1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,000 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:16,120 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly 4 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:19,200 Speaker 1: Fry And it has been too long since we've had 5 00:00:19,239 --> 00:00:25,280 Speaker 1: any African history on the show. We know this. It's 6 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:26,840 Speaker 1: one of those things where you look at the recent 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:29,360 Speaker 1: archive and go, wow, that has been a while. I 8 00:00:29,480 --> 00:00:32,280 Speaker 1: really wanted to do an episode on the land of Poot, 9 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:35,479 Speaker 1: which is uh spelled p u n t, So sometimes 10 00:00:35,520 --> 00:00:38,640 Speaker 1: you'll also hear people pronounce it Punt, and sometimes it's 11 00:00:38,680 --> 00:00:42,280 Speaker 1: described as a kingdom, sometimes more of a massive trading center. 12 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:45,000 Speaker 1: But there are some really really big holes in our 13 00:00:45,040 --> 00:00:47,040 Speaker 1: knowledge of Punch that make it hard to do a 14 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:50,199 Speaker 1: whole episode on it. For example, we don't know exactly 15 00:00:50,280 --> 00:00:54,280 Speaker 1: where it was. There are references to Punt in Egyptian 16 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,360 Speaker 1: writing that span about two thousand years, and there's also 17 00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: mentions from elsewhere in the world, but it's not totally 18 00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,200 Speaker 1: clear whether all of these references are referring to the 19 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:07,680 Speaker 1: same place. But one of our biggest sources of information 20 00:01:07,760 --> 00:01:10,240 Speaker 1: on Punt comes from Hatch scheps It, who sent a 21 00:01:10,319 --> 00:01:13,440 Speaker 1: huge expedition there in the fifteenth century b c. E. 22 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:17,960 Speaker 1: Expedition to Punt is also an important and illustrative part 23 00:01:17,959 --> 00:01:21,160 Speaker 1: of hatcheps its reign. So today we're going to go 24 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: to Punt by way of hatch Cheps and the civilization 25 00:01:24,160 --> 00:01:28,080 Speaker 1: that we call Ancient Egypt expanded and contracted in cycles 26 00:01:28,120 --> 00:01:32,479 Speaker 1: for thousands of years, with periods of prospering and flourishing 27 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:36,040 Speaker 1: divided by periods of decline and instability. This is part 28 00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:39,600 Speaker 1: of why I have not jumped on any African history recently, 29 00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:41,840 Speaker 1: because I start delving in and then I go whoa wah, 30 00:01:41,920 --> 00:01:46,480 Speaker 1: this water is too deep, and I back up. Egyptologists 31 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:50,800 Speaker 1: have roughly divided these prosperous eras into the Old, Middle 32 00:01:50,880 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: and New Kingdoms, separated by intermediary periods. These people knew 33 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:59,440 Speaker 1: their civilization by a number of names, including the Two Lands, 34 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:04,280 Speaker 1: the Beloved Land, and Chemmit, which is usually translated as Blackland, 35 00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:07,840 Speaker 1: often interpreted as a reference to the fertile soil that 36 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:11,079 Speaker 1: sits along the Nile River. Hat Ships It was Pharaoh 37 00:02:11,160 --> 00:02:13,640 Speaker 1: near the start of the New Kingdom, which started with 38 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:17,440 Speaker 1: the founding of the Eighteenth ruling dynasty. The Eighteenth dynasty 39 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:21,079 Speaker 1: also included some of Egypt's most well known pharaohs, including 40 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: Amenhotep the Third Act and Too In common, these kings 41 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:28,800 Speaker 1: did not call themselves pharaoh's though that's a Greek term 42 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:31,280 Speaker 1: that was coined a little later and then kind of 43 00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:36,080 Speaker 1: retroactively applied to all of the kings of this ancient kingdom. 44 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:40,200 Speaker 1: The Eighteenth dynasty was founded by Amosa in about fifteen 45 00:02:40,240 --> 00:02:43,520 Speaker 1: thirty nine b C, and after his death in about 46 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:46,960 Speaker 1: fifteen fourteen b C, Amosa was succeeded by his son, 47 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:50,080 Speaker 1: a Menhotep the First, But when a Menhotep the First 48 00:02:50,120 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: died in about fourteen nine three b C, he did 49 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: not have a male heir, so in that case one 50 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:59,799 Speaker 1: of his general's Tutmosa, was next on the throne. Tutmosa 51 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:02,919 Speaker 1: may at a woman named Amosa, and it's not entirely 52 00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,160 Speaker 1: clear who her parents were. One of her titles was 53 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,679 Speaker 1: king's sister, but it's not totally known whether that came 54 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:12,280 Speaker 1: from being the sister of one of the previous kings 55 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 1: or Tutmosa's own sister. In the society, kings had a 56 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:19,040 Speaker 1: primary wife known as the Great Royal Wife, along with 57 00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:22,600 Speaker 1: other lesser wives and concubines, and for much of ancient 58 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:25,240 Speaker 1: Egyptian history, it was typical for the king to take 59 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:28,560 Speaker 1: his sister or half sister as his great royal wife, 60 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:32,200 Speaker 1: and to marry his other sisters as well. The king 61 00:03:32,360 --> 00:03:34,920 Speaker 1: was the embodiment of the god Horace, and a marriage 62 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,640 Speaker 1: to a sister or half sister herkened back to the 63 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 1: Egyptian creation story. In this story, the first god a tomb, 64 00:03:41,760 --> 00:03:44,360 Speaker 1: had no partner, so he created the first pair of 65 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:48,640 Speaker 1: deities by himself. This brother sister pair then produced another 66 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:51,960 Speaker 1: brother sister pair, and so on. In the eighteenth dynasty, 67 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:55,320 Speaker 1: in particular, it was required for royal sisters to marry 68 00:03:55,360 --> 00:03:58,200 Speaker 1: their brother kings, and then for daughters of that pair 69 00:03:58,280 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: to marry the next king. And in addition to the 70 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:04,600 Speaker 1: religious aspect that connected back to this creation story, this 71 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 1: also really concentrated the power and the wealth within the 72 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:11,840 Speaker 1: royal family. So, whether Tutmosa was marrying his own sister 73 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,000 Speaker 1: or the sister of one of the previous kings, his 74 00:04:15,280 --> 00:04:18,560 Speaker 1: doing this strengthened his claim to the throne, and it 75 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:22,599 Speaker 1: preserved the idea of balance. When Tutmosa died, he and 76 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 1: Amosa had one daughter, hot Schepsu. Hat Chepsid had been 77 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: trained as a high priestess in the Temple of Ammon, 78 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: who was head of the Egyptian pantheon, as well as 79 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:33,760 Speaker 1: patron deity of the kings in the city of Thebes 80 00:04:33,839 --> 00:04:37,599 Speaker 1: during the New Kingdom. Tutmosa and Amosa did not have 81 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:40,040 Speaker 1: a son, but Tutmosa did have a son with one 82 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:43,400 Speaker 1: of his lesser wives, and that son was Tutmosa the Second. 83 00:04:43,720 --> 00:04:46,440 Speaker 1: Tutmosa the Second followed his father on the throne in 84 00:04:46,440 --> 00:04:49,120 Speaker 1: about fourteen eighty two b c E, and he married 85 00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:51,799 Speaker 1: his half sister, hat scheps It, who was about thirteen 86 00:04:51,839 --> 00:04:56,000 Speaker 1: at the time. Because the new king was very young, inexperienced, 87 00:04:56,040 --> 00:04:59,280 Speaker 1: and chronically ill, the king's great royal wife acted as 88 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:02,360 Speaker 1: his regent. But Tutmosa the Second did not live long 89 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:05,680 Speaker 1: after becoming king. He died in about fourteen seventy nine 90 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:07,840 Speaker 1: b c E. After he had been on the throne 91 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:11,360 Speaker 1: for about three years. By that point, he and hat 92 00:05:11,360 --> 00:05:14,599 Speaker 1: scheps It had one daughter, Nefarura, and they did not 93 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 1: have any sons. However, like his father, Tutmos of the 94 00:05:18,360 --> 00:05:21,920 Speaker 1: Second did have sons by other wives, including one by 95 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: a woman named Isis. This was Tutmos of the Third, 96 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: who was about two years old at the time. Of 97 00:05:27,680 --> 00:05:31,440 Speaker 1: his father's death, a marriage was planned between Tutmos of 98 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:34,760 Speaker 1: the third and his half sister Neferura, and this would 99 00:05:34,800 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: similarly strengthen his tie to the throne, although at the 100 00:05:37,440 --> 00:05:39,560 Speaker 1: time both of them were way too young to immediately 101 00:05:39,600 --> 00:05:43,680 Speaker 1: get married, so in the meantime, hat scheps It tutmos 102 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:46,080 Speaker 1: is the third stepmother and aunt was going to act 103 00:05:46,120 --> 00:05:49,359 Speaker 1: as his regent because his mother Isis wasn't a royal blood. 104 00:05:49,720 --> 00:05:52,400 Speaker 1: Up until this point, the line of succession in the 105 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:55,559 Speaker 1: eighteenth dynasty had progressed in a way that was really 106 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:59,080 Speaker 1: pretty typical, apart from Tutmosa the first being a general 107 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:01,560 Speaker 1: who was not of royal birth, and it was also 108 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:03,960 Speaker 1: pretty common for a woman to act as region if 109 00:06:03,960 --> 00:06:06,279 Speaker 1: her husband died before his heir was old enough to 110 00:06:06,400 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: rule on his own. It was more common for a 111 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: woman to wind up in such a position of power 112 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,720 Speaker 1: at the end of the dynasty, though, when the late 113 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:16,800 Speaker 1: king had no male heir. For the first few years 114 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:19,760 Speaker 1: after her husband's death, hot sheeps Its conduct as regent 115 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:22,719 Speaker 1: was pretty typical for the time as well. She built 116 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,159 Speaker 1: a memorial chapel to her late husband. She was publicly 117 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: dedicated to preserving his memory and looking after the welfare 118 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: of his sons. She took action on young Tutmos's behalf 119 00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:36,480 Speaker 1: and guided him as he grew into the divine king 120 00:06:36,560 --> 00:06:40,400 Speaker 1: on his own. She ordered the renewal and restorations of 121 00:06:40,480 --> 00:06:43,560 Speaker 1: temples to honor the young king, and she sent an 122 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:46,640 Speaker 1: expedition to Oswan to quarry a pair of obelisks that 123 00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:50,159 Speaker 1: would be dedicated to him. Writings about her from this 124 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:53,200 Speaker 1: time referred to her as Queen or with her formal 125 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:57,279 Speaker 1: religious title as the kingdom's highest priestess, which was God's 126 00:06:57,320 --> 00:07:01,159 Speaker 1: Wife of Amen, and her depictions and carvings were pretty 127 00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,400 Speaker 1: typical for a woman in these positions, but by the 128 00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:07,840 Speaker 1: seventh year of her regency that had started to change. 129 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:11,000 Speaker 1: She reported that the oracle of Amon had delivered a 130 00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:14,160 Speaker 1: message from the God that she should be king, becoming 131 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: co ruler with her stepson. In her account, this happened 132 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,600 Speaker 1: at the Temple of Karnak during a festival when a 133 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:24,040 Speaker 1: statue of Amon was supposed to perform an oracle or miracle. 134 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: At first, no message came, but when it finally did, 135 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:31,600 Speaker 1: the statue moved around dramatically and delivered a message to 136 00:07:31,640 --> 00:07:34,720 Speaker 1: her that she was to be both her majesty and 137 00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:38,360 Speaker 1: the God's wife. She started to be depicted in artwork 138 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,840 Speaker 1: with both masculine and feminine traits, and after a while 139 00:07:41,880 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: she was shown as a man with the skirt and 140 00:07:44,960 --> 00:07:48,679 Speaker 1: the decorative beard and the crown that signified her being king. 141 00:07:49,440 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: She wasn't disguising her gender, though the language that was 142 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 1: used to describe her was still feminine most of the time, 143 00:07:55,680 --> 00:07:59,240 Speaker 1: even as the artwork was depicting her as progressively more masculine. 144 00:07:59,600 --> 00:08:02,320 Speaker 1: As was really something that happened over time, with some 145 00:08:02,520 --> 00:08:06,040 Speaker 1: more masculine elements appearing long before the seventh year of 146 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:09,520 Speaker 1: her regency, and then with her depictions continuing to become 147 00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,200 Speaker 1: more and more masculine as time passed, and at some 148 00:08:12,280 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: point she was formally crowned in a series of rituals 149 00:08:15,240 --> 00:08:18,560 Speaker 1: that took days to complete, as was typical for pharaoh. 150 00:08:18,680 --> 00:08:21,880 Speaker 1: She took a new throne name mat Kare, which translates 151 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:25,800 Speaker 1: roughly to truth is the soul of Ray. The idea 152 00:08:25,880 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: of mat or truth in this context also connected to 153 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:32,000 Speaker 1: justice and order, and was a trait that was established 154 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:35,000 Speaker 1: by the gods. The role of the pharaoh was to 155 00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: mediate between the gods and humanity, preserving the God's mod 156 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: There was also a goddess named mat who was the 157 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: personification of these traits. She also banned construction of her 158 00:08:45,760 --> 00:08:49,880 Speaker 1: mortuary temple, known as Jessera Jasu or Holy of Holies. 159 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: This was built at the dear Elbahari temple complex near 160 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:56,679 Speaker 1: what's now lux Or. This temple was meant to guide 161 00:08:56,720 --> 00:08:59,960 Speaker 1: her into the afterlife, where as Pharaoh she would trans 162 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:02,400 Speaker 1: send into a divine being, and it was to make 163 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: sure that she was well provided for there. The tomb 164 00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:08,119 Speaker 1: to actually hold her mummy was built in another location. 165 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:13,240 Speaker 1: Hatcheps It's mortuary temple was a massive three tier temple 166 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:17,439 Speaker 1: made from sandstone, full of statuary, including statues of hot 167 00:09:17,520 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: scheps It as the god o Cyrus. The structure itself 168 00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:25,040 Speaker 1: still stands today. Relief carvings on the temple walls documented 169 00:09:25,080 --> 00:09:28,720 Speaker 1: hot scheps It's biography and her rule as king. This 170 00:09:28,800 --> 00:09:32,240 Speaker 1: included a new story documenting her birth that the god 171 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: Amen had disguised himself as Tutmosa the First and impregnated 172 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:39,160 Speaker 1: hot scheps It's mother. Both her throne name and her 173 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:42,320 Speaker 1: new origin story reinforced the idea that she had a 174 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:45,400 Speaker 1: legitimate claim to be king and that she was connected 175 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:48,200 Speaker 1: directly to the god Amen, who had authorized her to 176 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:52,080 Speaker 1: do it. Although she was technically co ruler with Tetmos 177 00:09:52,080 --> 00:09:54,040 Speaker 1: of the Third, for the rest of his life she 178 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,960 Speaker 1: acted as the soul monarch. She also changed his throne 179 00:09:58,080 --> 00:10:00,960 Speaker 1: name from one that meant the man inifestation of Ray 180 00:10:01,080 --> 00:10:04,200 Speaker 1: is enduring to one that meant the manifestation of the 181 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:08,319 Speaker 1: soul of Ray is enduring, kind of adding a degree 182 00:10:08,360 --> 00:10:12,040 Speaker 1: of separation between him and being a direct manifestation of 183 00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:15,400 Speaker 1: the God. And it's not entirely clear what motivated her 184 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: to do this. When archaeologists first unearthed her tomb in 185 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, they concluded this she was power hungry 186 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,240 Speaker 1: and conniving and had stolen the throne from her stepson 187 00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:28,120 Speaker 1: for her own selfish reasons. And we're going to talk 188 00:10:28,120 --> 00:10:30,400 Speaker 1: about why they came to that conclusion in just a 189 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: bit were Recent scholars have pretty much dismissed that idea, 190 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:37,960 Speaker 1: though while simple ambition might have been involved, it's also 191 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: possible that there was some kind of threat to Tutmost 192 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 1: of the third, and that hat scheps It was protecting 193 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:46,680 Speaker 1: him by becoming the king herself. It might have been 194 00:10:46,720 --> 00:10:49,000 Speaker 1: just that he had been king under a regency for 195 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:52,080 Speaker 1: about seven years, and he still wasn't old enough to 196 00:10:52,120 --> 00:10:55,440 Speaker 1: father an air. It would probably be another seven or 197 00:10:55,520 --> 00:10:58,120 Speaker 1: so years before he could actually roll the kingdom on 198 00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:01,439 Speaker 1: his own. That was a lot of time to get 199 00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:04,720 Speaker 1: through in a world where early deaths were really common, 200 00:11:05,320 --> 00:11:08,520 Speaker 1: and it's also possible that her doing this wasn't actually 201 00:11:08,559 --> 00:11:11,200 Speaker 1: her idea, that it was something that advisers or the 202 00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: priesthood thought was necessary for some reason. Regardless, she could 203 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: not have done this without significant support among the ruling class. 204 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:22,719 Speaker 1: She had carefully cultivated relationships and alliances for years as 205 00:11:22,760 --> 00:11:26,320 Speaker 1: regent before taking on the role of king. What she 206 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:29,840 Speaker 1: did was unprecedented, but the elite in thebes allowed her 207 00:11:29,880 --> 00:11:32,240 Speaker 1: to do it, and the fact that they did suggest 208 00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 1: that she was admired and respected as a leader before 209 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:37,840 Speaker 1: she took the throne. It's clear that, regardless of what 210 00:11:37,880 --> 00:11:41,040 Speaker 1: the motivations were, she was incredibly savvy to do this, 211 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,080 Speaker 1: and she also proved herself to be a capable ruler, 212 00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:54,880 Speaker 1: which we will talk about after a sponsor break. We 213 00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:58,240 Speaker 1: boked before the break about how before hatch Ups it 214 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: became king. The line of Six had unfolded in the 215 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:04,959 Speaker 1: eighteenth dynasty in a pretty typical way, but hatcheps It's 216 00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:08,880 Speaker 1: ascension to the throne wasn't typical at all. There were 217 00:12:08,920 --> 00:12:12,439 Speaker 1: other women who had held positions of power in Egyptian history, 218 00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:14,959 Speaker 1: but for one to take the throne in this way 219 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:19,000 Speaker 1: was really unprecedented. So in addition to her throne name 220 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:22,480 Speaker 1: and the revised story of her birth, she got to 221 00:12:22,480 --> 00:12:25,720 Speaker 1: work immediately taking steps to try to reinforce the idea 222 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:29,280 Speaker 1: that she was a legitimate ruler. She commissioned hundreds of 223 00:12:29,320 --> 00:12:32,880 Speaker 1: statues and other artwork depicting her as king, along with 224 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,960 Speaker 1: statues and structures honoring the god Amen. She expanded the 225 00:12:36,960 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 1: priesthood and constructed temples all over Thebes and beyond, including 226 00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:44,439 Speaker 1: a bark chapel that French archaeologist named the Chapel Rouge 227 00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:46,960 Speaker 1: after unearthing the blocks used to build it in the 228 00:12:47,040 --> 00:12:51,600 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties. The chapel's original location is unknown. It was 229 00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:55,080 Speaker 1: dismantled after hat Sheps's death, and its blocks were used 230 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:59,360 Speaker 1: for a pylon in Karnak. She employed craftspeople associated with 231 00:12:59,400 --> 00:13:01,880 Speaker 1: some of the king those most prominent families to do 232 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:04,880 Speaker 1: all of this, building up her base of support at 233 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:08,520 Speaker 1: cheps It launched two military expeditions into Nubia, one of 234 00:13:08,559 --> 00:13:12,599 Speaker 1: which she reportedly led herself. She also sent expeditions to 235 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:16,120 Speaker 1: mind gold in Nubia and in the Eastern Desert. She 236 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:20,040 Speaker 1: strengthened trading relationships with other parts of Africa and with 237 00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:23,840 Speaker 1: the Levant, possibly as far west as what's now Afghanistan. 238 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 1: Shortly after taking the throne, she also dispatched a massive 239 00:13:27,920 --> 00:13:30,480 Speaker 1: trading expedition to punt which will be talking about in 240 00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:33,160 Speaker 1: more detail in a bit. And throughout all of this 241 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,440 Speaker 1: she gave favors to prominent men whose support she needed 242 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,360 Speaker 1: to stay in power, but she also made appointments to 243 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,400 Speaker 1: political newcomers which gave her support that did not come 244 00:13:42,440 --> 00:13:45,520 Speaker 1: with as many strings attached. In the fifteenth year of 245 00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: her rule had scheps that sent another expedition to ask 246 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 1: one to quarry a second set of obelisks, with this 247 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:54,880 Speaker 1: pair being inscribed to her. A year later, she held 248 00:13:54,920 --> 00:13:58,160 Speaker 1: a jubilee festival known as Said, something that was typically 249 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:00,560 Speaker 1: done in the thirtieth year of a king rule to 250 00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:04,800 Speaker 1: rejuvenate his power. It's possible that she chose this earlier 251 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,559 Speaker 1: date because it was about thirty years since her father 252 00:14:07,640 --> 00:14:10,760 Speaker 1: had died, at which point she had become her husband's queen, 253 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:13,400 Speaker 1: so in a way that marked the beginning of her 254 00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: time on the throne. At some point she had her 255 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 1: father's mummy moved to a tomb near her mortuary temple, 256 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 1: again reinforcing her connection to the dynastic line. She also 257 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,000 Speaker 1: increasingly focused on her right to rule as coming from 258 00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:30,560 Speaker 1: being her father's daughter, rather than her having been married 259 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:33,400 Speaker 1: to Tutmos of the Second. During her time on the throne, 260 00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:37,040 Speaker 1: hatcheps It's most powerful adviser was a man named Senenmut. 261 00:14:37,480 --> 00:14:39,800 Speaker 1: We don't know all that much about him as a person. 262 00:14:40,320 --> 00:14:42,840 Speaker 1: He started out as the overseer of the large hall 263 00:14:42,920 --> 00:14:45,480 Speaker 1: at the Palace and thebes, starting at the very beginning 264 00:14:45,480 --> 00:14:48,400 Speaker 1: of tutmost of the Second's reign. He soon took on 265 00:14:48,480 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: an increasing number of political appointments and became tutor to 266 00:14:51,640 --> 00:14:55,680 Speaker 1: hatcheps It's daughter. By the time hatcheps It took the throne, 267 00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:59,080 Speaker 1: he had become incredibly powerful and a very important figure. 268 00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,880 Speaker 1: He also met le am, asked ninety three different official titles, 269 00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:08,120 Speaker 1: and became chief architect of hatcheps It's mortuary temple. He 270 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:12,320 Speaker 1: oversaw treasuries and crafts people all over the kingdom, There's 271 00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:15,680 Speaker 1: been some speculation that the two of them were linked romantically. 272 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: Some of it stems from the fact that he was 273 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:21,520 Speaker 1: very close to hut Sheeps's daughter, leading people to wonder 274 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:24,360 Speaker 1: whether he was actually her father. He also built his 275 00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,680 Speaker 1: burial temple near hot cheps It's mortuary temple. Also, Sentiment 276 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:31,040 Speaker 1: was a powerful man in the court of a woman, 277 00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:34,960 Speaker 1: which is frequently caused for suspicion. Although it's likely that 278 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:38,360 Speaker 1: hat cheps had had other relationships after her husband's death, 279 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,440 Speaker 1: she would have had to have been really careful about 280 00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:45,800 Speaker 1: one involving Sentiment. Sentiment disappears from the historical record and 281 00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:49,240 Speaker 1: the nineteenth year of hatcheps It's rule, although he might 282 00:15:49,280 --> 00:15:53,040 Speaker 1: have survived after her death. She died in her early forties, 283 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:56,240 Speaker 1: after having ruled his king for about fifteen years and 284 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:59,120 Speaker 1: as most of the thirds regent for about seven years 285 00:15:59,160 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 1: before that. This makes her the longest reigning female monarch 286 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:06,000 Speaker 1: in ancient Egyptian history, and possibly the first to rule 287 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: as a king rather than a regent or other interim ruler. 288 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: As we noted earlier, there were other women who served 289 00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: as regents or who grew into having a lot of 290 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:18,000 Speaker 1: power as queens and There's some debate about whether any 291 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: of these earlier women became kings in their own right. 292 00:16:21,880 --> 00:16:24,960 Speaker 1: After Hatchep's death, Tut most of the Third became the 293 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,080 Speaker 1: sole ruler. It's clear from his time as king that 294 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:30,720 Speaker 1: had Sheepsad had prepared him to be a skilled leader 295 00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:34,680 Speaker 1: from both a military and a political perspective. He had 296 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:37,920 Speaker 1: begun marrying and fathering children by his late teens, and 297 00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 1: by the time he was twenty he was commander of 298 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: the military. After hat Shepsa's death, he conquered much of 299 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:46,360 Speaker 1: what is now Syria, as well as parts of Sudan 300 00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 1: and Iraq. The first of these expeditions took place almost 301 00:16:50,120 --> 00:16:53,520 Speaker 1: immediately after he became the sole monarch. It seems as 302 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,240 Speaker 1: though had sheeps It had started making preparations for it 303 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:59,760 Speaker 1: before her death. Like had sheeps It had done, tutmost 304 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: of the Third also undertook huge building projects, constructing temples 305 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:08,200 Speaker 1: and having obelisks quarried in Oswan. He also completed monuments 306 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:10,760 Speaker 1: to her that were already under way when she died, 307 00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:14,320 Speaker 1: But then about twenty years into his reign that most 308 00:17:14,359 --> 00:17:17,320 Speaker 1: of the Third started construction of a new temple, which 309 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:19,920 Speaker 1: was next to hat scheps It's mortuary temple, and at 310 00:17:19,960 --> 00:17:24,160 Speaker 1: about this time people started removing all references to hatcheps 311 00:17:24,160 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: It as king from temples and other buildings all over 312 00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:31,000 Speaker 1: the kingdom. Statues depicting her as king were smashed, relief 313 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:34,560 Speaker 1: carvings were defaced. Her name was chiseled out of the 314 00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: reliefs at Jasu and replaced with the names of Tutmos 315 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,679 Speaker 1: of the First, the Second, and the third. Her mortuary 316 00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,480 Speaker 1: temple was reconsecrated, and her obelisks at Karnak were walled in. 317 00:17:46,280 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 1: Her name was also removed from the official lists of kings. 318 00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: It is generally concluded that Tetmos of the Third ordered 319 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,000 Speaker 1: this purge, but it's not clear how much he was 320 00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:59,440 Speaker 1: encouraged to do so by the priesthood or his advisers. 321 00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:04,119 Speaker 1: She was entirely obliterated from the record, though This destruction 322 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:06,879 Speaker 1: went on for the rest of tutmost of the Third's life, 323 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,719 Speaker 1: which was for about another decade, but there were so 324 00:18:09,960 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: many statues and other depictions of hatchep Suit that some 325 00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: of them were still intact by the time he died. 326 00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:18,879 Speaker 1: With so much of her record destroyed, hot cheps It 327 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: soon fell into complete obscurity. The people who remembered and 328 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:26,119 Speaker 1: supported her eventually died, and without her name in the 329 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: list of kings, she seems to have been forgotten within 330 00:18:28,720 --> 00:18:32,680 Speaker 1: a few generations. When her mortuary temple was unearthed in 331 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:36,280 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, no one knew how to read hieroglyphics yet, 332 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:39,720 Speaker 1: so all of the smash statues and other defacements were 333 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,920 Speaker 1: interpreted as simple vandalism or the work of grave robbers. Then, 334 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:47,879 Speaker 1: in the eighteen twenties, John franzwash Employon built on earlier 335 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:50,919 Speaker 1: work by Thomas Young to decipher the hieroglyphic text on 336 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,320 Speaker 1: the Rosetta stone, and then that paved the way for 337 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: modern people to be able to read hieroglyphics. Champollion personally 338 00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 1: visited hatcheps It's temple and was deeply confused by what 339 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:05,160 Speaker 1: he found there. In addition to all these replaced names, 340 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,359 Speaker 1: there were pictures of two kings standing side by side 341 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:11,719 Speaker 1: that was incredibly unusual. There was also writing that just 342 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:15,360 Speaker 1: didn't make sense, that had feminine word forms when they 343 00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:20,600 Speaker 1: expected masculine ones. Eventually, archaeologists pieced together what had happened 344 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,720 Speaker 1: that hut Sheep said had been Tutmos of the Thirds region, 345 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:28,000 Speaker 1: but had taken the throne herself, but they erroneously concluded 346 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:30,959 Speaker 1: that Tutmosa had immediately removed hut sheps It's name from 347 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,199 Speaker 1: the record as soon as she died. They imagined that 348 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,360 Speaker 1: Tutmosa was angry at having had his kingship stolen from 349 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:40,200 Speaker 1: him for more than a decade, and that his removal 350 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:43,679 Speaker 1: of his stepmother's name was evidence of both his outrage 351 00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:47,879 Speaker 1: and her character. Based on this assumption, they concluded that 352 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:52,240 Speaker 1: hat cheps It was a stereotypical evil stepmother right out 353 00:19:52,240 --> 00:19:56,520 Speaker 1: of a Disney movie, wicked and conniving and only interested 354 00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,840 Speaker 1: in her own power. But today we know that about 355 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:02,840 Speaker 1: twenty years passed between hut sheeps It's death and the 356 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:06,159 Speaker 1: defacement of her tomb and all the other destruction, and 357 00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:09,719 Speaker 1: the interpretation of what led to that defacement is much different. 358 00:20:10,040 --> 00:20:13,240 Speaker 1: That's largely thanks to the work of egyptologist Charles Nimbs 359 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,639 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty six, who was the first person to 360 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:18,879 Speaker 1: pinpoint the date of the defacement as being the forty 361 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,879 Speaker 1: second year of tutmost of the second's reign. According to 362 00:20:21,880 --> 00:20:24,800 Speaker 1: some researchers, it was even later than that, so it's 363 00:20:24,840 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: more likely that the ruling class became interested in preserving 364 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:32,440 Speaker 1: the idea that the dynastic line had continued without any 365 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:36,160 Speaker 1: kind of interruption through Tutmosis the first, second, and the third. 366 00:20:36,520 --> 00:20:39,360 Speaker 1: It's also possible that there was some concern about Tutmos 367 00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:42,840 Speaker 1: of the third successor, a Menhotep the second. Tutmosa did 368 00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:46,320 Speaker 1: eventually marry had chips It's daughter, Nepherrura, and he had 369 00:20:46,359 --> 00:20:49,399 Speaker 1: a son either with her or with another royal wife, 370 00:20:49,560 --> 00:20:52,680 Speaker 1: but both of them died, so his successor was a 371 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:56,280 Speaker 1: Menhotep the second, whose mother had no royal lineage and 372 00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 1: no connection back to hut sheeps It. It seems that 373 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:01,840 Speaker 1: Tetmos of the third was concerned enough about the line 374 00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,920 Speaker 1: of succession that he had a Menhotep crowned while he 375 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:07,399 Speaker 1: was still living, with the two of them acting as 376 00:21:07,480 --> 00:21:11,080 Speaker 1: co monarchs. So this removal of hatch ups That from 377 00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:13,880 Speaker 1: the record might have been connected to all this uncertainty. 378 00:21:14,359 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: And it's also possible that the purge wouldn't have been 379 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:20,680 Speaker 1: considered necessary if hot chups It's daughter had survived and 380 00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:24,360 Speaker 1: she had become the mother to the next king rather 381 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:28,760 Speaker 1: than the king's wife. Coming from this totally disconnected lineage, 382 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: the idea of a female king is also an affront 383 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:34,520 Speaker 1: to the concept of Matt that we talked about earlier. 384 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: The king was supposed to be an intermediary with the 385 00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:42,000 Speaker 1: gods and a living embodiment of Horace, keeping everything in balance, 386 00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: so having a woman in this role was basically the 387 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:48,359 Speaker 1: opposite of this idea of ordered justice. The fact that 388 00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:51,560 Speaker 1: a woman had a relatively peaceful and prosperous reign in 389 00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:55,120 Speaker 1: spite of this affront to Matt may have raised unwelcome 390 00:21:55,200 --> 00:21:58,919 Speaker 1: questions about that divine order and the rule of other kings. 391 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,000 Speaker 1: Hatch Ups that's mummy wasn't placed in the tomb where 392 00:22:02,080 --> 00:22:04,200 Speaker 1: she intended it to be, or if it was, it 393 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:07,399 Speaker 1: was later moved, but a mummy from a tomb that 394 00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,600 Speaker 1: was found in the Valley of the Kings in nineteen 395 00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,680 Speaker 1: o two might be hers. That team was fully excavated 396 00:22:12,720 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: starting in nineteen twenty. During the excavation, archaeologists found the 397 00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:19,639 Speaker 1: mummies of two women, one of which was on the floor. 398 00:22:20,359 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 1: One of these was later identified as hut cheps It's 399 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,679 Speaker 1: wet nurse. The other one, the one that had been 400 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:28,040 Speaker 1: on the floor, was positioned in a way that was 401 00:22:28,160 --> 00:22:31,879 Speaker 1: often used for royal women. A CT scan found that 402 00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:35,639 Speaker 1: it was missing a tooth. Meanwhile, a box marked with 403 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,560 Speaker 1: hut cheps It's cartouche had been unearthed as well in 404 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,000 Speaker 1: a cache of Royal mummies. A scan of that box 405 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:45,680 Speaker 1: revealed that it contained a tooth, and this tooth appears 406 00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:48,359 Speaker 1: to be a match for the mummies missing one. So 407 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:51,520 Speaker 1: it's likely that this was hut cheps It's mummy, although 408 00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:55,440 Speaker 1: that is still not proven. Yeah, there is discussion of 409 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,600 Speaker 1: using DNA to try to confirm everything back when these 410 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: initial analyses happened. I don't know what the results of 411 00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,879 Speaker 1: that were. I could not find reference to it anywhere, 412 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:10,600 Speaker 1: but it's also incredibly difficult to get good DNA out 413 00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:16,159 Speaker 1: of mummified samples that are this old anyway. This finally 414 00:23:16,240 --> 00:23:19,399 Speaker 1: brings us to the voyage to Punch that I wanted 415 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,399 Speaker 1: to focus on from the beginning, and we will get 416 00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:32,080 Speaker 1: to that after a sponsor break. The first reference to 417 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:35,560 Speaker 1: Punt in ancient Egyptian writing is from the Palermo Stone, 418 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:39,199 Speaker 1: which dates back to about b C. That was more 419 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:41,880 Speaker 1: than a thousand years before had ships it became king. 420 00:23:42,680 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 1: According to the Palermo Stone, King Sahara sent an expedition 421 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:49,720 Speaker 1: to Punt, which returned with eighty thousand measures of a 422 00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:54,760 Speaker 1: substance that's generally written as N T y W, sometimes 423 00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:59,600 Speaker 1: proceeded by an apostrophe. Some sources translate this word as frankincense, 424 00:23:59,640 --> 00:24:02,800 Speaker 1: and other is translated as mr. Both of these are 425 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,520 Speaker 1: made from aromatic tree resins and are used to make 426 00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,440 Speaker 1: perfumes and incense, as well as spices and medicine. This 427 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:13,000 Speaker 1: expedition also brought back wood in the form of rods 428 00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,920 Speaker 1: or staves, which were probably used to make spears and 429 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,560 Speaker 1: other weapons, because the Egyptian Kingdom's territory at that time 430 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:22,520 Speaker 1: didn't include trees that yielded wood that was good for 431 00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:26,560 Speaker 1: that purpose. There are periodic references to Punt, also known 432 00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:30,159 Speaker 1: as God's Land in Egyptian writing. After that, all of 433 00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,400 Speaker 1: the documented expeditions were associated with kings who were known 434 00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:38,280 Speaker 1: for exceptional leadership and good fortune. There are also fictional references, 435 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:42,280 Speaker 1: including the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor. This story dates 436 00:24:42,320 --> 00:24:44,919 Speaker 1: back to the Middle Kingdom, and in it, a sailor 437 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,159 Speaker 1: washes up on an island in the Red Sea and 438 00:24:47,280 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: meets the Lord of Punt. The Lord of Punt is 439 00:24:50,119 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: a serpent who gives him all kinds of gifts including 440 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:58,360 Speaker 1: mir i paint, baboons, and elephant tusks. Egyptian documents described 441 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:01,320 Speaker 1: two different routes to punt. One of them is along 442 00:25:01,359 --> 00:25:04,720 Speaker 1: the Red Sea and one is along the Nile. Both 443 00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,399 Speaker 1: of them involved sometime on the Nile as well as 444 00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:11,240 Speaker 1: travel over land. For the Red Sea route, ships were 445 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:14,119 Speaker 1: probably built on the Nile and then they sailed to Coptos. 446 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,440 Speaker 1: From there they were disassembled and then carried along a 447 00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,959 Speaker 1: dry riverbed called the Wadi Hammamat, and that went all 448 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:23,800 Speaker 1: the way to the Red Sea, which was a hundred 449 00:25:23,880 --> 00:25:27,280 Speaker 1: and twenty miles or a hundred and nine kilometers away. 450 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:30,639 Speaker 1: Then on the return trip, the goods probably would have 451 00:25:30,680 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: been loaded onto pack animals to be carried back across 452 00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:37,000 Speaker 1: the Wadi Hammamat, and then they would have been loaded 453 00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:41,359 Speaker 1: into different ships on the Nile, rather than deconstructing the 454 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 1: ships and carrying them again. It was an involved process. 455 00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,280 Speaker 1: You would only want to go to this place if 456 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:47,840 Speaker 1: it took that much effort. If you were going to 457 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:50,480 Speaker 1: get some really good trade goods out of it, you 458 00:25:50,680 --> 00:25:54,359 Speaker 1: really had to want to do it. To travel along 459 00:25:54,440 --> 00:25:57,119 Speaker 1: the Nile, ships would have used rowers and sails to 460 00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,640 Speaker 1: travel south against the current and then followed the current back, 461 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:04,200 Speaker 1: but it's not clear exactly where the overland portion was 462 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:07,840 Speaker 1: headed after getting off of the ships. Whether an expedition 463 00:26:07,920 --> 00:26:10,639 Speaker 1: traveled along the Red Sea or stuck mostly to the 464 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:13,600 Speaker 1: Nile might have been a matter of practicality, with the 465 00:26:13,680 --> 00:26:16,719 Speaker 1: Egyptians traveling farther down the Nile when they had friendly 466 00:26:16,840 --> 00:26:20,240 Speaker 1: relationships with the kingdoms and empires in that area, but 467 00:26:20,359 --> 00:26:22,680 Speaker 1: then crossing over the land and traveling down the Red 468 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:26,040 Speaker 1: Sea when they didn't. Or it could have been that 469 00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:28,679 Speaker 1: Punt was very large and stretched all the way from 470 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,320 Speaker 1: the Red Sea to the Nile, and the Egyptians visited 471 00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:34,520 Speaker 1: different parts of it at different times. Like we mentioned 472 00:26:34,560 --> 00:26:36,320 Speaker 1: at the top of the show, had ships. It is 473 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:38,960 Speaker 1: expedition to Punt was one of the most notable acts 474 00:26:39,359 --> 00:26:41,480 Speaker 1: in her time as king, and a lot of what 475 00:26:41,600 --> 00:26:45,240 Speaker 1: we know about Punt comes from her documentation of those expeditions. 476 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:48,760 Speaker 1: According to the account in the relief carvings in hut 477 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: chips It's Mortuary Temple, this voyage restored trade with Punt 478 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:56,159 Speaker 1: after an interruption of more than two hundred years. She 479 00:26:56,320 --> 00:27:00,000 Speaker 1: had several probable reasons for wanting to embark on this expedition, 480 00:27:00,119 --> 00:27:03,960 Speaker 1: and one was simply access to luxury goods and aromatic resins. 481 00:27:04,080 --> 00:27:07,080 Speaker 1: The residents in particular were really important for religious purposes. 482 00:27:07,760 --> 00:27:10,520 Speaker 1: This might have been a reward for her supporters when 483 00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:13,040 Speaker 1: she ascended to the throne, like they helped her get 484 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:14,680 Speaker 1: on the throne, and in return she was going to 485 00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:18,119 Speaker 1: give them access to all of this good trade. It 486 00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:20,840 Speaker 1: was probably also a way to keep the army busy. 487 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:23,280 Speaker 1: Although it does appear that hot steps that led a 488 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:27,080 Speaker 1: couple of small military campaigns into Nubia, it wasn't generally 489 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,280 Speaker 1: considered appropriate for a woman to personally lead an army 490 00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:33,040 Speaker 1: into battle. On top of that, there was just a 491 00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:35,320 Speaker 1: lot more risk for her than there would be for 492 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:37,800 Speaker 1: a man in her position. It would have been just 493 00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:42,560 Speaker 1: catastrophic for an unprecedented female king to lead a military 494 00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,399 Speaker 1: campaign that then failed. So hat ships that needed some 495 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:49,720 Speaker 1: other way to reinforce the idea that she was competent 496 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:53,520 Speaker 1: and accomplished and capable as king, and she needed something 497 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:56,600 Speaker 1: to do to keep the soldiers occupied, like having them 498 00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:58,840 Speaker 1: go all the way to poot And as was the 499 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:01,520 Speaker 1: case with her ascension to the throne, hut chups It's 500 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:04,960 Speaker 1: relief carving show that this was divinely ordered, saying that 501 00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:08,240 Speaker 1: the oracle had delivered a command that quote the highways 502 00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:11,680 Speaker 1: to the mr terraces should be opened. This is a 503 00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:15,959 Speaker 1: slightly different framing from how other pharaohs documented their expeditions 504 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:20,120 Speaker 1: to Punt, which more focused on Amun or Amandrae causing 505 00:28:20,160 --> 00:28:23,040 Speaker 1: Punt to send their goods or causing the way to 506 00:28:23,160 --> 00:28:25,879 Speaker 1: Punt to be opened. The by reliefs and hot ships. 507 00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:30,080 Speaker 1: It's temple depict large sailed ships crewed with thirty rowers, 508 00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:34,920 Speaker 1: each carrying goods from Egypt, including fruit, meat, bread, beer, 509 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 1: and wine. They sail across the water, and based on 510 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,160 Speaker 1: the aquatic life that shown in the carvings, that water 511 00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:44,080 Speaker 1: is probably meant to be the Red Sea. Once they 512 00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:46,880 Speaker 1: arrive in Punt. There are carvings of the region's trees, 513 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:50,560 Speaker 1: which might be the trees used to produce ebbony, frankincense, 514 00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:53,640 Speaker 1: or myrrh. There are also some fig trees. There are 515 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:57,440 Speaker 1: also depictions of huts with domed roofs on stilts, which 516 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:00,960 Speaker 1: might have been houses or granaries. Him there. The relief 517 00:29:01,040 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: show all kinds of goods being loaded back onto the ships, 518 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:09,920 Speaker 1: including herbs, wood, resins, gold, incense, and animal skins. There 519 00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:14,080 Speaker 1: are also lots of live animals, including baboons, monkeys, cattle, 520 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:18,240 Speaker 1: and hounds. Enslaved people and their children are loaded into 521 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:21,040 Speaker 1: the ships as well, and cross sections of the loaded 522 00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:24,240 Speaker 1: ships show them just packed to the gills with goods. 523 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:27,880 Speaker 1: Once the goods arrived safely at Karnak Temple and thieves, 524 00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,360 Speaker 1: the Egyptians and the Puntite dignitaries who are returned with 525 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:34,520 Speaker 1: them are shown presenting hapshets that with the goods that 526 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:39,200 Speaker 1: they had brought. This includes live resentries in baskets meant 527 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:42,560 Speaker 1: for transplanting and hatch ups that did transplant them around 528 00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:46,160 Speaker 1: her mortuary temple and the carvings hatch ups that also 529 00:29:46,320 --> 00:29:49,240 Speaker 1: consecrates the best of all these goods to the god Amen. 530 00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:52,160 Speaker 1: The people of punt appear in these depictions as well. 531 00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:55,800 Speaker 1: They have dark reddish skin with long hair and goatee 532 00:29:55,880 --> 00:29:59,160 Speaker 1: like beards. The only ones whose names are mentioned are 533 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,560 Speaker 1: King Parah, who and his queen at the queen is 534 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,320 Speaker 1: depicted as being very strikingly large, something that has led 535 00:30:06,360 --> 00:30:09,200 Speaker 1: to a lot of commentary about her body, and a 536 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:11,080 Speaker 1: lot of it has started with the assumption that there 537 00:30:11,160 --> 00:30:14,360 Speaker 1: was a pathological explanation for her body shape and size, 538 00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,200 Speaker 1: but it may have just been how she was built 539 00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:19,880 Speaker 1: or a mark of status and wealth in her culture. 540 00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:22,040 Speaker 1: By the way, if you look her up, be prepared 541 00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:24,760 Speaker 1: to read some really gross and insulting things about her body. 542 00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: In almost every single article, including articles that are brand new, 543 00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:34,360 Speaker 1: almost no one had nothing ugly to say about what 544 00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:38,760 Speaker 1: the Queen of Punt looked like. These reliefs are very detailed, 545 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:41,400 Speaker 1: so it's likely that hat scheps that sent artists with 546 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:44,520 Speaker 1: the expedition and ordered them to make very careful observations 547 00:30:44,560 --> 00:30:47,080 Speaker 1: for the sake of these reliefs when they returned. And 548 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,800 Speaker 1: the reliefs are definitely our biggest single source of information 549 00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:52,880 Speaker 1: about Punt, but there is still so much that we 550 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:56,120 Speaker 1: don't know. For one thing, we really don't know how 551 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: the people of Punt referred to themselves. Punt is what 552 00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,760 Speaker 1: is in Egyptian writing, but it's also echoed than things 553 00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:06,080 Speaker 1: that came later, like Herodotus is History, which was written 554 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,800 Speaker 1: in the fifth century BC, and we also don't know 555 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:11,680 Speaker 1: exactly where it was. That's something people have been trying 556 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:13,920 Speaker 1: to figure out for more than a hundred and fifty years. 557 00:31:14,840 --> 00:31:18,280 Speaker 1: At first researchers focused on the Arabian Peninsula, but as 558 00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:21,680 Speaker 1: archaeologists unearthed more and more descriptions of Punt being to 559 00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,440 Speaker 1: the south rather than to the east of the Egyptian Kingdom, 560 00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:28,040 Speaker 1: and more references of the goods being traded, they started 561 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,800 Speaker 1: focusing more on the stretch of the continent between Egyptian 562 00:31:30,920 --> 00:31:34,479 Speaker 1: territory and the Horn of Africa. Many of the goods 563 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:37,480 Speaker 1: described as coming from Punt were native to this part 564 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:39,720 Speaker 1: of the African continent, but there's still a lot of 565 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: room for speculation. This is especially true since the ancient 566 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:47,080 Speaker 1: Egyptians were certainly not Punt's only trading partner, so the 567 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:49,960 Speaker 1: goods that were available in Punt probably came from other 568 00:31:50,080 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: parts of the world as well, both on the continent 569 00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:56,080 Speaker 1: of Africa and elsewhere. Also, the domed huts and the 570 00:31:56,280 --> 00:31:59,400 Speaker 1: stilt houses that are shown in the reliefs are more 571 00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:02,680 Speaker 1: soci created with central and western Africa then with the 572 00:32:02,760 --> 00:32:05,480 Speaker 1: parts of the continent that we're most likely to be 573 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:08,880 Speaker 1: accessed via the Red Sea, and which archaeologists and other 574 00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,160 Speaker 1: researchers have mostly focused on in this search. Most, but 575 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,880 Speaker 1: not all, researchers have concluded that Punt was probably located 576 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:19,800 Speaker 1: somewhere along the Red Sea, but exactly where is still 577 00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:23,960 Speaker 1: a mystery. Researchers have certainly put forth a lot of ideas, 578 00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:28,960 Speaker 1: a lot of them simultaneously contradictory and well supported. Most 579 00:32:29,080 --> 00:32:33,280 Speaker 1: placed punch somewhere in what's now Eritrea, Ethiopia, or Somalia. 580 00:32:34,040 --> 00:32:36,240 Speaker 1: In an article in the Journal of the American Research 581 00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:40,440 Speaker 1: Center in Egypt, Stanley Blanda explores descriptions of Punt as 582 00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:43,560 Speaker 1: on the twin shores of the sea, and he interprets 583 00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:46,520 Speaker 1: the accounts description of where the expedition pitched their tents 584 00:32:46,680 --> 00:32:50,240 Speaker 1: as on both sides of the Red Sea. Based on that, 585 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:53,440 Speaker 1: he concludes that Punt lay along the balt Al Mandab 586 00:32:53,520 --> 00:32:56,800 Speaker 1: straight with modern Djibouti on one side and Yemen on 587 00:32:56,880 --> 00:33:01,040 Speaker 1: the other in both Eastern Africa and the Western Arabian Peninsula. 588 00:33:01,560 --> 00:33:05,920 Speaker 1: And researchers even tried to use oxygen isotope analysis to 589 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:09,880 Speaker 1: try to confirm Punt's location by studying the mummy of 590 00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:13,880 Speaker 1: a baboon that had presumably been brought back from Punt. 591 00:33:14,480 --> 00:33:17,520 Speaker 1: That research suggested that this baboon was from what's now 592 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:21,760 Speaker 1: Eritrea or eastern Ethiopia, and so they concluded that Punt 593 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:24,760 Speaker 1: might have covered all of that general area. A major 594 00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:29,239 Speaker 1: archaeological discovery could clear all this up, but right now, 595 00:33:29,320 --> 00:33:32,120 Speaker 1: the biggest archaeological fines related to Punt are from the 596 00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:35,479 Speaker 1: Egyptian harbor of Merca. Goasis known at the time as 597 00:33:35,520 --> 00:33:39,400 Speaker 1: Saw would show evidence of trade with Punch regardless, though 598 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:42,520 Speaker 1: Punt seems to have existed as an important and thriving 599 00:33:42,680 --> 00:33:46,360 Speaker 1: trading partner from roughly b c E to about six 600 00:33:46,480 --> 00:33:50,080 Speaker 1: hundred b C. The last Egyptian expedition that we know 601 00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:53,040 Speaker 1: about took place under Ramsey's the Third in the twelfth 602 00:33:53,120 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: century BC. AH elusive Punt, Yeah, I'm very that you. Also, 603 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 1: if you go poking around on the internet, you will 604 00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 1: also find some more far fetched and less well supported 605 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:11,040 Speaker 1: ideas about it being in many far flung places that 606 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:13,800 Speaker 1: are not in the immediate vicinity of Africa and the 607 00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:18,040 Speaker 1: Arabian Peninsula, which aren't really supported so much by what 608 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:23,280 Speaker 1: we know in terms of what's documented about Egyptian relationships 609 00:34:23,320 --> 00:34:28,080 Speaker 1: with Punt and about what we know about Egyptians seafaring capabilities, 610 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:33,200 Speaker 1: which weren't amazing. They could get up and down the 611 00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:36,160 Speaker 1: Nile pretty well, but they really tended to stick very 612 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:39,480 Speaker 1: closely along the shore of the Red Sea. They were 613 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:41,680 Speaker 1: not nearly as good as like getting out into the water. 614 00:34:41,920 --> 00:34:44,600 Speaker 1: Away from that safety of land. They were focusing more 615 00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,680 Speaker 1: on architecture and that is fine. Yeah. We should also 616 00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:50,200 Speaker 1: know that in the modern era, there is a place 617 00:34:50,360 --> 00:34:54,480 Speaker 1: called Puntland which is part of Somalia, and we know 618 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:57,040 Speaker 1: that that was named after the land of punt but 619 00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,799 Speaker 1: it's not clear that that was the same physical location. Um, 620 00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:03,160 Speaker 1: do you have a little bit of listener mail for us? 621 00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,439 Speaker 1: I do have listener mail for us. This listener mail 622 00:35:06,520 --> 00:35:09,320 Speaker 1: comes from Christopher. Christopher says, Hello, ladies. I am a 623 00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:12,759 Speaker 1: longtime avid listener to your podcast, having listened off and 624 00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:15,640 Speaker 1: on for years. I recently started a new job with 625 00:35:15,719 --> 00:35:18,560 Speaker 1: a longer commute in your podcasts have been a huge blessing. 626 00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:21,480 Speaker 1: I recently listened to your podcast on Chester A Arthur 627 00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: and you discussed in passing a church in Boston that 628 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,319 Speaker 1: had a large collection of Tiffany stained glass. I'm an 629 00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: amateur stained glass maker and I specialized in the Tiffany 630 00:35:30,239 --> 00:35:32,600 Speaker 1: foil style. I was in Boston for work during the 631 00:35:32,640 --> 00:35:34,480 Speaker 1: recent eclipse, and one of the stops I made in 632 00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:36,400 Speaker 1: my free time was to a church that had a 633 00:35:36,480 --> 00:35:39,400 Speaker 1: large collection of stained glass. Since I gather you may 634 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:41,520 Speaker 1: be familiar with it, I am not sure if this 635 00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:44,200 Speaker 1: will interest you, but I took high resolution pictures of 636 00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,960 Speaker 1: the windows because of how impressive they were, especially when 637 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,080 Speaker 1: compared to my own skill. I'm not sure how familiar 638 00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:52,719 Speaker 1: either of you is with stained glass in general, but 639 00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:55,160 Speaker 1: when you're working on a window, typically, at least in 640 00:35:55,239 --> 00:35:57,719 Speaker 1: my experience, all of the different pieces of glass are 641 00:35:57,719 --> 00:36:00,920 Speaker 1: approximately the same thickness. This is not the case in 642 00:36:00,960 --> 00:36:03,600 Speaker 1: the windows of this church. Although you cannot tell from 643 00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: the pictures I took, I was able to get up 644 00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:08,680 Speaker 1: close to the windows themselves, and there's a huge amount 645 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:11,160 Speaker 1: of variability in the thickness of the different pieces, which 646 00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,120 Speaker 1: makes the finished product all the more impressive. I would 647 00:36:14,160 --> 00:36:16,680 Speaker 1: like to second the motion to do an episode on Tiffany, 648 00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,640 Speaker 1: either the person himself for the style of stained glass, 649 00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:21,759 Speaker 1: or if I am dreaming, an episode on the history 650 00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:24,279 Speaker 1: of stained glass itself. I'm attaching a link to the 651 00:36:24,320 --> 00:36:26,279 Speaker 1: album I made at the pictures of the windows in 652 00:36:26,360 --> 00:36:29,000 Speaker 1: case you're interested in seeing them for some reason, you 653 00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,319 Speaker 1: want to take them or post them, do feel free 654 00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: to do so. I am attaching a picture of a 655 00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:36,759 Speaker 1: window I made myself to give some perspective on the 656 00:36:36,840 --> 00:36:39,480 Speaker 1: comparative differences between a master of the craft and a 657 00:36:39,560 --> 00:36:42,840 Speaker 1: dilettante like myself. Again, thank you so much for what 658 00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:46,160 Speaker 1: you do. I tell everyone who will listen about your podcast. 659 00:36:46,239 --> 00:36:48,880 Speaker 1: I'm also about to head on a vacation to Martha's vineyard, 660 00:36:48,920 --> 00:36:51,560 Speaker 1: implant on sending you guys something, so watch for another 661 00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:53,880 Speaker 1: message or postcard from me. Thank you and have a 662 00:36:53,960 --> 00:36:58,319 Speaker 1: great day, Christopher. Thank you Christopher for this email. These 663 00:36:58,360 --> 00:37:02,719 Speaker 1: pictures are great. The make sure that Christopher set of 664 00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:07,440 Speaker 1: his own His own uh stained glass work is of 665 00:37:07,719 --> 00:37:12,279 Speaker 1: a Zelda theme stained stained glass piece, which I was 666 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:16,520 Speaker 1: absolutely delighted by. Uh. And I'm glad that that we 667 00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:19,320 Speaker 1: got this email because when we talked about that on 668 00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:21,879 Speaker 1: the podcast, I was sort of talking off the top 669 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:23,719 Speaker 1: of my head and I didn't have written down with 670 00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:25,560 Speaker 1: the name of the church was, or where it was 671 00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:28,279 Speaker 1: or anything like that. And this email gives me a 672 00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:31,480 Speaker 1: chance to fill people in who may be interested. This 673 00:37:31,680 --> 00:37:34,800 Speaker 1: is Arlington Street Church. It is at the corner of 674 00:37:34,960 --> 00:37:38,800 Speaker 1: Boylston Street and Arlington in Boston. It's right across the 675 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:42,600 Speaker 1: street from the corner um like one of the corners 676 00:37:42,680 --> 00:37:46,439 Speaker 1: of the Boston Public Garden, it is a Unitarian Universalist church. 677 00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,680 Speaker 1: And the history of this particular church actually also connects 678 00:37:50,719 --> 00:37:54,680 Speaker 1: to our recent Packard Versus Packard episode, because when you 679 00:37:54,880 --> 00:37:57,840 Speaker 1: look at the chronology of like the church's history and 680 00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:01,279 Speaker 1: what congregations were worshiping at this site, it follows that 681 00:38:01,360 --> 00:38:05,080 Speaker 1: whole progression of having like the very old school uh 682 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:10,520 Speaker 1: Lutheran Calvinism, and then gradually breaking away from that, becoming dissatisfied, 683 00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:14,040 Speaker 1: and then ultimately becoming a Unitarian church, which is the 684 00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:18,160 Speaker 1: church that's there now. Um So, if you google Arlington 685 00:38:18,280 --> 00:38:21,239 Speaker 1: Street Church, Boston, you will find information about the church 686 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:24,719 Speaker 1: and when it is available to go and look at 687 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,480 Speaker 1: the windows. There are pictures of the windows there as well. 688 00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:30,320 Speaker 1: So thank you so much, Christopher. If you would like 689 00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: to write to us about this or anither podcast or 690 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:34,960 Speaker 1: a history podcasts of how Stuff Works dot com and 691 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:38,200 Speaker 1: then we're all over social media at ms in history. 692 00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:40,440 Speaker 1: That is where you will find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 693 00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:43,359 Speaker 1: and Instagram, and you can come to our website which 694 00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:45,160 Speaker 1: is at miss in history dot com and find show 695 00:38:45,239 --> 00:38:46,840 Speaker 1: notes for all the episodes that Holly and I have 696 00:38:46,920 --> 00:38:49,960 Speaker 1: done together in a searchable archive of every episode ever. 697 00:38:50,320 --> 00:38:53,000 Speaker 1: And you can subscribe to our show on Apple podcasts 698 00:38:53,080 --> 00:38:55,320 Speaker 1: and the I heart Radio app and wherever else you 699 00:38:55,360 --> 00:39:02,560 Speaker 1: get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class is 700 00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:05,279 Speaker 1: a production of I heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For 701 00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,480 Speaker 1: more podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the heart Radio app, 702 00:39:08,640 --> 00:39:11,680 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.