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When you pop 10 00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not 11 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the 12 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 13 00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 14 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 15 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn 16 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 17 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability 18 00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: to learn more. 19 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:02,160 Speaker 2: What's Good It's Calling and Eating Walbroke is back for 20 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 2: season three, brought to you by the Black Effect Podcast 21 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:08,560 Speaker 2: Network and iHeartRadio. We're serving up some real stories and 22 00:01:08,640 --> 00:01:12,040 Speaker 2: life lessons from people like Van Laythan, DC, Young Fly, 23 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:14,880 Speaker 2: Phone Thugs and Harmony and many Moore. They're sharing the 24 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:17,440 Speaker 2: dishes that got them through their struggles and the wisdom 25 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:20,080 Speaker 2: they gained along the way. We're cooking up something special, 26 00:01:20,240 --> 00:01:24,319 Speaker 2: So tune in every Thursday. Listen to Eating Wallbroke on 27 00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:28,600 Speaker 2: the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio, app Apple Podcasts or 28 00:01:28,600 --> 00:01:29,679 Speaker 2: wherever you get your. 29 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:33,840 Speaker 1: Podcasts presented by State Farm like a good neighbor. State 30 00:01:33,920 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: Farm is there? Hey, hoorge, what's your favorite Solar System object? 31 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 3: I'm gonna have to go with the Earth because you 32 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:50,480 Speaker 3: know it's the only one I've. 33 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:53,600 Speaker 1: Been to, so you're not a gas giant kind of person. 34 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:56,880 Speaker 3: Depends how many tacos I had for lunch. But what 35 00:01:56,880 --> 00:01:57,919 Speaker 3: about need? Do you have a favorite? 36 00:01:58,120 --> 00:02:00,560 Speaker 1: I'm a big fan of the Sun and and everything 37 00:02:00,560 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: it does for us here on Earth, But my favorite 38 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: thing in the Solar System is actually comets. 39 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:08,320 Speaker 3: Comets. What have comics done for us? 40 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:12,120 Speaker 1: Well, they're like cosmic snowballs, and actually most of Earth's 41 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:14,520 Speaker 1: water turns out to be melted comets. 42 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,120 Speaker 3: I guess water's pretty useful to have. Wait, are you 43 00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:20,720 Speaker 3: saying the Solar System is having a snowball fight. 44 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,839 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's more like deadly planetary dodgeball. 45 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:43,639 Speaker 3: I am Warhamm, a cartoonist and the creator of PhD Comics. 46 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 2: Hi. 47 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:47,080 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, but I have strong 48 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,800 Speaker 1: opinions about various Solar System objects. 49 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:52,919 Speaker 3: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 50 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio. 51 00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:56,920 Speaker 1: In which we talk about everything that we know about 52 00:02:56,919 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: the universe and everything that we don't know about the universe, 53 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,360 Speaker 1: everything that makes us wonder, and everything that makes us 54 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:05,320 Speaker 1: go huh. And we explain all of it to you 55 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:09,040 Speaker 1: because we think that your curiosity is as valuable as 56 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: the curiosity of scientists working on the front line. 57 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:14,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, and there's a lot to be curious about. The 58 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 3: universe is full of amazing and incredible things and a 59 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:20,919 Speaker 3: lot of mysteries, a lot of things that we don't 60 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 3: know where they come from, or what makes them what 61 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 3: they are, or why they're there. 62 00:03:26,280 --> 00:03:29,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, and a lot of great scientific discoveries begin with 63 00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: pretty simple questions, you know, like why is that thing there? 64 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:36,040 Speaker 1: Or why are those comments flying? Through space and where 65 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 1: do they come from? Is one of them going to 66 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:41,520 Speaker 1: hit us and wipe us out. Great scientific discoveries come 67 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,520 Speaker 1: from really simple questions that everybody wants to know the 68 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:45,000 Speaker 1: answers to. 69 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:48,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, because we have questions even about our own backyard. 70 00:03:49,200 --> 00:03:52,040 Speaker 3: Our Solar system is still full of things that we 71 00:03:52,120 --> 00:03:54,320 Speaker 3: don't quite fully understand. 72 00:03:54,480 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: Yep. People like to talk about things in the distant 73 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: universe that are still a mystery. We don't know how 74 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:01,280 Speaker 1: big it is or what's going on out there in 75 00:04:01,280 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: the depths of the universe. But you're absolutely right. There's 76 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,840 Speaker 1: still a lot to be discovered right in our own neighborhood, 77 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 1: big questions about what's going on in our own household 78 00:04:11,800 --> 00:04:13,640 Speaker 1: that we still don't know the answers to. 79 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:16,360 Speaker 3: So, Daniel, you have strong opinions about things in our 80 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:19,000 Speaker 3: Solar system. Are they all positive or are some of 81 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:21,680 Speaker 3: them negative? Is there someone you don't like here in 82 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 3: the Solar System? 83 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:26,200 Speaker 1: No, they're all positive. I love everything in the Solar System, 84 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:31,679 Speaker 1: from ice giants to planetismals, to space centaurs, to deadly 85 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:35,240 Speaker 1: comets to enormous burning balls of gas. I just think 86 00:04:35,279 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: it's all pretty awesome. I can't imagine having a negative 87 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:39,280 Speaker 1: opinion about anything. 88 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:42,200 Speaker 3: Do you include in that all the people on Earth too? 89 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:47,440 Speaker 1: Yes, I love everybody. No, it's incredible when you look 90 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:50,240 Speaker 1: out there in space that you see so many beautiful, 91 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 1: amazing things. Like when was the last time you looked 92 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: at something out in space and you thought that's just 93 00:04:54,560 --> 00:04:56,839 Speaker 1: kind of a you know, it's all just sort of 94 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:00,120 Speaker 1: like incredible and beautiful. You know, whoever the universe as 95 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:02,200 Speaker 1: visual artist is, they're doing a good job. 96 00:05:02,279 --> 00:05:02,479 Speaker 4: Yeah. 97 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 3: Although you know, we live in California, so right now 98 00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:07,360 Speaker 3: when I look up at the sky, it's mostly smoke. 99 00:05:07,520 --> 00:05:09,479 Speaker 1: Well, then take a journey through the Solar System with 100 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:10,240 Speaker 1: your mind's eye. 101 00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:11,919 Speaker 3: Yeah. There are a lot of big questions about the 102 00:05:11,960 --> 00:05:14,599 Speaker 3: Solar System and how we got to where we are. 103 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:17,600 Speaker 3: And one of those big questions about our Solar system 104 00:05:17,839 --> 00:05:20,919 Speaker 3: is where do comets come from? We don't know of 105 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:23,800 Speaker 3: a comet factory here in our Solar system, do. 106 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:26,240 Speaker 1: We We don't know of a comet factory. It could 107 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:28,360 Speaker 1: be that there are aliens out there in the outskirts 108 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,040 Speaker 1: of the Solar System packing up ice balls and shooting 109 00:05:31,120 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: them at Earth. Or it could be that they come 110 00:05:34,360 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: from something else, something deep out there in the Solar system. 111 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,719 Speaker 1: That's basically a huge reservoir of comets ready to fall in, 112 00:05:42,120 --> 00:05:44,479 Speaker 1: screaming towards the Sun and boiling up. 113 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:47,120 Speaker 3: And this is a big question because some people think 114 00:05:47,120 --> 00:05:50,440 Speaker 3: that most of the water on Earth came from comets. 115 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,520 Speaker 1: That's right, Comets are mostly ice. You know, something a 116 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:56,600 Speaker 1: lot of people don't understand about the universe is that 117 00:05:56,760 --> 00:06:00,360 Speaker 1: water is not rare. We talk about liquid water being 118 00:06:00,400 --> 00:06:02,480 Speaker 1: something we're looking for in the surface of planets to 119 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:05,480 Speaker 1: see if there's alien life, but water as a chemical, 120 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,280 Speaker 1: there's tons of it out there. There's like planet sized 121 00:06:08,360 --> 00:06:13,279 Speaker 1: blobs of it. So most comets are icy planetismals. They're 122 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:16,040 Speaker 1: just big balls of ice. And some of them felled 123 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:19,479 Speaker 1: towards the Earth in the early days and landed and 124 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:21,400 Speaker 1: melted and formed our oceans. 125 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, thank goodness, because that's where life came from. Right, 126 00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 3: had them in for those snowballs, and we wouldn't be. 127 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:29,880 Speaker 1: Here, that's right. So next time you put your lips 128 00:06:29,880 --> 00:06:33,080 Speaker 1: to a glass of melted comet, remember you are drinking 129 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 1: the outer solicits. 130 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:36,760 Speaker 3: You are melted common right. 131 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:39,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, next time you go somewhere and order a drink, 132 00:06:39,720 --> 00:06:41,960 Speaker 1: order sparkling melted comet and see what they do. 133 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 3: Yeah, so a big question is where they come from. 134 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:49,040 Speaker 3: And so scientists have a potential answer to that question, right, Daniel. 135 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,240 Speaker 1: That's right. They don't know for sure. Nobody's ever actually 136 00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:53,960 Speaker 1: seen it, but we've given it a name, so to they. 137 00:06:54,000 --> 00:07:01,919 Speaker 3: On the podcast, we'll be asking the question, what is now, Daniel? 138 00:07:02,040 --> 00:07:05,360 Speaker 3: Is that pronounced ort or ort? Because it's spelled o rt. 139 00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:09,359 Speaker 1: It's a great question, and it's a Dutch name. It 140 00:07:09,440 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: comes from a Dutch astronomer who first thought it up, 141 00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: and so I reached out to my Dutch speaking brother 142 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: to ask him for his preferred pronunciation because I didn't 143 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:22,160 Speaker 1: know is it ort ort ort or some like weird 144 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,600 Speaker 1: Dutch vowel that we don't even have in English that 145 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:25,800 Speaker 1: can never be replicated? 146 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:26,680 Speaker 3: Keep going, keep going? 147 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: Well, you know there are vowels in Danish that you know, 148 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:32,000 Speaker 1: you can only replicate if you get like punched in 149 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:36,720 Speaker 1: the gut in exactly the right way, like you danged 150 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: speakers out there know what I'm talking about. But it 151 00:07:39,440 --> 00:07:43,320 Speaker 1: turns out that or it spelled o rt is pronounced 152 00:07:43,400 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: like port. 153 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 3: Mmmm. All right, So it's a cloud apparently of some sort, 154 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,000 Speaker 3: and it's I'm guessing it's out in space, and so 155 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:51,880 Speaker 3: a big question is how many people out there know 156 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,080 Speaker 3: what it is and what its significance is. 157 00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:58,680 Speaker 1: That's right, So I pulled our listeners who have volunteered 158 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 1: to answer random Westin's over the Internet from a physicist 159 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,720 Speaker 1: they've never met. If you'd like to participate in such 160 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:09,480 Speaker 1: absurd commentary on our physical universe, please write to me 161 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:12,800 Speaker 1: to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. And thanks 162 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:15,000 Speaker 1: to everybody who shared your speculations. 163 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 3: Think about it for a second. If someone asks you 164 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:21,040 Speaker 3: what the or cloud is, what would you answer. Here's 165 00:08:21,080 --> 00:08:22,040 Speaker 3: what people had to say. 166 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:26,760 Speaker 5: The Orc Cloud is one of the outhermost regents of 167 00:08:27,200 --> 00:08:31,040 Speaker 5: the Solar System, comprised of we think a bunch of 168 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 5: remnants of the early Solar system. 169 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:39,080 Speaker 6: The Orc Cloud is a group of like dust and 170 00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 6: rocks and asteroids and just material that's way outside and 171 00:08:45,679 --> 00:08:50,760 Speaker 6: circles our whole Solar system. I think in a giant sphere, 172 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:52,079 Speaker 6: or maybe just a circle. 173 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:57,320 Speaker 7: The or Cloud is a vast array of comments and 174 00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:02,960 Speaker 7: other such icee borning around the Sun, very far away 175 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:06,120 Speaker 7: from the rest of the planetary systems. 176 00:09:06,360 --> 00:09:08,959 Speaker 1: I know that the Sun it's the middle of it, 177 00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:14,440 Speaker 1: and it passes our solar system, so passes Pluto. Is 178 00:09:14,480 --> 00:09:15,200 Speaker 1: it the big. 179 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,360 Speaker 3: Cloud of dust that's I'm spewing out the top and 180 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:19,400 Speaker 3: the bottom of the milky Way. I didn't have anything 181 00:09:19,400 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 3: to do with the quipper Bell. Probably close to the 182 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 3: solar system. 183 00:09:23,800 --> 00:09:27,000 Speaker 2: I think the Oort cloud is like an area outside 184 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:30,280 Speaker 2: the solar system where there are some icy objects. 185 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 3: I'm not sure what, probably comets and things like that. 186 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:38,160 Speaker 3: All Right, some pretty good answers. Most people seem to 187 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:41,640 Speaker 3: know it's something related to our solar system and that 188 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:43,880 Speaker 3: it's a cloud, and that maybe there's ice in ball. 189 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:47,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's something big and fuzzy and out there 190 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:50,800 Speaker 1: and cool and cool and cool. And my favorite thing 191 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:53,200 Speaker 1: about the ord cloud is at the acronym the OC 192 00:09:53,679 --> 00:09:56,400 Speaker 1: is the same as the place I live, Orange County. 193 00:09:58,320 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 3: Except it's a little warmer. 194 00:09:59,520 --> 00:10:02,440 Speaker 1: I think it's a little warmer, but it's also still 195 00:10:02,559 --> 00:10:03,240 Speaker 1: very very cool. 196 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:06,800 Speaker 3: That's the first time I've heard you give a compliment 197 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:08,240 Speaker 3: to the Orange County there. 198 00:10:09,280 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: I love Orange County. Best place in the world to live. Seriously, 199 00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:15,439 Speaker 1: what could you complain about? Well, that's not the topic 200 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:18,760 Speaker 1: of today's podcast. We're talking about the cosmic OC, the 201 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:21,960 Speaker 1: Solar System's OC, not California's OC. 202 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 3: And so it's apparently something out in space. And so Daniel, 203 00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:28,520 Speaker 3: let's step people through it. So what is the Orc Cloud? 204 00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:32,560 Speaker 1: The Orc Cloud is super awesome. It is a theoretical 205 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:38,280 Speaker 1: cloud of icy planetismals or mini planets planetismal. 206 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:39,800 Speaker 3: Did you just make that up? Or is that the 207 00:10:39,840 --> 00:10:41,160 Speaker 3: actual science term? 208 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 8: Oh? 209 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:43,120 Speaker 1: Man, I wish I could have made that word up. 210 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:46,960 Speaker 1: There's something wonderful about just saying that word planetismal. Right, 211 00:10:47,520 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: but no, planetismal is a mini planet and it's smaller 212 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:53,640 Speaker 1: than a dwarf planet. Right, you got planet dwarf planet 213 00:10:53,679 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: and then planetismal. 214 00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:57,559 Speaker 3: They couldn't just say mini planet. 215 00:10:57,880 --> 00:11:00,400 Speaker 1: Well, it's sort of like Planetino, you know, that's what 216 00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:03,440 Speaker 1: you do it English, Tito. And so it's a bunch 217 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: of these and they're really really far out there, Like 218 00:11:07,840 --> 00:11:09,839 Speaker 1: if you have the Solar System, you know, the Earth 219 00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:12,720 Speaker 1: is at one au we call it an astronomical unit, 220 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:14,880 Speaker 1: and you go really far out you get out to 221 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:18,360 Speaker 1: like Neptune and Pluto. You have to go much, much, 222 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:21,000 Speaker 1: much further before you get to the Oort Cloud. 223 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:24,080 Speaker 3: Is it even considered our Solar system or is it 224 00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:25,839 Speaker 3: technically outside of our Solar system. 225 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:29,199 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a great question. Most people consider the end 226 00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: of our solar system to be just under about one 227 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:36,880 Speaker 1: hundred AU, where the Sun's radiation becomes dominated by the 228 00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:39,720 Speaker 1: galactic radiation. Now you think of space as sort of 229 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:43,280 Speaker 1: like empty, right, but actually it's filled with streaming particles. 230 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:46,360 Speaker 1: The Sun is pumping out particles, not just photons, but 231 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:49,440 Speaker 1: protons and electrons and all sorts of crazy stuff, and 232 00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:51,800 Speaker 1: it dominates the region around it with all of its 233 00:11:51,840 --> 00:11:55,480 Speaker 1: pulsating radiation. But the rest of the galaxy also has 234 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 1: a wind that's coming from all the other stars in 235 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:01,000 Speaker 1: the central black hole and all that crazy stuff. So 236 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:03,680 Speaker 1: we define the edge of the Solar system, it's called 237 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:07,480 Speaker 1: the helio pause, as the place where the Sun's radiation 238 00:12:08,080 --> 00:12:11,200 Speaker 1: stops dominating the local environment and you're taken over by 239 00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:15,000 Speaker 1: the galactic wind. And that's like one hundred or so AU. 240 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:17,720 Speaker 3: It's like when our Sun becomes just another star kind. 241 00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,480 Speaker 1: Of yeah, exactly. And the wind from the rest of 242 00:12:20,520 --> 00:12:24,000 Speaker 1: the galaxy takes over the Sun's wind. And here again 243 00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:25,880 Speaker 1: we wind. We don't mean air, We just mean the 244 00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:29,160 Speaker 1: particles that it's shooting out. But the orc cloud starts 245 00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:32,640 Speaker 1: like ten times further out than that, like at a 246 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:34,160 Speaker 1: thousand AU. 247 00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:37,640 Speaker 3: Now, is this still sort of like bound by the 248 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:40,000 Speaker 3: gravity of the Sun or is it pretty much like 249 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:42,720 Speaker 3: an independent thing from our Solar system. 250 00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,680 Speaker 1: It's definitely bound by the gravity of the Sun. So 251 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: if you define the edge of the Solar System by 252 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: the radiation, it's like at one hundred AU. But stuff 253 00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:54,360 Speaker 1: that's further out is still gravitationally bound to the Sun. 254 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:57,800 Speaker 1: But it's a little bit loose. It's like a little fuzzy. 255 00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 1: It's so far out from the Sun that it's not 256 00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,720 Speaker 1: that hard to knock something off and have it escape 257 00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 1: into interstellar space. 258 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:05,440 Speaker 6: Mmm. 259 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:09,000 Speaker 3: So it's not orbiting around us. It's sort of like 260 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:10,959 Speaker 3: we're tugging them and it's tugging us. 261 00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:13,320 Speaker 1: It's definitely orbiting around us. Think of it like a 262 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:17,080 Speaker 1: huge shell surrounding the Solar System. The other fascinating thing 263 00:13:17,120 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: about it is that it's not a disc, right. Most 264 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,120 Speaker 1: of the stuff in the Solar System is a big disc. 265 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 1: It's flat. But the ord cloud, we think is a sphere. 266 00:13:25,160 --> 00:13:28,240 Speaker 1: It's like totally surrounding the Solar System, and it goes 267 00:13:28,280 --> 00:13:30,760 Speaker 1: out really really far out to like a light year 268 00:13:30,840 --> 00:13:34,560 Speaker 1: maybe two light years of just this like cloud of 269 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:38,800 Speaker 1: little frozen objects, and there could be like trillions. 270 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:42,040 Speaker 3: Of them, manillions of planetmal trillions of planetismals mini planets 271 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:45,160 Speaker 3: I'm sorry, yeah, planet detos. And it's sort of like calculus. 272 00:13:45,160 --> 00:13:47,960 Speaker 1: You know, in calculus you sum over infinitismals and you 273 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: get like an actual quantity. In the same way, if 274 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,760 Speaker 1: you sum over all the planetismals in the ord cloud, 275 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:56,520 Speaker 1: you get a combined mass of stuff that's like five 276 00:13:56,679 --> 00:13:59,800 Speaker 1: times the mass of the Earth. But then again spread 277 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:01,520 Speaker 1: out into like trillions of objects. 278 00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:02,959 Speaker 3: Right, and its spread out and not just like a 279 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:05,880 Speaker 3: wide but tall too. Like it it's pretty diffuse. 280 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,080 Speaker 1: It's very diffuse. Like it's not like flying the millennium 281 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:11,600 Speaker 1: falcon through an asteroid field where you're like dodge and 282 00:14:11,640 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 1: weave right, it's like, could we see something, like is 283 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:18,480 Speaker 1: there one there? It's so far out there, it's mostly empty. 284 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:21,360 Speaker 1: But again, they are gravitationally bound to the Sun and 285 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: they are orbiting the Sun. That's why they are in 286 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,200 Speaker 1: a cloud around the Sun. It's not like just the 287 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:28,920 Speaker 1: whole interstellar medium is filled with these objects. It's a 288 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:31,440 Speaker 1: cloud of them. We think again, we think, we don't 289 00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:33,520 Speaker 1: know for sure we haven't seen them because they're so 290 00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: small and far away, but we think that they're there 291 00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:38,480 Speaker 1: in this big blob around the sun. 292 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:41,080 Speaker 3: See, and it's made up of like giant literally like 293 00:14:41,280 --> 00:14:42,000 Speaker 3: giant balls of. 294 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:45,920 Speaker 1: Ice, basically snowballs. How big, Well, each one could be 295 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:48,800 Speaker 1: like bigger than a kilometer in size, So we think 296 00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:50,720 Speaker 1: that there are like trillions of them that are more 297 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:53,560 Speaker 1: than a kilometer, and maybe only billions that are twenty 298 00:14:53,640 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: kilometers or larger. But if you wanted to have a 299 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: cosmic snowball fight, that's like where your arsenal is, that's 300 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:01,479 Speaker 1: the place to go for the stockpile. 301 00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:03,480 Speaker 3: Wow, So that's like a let me see, that's like 302 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:07,760 Speaker 3: a snowball about the size of Los Angeles right kilometers. 303 00:15:08,120 --> 00:15:11,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, there are billions of frozen Los Angeles Is out 304 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:12,240 Speaker 1: there in the OC. 305 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:16,800 Speaker 3: Because they are pretty cool, icy cool. 306 00:15:16,840 --> 00:15:20,000 Speaker 1: They are pretty cool, and if they weren't gravitationally bound 307 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: to the Sun, they would just sort of float away 308 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: into space. But they are bound there. They're floating around, 309 00:15:25,840 --> 00:15:28,400 Speaker 1: but you know, it's sort of loose, and so sometimes 310 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:32,600 Speaker 1: the thought is sometimes something perturbs them and then they 311 00:15:32,640 --> 00:15:35,000 Speaker 1: can get knocked out of their very loose orbit and 312 00:15:35,080 --> 00:15:36,840 Speaker 1: plummet towards the Inner Solar. 313 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 3: System because they're in a stable orbit. Is that the 314 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,160 Speaker 3: idea is that they're like happily going around our Sun 315 00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:46,800 Speaker 3: in this huge, wide orbit, but sometimes they can fall in. 316 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, we think it's probably stable and if nothing perturbed them, 317 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: they would just happily hang out there really far away, 318 00:15:52,920 --> 00:15:57,040 Speaker 1: staying frozen. But you know, we are in a little neighborhood, 319 00:15:57,160 --> 00:15:59,800 Speaker 1: and since it's sort of loosely held by the Sun, 320 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: it's not that hard to perturb them, and you can 321 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:06,720 Speaker 1: have things like galactic tides that squeeze the Oork Cloud 322 00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:08,160 Speaker 1: and knock some of them out of orbit. 323 00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:10,120 Speaker 3: You mean from the center of the galaxy. 324 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, just the way the Moon has a gravitational effect 325 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 1: on the water of the Earth. So as the Moon 326 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: goes around the Earth, it tugs on the oceans and 327 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,840 Speaker 1: causes tides. We have a gravitational pull towards the center 328 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: of the galaxy, and that tends to tug on one 329 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: part of the Oort Cloud that's closer to it more 330 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:27,800 Speaker 1: than the rest of the Oort Cloud, so it sort 331 00:16:27,800 --> 00:16:30,720 Speaker 1: of extends it. And then as we move around the 332 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:33,960 Speaker 1: center of the galaxy, very slowly, you know, hundreds of 333 00:16:33,960 --> 00:16:37,320 Speaker 1: millions of years. The direction of that tug changes, so 334 00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: it's a dynamic. So as we move around the center 335 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:43,440 Speaker 1: of the galaxy, the tides change, the galactic tides change. 336 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:49,840 Speaker 3: So are we right now on high tide or lord tide? 337 00:16:52,040 --> 00:16:54,080 Speaker 1: Well, we're at the center of it, right so we 338 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: wouldn't feel it at all. But there's a blob of 339 00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:59,280 Speaker 1: the Oort cloud that's always pointed towards the center of 340 00:16:59,280 --> 00:17:01,680 Speaker 1: the galaxy that would be at high tide. There's more 341 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:04,439 Speaker 1: objects in that part of it, so we're sort of 342 00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:06,640 Speaker 1: at the very center of it, so we can't tell. 343 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:09,720 Speaker 1: But it can be galactic tides. It can also be 344 00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:13,400 Speaker 1: like nearby stars. If a nearby star happens to come 345 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:16,240 Speaker 1: somewhere close to us as we all swish around the 346 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: Milky Way, it can perturb the orc cloud and send 347 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:22,120 Speaker 1: comets falling in towards the center of the Solar system right. 348 00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,680 Speaker 3: Or steal them, possibly steal them. 349 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:27,360 Speaker 1: Or steal them absolutely, and we'll talk about where these 350 00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,440 Speaker 1: came from. It's not clear that all of them actually 351 00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:31,000 Speaker 1: came from our solar system. 352 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:33,520 Speaker 3: Oh wow, And I guess the thing is that we've 353 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:36,080 Speaker 3: never actually seen this cloud, right, Like, we don't have 354 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:38,840 Speaker 3: pictures of it or even like radar of it or 355 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:39,840 Speaker 3: evidence of it. 356 00:17:39,880 --> 00:17:42,880 Speaker 1: That's right, it's so far out there that it's still theoretical. 357 00:17:43,119 --> 00:17:45,720 Speaker 1: There have been some glimpses of one or two objects 358 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,879 Speaker 1: that people debate might be like part of the inner, inner, 359 00:17:49,119 --> 00:17:52,480 Speaker 1: inner Ort cloud. But these things are really small and 360 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: really really far away, Like it's hard to see Pluto, right, 361 00:17:56,359 --> 00:17:59,800 Speaker 1: And Pluto is really close compared to these things, And 362 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,919 Speaker 1: nothing that we have out there in the Solar System 363 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,639 Speaker 1: has gotten anywhere close to them. Like the thing that 364 00:18:05,680 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: we have sent out into space, that's the furthest object 365 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: the humans have ever built. That's Voyager one, the fastest 366 00:18:12,840 --> 00:18:16,119 Speaker 1: human spaceship ever. Right, that thing won't get to the 367 00:18:16,119 --> 00:18:19,399 Speaker 1: beginning of the Oort cloud for another three hundred years. 368 00:18:20,080 --> 00:18:21,760 Speaker 3: Well, Daniel, I don't know if I believe in this 369 00:18:21,840 --> 00:18:25,159 Speaker 3: thing or not. But let's get into how we know 370 00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,800 Speaker 3: it's actually there and why we think it's important for 371 00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:32,440 Speaker 3: our origin as a planet and as a human species. 372 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:34,399 Speaker 3: But first, let's take a quick break. 373 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:41,399 Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what 374 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:44,200 Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill, 375 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,320 Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. 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Right, But these things are massive ice balls, 430 00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: and if one of them hit the Earth, we might 431 00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,440 Speaker 1: be toast. So we'll talk about the danger of these 432 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:49,480 Speaker 1: things later on, but I want to make sure people 433 00:21:49,480 --> 00:21:53,280 Speaker 1: are aware that these are basically massive space bullets waiting 434 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 1: to hit the Earth. 435 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:54,960 Speaker 3: It's like a real snowball. 436 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: If they pack enough ice into that slush ball, it 437 00:21:56,920 --> 00:21:57,600 Speaker 1: can really hurt. 438 00:21:57,680 --> 00:21:59,320 Speaker 3: Yeah, all right, So how do we know that it's 439 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:01,720 Speaker 3: actually there, Then what makes us think that there is 440 00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:03,919 Speaker 3: this giant cloud of snowballs in space? 441 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: Well, it comes from sort of a paradox. In the 442 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: last hundred years, we've established that there are lots of comets, 443 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:12,760 Speaker 1: but the Solar system is not very young, and so 444 00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:15,200 Speaker 1: people have been wondering, like, where do all these comets 445 00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:18,679 Speaker 1: come from? Because comets are not stable. Like, once a 446 00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:21,639 Speaker 1: comet starts falling in towards the Sun, it loses a 447 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,159 Speaker 1: lot of its mass as the Sun boils it away. 448 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,320 Speaker 1: So a comet can't like zip around the Sun for 449 00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: billions of years. It only gets like, you know, fifty 450 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: or one hundred, maybe two hundred times around before it 451 00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,679 Speaker 1: gets boiled away. Right, So if that's the case, if 452 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 1: comets don't last very long, why are we still seeing comets. 453 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:42,080 Speaker 3: So you lived in Arizona, and every once in a 454 00:22:42,080 --> 00:22:44,639 Speaker 3: while somebody throws a snowball at your house, You're like, 455 00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:46,879 Speaker 3: this is recent, Like somebody just made this. 456 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:49,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, Or you know, if you're walking around your neighborhood 457 00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:52,160 Speaker 1: and everybody's eating ice cream, you're like, where's the ice 458 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: cream truck? It must have just come by, And so exactly, 459 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:57,280 Speaker 1: they thought there must be some sort of source of 460 00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:00,679 Speaker 1: these things. The other clue was that there's sort of 461 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:05,159 Speaker 1: two types of comets. There are short period comets, comets 462 00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:07,320 Speaker 1: that have an orbit around the Sun that's like less 463 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,359 Speaker 1: than ten Au, and these are mostly aligned with the 464 00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:13,640 Speaker 1: Solar System. It seems like they're like basically Solar System objects, 465 00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:16,159 Speaker 1: just blobs of ice somewhere in the outer reaches of 466 00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,760 Speaker 1: the Solar System. But then there's a second group of 467 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:22,239 Speaker 1: comets that call long period comets. These are ones that 468 00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: have an orbit that's like one thousand Au or more, 469 00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,000 Speaker 1: and they take a long time to go around the Sun, 470 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,159 Speaker 1: and they don't follow the plane of the Solar system. 471 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:33,439 Speaker 1: So these were really the mystery. They're like, where are 472 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:36,920 Speaker 1: these long period comets coming from? They couldn't explain it. 473 00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:40,600 Speaker 1: They shouldn't stick around. And so to explain where the 474 00:23:40,640 --> 00:23:43,159 Speaker 1: new ones were coming from, they said, maybe there's a 475 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:46,119 Speaker 1: huge blob of them somewhere out there beyond where we 476 00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:46,600 Speaker 1: can see. 477 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,440 Speaker 3: Oh, I see, you're saying, these long period commets, they're 478 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:51,680 Speaker 3: sort of coming out of left field. Does it look 479 00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:53,639 Speaker 3: like they're hanging out with us or have been hanging 480 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:55,800 Speaker 3: out with us for a long time? It's like they're 481 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 3: coming from somewhere else. 482 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, because they can't last for very long. Like, once 483 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,080 Speaker 1: you see a comet, you're seeing it in the end 484 00:24:03,080 --> 00:24:05,400 Speaker 1: of its life cycle. It could have been hanging out 485 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:07,760 Speaker 1: happily for billions of years deep out there in the 486 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,080 Speaker 1: Solar System. But once you see it, that means it's 487 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:12,840 Speaker 1: falling towards the Sun and it's going to get boiled 488 00:24:12,880 --> 00:24:15,160 Speaker 1: away as it goes around the Sun, and it can't 489 00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,280 Speaker 1: survive for very long. And even if it does make 490 00:24:18,320 --> 00:24:20,639 Speaker 1: it one hundred or two hundred orbits, it's got a 491 00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:23,199 Speaker 1: high chance of getting kicked out of the Solar System 492 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:26,200 Speaker 1: being perturbed by the gravity of one of the outer planets. 493 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:29,080 Speaker 1: So once you see a commet, it means it's in 494 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:31,679 Speaker 1: its last chapter of its life in the Solar System. 495 00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:33,880 Speaker 1: So if we're still seeing comets four and a half 496 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: billion years into the story of the Solar System, there 497 00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,359 Speaker 1: has to be some fresh resupply every once in a while. 498 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:41,480 Speaker 3: I guess if you're seeing a comment, that means it's 499 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:43,960 Speaker 3: getting hit by the rays of the Sun, which is 500 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:45,680 Speaker 3: probably melting it. 501 00:24:45,680 --> 00:24:48,480 Speaker 1: It's definitely melting it, and that's where the comet's tail is, 502 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:50,679 Speaker 1: right people like to imagine the comets tail is like 503 00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,920 Speaker 1: the little action lines in a cartoon that show you where 504 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:56,720 Speaker 1: it's moving. But the comet's tail is not actually pointed 505 00:24:56,960 --> 00:24:59,880 Speaker 1: away from the direction of the comet's motion. It's point 506 00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:02,800 Speaker 1: away from the sun because the tail comes from the 507 00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:06,360 Speaker 1: sun boiling away all the stuff on the comet. 508 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,760 Speaker 3: Yeah, that's the signature tale of comets. That's what it is. 509 00:25:09,880 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 3: It's not really a tail. It's more like a haircut. 510 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:13,119 Speaker 3: Is that what you're. 511 00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: Saying, Yeah, precisely. And comets can actually have multiple tales. 512 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,560 Speaker 1: They can have tails going in different directions based on 513 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:24,359 Speaker 1: like the stuff that's in there that's getting boiled away, 514 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,399 Speaker 1: different compositions. So it's pretty fascinating to look at the 515 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: tails of comets. It's pretty awesome. 516 00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,880 Speaker 3: Okay. So then someone named Jan Ord in the fifties said, hey, 517 00:25:33,040 --> 00:25:36,840 Speaker 3: maybe all of these weird long period comets are coming 518 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,119 Speaker 3: from a very specific place. And so he came up 519 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:41,399 Speaker 3: with this idea of the org cloud. 520 00:25:41,800 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, and he looked at the orbits of these comets 521 00:25:44,080 --> 00:25:45,879 Speaker 1: and he said, how far out does it have to 522 00:25:45,920 --> 00:25:49,720 Speaker 1: be to generate comets with this length orbit, these long 523 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:52,600 Speaker 1: period comets, And so that's how he estimated it. He 524 00:25:52,680 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 1: made a very rough estimate for you know, how far 525 00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:57,920 Speaker 1: away should be. And since then we have much better data, 526 00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:01,080 Speaker 1: better telescopes. We can see the orbit of these comets 527 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 1: much more clearly. We have more telescopes, we have hubble, 528 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:06,240 Speaker 1: and so we can track all this stuff and we 529 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:09,560 Speaker 1: have better estimates for what's out there and how big 530 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: it is. But the basic idea came from this guy 531 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,280 Speaker 1: yan Ort in nineteen fifty. And you know, it's pretty 532 00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:17,600 Speaker 1: awesome to get to put your name on the biggest 533 00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:20,520 Speaker 1: thing in the Solar system, Like this thing just dwarfs 534 00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:21,840 Speaker 1: the rest of the Solar system. 535 00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,359 Speaker 3: Did he call it the Org cloud or was it 536 00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:25,320 Speaker 3: named after him? 537 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,320 Speaker 1: That's a great question. I should read his original paper 538 00:26:28,560 --> 00:26:30,119 Speaker 1: to see if he put his own name on it 539 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:31,080 Speaker 1: or if he was humbled. 540 00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:35,240 Speaker 3: Yeah, maybe called it the cloud a tesimal and somebody 541 00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:37,479 Speaker 3: say that's a ridiculous name. We'll go with Org. 542 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:37,880 Speaker 9: Yeah. 543 00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:40,840 Speaker 1: And it's fascinating and it's cool because it answers a question. Right, 544 00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,119 Speaker 1: It tells you, oh, that must be where these comets 545 00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:45,679 Speaker 1: are coming from. But like everything in science, when you 546 00:26:45,720 --> 00:26:49,000 Speaker 1: answer a question, it opens up more questions, like, all right, well, 547 00:26:49,320 --> 00:26:51,879 Speaker 1: where did this ort cloud come from? Why is it there? 548 00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:54,119 Speaker 1: Why aren't they just closer into the rest of the 549 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,440 Speaker 1: Solar system. And that's an active area of research right now. 550 00:26:57,760 --> 00:27:00,680 Speaker 3: So we actually haven't seen this cloud. We're just sort 551 00:27:00,720 --> 00:27:04,440 Speaker 3: of tracking where comets come from, and we think they 552 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:05,560 Speaker 3: come from this cloud. 553 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: Yeah, we have not seen this. We don't have telescopes 554 00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:10,560 Speaker 1: that are powerful enough to spot it, none of our 555 00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:13,800 Speaker 1: probes are anywhere near it. But it's sort of the 556 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,920 Speaker 1: best explanation and we have for the source of comets. 557 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,960 Speaker 1: So it's pretty well accepted in the astronomical community that 558 00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:24,880 Speaker 1: it exists. Like we always like to see direct evidence 559 00:27:24,880 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: of something before we conclude that it exists, like there 560 00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:31,120 Speaker 1: was evidence for Pluto before we spotted it in a telescope. 561 00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,719 Speaker 1: But you don't really claim discovery of it until you 562 00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: actually see it, right, It's like finding the body in 563 00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,520 Speaker 1: a murder mystery. But sometimes it's the best you can 564 00:27:39,560 --> 00:27:41,760 Speaker 1: do for a while, so we can talk later about 565 00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,919 Speaker 1: like plans people have for how to spot the org 566 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,280 Speaker 1: cloud and to study it, but for now we have 567 00:27:47,359 --> 00:27:48,600 Speaker 1: no direct evidence of it. 568 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:50,439 Speaker 3: I guess it's not a thick enough cloud that it 569 00:27:50,680 --> 00:27:53,679 Speaker 3: makes your view hazy, or you can see some of 570 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,120 Speaker 3: the like the light getting filtered through it. 571 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:58,480 Speaker 1: It's not that thick, No, it's not that thick. These 572 00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:01,160 Speaker 1: things are very small and very far away, so thick 573 00:28:01,280 --> 00:28:05,119 Speaker 1: is definitely not how you describe it. There's enormous, vast 574 00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:09,040 Speaker 1: empty spaces between every object in the ork cloud. Even 575 00:28:09,080 --> 00:28:12,399 Speaker 1: though there are trillions and trillions of objects. The space 576 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:15,760 Speaker 1: we're talking about is incredibly vast. Right, We're talking about 577 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,600 Speaker 1: a sphere that's basically a light year in radius, and 578 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:22,200 Speaker 1: so there's a lot of space in there to distribute 579 00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 1: to trillion objects and still have lots of room in 580 00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 1: between them. 581 00:28:26,080 --> 00:28:27,640 Speaker 3: All Right, Well, I guess, like you said, a big 582 00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:30,439 Speaker 3: question is where did this org cloud come from? Like 583 00:28:30,560 --> 00:28:33,200 Speaker 3: why is there all this water deposited in one spot 584 00:28:33,480 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 3: out there in the Solar system beyond the Solar system. 585 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:38,280 Speaker 1: Well, as usual, we have a few theories. We have 586 00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,400 Speaker 1: sort of like the most boring theory and then the 587 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:43,960 Speaker 1: most exciting theory, and the most boring theory is sort 588 00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:46,520 Speaker 1: of a story of the formation of our solar system. 589 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: Like we start from a big cloud of molecular gas 590 00:28:50,160 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: and dust and stuff that collapses and you get the 591 00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:54,960 Speaker 1: Sun and you have a disc of stuff that has 592 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: too much angular momentum to collapse into the Sun, so 593 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:01,400 Speaker 1: it spins around the Sun without forming part of the star. 594 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:05,040 Speaker 1: And that's the protoplanetary disc, right, And there you have 595 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 1: ice and gas and dust and all kinds of stuff 596 00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:11,320 Speaker 1: that starts to form planets and clump together and form 597 00:29:11,360 --> 00:29:14,600 Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff. The idea is that not everything 598 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:17,400 Speaker 1: clumps together to form a planet, like you have asteroids 599 00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:21,000 Speaker 1: for example. If smaller things, gravity doesn't succeed at clumping 600 00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:25,520 Speaker 1: everything together. But you do get big gas giants out there, 601 00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: like Neptune and Urinus and Saturn and Jupiter, they start 602 00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:32,760 Speaker 1: to be sort of like heavyweights of their own gravitationally, 603 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,239 Speaker 1: and they can perturb the other stuff. And so there 604 00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: was a bit of a dance in the early Solar 605 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:42,040 Speaker 1: System as these big planets were finding their place, and 606 00:29:42,080 --> 00:29:45,240 Speaker 1: as they move around they affected everything else. So the 607 00:29:45,280 --> 00:29:47,000 Speaker 1: short version of the story is that we think that 608 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:50,280 Speaker 1: they were essentially tossed out of the Solar System by 609 00:29:50,320 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: some of these gas giants. 610 00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:54,000 Speaker 3: As they were being born. These planets sort of like 611 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:56,880 Speaker 3: muscle their way around the craziness of the Solar System. 612 00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, and one of the definitions of planets if you 613 00:29:59,160 --> 00:30:02,720 Speaker 1: believe in, you know, silly astronomical categories. Is that it's 614 00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:05,560 Speaker 1: cleared its own path around the Sun. And so that's 615 00:30:05,640 --> 00:30:07,600 Speaker 1: just sort of like the job of growing up and 616 00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:09,479 Speaker 1: being a modern planet is that you had to like 617 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:12,400 Speaker 1: toss the little bits out of the way, or you know, 618 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:14,880 Speaker 1: slave them and make them into your moons. But in 619 00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:17,560 Speaker 1: this case, most of the stuff we think was tossed 620 00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:20,320 Speaker 1: out sort of in the early days of the Solar 621 00:30:20,320 --> 00:30:23,600 Speaker 1: System formation. And it also it had a reverse effect. Remember, 622 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,480 Speaker 1: gravity is always two directions. So we think that one 623 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:29,080 Speaker 1: of the reasons that Neptune is as far out as 624 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:31,960 Speaker 1: it is is that it got tugged out by these 625 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:34,320 Speaker 1: objects as they were leaving the Solar System. 626 00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:36,880 Speaker 3: I guess one question is if a planet is kind 627 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:39,920 Speaker 3: of plowing through and sending things out into space, wouldn't 628 00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 3: it send all kinds of things like asteroids and rocks 629 00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 3: and gas. How did all this ice come together so purely? 630 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:50,200 Speaker 3: I guess, like, you know, why isn't it a mix 631 00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:51,160 Speaker 3: of all other things? 632 00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:54,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question. It is mostly a mix, right. 633 00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:56,400 Speaker 1: These things are not pure water. It's not like you 634 00:30:56,440 --> 00:30:59,120 Speaker 1: go out there and you find these pristine cubes of 635 00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:01,520 Speaker 1: ice that you're ready to chisel out and put onto 636 00:31:01,560 --> 00:31:05,240 Speaker 1: your space cocktails. These things are dirty. It's definitely still 637 00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:08,320 Speaker 1: rocks in there. But remember that a large fraction of 638 00:31:08,360 --> 00:31:11,520 Speaker 1: the stuff in the outer Solar system is ice, like 639 00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,240 Speaker 1: you call uranus and neptune. They are called ice giants, 640 00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:16,920 Speaker 1: and so it's something of a matter of how these 641 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,520 Speaker 1: chemicals are distributed through the solar system, like where water 642 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: ends up and ends up freezing and gathering together. But 643 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:26,040 Speaker 1: a lot of the stuff in the outer Solar system, 644 00:31:26,080 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: a non significant fraction of all the mass in the 645 00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:30,520 Speaker 1: outer Solar system is water. 646 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:34,280 Speaker 3: I guess out there most of it is ice and liquid, 647 00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,880 Speaker 3: because if it was closer, it would evaporate and maybe 648 00:31:36,920 --> 00:31:37,920 Speaker 3: blow out exactly. 649 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,720 Speaker 1: So it's some complicated arguments about where stuff in the 650 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:44,000 Speaker 1: solar system collapses and what falls in and what doesn't. 651 00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:45,760 Speaker 1: But you end up with a lot of ice in 652 00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:49,160 Speaker 1: the outer Solar system. But these things are not pure water. Again, 653 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:52,760 Speaker 1: they're definitely bits of rock. I would not recommend drinking 654 00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:54,880 Speaker 1: an ort object if you found. 655 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:56,040 Speaker 3: One unless you like rocks. 656 00:31:57,040 --> 00:31:58,920 Speaker 1: Unless you like your cocktails dirty. 657 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:01,360 Speaker 3: You guess they're a dirty snowball. All right, So that's 658 00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:03,640 Speaker 3: one theory about how it form is just like a 659 00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,440 Speaker 3: you know, a byproduct of the dynamics of the Solar system. 660 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:08,120 Speaker 3: What are the more interesting theories. 661 00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:11,920 Speaker 1: The more interesting theories are the interstellar theories. One idea 662 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,320 Speaker 1: is that our Sun when it formed, wasn't on its own. 663 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:18,640 Speaker 1: You know, we've discovered really recently that a lot of 664 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,400 Speaker 1: stars there was a twin. Yes, we're born as twins. 665 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:25,200 Speaker 1: That binary star systems are much more common than we imagined. 666 00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,280 Speaker 1: So it could have been that our son had a 667 00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:31,080 Speaker 1: twin and that this collapsing cloud of stuff formed two 668 00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:33,680 Speaker 1: stars instead of one. But then these two sort of 669 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:37,920 Speaker 1: drifted apart, as you know siblings sometimes do, and there 670 00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:40,280 Speaker 1: was a lot of material exchanged, and that gives you 671 00:32:40,320 --> 00:32:44,160 Speaker 1: an opportunity to sort of pull material further away from 672 00:32:44,280 --> 00:32:46,680 Speaker 1: the Sun because you have this big, heavy object, the 673 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:49,280 Speaker 1: other star, tugging on your solar system. 674 00:32:49,360 --> 00:32:52,760 Speaker 3: What so, what happened to this other star, sister star. 675 00:32:53,080 --> 00:32:55,400 Speaker 1: It's the subject of a Netflix documentary, you know, where 676 00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,000 Speaker 1: they're going to reunite the stars for a dramatic conclusion 677 00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:04,880 Speaker 1: at the end of the universe. That's right, not true crime, 678 00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:07,920 Speaker 1: but true physics. No, we don't know. It's just hypothetical. 679 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:10,760 Speaker 1: We don't know that the Sun had a twin star 680 00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:13,720 Speaker 1: at its birth. It's just an idea. But if it did, 681 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,160 Speaker 1: it could have been pulled off and gone in any direction. 682 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:18,719 Speaker 1: It's been a long time, it's been millions of years, 683 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:21,080 Speaker 1: and so it's hard to trace. It's not like the 684 00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,960 Speaker 1: nearest star is necessarily a category for our lost twin. 685 00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:27,480 Speaker 1: This thing would have been moving for a long time. 686 00:33:27,560 --> 00:33:29,120 Speaker 1: It could be anywhere at this point. 687 00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:32,160 Speaker 3: And so the idea is that the sister star pulled 688 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:34,560 Speaker 3: some things from the Sun and then left it out 689 00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:36,200 Speaker 3: there where the orctod would be. 690 00:33:36,320 --> 00:33:38,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, just like we were talking about the gas giants 691 00:33:39,040 --> 00:33:41,560 Speaker 1: tossing stuff out of the solar system, now you have 692 00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,440 Speaker 1: a much bigger object, a heavier object, another star even 693 00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:47,880 Speaker 1: further out. It's going to tug out some of these 694 00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:51,000 Speaker 1: stuff in our solar system to have a very large radius. 695 00:33:51,320 --> 00:33:53,960 Speaker 1: And then as the two sort of separate, I'm imagining 696 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,880 Speaker 1: like you know, cell mitosis. Here two stars are pulling 697 00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:59,040 Speaker 1: apart from each other, and it's sort of like threads 698 00:33:59,080 --> 00:34:01,520 Speaker 1: in between them, and then as they get far enough away, 699 00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:05,280 Speaker 1: they stop affecting each other gravitationally. And things settle into place, 700 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: but you have stuff out at a pretty far radius 701 00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:10,799 Speaker 1: because of the gravitational pull of the other star. 702 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,120 Speaker 3: Interesting, so it was like the leftover from the divorce 703 00:34:14,239 --> 00:34:16,439 Speaker 3: or something. Yeah, just got dropped there in the middle 704 00:34:16,440 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 3: of space. 705 00:34:17,719 --> 00:34:21,240 Speaker 1: That's right, the poor abandoned objects in the stellar OC. 706 00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:25,360 Speaker 1: So many divorces in the OC seems appropriate. 707 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:28,959 Speaker 3: All right, let's get into our last theory about where 708 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:32,280 Speaker 3: this orc cloud came from and what it all means. 709 00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:34,360 Speaker 3: The first let's take another quick break. 710 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:40,560 Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth 711 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:43,800 Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of greeky yogurt, you're probably 712 00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:47,880 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite. 713 00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:50,520 Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. 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Terms apply. 753 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:03,120 Speaker 3: All right, Daniel, There's a giant cloud of snowballs out 754 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,520 Speaker 3: in space about three light years away from the Sun, 755 00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:09,000 Speaker 3: and we think that's where commets come from. But the 756 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:11,600 Speaker 3: question is where did this cloud come from? And so 757 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:14,600 Speaker 3: you have one more theory for us about that, and 758 00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:16,440 Speaker 3: I'm gonna guess it involves eighties. 759 00:37:17,280 --> 00:37:20,319 Speaker 1: It involves alien stars, though we don't know if there 760 00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:23,600 Speaker 1: are aliens enough living around those stars. The problem is 761 00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,239 Speaker 1: that if you do the calculations and you have your 762 00:37:26,280 --> 00:37:29,000 Speaker 1: theory of the Solar system and you predict how many 763 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:31,560 Speaker 1: things there should be in the Orc cloud, you get 764 00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:33,839 Speaker 1: a number that's way too small. You get a number 765 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,799 Speaker 1: like six billion objects. But we know the number is 766 00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:39,799 Speaker 1: much much bigger than that. So the idea is like, well, 767 00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:41,600 Speaker 1: where do these things come from? 768 00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:43,759 Speaker 3: So wait, how do we know how big it should be? 769 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:46,239 Speaker 3: If we don't, we've never seen it and it's all theoretical. 770 00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:48,799 Speaker 3: Is it just from like the frequency of commets that we. 771 00:37:48,719 --> 00:37:52,320 Speaker 1: Get exactly to explain the number of commets that we see, 772 00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:54,840 Speaker 1: and they're radius and stuff, there should be a certain 773 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:57,719 Speaker 1: number of objects in the Orc cloud, otherwise we would 774 00:37:57,719 --> 00:38:00,279 Speaker 1: see fewer and fewer commets. But if we try to 775 00:38:00,320 --> 00:38:02,440 Speaker 1: predict how many things are in the Org cloud from 776 00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:05,200 Speaker 1: sort of first principle's formation, like how many things should 777 00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,640 Speaker 1: have been tossed out there by Neptune and Saturn and Urinus, 778 00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:10,480 Speaker 1: then we get a much smaller number. So there's a 779 00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,600 Speaker 1: discrepancy there. We know there are objects out there, we 780 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:17,520 Speaker 1: can't explain how they got there. So one idea is, well, 781 00:38:17,560 --> 00:38:20,640 Speaker 1: when our star was forming, what was going on nearby. 782 00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:23,120 Speaker 1: We talked about how maybe there was a sister star 783 00:38:23,239 --> 00:38:26,600 Speaker 1: formed with us. But another idea is that maybe our 784 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:30,640 Speaker 1: stellar cloud that collapsed was near some other objects and 785 00:38:30,719 --> 00:38:35,040 Speaker 1: it stole some material from those objects. That basically, the 786 00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:37,520 Speaker 1: or cloud is like a lot of stuff from other 787 00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:41,320 Speaker 1: solar systems that was stolen by our sun when it formed. 788 00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:46,160 Speaker 3: Wo it could be stolen. Good, Yeah, the water we're 789 00:38:46,239 --> 00:38:49,000 Speaker 3: drinking could have been stolen from another solar system. Is 790 00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:49,520 Speaker 3: that what you're saying? 791 00:38:49,840 --> 00:38:52,240 Speaker 1: You should feel guilty every time you have a drink. 792 00:38:52,480 --> 00:38:53,120 Speaker 3: It's illicit. 793 00:38:53,239 --> 00:38:56,800 Speaker 1: Well, it could basically be all omuamua, right. Remember Muumua 794 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,920 Speaker 1: was this interstellar comet, this frozen object path through our 795 00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:05,160 Speaker 1: solar system, coming from some other solar system. And it 796 00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:07,800 Speaker 1: could be that the Ork Cloud is basically just a 797 00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:08,399 Speaker 1: bunch of these. 798 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:10,960 Speaker 3: Oh I see, is that a theory that Omumwa came 799 00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:11,760 Speaker 3: from the ork Cloud? 800 00:39:11,840 --> 00:39:14,400 Speaker 1: No Omuma. It definitely did not come from the oork Cloud. 801 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:17,200 Speaker 1: Its trajectory is totally inconsistent with that. We know that 802 00:39:17,239 --> 00:39:20,080 Speaker 1: it came from another solar system. But it could be 803 00:39:20,120 --> 00:39:22,920 Speaker 1: that the Orc Cloud is the product of stealing a 804 00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:26,920 Speaker 1: bunch of Omumua like objects much much earlier, a long 805 00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,400 Speaker 1: time ago, as our solar system was forming. So you know, 806 00:39:30,520 --> 00:39:33,120 Speaker 1: possession is nine tenths to the law. Then you know, 807 00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,200 Speaker 1: we've had these for billions of years. They're basically ours now, 808 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:38,719 Speaker 1: but there is a bit of original sin there, and 809 00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,279 Speaker 1: having stolen them from another solar system a long time ago. 810 00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:43,320 Speaker 3: Well, yeah, I guess, because you know, I think the 811 00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:47,680 Speaker 3: closest stars to us our solar system are about what 812 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:50,240 Speaker 3: is it like five light years away, right. 813 00:39:50,280 --> 00:39:52,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, three and a half light years away to proximate Centauri. 814 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, so this orc cloud is about where those other 815 00:39:55,719 --> 00:39:56,200 Speaker 3: stars are. 816 00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:59,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's the right order of magnitude, right, it's that big. 817 00:39:59,280 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 1: It's so big that it gets you part way to 818 00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:05,480 Speaker 1: other stars, and those other stars probably have their own clouds, 819 00:40:05,719 --> 00:40:07,640 Speaker 1: and these stars tug on each other. One of the 820 00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:10,879 Speaker 1: ways to perturb our oort cloud is to have other 821 00:40:10,920 --> 00:40:13,840 Speaker 1: stars come nearby and give it like a little gravitational tug, 822 00:40:14,120 --> 00:40:17,399 Speaker 1: which results in comets falling towards the Earth. Also, an 823 00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:19,960 Speaker 1: oork cloud is not necessarily like a good thing. We 824 00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:22,400 Speaker 1: talk about stealing this, but like it's a bunch of 825 00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:25,440 Speaker 1: bullets hanging over our head. Where at the bottom of 826 00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:28,279 Speaker 1: this gravity. Well, any of them roll down, they could 827 00:40:28,320 --> 00:40:29,200 Speaker 1: totally wipe us out. 828 00:40:29,239 --> 00:40:32,400 Speaker 3: It's like deadly hail or something. You don't necessarily want that. 829 00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:34,160 Speaker 3: It won't create a winter wonderland. 830 00:40:34,719 --> 00:40:36,960 Speaker 1: You want it early on, so it can give you oceans, 831 00:40:37,120 --> 00:40:39,120 Speaker 1: but then you basically want to give them away to 832 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:41,160 Speaker 1: your neighbor so you don't have them anymore. 833 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:43,120 Speaker 3: Wow. All right, So it is kind of like a 834 00:40:43,160 --> 00:40:47,560 Speaker 3: giant interplanetary snowball fight almost, or tug of war. 835 00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:50,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's where we think most comets come from. 836 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:52,759 Speaker 1: And you know, every time you see a comet that's 837 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:55,160 Speaker 1: come from the outer Solar System, it's been out there 838 00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:59,360 Speaker 1: for billions of years, happily orbiting, not being close to anybody, 839 00:40:59,480 --> 00:41:02,759 Speaker 1: being an and now it's screaming towards the center of 840 00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:06,040 Speaker 1: the Solar System, maybe hitting a planet, maybe hitting the Sun, 841 00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:08,919 Speaker 1: maybe just whipping around and going back out right. 842 00:41:09,080 --> 00:41:10,160 Speaker 3: It's kind of dangerous. 843 00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:13,480 Speaker 1: It's actually quite dangerous. You know. People talk about asteroids 844 00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:16,560 Speaker 1: hitting the Earth and worrying about big rocks and planet 845 00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:19,040 Speaker 1: killers and all kinds of stuff, But the truth is 846 00:41:19,320 --> 00:41:21,880 Speaker 1: NASA has most of those figured out, Like most of 847 00:41:21,880 --> 00:41:24,879 Speaker 1: the asteroids, the things in our Solar system, we could 848 00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,080 Speaker 1: see them because they're pretty close. Certainly anything that's big 849 00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:30,600 Speaker 1: enough to cause us any danger. And NASA has a 850 00:41:30,640 --> 00:41:34,760 Speaker 1: great team of planetary protectors tracking these things to predicting 851 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:36,480 Speaker 1: where they're going to be and letting us know if 852 00:41:36,520 --> 00:41:39,239 Speaker 1: they're going to be anywhere nearby. And often one of 853 00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:41,120 Speaker 1: them slips through and we don't see it until it 854 00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:44,120 Speaker 1: hits us, but that's because it's small. So a really 855 00:41:44,280 --> 00:41:47,520 Speaker 1: big object that would actually cause any damage, NASA is 856 00:41:47,560 --> 00:41:50,160 Speaker 1: pretty sure we're safe from those for a couple hundred. 857 00:41:49,920 --> 00:41:52,080 Speaker 3: Years because they're hanging out in the Solar System, so 858 00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:54,080 Speaker 3: we can kind of see them, but we can see them. 859 00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:56,279 Speaker 3: But if it's coming from outside the Solar System, then 860 00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:57,160 Speaker 3: it can surprise us. 861 00:41:57,600 --> 00:41:59,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, if it comes from left field, it could be 862 00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:02,560 Speaker 1: a a real surprise. These things could have orbits that 863 00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:06,160 Speaker 1: are hundreds or thousands of years and so the first 864 00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:09,080 Speaker 1: time we see one might be the last time we 865 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,279 Speaker 1: see one because it could be headed for Earth. And 866 00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:15,040 Speaker 1: so these things could fall into the Solar System and 867 00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:18,080 Speaker 1: smack right into a planet and you know, cause a 868 00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:21,680 Speaker 1: lot of destruction. Because they also they move really really fast. 869 00:42:22,040 --> 00:42:25,200 Speaker 1: They've been accelerating for a long time, falling in towards 870 00:42:25,280 --> 00:42:27,120 Speaker 1: the Sun, and so they have a huge amount of 871 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:30,759 Speaker 1: kinetic energy. This is not a gently tossed snowball. This 872 00:42:30,920 --> 00:42:31,960 Speaker 1: is like a rocket. 873 00:42:32,120 --> 00:42:34,880 Speaker 3: This is like a rocket propelled, missile launched snowball. 874 00:42:34,960 --> 00:42:37,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. You give like a really hard block of ice 875 00:42:37,080 --> 00:42:39,919 Speaker 1: to a major league pitcher and stand right in front 876 00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:41,480 Speaker 1: of him as he throws it at your face. That's 877 00:42:41,520 --> 00:42:42,799 Speaker 1: about how terrifying this is. 878 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:46,399 Speaker 3: Just like when they threw those frozen turkeys at airplanes 879 00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:47,960 Speaker 3: to see if the airplanes would break. 880 00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:50,360 Speaker 1: Is that a real experiment you used to make that up. 881 00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:54,000 Speaker 3: No, that's the real thing. They shot frozen turkeys at 882 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,600 Speaker 3: an airplanes to see what would happen. And it's happened before, right, Like, 883 00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:01,200 Speaker 3: our solar system has gone pelted by giant snowballs, and 884 00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:02,680 Speaker 3: some of them even hit some planets. 885 00:43:02,760 --> 00:43:05,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. If you think, oh, that's not likely to happen, 886 00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:08,680 Speaker 1: or it might only happen every thousand or million years, 887 00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:11,160 Speaker 1: we don't know how often it happens, but we do 888 00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:14,560 Speaker 1: know that it happened recently. It was in the nineties 889 00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:18,360 Speaker 1: that a big comet hit Jupiter comet Shoemaker Levy. It 890 00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,680 Speaker 1: broke them into a bunch of pieces, and each one 891 00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,080 Speaker 1: pelted Jupiter, and even after it broke up, it made 892 00:43:24,120 --> 00:43:27,960 Speaker 1: fireballs that were larger than Earth when each one hit. 893 00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,040 Speaker 1: So these are very dramatic planetary events, not the kind 894 00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:32,680 Speaker 1: of thing we want to have happened to Earth. 895 00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:34,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, that'd be bad news. 896 00:43:34,840 --> 00:43:35,399 Speaker 1: It would be bad. 897 00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:37,680 Speaker 3: And now, Daniel, I have a note here in the 898 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:40,120 Speaker 3: document you send me here, so I'm trying to figure 899 00:43:40,120 --> 00:43:46,799 Speaker 3: out it says also space centaurs, and that's it. What 900 00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:47,640 Speaker 3: does that even mean? 901 00:43:48,080 --> 00:43:51,080 Speaker 1: Space centaurs are so much fun. I decided to make 902 00:43:51,080 --> 00:43:53,560 Speaker 1: it a whole other episode for a few weeks from now. 903 00:43:53,880 --> 00:43:56,400 Speaker 1: But there is this thing in the Solar System called 904 00:43:56,480 --> 00:44:01,200 Speaker 1: a space centaur. All seriously, it's a thing. Scientists found 905 00:44:01,239 --> 00:44:04,440 Speaker 1: the thing and called them space centaurs. But they're not 906 00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:07,880 Speaker 1: like you might imagine, maybe like you know, asteroids that 907 00:44:07,960 --> 00:44:11,120 Speaker 1: happened to look like the fusion between man and horse. No, 908 00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:15,360 Speaker 1: they're just the name that you give small objects between 909 00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:18,400 Speaker 1: Jupiter and Neptune that sort of cross back and forth 910 00:44:18,520 --> 00:44:20,759 Speaker 1: between the orbits of these gas giants, the sort of 911 00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:22,120 Speaker 1: like transitional objects. 912 00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:24,839 Speaker 3: So they're like we could call them space unicorns or 913 00:44:25,360 --> 00:44:28,040 Speaker 3: space griffins. That would be too crazy, but we'll go 914 00:44:28,120 --> 00:44:29,120 Speaker 3: with space centaurs. 915 00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:31,480 Speaker 1: I don't know what kind of bananas they were smoking 916 00:44:31,480 --> 00:44:33,560 Speaker 1: the day they came up with that name, but it 917 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,080 Speaker 1: did dickle my sense of humor. But they think that 918 00:44:36,160 --> 00:44:39,640 Speaker 1: maybe space centaurs also have come from the Orc cloud 919 00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:43,000 Speaker 1: they've essentially fallen in and then into these more stable 920 00:44:43,120 --> 00:44:45,520 Speaker 1: orbits somewhere in the outer Solar System. 921 00:44:46,360 --> 00:44:50,320 Speaker 3: Well, then I vote we renamed comments to space unicorns. 922 00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:52,719 Speaker 1: I second your motion, but I don't think we have 923 00:44:52,760 --> 00:44:53,839 Speaker 1: any jurisdiction here. 924 00:44:55,760 --> 00:44:58,439 Speaker 3: All right, Well, it sounds like comments are pretty cool. 925 00:44:58,480 --> 00:45:01,239 Speaker 3: They might be coming from the Org cloud, this theoretical 926 00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:04,359 Speaker 3: cloud out there in space which gave us water, which 927 00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,440 Speaker 3: is a good thing, but which may kill us in 928 00:45:06,520 --> 00:45:09,279 Speaker 3: the future. And so we're studying this cloud. Now we're 929 00:45:09,280 --> 00:45:11,200 Speaker 3: studying comments more. What are we doing about it? 930 00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:14,040 Speaker 1: Well, we're doing everything we can. It's pretty hard to 931 00:45:14,080 --> 00:45:17,200 Speaker 1: spot these things, right, They're so small, they're so far away. 932 00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:20,680 Speaker 1: People have one really fun idea for how to visualize 933 00:45:20,719 --> 00:45:24,919 Speaker 1: these things, and essentially it's to look for star eclipses, 934 00:45:25,440 --> 00:45:28,799 Speaker 1: Like if we are surrounded by this huge cloud of 935 00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:31,640 Speaker 1: these little objects, they're essentially black, they're so far away, 936 00:45:31,640 --> 00:45:35,960 Speaker 1: they don't reflect enough sunlight, but occasionally they should pass 937 00:45:36,040 --> 00:45:39,160 Speaker 1: in front of stars, causing these little transitions where the 938 00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:43,520 Speaker 1: star basically blinks out momentarily. So you can look at 939 00:45:43,520 --> 00:45:46,760 Speaker 1: all the stars and watch them and wait to see 940 00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:49,719 Speaker 1: if you see one of these eclipses, and if you do, 941 00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:52,279 Speaker 1: then you can use that to measure like how many 942 00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,040 Speaker 1: things there are out there, but based on the rate 943 00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:56,920 Speaker 1: at which you see these things, And if you don't, 944 00:45:57,160 --> 00:45:58,799 Speaker 1: then you can set a limit and say, well, there 945 00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:01,680 Speaker 1: can't be that many, other wise I would have seen them. 946 00:46:01,920 --> 00:46:04,560 Speaker 3: You're looking at, like how the stars are twinkling, Yeah, 947 00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:07,840 Speaker 3: because they might be twinkling because of a giant comet 948 00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:08,920 Speaker 3: hitding towards us. 949 00:46:08,840 --> 00:46:12,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, or just a giant, silent frozen comet passing between 950 00:46:12,880 --> 00:46:15,239 Speaker 1: us and that star. And you know it has to 951 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,120 Speaker 1: line up just right. You have to draw a line 952 00:46:17,120 --> 00:46:20,680 Speaker 1: between the Earth and that star super far away, and 953 00:46:20,719 --> 00:46:23,839 Speaker 1: then the ork cloud object has to basically break that 954 00:46:24,040 --> 00:46:27,200 Speaker 1: line in order for there to be this eclipse. So 955 00:46:27,320 --> 00:46:29,239 Speaker 1: it's not that likely, but there are a lot of 956 00:46:29,280 --> 00:46:31,960 Speaker 1: stars out there and maybe a lot of ork cloud objects, 957 00:46:31,960 --> 00:46:34,560 Speaker 1: So if you get enough telescope time, you might be 958 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:35,400 Speaker 1: able to spot. 959 00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:37,560 Speaker 3: And unicorns are pretty magical, so you never know what 960 00:46:37,560 --> 00:46:38,120 Speaker 3: they're gonna do. 961 00:46:39,520 --> 00:46:41,520 Speaker 1: What if they're all turned out to be rainbow colored, 962 00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:45,000 Speaker 1: that would be amazing race. Yeah, it could also be 963 00:46:45,080 --> 00:46:48,359 Speaker 1: that if we pass nearby another star, that that star 964 00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:51,680 Speaker 1: could like pass through our orc cloud, causing like a 965 00:46:51,719 --> 00:46:54,440 Speaker 1: new bombardment of comets. Wow, And that would be sort 966 00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:56,520 Speaker 1: of a confirmation because we'd see a lot of these 967 00:46:56,560 --> 00:46:58,800 Speaker 1: things rushing towards the Inner Solar System. 968 00:46:58,880 --> 00:47:00,680 Speaker 3: Well, clearly we need to build an ice for it, 969 00:47:00,760 --> 00:47:04,000 Speaker 3: Daniel around the Earth. Can we do that? 970 00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:07,840 Speaker 1: Yeah? I think it's called Neptune. That's an ice giant, 971 00:47:07,880 --> 00:47:11,359 Speaker 1: and hopefully it captures these things as they come into 972 00:47:11,360 --> 00:47:13,759 Speaker 1: the Inner Solar System. You know, we actually do have 973 00:47:13,880 --> 00:47:16,840 Speaker 1: the gas giants to think for protecting us from a 974 00:47:16,840 --> 00:47:18,880 Speaker 1: lot of these things. They tend to pull them in 975 00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:21,200 Speaker 1: and they also tend to clean them up. So without 976 00:47:21,239 --> 00:47:24,680 Speaker 1: those big planets out there protecting us from the OC 977 00:47:24,880 --> 00:47:28,239 Speaker 1: bullies throwing snowballs, we would have had a rougher time 978 00:47:28,280 --> 00:47:28,400 Speaker 1: of it. 979 00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,959 Speaker 3: Wouldn't it be ironic if there was like a giant 980 00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:33,160 Speaker 3: commet heading towards us, but then at the last minute, 981 00:47:33,320 --> 00:47:34,920 Speaker 3: Pluto gets in the way and blocks it. 982 00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:39,040 Speaker 1: That sounds like the plot of our movie. That sounds 983 00:47:39,040 --> 00:47:40,919 Speaker 1: like a good slow motion scene at the end. 984 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:47,600 Speaker 3: And everyone's like, oh, Pluto, we took you for granted, 985 00:47:47,640 --> 00:47:48,879 Speaker 3: but now you see it's us all. 986 00:47:49,840 --> 00:47:52,200 Speaker 1: It's too late, but now we value your contribution. 987 00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:55,240 Speaker 3: All right. Well, the next time you look out into 988 00:47:55,239 --> 00:47:57,960 Speaker 3: the night sky, we hope you think about what's out 989 00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,520 Speaker 3: there and what could possibly be out there, and also 990 00:48:01,560 --> 00:48:03,960 Speaker 3: think of ice unicorns floating out there in space. 991 00:48:04,040 --> 00:48:06,359 Speaker 1: And remember that there's a lot of things out there 992 00:48:06,440 --> 00:48:10,000 Speaker 1: that we still don't understand, sources of mystery, sources of wonder, 993 00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:13,200 Speaker 1: and sources of danger. So we better get on it 994 00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:16,080 Speaker 1: and figure this stuff out before it wipes us out. 995 00:48:16,200 --> 00:48:18,880 Speaker 3: Or it might be too late we're ready or not. 996 00:48:19,040 --> 00:48:20,680 Speaker 3: All right, Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for 997 00:48:20,719 --> 00:48:22,680 Speaker 3: joining us, See you next time. 998 00:48:30,960 --> 00:48:33,760 Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain 999 00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:37,799 Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 1000 00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:42,480 Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 1001 00:48:42,520 --> 00:48:56,000 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. 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