1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:03,760 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,880 Speaker 1: I'm editor Kandis Gibson, joined by staff writer Jane McGrath. 4 00:00:17,040 --> 00:00:19,520 Speaker 1: Say that, Jane, when you think at the out back, 5 00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:23,880 Speaker 1: what comes to mind crocodile bundy. Oh, very nice, it's 6 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: very nice. I think of Koala's, kangaroo's mostly animals, boomerangs, 7 00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:34,080 Speaker 1: did you reduce love those? And um, you know, funny 8 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,040 Speaker 1: side bar to that those are actually created in this 9 00:00:37,120 --> 00:00:39,680 Speaker 1: multi step process. And the first is finding a piece 10 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: of wood that's been a holida out by termites. It's crazy, 11 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: I know, not quite like making an electric guitar, you know, similar. Nonetheless, 12 00:00:47,360 --> 00:00:50,960 Speaker 1: So the out back, I think is a pretty picturesque 13 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:53,239 Speaker 1: place in many of our minds, or at least it's 14 00:00:53,240 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 1: one that you know, connotes adventure and and fun. And 15 00:00:56,760 --> 00:00:59,160 Speaker 1: you know, Mary Ment, Australia seems on the whole like 16 00:00:59,160 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: a very merry out of place. It's funny, there's water. 17 00:01:03,320 --> 00:01:07,479 Speaker 1: Nicole Kidman came from there and she's pleasant. Step when yeah, 18 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:10,200 Speaker 1: that's kind of sad now, but it's picturesque as we 19 00:01:10,240 --> 00:01:14,840 Speaker 1: may envision the outback Australia has a pretty sad history, 20 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:17,480 Speaker 1: that's right. And um, it all comes down to the 21 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:20,479 Speaker 1: people who were there before the European settlers. And we're 22 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,080 Speaker 1: talking about the Aborigines, of course, who got to the 23 00:01:24,120 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: Australian continent somewhere between about forty thousand and sixty thousand 24 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:31,399 Speaker 1: years ago, and then the British, by contrast, came in 25 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:34,120 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty eight, that's right. And they weren't interesting. The 26 00:01:34,080 --> 00:01:37,480 Speaker 1: Aboriginies weren't interesting. Anomaly that they were isolated from any 27 00:01:37,560 --> 00:01:41,400 Speaker 1: other major civilization for so long. They were actually still 28 00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: hunter and gatherers when um, the Europeans arrived, and they 29 00:01:45,440 --> 00:01:48,840 Speaker 1: hadn't like perfected any sort of uh, farming technique or 30 00:01:48,920 --> 00:01:51,120 Speaker 1: anything like that, and they were sort of attached to 31 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:53,760 Speaker 1: the land and a lot of both religious and sort 32 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 1: of just you know, sustenance, you know. Um, and they 33 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:00,320 Speaker 1: had sort of the same a similar sense of perty 34 00:02:00,360 --> 00:02:03,800 Speaker 1: that American Indians have if you're familiar with that, is that, um, 35 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: they didn't have the same sense that Europeans did, basically, 36 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 1: and that made it easier for Europeans to come in 37 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:11,520 Speaker 1: and sort of push them out of the way, right. 38 00:02:11,560 --> 00:02:13,800 Speaker 1: And you mentioned their connection to the land being a 39 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:17,440 Speaker 1: spiritual one. And that's very true because their creation myths 40 00:02:17,639 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: tie them very strongly to the land, because they see 41 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:23,800 Speaker 1: divinity and natural aspects of the land and the landscape. 42 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:28,320 Speaker 1: And so when the Europeans came and essentially pushed them away, 43 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:33,000 Speaker 1: it was an insult not only their spirituality but also 44 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:35,600 Speaker 1: to their way of life because it's hunter gatherers. If 45 00:02:35,639 --> 00:02:38,040 Speaker 1: they were forced into areas of the land that didn't 46 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:40,959 Speaker 1: offer any sustenance, well, there wasn't much that they could 47 00:02:40,960 --> 00:02:43,799 Speaker 1: do because they had no farming knowledge and they had 48 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: like their own, their own ways of gathering, and if 49 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:47,760 Speaker 1: they were pushing to a new area, they weren't sure 50 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:49,760 Speaker 1: where to go to get the best sustenance. And you 51 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: mentioned that there were a lot of connections between what 52 00:02:52,560 --> 00:02:56,000 Speaker 1: happened with the Native Americans and the United States and 53 00:02:56,160 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: what happened with the British and the Aborigines, and you're 54 00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:02,399 Speaker 1: absolutely right, because if you recall when the Native Americans 55 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:06,760 Speaker 1: were introduced to diseases that American settlers had that you know, 56 00:03:06,919 --> 00:03:09,960 Speaker 1: could be innocuous to us, could wipe out, you know, 57 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:12,640 Speaker 1: a third of their population. The same thing happened there, 58 00:03:12,840 --> 00:03:15,560 Speaker 1: and in Aborigines would get like small part upox and 59 00:03:15,600 --> 00:03:18,640 Speaker 1: tuberculosis and things like that, and so both the starvation 60 00:03:18,680 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: that was going on and these diseases, it really impacted 61 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: the population of Aborigines severely, severely. Even around two thousand 62 00:03:27,360 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: and six, after the Aborigine culture started to come back 63 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:34,200 Speaker 1: and really be restored on the Australian continent, I think 64 00:03:34,240 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: they estimated that only about two percent of the population 65 00:03:38,280 --> 00:03:42,600 Speaker 1: was made up of Aborigines, staggering and sadly ironic considering 66 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:43,720 Speaker 1: that they were the ones who were there in the 67 00:03:43,760 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: first place. But if we get back to when Australia 68 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:49,440 Speaker 1: was I guess if you want to use the word discovered, 69 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:53,560 Speaker 1: you could by James Cook. That was seventeen sixty eight, 70 00:03:53,760 --> 00:03:56,400 Speaker 1: and he called it New South Wales and he was 71 00:03:56,440 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: there for an instant. He saw it, and then he 72 00:03:59,400 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: moved on. And this is the same guy who would 73 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,640 Speaker 1: go on to explore Polynesia, and he was the one 74 00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:07,240 Speaker 1: who also found Eastern Island. So he was down in 75 00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:10,520 Speaker 1: this part of the world and it was very much 76 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:14,040 Speaker 1: about entitlement and being territorial. He saw this land, he 77 00:04:14,080 --> 00:04:16,240 Speaker 1: staked it out, but then no one visited for a 78 00:04:16,240 --> 00:04:18,240 Speaker 1: couple of generations after that. They had no reason to 79 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:21,320 Speaker 1: be there, that's right, and the English actually didn't want 80 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:23,960 Speaker 1: didn't have any need for it until a little bit 81 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,400 Speaker 1: later when um they in the past they had been 82 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:31,040 Speaker 1: sending their debtors, their prisoners over to the American colonies, 83 00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:33,480 Speaker 1: and as we all know, seventeen seventy six, the American 84 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:38,000 Speaker 1: colonies were you know, declared independence and they didn't want 85 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:41,560 Speaker 1: to take any more of the English debtors, basically understandably, 86 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:44,720 Speaker 1: and so Europe or England, it's um, I should say, 87 00:04:44,960 --> 00:04:47,360 Speaker 1: had all these prisoners where they wanted to send them someplace, 88 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:49,200 Speaker 1: and so they were like, well, Australia is there, Let's 89 00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:51,479 Speaker 1: just send them over there. And it was a long voyage, 90 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:54,119 Speaker 1: but it's felt that purpose. But it's kind of sad 91 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:58,800 Speaker 1: that prisoners would trump and he claims to land at 92 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:02,640 Speaker 1: the native virgines had But that's exactly how it played out. 93 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,880 Speaker 1: And so the average the Aborigines who were in the 94 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:09,680 Speaker 1: way were beaten or killed or put into slavery, but 95 00:05:09,800 --> 00:05:12,920 Speaker 1: into slavery and the women were sometimes made sex slaves. 96 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:17,920 Speaker 1: And so we see the population beginning to really really dwindle, 97 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:21,160 Speaker 1: and those who did survive. I think we're at a 98 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:24,839 Speaker 1: higher likelihood to become alcoholics, or to be depressed, or 99 00:05:24,880 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: to engage in criminal activity. And this continued well until 100 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:32,120 Speaker 1: the twentieth century. That's right in the government of the 101 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: Australian government at this time saw this, these risks that 102 00:05:35,160 --> 00:05:38,359 Speaker 1: the Aborigines were were encountering, and they're like, we we 103 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:40,880 Speaker 1: should help out, we should make them so they have 104 00:05:40,960 --> 00:05:44,240 Speaker 1: a better upbringing. And so that's when they instituted these 105 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:49,800 Speaker 1: laws that basically legalized the stealing of Aboriginal children from 106 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:53,159 Speaker 1: their families. And this took place from about nineteen tenths 107 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,839 Speaker 1: from nineteen seventy had affected nearly a hundred thousand children. 108 00:05:57,480 --> 00:06:02,760 Speaker 1: And again, this wasn't an under one prime minister's administration, 109 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:05,680 Speaker 1: or it wasn't just one person who masterminded the planet. 110 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:08,880 Speaker 1: Continued through several generations, and I think that it was 111 00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:14,159 Speaker 1: sincerely a benevolent idea. These people wanted to keep the 112 00:06:14,200 --> 00:06:16,920 Speaker 1: Aborigines alive, but they didn't want to do it by 113 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:19,080 Speaker 1: preserving their culture. They wanted to do it by taking 114 00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:22,600 Speaker 1: the Aboriginal children. And there was a sense of eugenics, 115 00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:24,520 Speaker 1: I guess behind it as well. They wanted to breed 116 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: out the Aboriginal color from them right, precisely. They wanted 117 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:33,120 Speaker 1: to assimilate them into white, non indigenous Australian culture. And 118 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,520 Speaker 1: they did this a number of underhanded ways, and no 119 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:39,000 Speaker 1: matter if you thought it was a benevolent plan, the 120 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: manner in which it was executed, it was certainly not 121 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:46,400 Speaker 1: benevolent at all. They would kidnap children, They would have 122 00:06:46,600 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: parents signed them away. They would give them forms and 123 00:06:50,120 --> 00:06:54,760 Speaker 1: faint that they were for uh vaccination, thank you vaccination, 124 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:58,360 Speaker 1: And in reality, the Aboriginal parent was signing away custody 125 00:06:58,400 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 1: of his or her child, that's right. And they were 126 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:02,799 Speaker 1: like sometimes when kids were sent to hospitals or whatever, 127 00:07:02,800 --> 00:07:06,080 Speaker 1: they would leave them there and and then the Australian 128 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:08,640 Speaker 1: government would legalize taking the children from there and telling 129 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:11,440 Speaker 1: the parents that the child had died. And that's what's 130 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,400 Speaker 1: the most tragic, because of these families underwent, you know, 131 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 1: massive grief thinking that they had lost their children, and 132 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,840 Speaker 1: like was the children were sometimes told that they were orphans, yeah, 133 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 1: which which had to hurt too. I think about being 134 00:07:25,080 --> 00:07:28,120 Speaker 1: an Aboriginal child growing up in an all white family 135 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:31,720 Speaker 1: or in one of these orphanages, and knowing how different 136 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,200 Speaker 1: you are from everyone else, and being treated often very differently. Exactly. 137 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:38,400 Speaker 1: A lot of them were subject to molestation, or they 138 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: were ridiculed, or they were abused in other ways. And 139 00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: it's it was a very stark difference between the Aboriginal 140 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:48,880 Speaker 1: children and the white children because, as Jane mentioned before, 141 00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: the Aborigines had evolved in isolation, so they all have 142 00:07:51,840 --> 00:07:56,640 Speaker 1: very specific facial features and skin colorations, and so a 143 00:07:56,680 --> 00:07:58,600 Speaker 1: lot of the accounts today, I think that some of 144 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: the Aborigines say that on the basis of their appearance, 145 00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:05,040 Speaker 1: they were made to fill inferior and ostracized in social 146 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 1: and academic settings. And this went on for so long 147 00:08:07,640 --> 00:08:11,440 Speaker 1: throughout the twentieth century, even while the American Civil rights 148 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,440 Speaker 1: movement was going on. And could you say, Candice that, um, 149 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:17,720 Speaker 1: the American Civil rights movement actually kind of instigated, uh, 150 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 1: the reform in Australia. Yeah, that's an absolute fact. And 151 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:25,160 Speaker 1: while we may think of Australia being an ocean away, 152 00:08:25,320 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 1: it actually ideologically was very closely tied to the American 153 00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:32,240 Speaker 1: civil rights movement and that was used as a model 154 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,720 Speaker 1: for the Aborigines to reclaim their land and reclaim their rights, 155 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: and they did. They got their voting rights and they 156 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: got um, permission to be included in the Australian Census, 157 00:08:42,080 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 1: which may not sound like a big deal, but it 158 00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: was because it meant that they were marked as Australian 159 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:52,880 Speaker 1: citizens and they threatened equality. And then in this investigation 160 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:57,000 Speaker 1: was launched into the members of the Stolen Generation as 161 00:08:57,000 --> 00:09:01,240 Speaker 1: these children were called, and there was a report called 162 00:09:01,240 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 1: Bringing Them Home and it was sponsored by the Human 163 00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:07,120 Speaker 1: Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission and they basically outlined about 164 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: fifty different stuffs that the government could take to essentially 165 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:13,599 Speaker 1: make reparations for what happened to these members of the 166 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:18,600 Speaker 1: Stolen Generation. This written, the government didn't really um act 167 00:09:18,679 --> 00:09:20,640 Speaker 1: on these immediately, or at least there were there were 168 00:09:20,679 --> 00:09:24,960 Speaker 1: problems um with even making an apology. Um created a 169 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:29,000 Speaker 1: problem for the political leaders in Australia because once they 170 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:31,440 Speaker 1: did that, they felt that they were exposing themselves to 171 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,600 Speaker 1: lawsuits basically against the government. And they had a reason 172 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:36,600 Speaker 1: to feel that way because one of the staffs one 173 00:09:36,600 --> 00:09:40,080 Speaker 1: of the four steps that the commission outlined was compensation. 174 00:09:40,160 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 1: The others were restitution, the rehabilitation of the wrong parties, 175 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:47,520 Speaker 1: and a guarantee against future violations. And so Prime Minister 176 00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: back then was John Howard, and he was very adamant 177 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:54,920 Speaker 1: and insisting that there would be now apology and on 178 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:58,600 Speaker 1: the grounds that the movement may be seen today as 179 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 1: culturally irresponsible, back then it was, you know, genuinely done 180 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:06,559 Speaker 1: as a benevolent thing to save the Aboriginal population. That's 181 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: where they had good intentions, um, which you can argue, 182 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:12,520 Speaker 1: but it goes to show where good intentions can bring 183 00:10:12,559 --> 00:10:16,520 Speaker 1: you sometimes exactly. But there was an apology issued by 184 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:19,160 Speaker 1: the new Prime Minister, that's Kevin Read and that wasn't 185 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,800 Speaker 1: too long ago, February two thousand and eight. And in 186 00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:26,559 Speaker 1: the meantime, actually there haven't been many reparations made to 187 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:30,199 Speaker 1: anyone in any member of the Solen generation, except for 188 00:10:30,520 --> 00:10:33,920 Speaker 1: one successful lawsuit in the late nineties, and that was 189 00:10:33,960 --> 00:10:37,439 Speaker 1: a man named Bruce. It's Trevor o or Trevora. I'm 190 00:10:37,440 --> 00:10:40,280 Speaker 1: not sure how his last name is pronounced, but essentially, 191 00:10:40,360 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: he was thirteen months old when his mother took him 192 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:47,480 Speaker 1: to a hospital on Christmas Day for stomach pains and 193 00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:50,640 Speaker 1: he was kept and the mother was told that either 194 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:53,000 Speaker 1: he had died or he couldn't be given back to her, 195 00:10:53,160 --> 00:10:56,679 Speaker 1: and she managed to keep her other children and they 196 00:10:56,679 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 1: were raised in the Aboriginal culture, and she went several 197 00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:03,720 Speaker 1: times back to the hospital to pursue Bruce and his whereabouts. 198 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:06,920 Speaker 1: And because there was such an intense paper trail between 199 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: her requests for permission to see him and for her 200 00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: search for him, and because Bruce's siblings had grown up 201 00:11:12,920 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: and hadn't subcome to a life of alcoholism or crime, 202 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:19,040 Speaker 1: which were some of the popular claims against the Aborigines, 203 00:11:19,400 --> 00:11:23,559 Speaker 1: he was able to wage a successful case against the government. 204 00:11:23,840 --> 00:11:26,440 Speaker 1: That's right, and he won. He did the amount if 205 00:11:26,440 --> 00:11:29,400 Speaker 1: I think, four seven thousand U s. Dollars, which may 206 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:31,880 Speaker 1: seem like a small few for all that he endured, 207 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:35,000 Speaker 1: but it's it's something, and it is to this day 208 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:38,760 Speaker 1: the only reparation that has been made except in Tasmania. 209 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:43,040 Speaker 1: Tasmania does have a fund for reparations. That's right. And Um, 210 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:47,720 Speaker 1: there's actually other lawsuits um uh kind of related in 211 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:50,719 Speaker 1: terms of by the I think they about the seventies. Um, 212 00:11:50,840 --> 00:11:55,000 Speaker 1: there were laws passed where Aborigines could actually reclaim land 213 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:58,040 Speaker 1: that had belonged to their ancestors. Um. But this actually 214 00:11:58,080 --> 00:12:00,480 Speaker 1: came into would be a problem, um flicked with their 215 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: religion because in order to show that they were actually there. Uh, 216 00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:05,920 Speaker 1: their ancestors were there. They would have to tell their history, 217 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:10,320 Speaker 1: which meant um telling like revealing some secrets about their religion, 218 00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:13,040 Speaker 1: which is very tied with their history. And uh and 219 00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: this was was wrong according to their religion because these 220 00:12:16,520 --> 00:12:19,640 Speaker 1: secrets were supposed to be kept from the outsiders. And 221 00:12:19,679 --> 00:12:21,400 Speaker 1: so it came down to your matter of you know, 222 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:24,120 Speaker 1: revealing that sacred part of their lives, your modern society 223 00:12:24,120 --> 00:12:27,120 Speaker 1: that wouldn't understand, or getting the land back. And it's 224 00:12:27,200 --> 00:12:29,400 Speaker 1: it's still, you know, a pretty heated debate, and it's 225 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:32,240 Speaker 1: a very charge climate right now. So we'll have to 226 00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:34,920 Speaker 1: keep our eyes and ears on the news for what 227 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:38,000 Speaker 1: happens with other possible reparations for members of the stall 228 00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:40,600 Speaker 1: In generation. But if you want to read more about 229 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:44,360 Speaker 1: the Stalln generation and other aspects of Aboriginal culture, be 230 00:12:44,440 --> 00:12:48,959 Speaker 1: sure to visit how stuff works dot com for more 231 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,320 Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics. Because it how 232 00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:54,440 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com. Let us know what you think. 233 00:12:54,720 --> 00:13:04,160 Speaker 1: Send an email to podcast at how stuff works dot com.