 1: and the two powers had been the Soviet Union and

206
00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,400
Speaker 1: the United States, with their president's finger was on the

207
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,600
Speaker 1: trigger that could destroy the planet. So we were by

208
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,639
Speaker 1: no means friends were wanting to be friends at that time.

209
00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:16,000
Speaker 1: But then in December nineteen ninety one, the Soviet Union

210
00:17:16,160 --> 00:17:20,800
Speaker 1: fell apart. Just like that, the Cold War ended, America

211
00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:26,439
Speaker 1: emerged victorious, and they saw an opening well today, for

212
00:17:26,480 --> 00:17:31,120
Speaker 1: the first time an American president and the democratically elected

213
00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:35,760
Speaker 1: president of an independent Russia had met. In February nineteen

214
00:17:35,840 --> 00:17:39,280
Speaker 1: ninety two, Bush Senior and the new Russian President Yeltsin

215
00:17:39,560 --> 00:17:42,760
Speaker 1: met for the first time at Camp David, and we

216
00:17:42,880 --> 00:17:49,679
Speaker 1: did so not as adversaries but as friends standing side

217
00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:52,360
Speaker 1: by side, and their matching fur line parkers. In front

218
00:17:52,359 --> 00:17:55,359
Speaker 1: of the world's press, Bush presented the leader with a

219
00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:58,800
Speaker 1: cake and a pair of black leather cowboy boots, and

220
00:17:58,960 --> 00:18:02,479
Speaker 1: this his star meeting, was yet another confirmation of the

221
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,919
Speaker 1: end of the Cold War and the dawn of a

222
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:11,040
Speaker 1: new era. But behind the scenes, away from the cameras,

223
00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:13,960
Speaker 1: there were very serious talks in the back rooms where

224
00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:18,240
Speaker 1: politics actually happens, and it was not about friendship and

225
00:18:18,320 --> 00:18:23,280
Speaker 1: world peace. No. President Bush was worried about something else.

226
00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:29,560
Speaker 1: He became very concerned that with the disintegration of the

227
00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:33,080
Speaker 1: Soviet Union, everything that was a part of the Soviet

228
00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:37,120
Speaker 1: space program, as well as all their science and technology,

229
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:41,080
Speaker 1: their nuclear arsenal, and everything might be subject to some

230
00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:46,119
Speaker 1: nefarious either nation state or somehow, and he did not

231
00:18:46,240 --> 00:18:49,159
Speaker 1: want to see all that go out across the world.

232
00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,760
Speaker 1: The Americans were basically afraid that newly unemployed Russian engineers,

233
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,399
Speaker 1: guys like Seragei, would go work for other countries not

234
00:18:58,560 --> 00:19:04,280
Speaker 1: so friendly to America, say Iran, who knew where the bombs,

235
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,280
Speaker 1: where the brain power, where all that stuff was gonna go.

236
00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:12,040
Speaker 1: It sounds a little James Bond, the Maverick Sovid engineer

237
00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:16,360
Speaker 1: going rogue building the most powerful nuclear weapon. But this

238
00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:23,800
Speaker 1: was a genuine worry, and so the Americans thought, we

239
00:19:23,880 --> 00:19:26,320
Speaker 1: need to try to get hold of this ourselves first,

240
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:31,040
Speaker 1: which is how in nineteen ninety two, astronaut Charles Bolden

241
00:19:31,080 --> 00:19:34,639
Speaker 1: found himself in his boss's office being assigned to a

242
00:19:34,880 --> 00:19:38,919
Speaker 1: very special mission. And I said, Okay, what is it.

243
00:19:38,960 --> 00:19:41,800
Speaker 1: He said, well, it's STS sixty and you're going to

244
00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,879
Speaker 1: have two Russian cosmonauts who are going to train with you,

245
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,040
Speaker 1: and one of them will fly. And I said, forget it.

246
00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:51,000
Speaker 1: I mean, I didn't even hesitate. I said, George, forget it.

247
00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:53,280
Speaker 1: I'm a marine. I trained all my life to kill

248
00:19:53,280 --> 00:19:55,159
Speaker 1: those guys, and they trained all their life to kill me.

249
00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:58,040
Speaker 1: And I don't want to fly with any damn Russian.

250
00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:07,480
Speaker 1: But as boss says, look, we want to show the

251
00:20:07,520 --> 00:20:09,879
Speaker 1: world that we can be friends with the Russians or

252
00:20:09,960 --> 00:20:14,040
Speaker 1: former enemy, that we can work together, and this is

253
00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:17,680
Speaker 1: how we want to do it this mission. I understand

254
00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:21,879
Speaker 1: your concerns, but the Russian cosmonaut chosen. He's pretty impressive.

255
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:25,959
Speaker 1: And it turned out that there was this cosmonaut, young

256
00:20:26,040 --> 00:20:30,280
Speaker 1: cosmonaut by the name of Sergey Konstantinovitch Krikoloff, who was

257
00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:33,840
Speaker 1: the commander of mir you know, the guy who agreed

258
00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:36,800
Speaker 1: to stay in space as his country collapsed for almost

259
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:39,800
Speaker 1: a year. And so he said, you may as well

260
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:42,360
Speaker 1: go to dinner with him and at least you see

261
00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:43,959
Speaker 1: what you think and then come back in and tell

262
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:49,160
Speaker 1: me tomorrow morning. Yeah, tomorrow morning, because Sergey is actually

263
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,320
Speaker 1: already in DC. And what we were trying to find

264
00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:55,480
Speaker 1: out was can we work together collaboratively or are we

265
00:20:55,520 --> 00:20:57,359
Speaker 1: going to be at each other's throats and we just

266
00:20:57,400 --> 00:21:02,600
Speaker 1: can't make this work. That evening there's a dinner at

267
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:08,240
Speaker 1: a fellow astronaut's house, a seemingly relaxed affair. The dinner

268
00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:11,960
Speaker 1: turned out to be the critical event in this whole thing,

269
00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,800
Speaker 1: and it was everything pivoted at the dinner. There's a

270
00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:19,880
Speaker 1: bunch of people there, but the two crucial players are

271
00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:24,200
Speaker 1: Sage and Charles. And so by way of introduction, we

272
00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:27,320
Speaker 1: each started talking about our families. I had a son

273
00:21:27,359 --> 00:21:30,000
Speaker 1: and daughter. Sarage said he had a daughter called Olga

274
00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:34,399
Speaker 1: and you know, just a little baby, so to speak.

275
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:39,640
Speaker 1: So our conversation turned immediately to our kids and what

276
00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:42,320
Speaker 1: they were doing and everything, and eventually we started talking

277
00:21:42,320 --> 00:21:45,360
Speaker 1: about you know what kind of world did we want

278
00:21:45,359 --> 00:21:48,800
Speaker 1: our kids to grow up in. If we were king

279
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:50,960
Speaker 1: for a day or whatever, what would we do to

280
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,959
Speaker 1: make the world a better place for our kids? And

281
00:21:53,520 --> 00:21:56,840
Speaker 1: we talked a pretty long time. We were both the

282
00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:59,359
Speaker 1: same way. We wanted a peaceful world. We wanted a

283
00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:03,040
Speaker 1: world in which people work together collaboratively for the good

284
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:06,840
Speaker 1: of humankind. And you know, we just made things better.

285
00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,159
Speaker 1: Charles came home that evening in a daze. This was

286
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,480
Speaker 1: his first time meeting a Russian in person, a former enemy.

287
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:22,119
Speaker 1: He was impressed, and turns out they share the same worldview.

288
00:22:23,880 --> 00:22:26,800
Speaker 1: The next morning, Charles calls his boss and says, I've

289
00:22:26,880 --> 00:22:31,840
Speaker 1: changed my mind. I'll go on this mission. And so

290
00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:34,800
Speaker 1: a couple of days after that dinner with Charles, Sage

291
00:22:34,960 --> 00:22:41,000
Speaker 1: gets on another plane to the American star city, Houston, Texas.

292
00:22:43,320 --> 00:22:53,480
Speaker 1: That's after the break. For this whole thing to work,

293
00:22:53,760 --> 00:22:57,240
Speaker 1: Sarage first needs to integrate into the American way of life,

294
00:22:58,080 --> 00:23:01,880
Speaker 1: and so NASA assigned him a trual handler. My name

295
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,520
Speaker 1: is officially Kenneth S. Rutler Junior. Ken was in a

296
00:23:06,560 --> 00:23:10,560
Speaker 1: way given the hardest job to introduce this Russian cosmonaut

297
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:14,400
Speaker 1: to capitalism. He'd spent months thinking about what it might

298
00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,199
Speaker 1: be like to be in Saragey's shoes. He'd seen the

299
00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:20,520
Speaker 1: news on TV, the empty shelves and the collapsing country,

300
00:23:20,880 --> 00:23:24,119
Speaker 1: but now standing in Houston arrivals, it was time to

301
00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:28,040
Speaker 1: put the research to the test. We weren't sure about

302
00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:32,399
Speaker 1: how they were driving. We didn't know whether they understood

303
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:35,240
Speaker 1: how rental cars work. I remember showing them how to

304
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:38,240
Speaker 1: go to a self service gas station and pump gas

305
00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:39,760
Speaker 1: and pay for it, and how to go to an

306
00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:42,520
Speaker 1: ATM and get cash out of it, things like that.

307
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:46,439
Speaker 1: So Ken's got Sarage a car, a bank account, a

308
00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:50,800
Speaker 1: new rental apartment, and now it's time to buy some groceries.

309
00:23:53,320 --> 00:23:57,240
Speaker 1: He takes Sarage to a giant supermarket nearby called Fiesta Marte.

310
00:23:57,880 --> 00:24:00,200
Speaker 1: A fun place. It was one of the bigger, more

311
00:24:00,240 --> 00:24:04,760
Speaker 1: interesting shopping centers. Everything you could possibly want there. Oh, Ken,

312
00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,080
Speaker 1: bad choice. I saw his eyes get bigger and bigger

313
00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:12,479
Speaker 1: as he saw so much stuff on the shelves, and

314
00:24:12,520 --> 00:24:15,880
Speaker 1: it was very clear that there was a decision process

315
00:24:15,960 --> 00:24:19,359
Speaker 1: going on. How am I going to decide how I

316
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:24,680
Speaker 1: buy food for my family? Sage looks panicked. Ken's confused,

317
00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:27,879
Speaker 1: What is it. That is the problem, and he explained

318
00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:31,520
Speaker 1: that they didn't have that money selections, and so he

319
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,560
Speaker 1: was struggling with trying to make a decision of product

320
00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:38,720
Speaker 1: day versus product. Be Kins like, fine, we can take

321
00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:42,600
Speaker 1: it easy. Let's meal plan. So we'll start with breakfast.

322
00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:45,720
Speaker 1: All right, Sergey, what do you like to eat for breakfast? Well,

323
00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:48,880
Speaker 1: I like to eat cereal. Okay, great, let's go over here.

324
00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:52,159
Speaker 1: And he and I walked down to the cereal aisle.

325
00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:57,600
Speaker 1: There's a whole aisle of cereal, frosties, Coco pops, rice, crispies,

326
00:24:58,560 --> 00:25:01,000
Speaker 1: and once again, you know, they eyes got big, and

327
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,239
Speaker 1: he said, well, you know, in the Soviet Union, we

328
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:05,760
Speaker 1: have two kinds of Syria. We have white cereal and

329
00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:08,879
Speaker 1: we have brown cereal. That is a problem because we

330
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,720
Speaker 1: have a lot of cereal to choose from here. It

331
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:15,280
Speaker 1: takes some time to put it lightly. But finally Ken

332
00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:18,959
Speaker 1: and Serage worked through breakfast, lunch, and dinner and make

333
00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:23,879
Speaker 1: it to the checkout. And I realized at one point

334
00:25:23,920 --> 00:25:26,520
Speaker 1: we had really achieved a major breakthrough. And that was

335
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:30,040
Speaker 1: when Sergey deferred to me to make a decision. And

336
00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:33,080
Speaker 1: so you got enough trust in my judgment and my

337
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,040
Speaker 1: tastes that I could make decisions for him. I knew

338
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,680
Speaker 1: that we were on a really good path. The next

339
00:25:38,720 --> 00:25:42,600
Speaker 1: step on that path was the actual training, survival training,

340
00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:47,399
Speaker 1: swimming training, ejection seat training, etc. But the Americans aren't

341
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,199
Speaker 1: exactly worried about Serge doing his homework. So I had

342
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,199
Speaker 1: been in space for five days, and Sergey at this

343
00:25:54,280 --> 00:25:57,800
Speaker 1: point had had fifteen months in space. He was the

344
00:25:58,040 --> 00:26:03,000
Speaker 1: veteran space layout. Serge had way more flight experience than

345
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:07,320
Speaker 1: almost than our whole crew put together. And so on

346
00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:10,680
Speaker 1: the third of February nineteen ninety four, when Serge was

347
00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,160
Speaker 1: putting on a space suit ready to go into the capsule,

348
00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:17,199
Speaker 1: Charles and Ken were one confident it was time to

349
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:20,960
Speaker 1: show the world that Americans and Russians could work together

350
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,520
Speaker 1: how systems are go for launch. At this time just

351
00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:26,200
Speaker 1: a few minutes away from the eighteenth voyage of Discovery

352
00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,520
Speaker 1: on an eight day history making mission, but the first

353
00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:31,520
Speaker 1: flight of a Russian cosmonaut aboard the United States Space Shuttle.

354
00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,200
Speaker 1: I don't think any of us ever lost track of

355
00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:39,080
Speaker 1: the historical significance of what was about to happen. Lit Alone,

356
00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:46,480
Speaker 1: Serge two one, hisstor ignission and liftoff of discovery on

357
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:49,080
Speaker 1: a whole new era of space flight between the United

358
00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,800
Speaker 1: States and Russia. I think most of us in NASA

359
00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:55,680
Speaker 1: understood that the primary focus of the mission, no matter

360
00:26:55,720 --> 00:26:58,879
Speaker 1: what it said in the public affairs guide, was to

361
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:02,440
Speaker 1: be a demonstration and that ris Cosmos and NASA could

362
00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,520
Speaker 1: come together, representing our two nations and demonstrate that we

363
00:27:06,560 --> 00:27:11,160
Speaker 1: could effectively train to live and work together to carry

364
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:18,400
Speaker 1: off a successful mission that would benefit humanity. And one

365
00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:21,240
Speaker 1: of the things that we did for the Russian people,

366
00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:24,040
Speaker 1: we wanted to do a gesture that would that would

367
00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:27,520
Speaker 1: mean something in them, and so we learned a Russian lullaby.

368
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:30,720
Speaker 1: I forget, I can't even remember the name of it,

369
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:34,680
Speaker 1: but every Russian child knows this lullaby because it's sung

370
00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:36,960
Speaker 1: to them every night at about eight o'clock when their

371
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:43,639
Speaker 1: parents put them to bed. That was the gesture to

372
00:27:43,720 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: the people of Russia, to the children of Russia, to

373
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,040
Speaker 1: let them know that here's your crew member representing you

374
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,840
Speaker 1: and your country up here with us. But we want

375
00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:54,080
Speaker 1: to let you know how much we appreciate your culture,

376
00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:58,200
Speaker 1: and this is our feeble effort to reach out to you.

377
00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:06,880
Speaker 1: As soon as they landed, a week later, the mission

378
00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: was declared a resounding success. Welcome home Discovery, Prekrasna way

379
00:28:17,840 --> 00:28:20,200
Speaker 1: for a new era of cooperation in human space flight.

380
00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:26,080
Speaker 1: Great job. The teamwork that came about as a result

381
00:28:26,119 --> 00:28:29,920
Speaker 1: of preparing for that mission and conducting it was priceless

382
00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:34,880
Speaker 1: because when Sarage came back, the United States and Russia

383
00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:39,360
Speaker 1: decided they could do something big together, something that would

384
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:43,800
Speaker 1: change space in politics forever. In a few years, the

385
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: brightest star ever will appear in the sky. There will

386
00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:52,920
Speaker 1: be a sign of hope because all these nations are

387
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 1: coming together. The utilized technology not to blow up humanity,

388
00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:02,080
Speaker 1: but to make this place a better world. They decided

389
00:29:02,080 --> 00:29:04,840
Speaker 1: to build something the size of a football field in space,

390
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:10,680
Speaker 1: the most expensive man made object and perhaps humanity's greatest

391
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:17,000
Speaker 1: symbol of peace, an international space station. It is what

392
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:22,200
Speaker 1: has allowed Russia and the United States from breaking up

393
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:26,080
Speaker 1: in the one successful venture that we have today with

394
00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:36,080
Speaker 1: all of our diplomatic fur balls and crazy acting. Next

395
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:39,400
Speaker 1: and final time on The Last Soviet, How Russia and

396
00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:43,240
Speaker 1: America built something together in space and How I Almost

397
00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:55,680
Speaker 1: got to Go. The Last Soviet is a Kaleidoscope production

398
00:29:55,760 --> 00:30:00,200
Speaker 1: in partnership with iHeart Podcast and Exile Media produced by

399
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:05,760
Speaker 1: Sama's Dad Audio and hosted by me Lance Bass Executive

400
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:10,080
Speaker 1: produced by Kate Osbourne and mangesh Hada Kadoor, with Oz

401
00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:15,480
Speaker 1: Wollishan and Kostas Linos from iHeart Executive produced by Katrina

402
00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:20,160
Speaker 1: Norville and Nikki Ettore from Sama's Dad Audio are Executive

403
00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:25,160
Speaker 1: producers are Joe Sykes and Dasha Lisitzina. Produced by Assia Fuchs,

404
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:30,520
Speaker 1: Dasha Litzitzina and Joe Sykes. Writing by Lydia Marchant, Research

405
00:30:30,640 --> 00:30:35,480
Speaker 1: by Mika Golubovski and Molly Schwartz, Music by Will Epstein,

406
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:40,320
Speaker 1: Themed by Martin Orstrin, Mixing and sound design by Richard Ward,

407
00:30:40,960 --> 00:30:44,920
Speaker 1: and special thanks to Nando Villa Well, Lissa Pollock, Will Pearson,

408
00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 1: Connel Byrne, Bob Pittman, and Isaac Lee. If you want

409
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:51,960
Speaker 1: to hear more shows like this, nothing is more important

410
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:56,040
Speaker 1: to the creators here at Kaleidoscope than subscribers, ratings, and reviews,

411
00:30:56,560 --> 00:30:58,800
Speaker 1: so please spread the love wherever you listen.