1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,560 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:20,560 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. Today's episode is on Khmers Pulaski, 4 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 1: who English language sources pretty much overwhelmingly referred to by 5 00:00:25,280 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: the Anglicized name Casimir. His last name's also pronounced slightly 6 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:33,000 Speaker 1: differently in his native language of Polish, and I would 7 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:37,360 Speaker 1: say probably people who actually speak Polish do a better 8 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:41,120 Speaker 1: job on his first name than I just did. His 9 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:44,600 Speaker 1: name came up in our recent episode on Villa Roseboro, 10 00:00:44,760 --> 00:00:46,839 Speaker 1: who was born in a town named after him, but 11 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:49,960 Speaker 1: he has been on my short list all the way 12 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:52,919 Speaker 1: since twenty nineteen, when he made an appearance on an 13 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:58,000 Speaker 1: installment of Unearthed. Aside from that recent name drop, this 14 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:00,440 Speaker 1: also seemed like a pretty good time to talk about him, 15 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 1: since this year is being observed as the two hundred 16 00:01:03,360 --> 00:01:06,720 Speaker 1: and fiftieth birthday of the United States and Pulaski was 17 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:11,600 Speaker 1: killed in action during the Revolutionary War. There's also another 18 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:14,320 Speaker 1: layer that I think makes him a good topic to 19 00:01:14,400 --> 00:01:16,800 Speaker 1: talk about in the midst of all these two hundred 20 00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 1: and fiftieth anniversary commemorations, and that is how his story 21 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,280 Speaker 1: has been told, because he has often been built up 22 00:01:25,600 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: into an almost mythic figure and a representation of ideals 23 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:34,800 Speaker 1: like patriotism and bravery and freedom and independence, and with 24 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:38,800 Speaker 1: all that interconnected with the story that the United States 25 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:41,800 Speaker 1: sort of tells itself about being a melting pot or 26 00:01:41,840 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: a nation of immigrants. There's also writing about him, though 27 00:01:47,440 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: that is not through those lenses and tells a very 28 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: different story from that one. Kasimir Pulaski was born on 29 00:01:54,640 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: March sixth, seventeen forty five, in Poland, which at the 30 00:01:58,280 --> 00:02:02,800 Speaker 1: time was united with Lithuanian as the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. 31 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,960 Speaker 1: That same day, he was baptized at home without a 32 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:11,640 Speaker 1: liturgical ceremony. His baptismal records, which are written in Latin, 33 00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:16,760 Speaker 1: describe him with words meaning debility or weakness. It's possible 34 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:19,760 Speaker 1: that because of whatever this was, his parents feared for 35 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:23,799 Speaker 1: his life and didn't want to risk him dying unbaptized. 36 00:02:24,600 --> 00:02:27,679 Speaker 1: A baptism with a liturgical ceremony was held for both 37 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:31,920 Speaker 1: Kashmir and his older brother Franchisek on March fourteenth at 38 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:36,800 Speaker 1: the Holy Cross Church in Vorta. Kasimir's parents were Josef 39 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: and Marianna Pulaski. Joseph was a lawyer and an arbiter 40 00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:44,839 Speaker 1: and the district governor of Varka. The Pulaskis were from 41 00:02:44,840 --> 00:02:47,960 Speaker 1: a very old and prominent family. They were part of 42 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,240 Speaker 1: the lasha, or the gentry, and they also had a 43 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,840 Speaker 1: long history of military service, including men serving as knights 44 00:02:55,000 --> 00:03:00,600 Speaker 1: before European fighting forces started transitioning away from noights and 45 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 1: toward standing professional armies. We don't know a whole lot 46 00:03:05,360 --> 00:03:08,960 Speaker 1: about Kasimir's early life. He was the middle of three sons, 47 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: and there were also several daughters in the family. Kasimir 48 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:17,120 Speaker 1: probably got a basic elementary education before becoming a page 49 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 1: in the court of Charles, Prince of Courtland and Semegalia, 50 00:03:20,760 --> 00:03:23,520 Speaker 1: son of King Augustus the third of Poland and Elector 51 00:03:23,560 --> 00:03:28,280 Speaker 1: of Saxony. Kasimir became a page in seventeen sixty two, 52 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:31,079 Speaker 1: so he would have been about seventeen, and he got 53 00:03:31,080 --> 00:03:34,640 Speaker 1: his first military experience while in service to the Prince. 54 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: In the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, kings were elected, and in 55 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: seventeen sixty four Stanislaus the second Augustus Poniatowski was elected 56 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:49,200 Speaker 1: King he had become one of the lovers of Russian 57 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,480 Speaker 1: Empress Catherine the Second, also known as Catherine the Great, 58 00:03:52,560 --> 00:03:57,320 Speaker 1: and he was elected king with Russia's backing. This should 59 00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: not be viewed as an equal partnership between Catherine and 60 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:06,320 Speaker 1: the king, though Catherine saw Stanislaus as a pawn, and 61 00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:09,600 Speaker 1: both she and King Frederick the Second of Prussia wanted 62 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: to use him to pursue their own interests. That is 63 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:18,240 Speaker 1: obviously a massive and complicated chunk of history that would 64 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:20,919 Speaker 1: be at least a whole other episode to get into thoroughly. 65 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:24,360 Speaker 1: So the very basic version is that the Commonwealth had 66 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:27,280 Speaker 1: been in decline for a while and Russia had been 67 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:30,760 Speaker 1: taking advantage of that to exert more and more influence 68 00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:36,200 Speaker 1: in Poland. That included Catherine pressuring Statislaus to give full 69 00:04:36,279 --> 00:04:40,440 Speaker 1: political equality to the Commonwealth's non Catholics. They made up 70 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:45,320 Speaker 1: about ten percent of the Commonwealth's population. Non Catholics were 71 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 1: framed as dissidents, and they had effectively no political rights 72 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:53,040 Speaker 1: and few religious freedoms. In the face of both political 73 00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: pressure from Russia and outbreaks of violence, the Commonwealth's legislature 74 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:02,480 Speaker 1: called the Same repealed the the restrictions the same also 75 00:05:02,520 --> 00:05:07,279 Speaker 1: abandoned reform projects that Stanislaus proposed and Russia objected to. 76 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: In February of seventeen sixty eight, a Catholic Confederation was 77 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 1: established in Bar Ukraine to fight back against these religious 78 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:22,160 Speaker 1: reforms and the ongoing escalation of Russian influence in Poland 79 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:27,960 Speaker 1: and King Stanislaus. One of the confederation's founders was Kasimir 80 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:33,280 Speaker 1: Pulaski's father. Kasimir was twenty three, and some accounts characterize 81 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:36,479 Speaker 1: him and his brothers as being conscripted to fight for 82 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:42,160 Speaker 1: the Confederation of Bar. Others characterize him as an eager participant, 83 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:47,400 Speaker 1: just determined to fight for a free Poland. Really, none 84 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:50,080 Speaker 1: of the sources that I used for this episode really 85 00:05:50,120 --> 00:05:52,880 Speaker 1: spent much time on the fact that this idea of 86 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:58,360 Speaker 1: freedom was also connected to trying to keep non Catholics 87 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:03,600 Speaker 1: from having political and religeous rights. Whatever the exact circumstances 88 00:06:03,640 --> 00:06:07,960 Speaker 1: behind Casimir Pulaski's involvement in this uprising, within a couple 89 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,560 Speaker 1: months he was leading skirmishes against the King's forces and 90 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: Russian troops. He became a colonel and developed a reputation 91 00:06:15,600 --> 00:06:18,800 Speaker 1: for being a skilled horseman and good with a sword. 92 00:06:19,480 --> 00:06:23,159 Speaker 1: He also earned particular praise for defending a monastery while 93 00:06:23,160 --> 00:06:28,720 Speaker 1: outnumbered and besieged. The Confederation of Bar initially had some 94 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,560 Speaker 1: support from France in terms of both money and volunteer fighters. 95 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:36,240 Speaker 1: They also sought the support of the Ottoman Empire, which 96 00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,880 Speaker 1: declared war on Russia in October of seventeen sixty eight 97 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:44,200 Speaker 1: after Russian troops pursued a Polish force across the Ottoman border. 98 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,919 Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy, the Council of the Bar Confederation proclaimed 99 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:53,159 Speaker 1: that the king had been dethroned, which he really hadn't been, 100 00:06:53,800 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: and then the following year they managed to kidnap the 101 00:06:56,640 --> 00:07:01,000 Speaker 1: king and hold him prisoner outside of foresaw. Either the 102 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:04,760 Speaker 1: king managed to escape or his abductors started to kind 103 00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:06,960 Speaker 1: of second guess what they had done and they let 104 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: him go. Either way, he got away. Kasimir Pulaski was 105 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: implicated in the kidnapping and he was also charged with 106 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: attempted regicide. The kidnapping was real, but the purported assassination 107 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: plot doesn't seem to have been. The Confederation of Bar's 108 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: international support was already pretty weak, and it really fell 109 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:29,640 Speaker 1: apart as other nations didn't want to back an uprising 110 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:34,280 Speaker 1: that had allegedly tried to kill the king. Pulaski had 111 00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:37,520 Speaker 1: to flee first to Prussia, then to the Ottoman Empire, 112 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:41,160 Speaker 1: and then to France. He got further and further in 113 00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:44,040 Speaker 1: debt as he tried and failed to raise money and 114 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 1: rally support for Poland. The bar uprising was finally suppressed 115 00:07:49,320 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: in seventeen seventy two. By then, Pulaski had become known 116 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,520 Speaker 1: for his ability to recruit and organize troops and for 117 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: his bravery, but he was also described asists and insubordinate, 118 00:08:01,680 --> 00:08:04,000 Speaker 1: and that put him at odds with a lot of 119 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:08,680 Speaker 1: the Confederation's other leaders. The uprising also came at a 120 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:13,119 Speaker 1: great cost for the Pulaski family. Pulaski's father was dead 121 00:08:13,280 --> 00:08:15,120 Speaker 1: by the end of this He was either killed in 122 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: action or after being captured. In seventeen sixty nine, one 123 00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:22,400 Speaker 1: of Kasimir's brothers had also been killed, and the other 124 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:25,920 Speaker 1: brother had been captured and transported to the Russian interior. 125 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: In the summer of seventeen seventy three, Pulaski was tried 126 00:08:30,880 --> 00:08:35,920 Speaker 1: for attempted regicide in absentia. He was convicted and sentenced 127 00:08:35,920 --> 00:08:39,240 Speaker 1: to beheading. When he tried to join the French Army, 128 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:43,200 Speaker 1: he was turned away. Apparently because of this conviction. He 129 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:46,480 Speaker 1: wound up in Debtor's prison until some friends were able 130 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: to free him. The Confederation of bar had a huge 131 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:56,080 Speaker 1: and devastating impact on the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth. Neighboring nations 132 00:08:56,120 --> 00:09:00,360 Speaker 1: were concerned about both the uprising and Russia's growing in 133 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:03,440 Speaker 1: the region, not just in Poland, but also because of 134 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: its military successes in its war with the Ottoman Empire. 135 00:09:08,280 --> 00:09:11,160 Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy two, in part to try to preserve 136 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:15,240 Speaker 1: the balance of power in Eastern Europe, Russia, Prussia, and 137 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: Austria signed a treaty that divided about a third of 138 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:24,600 Speaker 1: Poland and most of Lithuania among them. More partitions followed 139 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:28,960 Speaker 1: in seventeen ninety three and seventeen ninety five. Poland and 140 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:33,840 Speaker 1: Lithuania both ceased to exist as independent nations until after 141 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: World War One. We will get back to Kasimir Pulaski 142 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:50,679 Speaker 1: after we paused for a sponsor break. While Kasimir Pulaski 143 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 1: was in France, he met Benjamin Franklin and Silas Dean, 144 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:56,840 Speaker 1: who were both trying to get French support for the 145 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:00,680 Speaker 1: American Revolution. Those two men were all so meeting with 146 00:10:00,760 --> 00:10:04,439 Speaker 1: European generals and other military men who wanted to join 147 00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:08,480 Speaker 1: the revolution or to act as advisors to General George 148 00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:12,360 Speaker 1: Washington and the Continental Army. People had a range of 149 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:15,840 Speaker 1: reasons for wanting to join the American side, including a 150 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:19,319 Speaker 1: thirst for fame and glory, the chance to attain a 151 00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: higher military rank than they could in their nation of origin, 152 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,360 Speaker 1: loyalty to their nation of origin which was either an 153 00:10:26,520 --> 00:10:29,560 Speaker 1: enemy of Britain or would just be happy to see 154 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: Britain lose its colonies, or an admiration for the ideals 155 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:39,200 Speaker 1: of the revolutionaries like freedom and independence. Pulaski is usually 156 00:10:39,320 --> 00:10:43,200 Speaker 1: characterized as falling into that last group, and that's how 157 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:46,400 Speaker 1: he described himself in letters to George Washington and to 158 00:10:46,480 --> 00:10:50,840 Speaker 1: the Continental Congress. But he also had some practical concerns 159 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:54,440 Speaker 1: at work. His only real experience was as a soldier 160 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: and a military leader. He was out of money, and 161 00:10:57,880 --> 00:11:01,480 Speaker 1: European militaries didn't trust him because he had abducted a 162 00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:05,559 Speaker 1: king and had been convicted of regicide. He also faced 163 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: some obstacles when it came to joining the Continental Army. 164 00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: He would need the approval of the Continental Congress, which 165 00:11:12,480 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: had become kind of wary of this influx of European 166 00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:19,240 Speaker 1: military men who were all trying to join up. Some 167 00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:22,000 Speaker 1: of them who had already gone to North America had 168 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:25,640 Speaker 1: developed a reputation for being arrogant and hard to work with. 169 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:29,680 Speaker 1: A lot of them spoke multiple languages, but they did 170 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:32,640 Speaker 1: not speak English, and English was what most of the 171 00:11:32,679 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: soldiers spoke. That was true of Pulaski as well, and 172 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:39,959 Speaker 1: at first he was mostly communicating with American leaders in French. 173 00:11:40,960 --> 00:11:46,880 Speaker 1: The Continental Congress was particularly suspicious of foreign Papists or Catholics, 174 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:52,199 Speaker 1: and that was Pulaski. But Franklin had apparently already heard 175 00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,040 Speaker 1: about Pulaski's valor in Poland before meeting him. It also 176 00:11:57,080 --> 00:12:00,320 Speaker 1: seems like the French officials that Franklin was negotiating with 177 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:04,600 Speaker 1: we're backing Pulaski's efforts to join the Continental Army. They 178 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:09,000 Speaker 1: probably really liked the idea of Pulaski being somewhere else, 179 00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:11,720 Speaker 1: and he ultimately made his way to North America with 180 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:16,839 Speaker 1: French financial support. There's also some speculation that Pulaski had 181 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:19,959 Speaker 1: become a Freemason, and that would have opened some doors 182 00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:24,480 Speaker 1: with the Freemasons among the revolution's leaders. Including Benjamin Franklin 183 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:28,839 Speaker 1: and George Washington. That's a little unclear though, As we said, 184 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,479 Speaker 1: Pulaski was Catholic, and the Catholic Church had started prohibiting 185 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:36,240 Speaker 1: Catholics from joining Freemasons under Pope Clement the twelfth and 186 00:12:36,320 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 1: seventeen thirty eight. Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter of introduction 187 00:12:41,240 --> 00:12:46,160 Speaker 1: for Pulaski on May twenty ninth, seventeen seventy seven, describing 188 00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:49,840 Speaker 1: him as quote an officer famous throughout all of Europe 189 00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: for his bravery and conduct in defense of the liberties 190 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:58,920 Speaker 1: of his country. Pulaski also carried a letter to Gilbert 191 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:03,760 Speaker 1: de Mortier Marquis Lafayette from his wife, Adrienne. This letter 192 00:13:03,920 --> 00:13:07,079 Speaker 1: both served as another letter of introduction and at won 193 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:09,760 Speaker 1: Lafayette's gratitude. I think that might have been the first 194 00:13:09,880 --> 00:13:12,240 Speaker 1: letter he had received from his wife since going to 195 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: North America. And then that's at the stage for the 196 00:13:14,559 --> 00:13:18,640 Speaker 1: two men to become friends. Pulaski also wrote letters of 197 00:13:18,679 --> 00:13:22,079 Speaker 1: his own. He wrote one in French to George Washington 198 00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:25,320 Speaker 1: in August of seventeen seventy seven, while on his way 199 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:29,560 Speaker 1: to North America. It translated in part as quote, I 200 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:32,800 Speaker 1: have the honor to enclose to your excellency the letters 201 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:35,840 Speaker 1: which show the hardships that I have undergone on account 202 00:13:35,920 --> 00:13:38,600 Speaker 1: of having taken up arms in defense of my country. 203 00:13:39,520 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: That country no longer exists for me, and here by 204 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:47,040 Speaker 1: fighting for freedom, I wish to deserve it. Life or 205 00:13:47,080 --> 00:13:49,360 Speaker 1: death for the welfare of the state is my motto, 206 00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:52,320 Speaker 1: and thereby I hope to earn the esteem of the 207 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:57,800 Speaker 1: citizens of this country. Pulaski departed from France on June thirteenth, 208 00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:01,680 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy seven, and he arrived in Marblehead, Massachusetts, on 209 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:06,560 Speaker 1: July twenty third. After arriving in Massachusetts, he went to Boston, 210 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:10,120 Speaker 1: where he met with Major General William Heath. He also 211 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:14,040 Speaker 1: obtained a letter of introduction from Lafayette to James Lovell, 212 00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress. Lafayette's letter said that 213 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:22,160 Speaker 1: he did not know Pulaski, but quote, I received a 214 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:25,200 Speaker 1: particular account about him, I think proper to acquaint you 215 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:27,800 Speaker 1: with it. He was one of the first members of 216 00:14:27,840 --> 00:14:31,320 Speaker 1: the Confederation of Poland, the most distinguished officer and the 217 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:35,440 Speaker 1: most dangerous enemy of the tyrants of his country. He 218 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,440 Speaker 1: derived a great reputation by his bravery and intelligence in 219 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:43,200 Speaker 1: the war, and his noble and fiery conduct after the 220 00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: destruction of the unhappy Poland. At first, the Continental Congress 221 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 1: did not approve Pulaski to become an officer, so he 222 00:14:52,240 --> 00:14:55,880 Speaker 1: went to find George Washington anyway, arriving at his encampment 223 00:14:56,280 --> 00:15:00,400 Speaker 1: north of Philadelphia and volunteering to be his aide. He 224 00:15:00,560 --> 00:15:03,400 Speaker 1: was still acting in this volunteer role at the Battle 225 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:08,840 Speaker 1: of Brandywine on September eleventh, seventeen seventy seven. Washington's force 226 00:15:08,920 --> 00:15:11,120 Speaker 1: thought it had blocked all of the crossings of the 227 00:15:11,160 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 1: Brandywine River. It turned out they were wrong, and a 228 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:17,680 Speaker 1: British force under the command of Sir William Howe was 229 00:15:17,720 --> 00:15:20,440 Speaker 1: able to cross the river while hidden by fog and 230 00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: approached Washington's flank. Washington's line collapsed after this unexpected attack, 231 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:31,920 Speaker 1: and Washington realized he had to retreat. General Nathaniel Greene 232 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:34,880 Speaker 1: commanded a reserve force that acted as a rear guard, 233 00:15:35,280 --> 00:15:38,840 Speaker 1: and Pulaski volunteered to lead Washington's mounted guard in a 234 00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:44,320 Speaker 1: cavalry charge against the British infantry. This charge is often 235 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 1: credited with saving Washington's life and keeping the Continental Army's 236 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: defeat at Brandywine from turning into a route. Pulaski's actions 237 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: and their outcome made an impression on the Continental Congress, 238 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:00,640 Speaker 1: and four days later, on September fifteenth, they named Pulaski 239 00:16:00,680 --> 00:16:05,440 Speaker 1: Brigadier General and Commander of Horse. But the Continental Army 240 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:09,600 Speaker 1: didn't really have a cavalry for Pulaski to command as 241 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:14,440 Speaker 1: Commander of Horse. Horses were mainly being used for reconnaissance 242 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:18,360 Speaker 1: and to carry messages or as ceremonial guards for high 243 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: ranking officers, like Washington's guard that Pulaski had led at Brandywine. 244 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:28,400 Speaker 1: So in addition to recruiting and training soldiers, Pulaski also 245 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:31,920 Speaker 1: needed to purchase horses and all of their necessary food 246 00:16:32,040 --> 00:16:35,320 Speaker 1: supplies and equipment. In addition to managing all of this, 247 00:16:35,480 --> 00:16:38,920 Speaker 1: Pulaski wrote a series of letters to Washington and letters 248 00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:42,880 Speaker 1: to other officers about how he thought an army should 249 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,640 Speaker 1: use and structure a cavalry that, of course was based 250 00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:49,520 Speaker 1: on all of his experience in training in Europe, and 251 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:52,560 Speaker 1: sometimes these letters really made it sound like he thought 252 00:16:52,560 --> 00:16:57,280 Speaker 1: people were stupid for having not already realized this. Pulaski's 253 00:16:57,320 --> 00:17:00,560 Speaker 1: time as Commander of horse did not go so smoothly. 254 00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:03,640 Speaker 1: Since he didn't speak English well, he had to work 255 00:17:03,720 --> 00:17:07,159 Speaker 1: through translators, and he butted heads with people over just 256 00:17:07,280 --> 00:17:10,879 Speaker 1: fundamentally different ideas of what horses should be used for 257 00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:15,280 Speaker 1: in war. Pulaski was so deeply annoyed that the Continental 258 00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: Army decided to remain quartered over the winter rather than 259 00:17:19,040 --> 00:17:23,320 Speaker 1: embarking on a wintertime campaign against the British. In early 260 00:17:23,359 --> 00:17:27,439 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy eight, he resigned from that post. He was like, 261 00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:29,160 Speaker 1: I don't know what's wrong with you. While we fight 262 00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:31,840 Speaker 1: in the winter all the time in Europe, just go 263 00:17:32,040 --> 00:17:37,680 Speaker 1: lie around for a few lazy weightouting. Yeah. On March 264 00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:40,520 Speaker 1: twenty eighth of that same year, though, the Continental Congress 265 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: resolved that Pulaski could retain his rank of brigadier general, 266 00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:48,800 Speaker 1: and they tasked him with raising and commanding quote, an 267 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:52,680 Speaker 1: independent corps to consist of sixty eight horse and two 268 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,959 Speaker 1: hundred foot, the horse to be armed with lances, and 269 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,320 Speaker 1: the foot equipped in the manner of light infantry. The 270 00:17:59,359 --> 00:18:02,280 Speaker 1: corps to be raised in such a way and composed 271 00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:06,360 Speaker 1: of such men as General Washington shall think expedient and proper, 272 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:09,080 Speaker 1: and if it shall be thought by General Washington that 273 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:12,119 Speaker 1: it will not be injurious to the service that he 274 00:18:12,280 --> 00:18:16,040 Speaker 1: have liberty to dispense in this particular instance, with the 275 00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:22,240 Speaker 1: resolve of Congress against enlisting deserters. Some sources characterize this 276 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:28,440 Speaker 1: as the Continental Congress's recognition of Pulaski's dedication, bravery, knowledge 277 00:18:28,600 --> 00:18:32,359 Speaker 1: and skill, but others suggest that putting Pulaski in charge 278 00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: of an independent corps was more about just getting him 279 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,920 Speaker 1: out of the way and stopping all of the disputes 280 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:42,280 Speaker 1: he kept having about what a cavalry was for this corps, 281 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,760 Speaker 1: which became known as the Pulaski Legion, was largely made 282 00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,440 Speaker 1: up of men from Poland, France, Germany, and Ireland, as 283 00:18:49,480 --> 00:18:52,000 Speaker 1: well as some who had been born in North America. 284 00:18:52,720 --> 00:18:56,800 Speaker 1: It was probably the most internationally diverse unit connected to 285 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:59,919 Speaker 1: the Continental Army, and it had a lot fewer be 286 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:04,879 Speaker 1: unication issues than when Pulaski was commanding mostly English speakers. 287 00:19:05,760 --> 00:19:08,840 Speaker 1: In April of that year, he was issued ten thousand 288 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:12,639 Speaker 1: dollars for the purpose of buying horses and recruiting troops, 289 00:19:12,680 --> 00:19:16,439 Speaker 1: and other funding followed, although there were a lot of 290 00:19:16,520 --> 00:19:21,080 Speaker 1: disputes about money and accusations that he was mismanaging that money. 291 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:24,639 Speaker 1: Kulaski also claimed that he was not getting the funding 292 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:26,639 Speaker 1: he needed and that he was having to put in 293 00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:29,080 Speaker 1: a lot of money from his family to make up 294 00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: for that. The Pulaski legion had a small flag or standard, which, 295 00:19:33,880 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 1: according to the Low was made by the Moravian Single 296 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:41,840 Speaker 1: Sisters of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. This was commemorated in a poem 297 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:46,119 Speaker 1: by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow titled him of the Moravian Nuns 298 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,800 Speaker 1: of Bethlehem. This standard is in the collection of the 299 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:52,919 Speaker 1: Maryland Center for History and Culture, and it's currently on 300 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: loan to the Museum of the American Revolution. But the 301 00:19:57,040 --> 00:20:00,800 Speaker 1: connection to the Moravian Single Sisters is a little bit fuzzier. 302 00:20:01,520 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: Pulaski is known to have visited them once, but there 303 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:09,160 Speaker 1: is no documentation of their having made that banner. Yeah, 304 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: this is as I understand it. It's something that probably 305 00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: would have been mentioned in their records and diaries and 306 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:19,159 Speaker 1: it just wasn't, although the visit was. Pulaski trained his 307 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:22,359 Speaker 1: legion as lancers and dragoons in the style of the 308 00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:25,840 Speaker 1: Polish military that started in May of seventeen seventy eight, 309 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:29,840 Speaker 1: but as a fighting unit, they had mixed success. In 310 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:32,640 Speaker 1: August of seventeen seventy eight, they were sent to defend 311 00:20:32,720 --> 00:20:36,680 Speaker 1: a privateering base at Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. They 312 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:41,480 Speaker 1: faced heavy losses. There After, a Hessian who had defected 313 00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:44,719 Speaker 1: from the British Army and come to join their ranks. 314 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,600 Speaker 1: He deserted and then led about two hundred and fifty 315 00:20:47,640 --> 00:20:51,600 Speaker 1: British soldiers back to Pulaski's unit in a surprise attack. 316 00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:56,440 Speaker 1: At least fifty of Pulaski's men were bayoneted as they slept. 317 00:20:57,359 --> 00:21:01,200 Speaker 1: In the spring of seventeen seventy Nineasky's legion was sent 318 00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:04,720 Speaker 1: south to help defend the city of Charleston, South Carolina. 319 00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,359 Speaker 1: On May eleventh, Pulaski made one of the decisions that 320 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:12,800 Speaker 1: earned him a reputation for recklessness. He apparently planned to 321 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:16,560 Speaker 1: charge a British reading party and then fall back to 322 00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:19,920 Speaker 1: lure them into an ambush, but he did so before 323 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,200 Speaker 1: that ambush was actually in place, which of course again 324 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: led to heavy losses, giving Pulaski his own independent Corps 325 00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:32,520 Speaker 1: also had not resolved all of the conflicts. On August nineteenth, 326 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:36,760 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy nine, while in Charleston Pulaski sent a lengthy 327 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:41,639 Speaker 1: letter to the Continental Congress that began, quote, Gentlemen, every 328 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: information from the northward that has reached me since my 329 00:21:45,440 --> 00:21:50,959 Speaker 1: departure from thence strengthens my opinion, indeed convinces me that 330 00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:56,560 Speaker 1: there is some malignant spirit constantly casting such an impenetrable 331 00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,719 Speaker 1: mist before your eyes as to render it impossible for 332 00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:03,960 Speaker 1: you to see and judge of my conduct with propriety, 333 00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:09,240 Speaker 1: and as becomes the character of gentlemen in your exalted stations. 334 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:15,399 Speaker 1: He described himself as continually ill treated. Quote since the 335 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:18,760 Speaker 1: fatal instant that I undertook to raise my core, which 336 00:22:18,760 --> 00:22:22,200 Speaker 1: I closed, recruited, and exercised in the space of three 337 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:27,119 Speaker 1: months time, I have been and still am persecuted. I 338 00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:31,120 Speaker 1: cannot express my indignation when I recollect the infamous chicane 339 00:22:31,359 --> 00:22:34,280 Speaker 1: by which I was compelled to appear before a court 340 00:22:34,320 --> 00:22:38,320 Speaker 1: like a criminal. That little last line was related to 341 00:22:38,440 --> 00:22:43,440 Speaker 1: accusations about misuse of funds and possibly also his requisitioning 342 00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:47,840 Speaker 1: supplies from local loyalists. Okay, that was another thing here 343 00:22:47,840 --> 00:22:50,159 Speaker 1: where he was like, we do this in Europe. I 344 00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,200 Speaker 1: don't know why you all can't get your acts together, 345 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:58,400 Speaker 1: it's fine. Uh. One passage from this letter gets quoted 346 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:02,360 Speaker 1: a lot in depictions of Pulaski as a passionate defender 347 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:07,159 Speaker 1: of liberty and sort of a personification of the ideals 348 00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:11,199 Speaker 1: of the American revolution. Quote I could not submit to 349 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:14,280 Speaker 1: stoop before the sovereigns of Europe. So I came to 350 00:23:14,520 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: hazard all for the freedom of America and desirous of 351 00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:22,600 Speaker 1: passing the rest of my life in a country truly free, 352 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,600 Speaker 1: and before settling as a citizen to fight for liberty. 353 00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,919 Speaker 1: So those depictions of him that are sort of the 354 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: exemplar of revolutionary ideals don't usually include the rest of 355 00:23:36,320 --> 00:23:40,840 Speaker 1: this sentence, which is quote, but perceiving that endeavors are 356 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:44,159 Speaker 1: used to disgust me against such a motive and regard 357 00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:48,800 Speaker 1: it was phantom. I am inclined to believe that enthusiasm 358 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:53,040 Speaker 1: for liberty is not the predominant virtue in America at 359 00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:56,720 Speaker 1: this time. We will talk about the end of Pulaski's 360 00:23:56,760 --> 00:24:09,000 Speaker 1: life after we pause for a sponsor break. In the 361 00:24:09,040 --> 00:24:12,320 Speaker 1: fall of seventeen seventy nine, the Pulaski Legion was sent 362 00:24:12,359 --> 00:24:15,080 Speaker 1: to Georgia to try to break the siege of Savannah, 363 00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:19,080 Speaker 1: a French fleet was already there, ready under the command 364 00:24:19,119 --> 00:24:24,320 Speaker 1: of Charles henri ekdor Count Destang, while American troops were 365 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,960 Speaker 1: under the command of General Benjamin Lincoln. Those two forces 366 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,320 Speaker 1: needed to work together to break that siege, and Pulaski 367 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:37,080 Speaker 1: was going to coordinate between them. Some sources portray Casimir 368 00:24:37,119 --> 00:24:41,560 Speaker 1: Pulaski as being shot while leading a dramatic cavalry charge 369 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:45,320 Speaker 1: against a British line at Savannah on October ninth, seventeen 370 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:49,560 Speaker 1: seventy nine. There are also several artistic depictions of this 371 00:24:49,680 --> 00:24:53,600 Speaker 1: moment in which Pulaski is leading a charge, but other 372 00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:58,480 Speaker 1: accounts say he wasn't charging anyone. He was scouting ahead 373 00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:02,320 Speaker 1: with his aide de camp, Colonel Paul Badlou. While they 374 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:05,439 Speaker 1: were scouting, Pulaski heard that Count de Stung had been 375 00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:08,439 Speaker 1: wounded and rushed to help, which is when he was shot. 376 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:12,600 Speaker 1: People also point out that, in spite of the fact 377 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:15,960 Speaker 1: that it looks really good in the movies, a trained 378 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:21,280 Speaker 1: cavalry unit would probably not be charging against armed infantry 379 00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:24,680 Speaker 1: who could just stab them in their horses. That it's 380 00:25:24,720 --> 00:25:27,480 Speaker 1: just not a realistic way of how cavalry was being 381 00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:30,119 Speaker 1: used at that time. Well, not if you're not Kasim, 382 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:34,800 Speaker 1: your Pulaski, you ding Dogstan do it my way. So 383 00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:37,679 Speaker 1: written accounts of what happened are more in line with 384 00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:41,040 Speaker 1: this second version that he was scouting ahead. One of 385 00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:44,000 Speaker 1: those was from Captain John Freeman, who wrote that they 386 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,640 Speaker 1: were near a poplar tree when Pulaski quote stood up 387 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 1: in the saddle, grasped the pommel with both hands, and 388 00:25:51,640 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: with a momentary expression of disbelief, slid into the arms 389 00:25:55,800 --> 00:25:59,399 Speaker 1: of Ambrose and the staff officers, who gently laid the 390 00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:04,080 Speaker 1: unconscious form on the ground. So Ambrose in this passage 391 00:26:04,240 --> 00:26:09,360 Speaker 1: was Freeman's enslaved servant. Surgeon James Lenna of Ireland removed 392 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:11,840 Speaker 1: Pulaski from the battlefield with the help of his son 393 00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:16,000 Speaker 1: Edward and his enslaved servant Ghee. Some of them were 394 00:26:16,119 --> 00:26:19,159 Speaker 1: Lionizing accounts of Pulaski's life make it sound like the 395 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,280 Speaker 1: British knew who he was and held him in such 396 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:25,480 Speaker 1: high esteem that they allowed him to be removed rather 397 00:26:25,560 --> 00:26:30,720 Speaker 1: than bayoneting him immediately. Lena extracted the ball it is 398 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:34,840 Speaker 1: described as being in Pulaski's hip, groin or thigh, and 399 00:26:34,880 --> 00:26:38,439 Speaker 1: he dressed the wound. There is a ball mounted on 400 00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:41,480 Speaker 1: a silver candlestick that was passed down through the Lena 401 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:46,320 Speaker 1: family in the collection of the Georgia Historical Society purportedly 402 00:26:46,520 --> 00:26:51,280 Speaker 1: the grape shot that struck Kasimir Pulaski. According to accounts 403 00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:54,080 Speaker 1: from just after this happened, as well as at least 404 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:58,719 Speaker 1: one news report, Benelou had also been wounded, and he 405 00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:02,040 Speaker 1: and Pulaski were taken aboard a brig called the Wasp, 406 00:27:02,359 --> 00:27:05,760 Speaker 1: where Pulaski continued to be treated by Lena and by 407 00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: a French doctor from Dustang's fleet, but on board the 408 00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:14,119 Speaker 1: ship on October eleventh, seventeen seventy nine, Pulaski died at 409 00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: the age of thirty four. He had developed gangren and 410 00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:20,840 Speaker 1: because of the very foul smell. In Benelou's words, they 411 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:25,240 Speaker 1: were quote compelled, though reluctantly, to consign to a watery grave, 412 00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:28,639 Speaker 1: all that was now left upon earth of his beloved 413 00:27:28,720 --> 00:27:33,280 Speaker 1: and honored commander. A week later, Lincoln and Dustang were 414 00:27:33,320 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: forced to retreat, and the Siege of Savannah ended with 415 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 1: a British victory. Benelou wrote to the Continental Congress to 416 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:44,720 Speaker 1: inform them of Pulaski's death. On October twenty fifth. A 417 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:47,760 Speaker 1: month after that, the Congress resolved to erect a monument 418 00:27:47,840 --> 00:27:52,639 Speaker 1: in Pulaski's memory. On February twenty third, seventeen eighty, what 419 00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,159 Speaker 1: remained of Pulaski's Legion was incorporated with the core of 420 00:27:56,200 --> 00:28:00,480 Speaker 1: Colonel armand Marquis de la Ruerrie, and, of course, three 421 00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:04,240 Speaker 1: years later, the Revolutionary War formally ended with the Treaty 422 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: of Paris, under which King George the Third recognized the 423 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:12,880 Speaker 1: United States as an independent nation. Although Pulaski had been 424 00:28:12,920 --> 00:28:17,479 Speaker 1: regarded as arrogant and reckless and had an obviously fraught 425 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:21,600 Speaker 1: relationship with his superiors and his subordinates, it did not 426 00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:24,800 Speaker 1: take long for him to be regarded as an absolute hero, 427 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: and that regard, to be clear, that grew from things 428 00:28:28,119 --> 00:28:32,320 Speaker 1: he had actually really done. Pulaski's work with the Pulaski 429 00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,760 Speaker 1: Legion and his advocacy for the creation of an actual 430 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:39,760 Speaker 1: cavalry within the Continental Army, and then the regulations that 431 00:28:39,840 --> 00:28:42,880 Speaker 1: he created for that cavalry, are why he is sometimes 432 00:28:42,920 --> 00:28:47,240 Speaker 1: called the father of the American Cavalry. He also willingly 433 00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: fought and died for the freedom of a nation that 434 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:53,760 Speaker 1: he had literally no connections to. In the words of 435 00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:57,520 Speaker 1: Clarence A. Manning, a professor of Slavic languages and literature 436 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:01,320 Speaker 1: who died in nineteen seventy two, quote, all those men 437 00:29:01,480 --> 00:29:05,400 Speaker 1: who had grumbled at his cavalier methods of handling accounts, 438 00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:09,440 Speaker 1: or had been annoyed by his vehement outbursts as to 439 00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:13,080 Speaker 1: the needs of his troops now realized that he had 440 00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:19,640 Speaker 1: been actuated only by impetuous patriotism and enthusiasm. The city 441 00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:23,760 Speaker 1: of Charleston held a public funeral in Pulaski's honor, and 442 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 1: after the war was over, the city of Savannah started 443 00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:29,200 Speaker 1: trying to raise money for a monument to him and 444 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 1: to General Nathaniel Greene. At first, they couldn't get enough funds, 445 00:29:33,520 --> 00:29:35,920 Speaker 1: but that started to change ahead of the Marquis de 446 00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:39,240 Speaker 1: Lafayette's tour of the United States, which started in eighteen 447 00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:44,880 Speaker 1: twenty four. Lafayette lay cornerstones honoring Pulaskian green on March 448 00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:48,920 Speaker 1: twenty first, eighteen twenty five, during his visit to Savannah. 449 00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,040 Speaker 1: It took a while for these monuments to be completed, though. 450 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:56,320 Speaker 1: Pulaski's monument, which is an obelisk with Pulaski on horseback 451 00:29:56,680 --> 00:29:59,400 Speaker 1: shown in relief at the base was finished in eighteen 452 00:29:59,480 --> 00:30:05,040 Speaker 1: fifty five. A completely different account of Pulaski's death and 453 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,720 Speaker 1: burial emerged in eighteen fifty one. As this monument was 454 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,920 Speaker 1: being built, stories started to circulate that Pulaski was not 455 00:30:13,160 --> 00:30:16,280 Speaker 1: buried at sea, but under a tree on the bank 456 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 1: of a creek in Georgia. In December of eighteen fifty three, 457 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:23,680 Speaker 1: William Parker Bowen said that he had found this burial 458 00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:27,840 Speaker 1: site at Greenwich Plantation in Chatham County, which had previously 459 00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:32,840 Speaker 1: been owned by his family. Pulaski had purportedly been taken there, 460 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,760 Speaker 1: either instead of being taken aboard the Wasp, or after 461 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:41,800 Speaker 1: being removed from the Wasp. Bowen said that his grandmother 462 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:46,080 Speaker 1: and aunt had personally witnessed Pulaski's burial, and that that 463 00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:50,120 Speaker 1: story had been passed down through the family. He excavated 464 00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: a site on the property and he removed what appeared 465 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:55,680 Speaker 1: to be a complete skeleton, which was sealed in a 466 00:30:55,720 --> 00:31:00,880 Speaker 1: metal box and placed behind the monument's cornerstone. Other documents 467 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,960 Speaker 1: were put forth to support the Greenwich Plantation as Pulaski's 468 00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:09,000 Speaker 1: true burial place. One is a letter written by the 469 00:31:09,040 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: Captain of the Wasp, Samuel Bullfinch. This letter, dated October fifteenth, 470 00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:18,080 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy nine says that Bullfinch quote took on board 471 00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:21,080 Speaker 1: the Americans that was sent down, one of which died 472 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:25,000 Speaker 1: this day, and I have brought him ashore and buried him. 473 00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,800 Speaker 1: Bullfinch doesn't name this American, though, so it could have 474 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:32,160 Speaker 1: been Pulaski, meaning that earlier accounts got the date of 475 00:31:32,160 --> 00:31:35,480 Speaker 1: his death wrong, or it could have been some other 476 00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:40,680 Speaker 1: unnamed soldier who died on October fifteenth, possibly a different person. 477 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,160 Speaker 1: Another source that was put forth to substantiate this is 478 00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:50,920 Speaker 1: the pension application of Martha Milliner Phillips' widow of Eliezer Phillips, 479 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:55,720 Speaker 1: a cabinet maker who had served aboard the Wasp. Multiple 480 00:31:55,880 --> 00:31:59,720 Speaker 1: documents in this pension file referenced Pulaski, although they all 481 00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:04,440 Speaker 1: say slightly different things. One letter says Pulaski died aboard 482 00:32:04,480 --> 00:32:07,360 Speaker 1: the Wasp while it was anchored in a river not 483 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: far from Savannah, and that he was taken ashore and buried. 484 00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:16,360 Speaker 1: Supporters of the Greenwich Plantation burial site reference this letter 485 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:21,160 Speaker 1: while ignoring another letter that says that Eliezer Phillips built 486 00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:23,800 Speaker 1: the coffin when it was believed that it would be 487 00:32:23,840 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 1: needed for Pulaski's burial, which was going to take place 488 00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 1: in Charlestown, but that was before the weather kept them 489 00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:33,200 Speaker 1: from being able to actually get there and the decision 490 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:37,320 Speaker 1: was made to bury him at sea. The Greenwich supporters 491 00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: also ignore the record of Martha Milliner Phillips to herself 492 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: her own testimony about her husband's time aboard the Wasp, 493 00:32:45,880 --> 00:32:50,800 Speaker 1: which was sworn before a judge. Quote deponent saith that 494 00:32:50,960 --> 00:32:55,000 Speaker 1: the gallant Pulaski being wounded at Savannah in October seventeen 495 00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:58,200 Speaker 1: seventy nine, he was put on board said brig where 496 00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:01,920 Speaker 1: he died and was buried in the ocean between North 497 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:07,280 Speaker 1: and South Edistow. Debate about Pulaski's burial at sea or 498 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:10,560 Speaker 1: at Greenwich Plantation has been going on since the middle 499 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:16,360 Speaker 1: of the nineteenth century, with numerous very passionate arguments in speeches, articles, 500 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:21,080 Speaker 1: and eventually websites. Then, in nineteen ninety six, the Pulaski 501 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,680 Speaker 1: Monument in Savannah was badly in need of repair, and 502 00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:28,840 Speaker 1: the restoration it required offered an opportunity for DNA testing 503 00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,719 Speaker 1: on the remains, so that had the potential to answer 504 00:33:32,720 --> 00:33:38,000 Speaker 1: these questions. When the Pulaski Identification Committee issued its final 505 00:33:38,080 --> 00:33:43,960 Speaker 1: report ten years later, the questions weren't answered. Researchers had 506 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: not actually been able to extract any identifiable DNA from 507 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:51,160 Speaker 1: the bones, but the committee stated in the report that 508 00:33:51,240 --> 00:33:56,240 Speaker 1: quote strong circumstantial evidence does suggest that the remains are 509 00:33:56,240 --> 00:34:01,440 Speaker 1: Casimir Pulaski's. Additional DNA research was conducted in two thousand 510 00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:05,560 Speaker 1: and four, this time comparing mitochondrial DNA from one of 511 00:34:05,560 --> 00:34:10,280 Speaker 1: Pulaski's teeth with mitochondrial DNA from a living female relative 512 00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:16,000 Speaker 1: of Pulaski's named Anna Prasinska. According to this test, Prasinska 513 00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:19,960 Speaker 1: was not related to whoever's bones had been enclosed in 514 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:24,280 Speaker 1: the monument. Tests on samples from two other potential female 515 00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:30,080 Speaker 1: Pulaski relatives also reached the same conclusion. Researchers had already 516 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:33,080 Speaker 1: noted that the bones in the monument seemed to have 517 00:34:33,120 --> 00:34:36,239 Speaker 1: come from someone who had a small stature and spent 518 00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:38,920 Speaker 1: a lot of time on horseback, and died at an 519 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:41,759 Speaker 1: early age. Those are all things that were true of 520 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:46,440 Speaker 1: Casimir Pulaski. And then another observation came from this additional 521 00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:48,560 Speaker 1: study of the bones, and that was that they had 522 00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:51,880 Speaker 1: a number of traits that are more common in females 523 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:56,560 Speaker 1: than in males, including the shape of the pelvis. This 524 00:34:56,719 --> 00:35:00,960 Speaker 1: led to speculation that Pulaski may have been female or intersex, 525 00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:06,200 Speaker 1: possibly due to a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. No 526 00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:08,919 Speaker 1: tests have actually been done to try to confirm whether 527 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:13,120 Speaker 1: that's the case, though. Then in twenty nineteen, there was 528 00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,240 Speaker 1: another round of research on the bones and the DNA 529 00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,440 Speaker 1: within them. This is what came up on a previous 530 00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:21,600 Speaker 1: installment of an Earth and it became part of an 531 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:26,120 Speaker 1: episode of America's Hidden Stories on Smithsonian Channel titled The 532 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:30,400 Speaker 1: General Was Female. This episode walks through the basics of 533 00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:33,719 Speaker 1: Pulaski's life, including the reference to an infirmity on his 534 00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:38,000 Speaker 1: baptismal records, implying that may have been a reference to 535 00:35:38,080 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: his external genitals being ambiguous. It also discusses the contradictory 536 00:35:43,120 --> 00:35:46,680 Speaker 1: accounts of his burial and various details about the bones 537 00:35:46,719 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 1: that were buried in the monument and what they might 538 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:53,440 Speaker 1: say about that person's life. Yes, is continue to build 539 00:35:53,480 --> 00:35:57,880 Speaker 1: the idea that these are Pulaski's bones, and there are 540 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,600 Speaker 1: indications that he might have been an At the end 541 00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:06,239 Speaker 1: of the Smithsonian Channel episode, a researcher announces that additional 542 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:11,680 Speaker 1: mitochondrial DNA research has confirmed a match between a new 543 00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:15,279 Speaker 1: sample taken from a talus bone from the remains from 544 00:36:15,280 --> 00:36:20,200 Speaker 1: the Pulaski Monument and a metatarsal bone from Pulaski's maternal 545 00:36:20,360 --> 00:36:25,160 Speaker 1: great grand niece to Rasa Vitavska. That is the opposite 546 00:36:25,239 --> 00:36:27,560 Speaker 1: of what I thought they were going to say, based 547 00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:30,480 Speaker 1: on what I had concluded from all of the research 548 00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: I had done by the time I watched this Smithsonian 549 00:36:33,719 --> 00:36:36,640 Speaker 1: Channel episode. Something that happened on the very last day 550 00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:41,319 Speaker 1: of research on this episode, so that announcement seems definitive. 551 00:36:41,560 --> 00:36:46,320 Speaker 1: But Polish American historian James S. Pula published a paper 552 00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:49,359 Speaker 1: in the Polish Review in twenty twenty two in which 553 00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:52,440 Speaker 1: he noted that there's no clear chain of custody for 554 00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:55,560 Speaker 1: these new samples, which had been sent through the mail. 555 00:36:56,320 --> 00:36:59,160 Speaker 1: It's not clear how the samples were handled or whether 556 00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,560 Speaker 1: they could have been taminated. It also seems that the 557 00:37:02,600 --> 00:37:05,600 Speaker 1: researchers who carried out these tests did not have a 558 00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: clear answer for why three previous tests all failed to 559 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:12,600 Speaker 1: find a match. But that this one had a match. 560 00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:15,560 Speaker 1: Pula asked if tests were done to see if the 561 00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:18,720 Speaker 1: new sample matched the previous sample taken from the Savannah 562 00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:22,319 Speaker 1: Monument bones, and their answer was quote, the second set 563 00:37:22,320 --> 00:37:27,200 Speaker 1: of samples had some similarities with the first. Pula noted 564 00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:29,480 Speaker 1: that's not the same thing as saying that they matched. 565 00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:33,799 Speaker 1: Pula has published other work on Pulaski, including other work 566 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:37,280 Speaker 1: that was skeptical of the claims that these are his bones. 567 00:37:38,280 --> 00:37:43,200 Speaker 1: So if those bones from the monument really are Pulaski's bones, 568 00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:46,440 Speaker 1: and if he really had female anatomy, or if he 569 00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:49,440 Speaker 1: really was intersex, then he is an example of how 570 00:37:49,440 --> 00:37:52,480 Speaker 1: there have always been people whose lives and whose bodies 571 00:37:52,640 --> 00:37:57,040 Speaker 1: don't align with their society's understanding or expectations around sex 572 00:37:57,080 --> 00:38:00,920 Speaker 1: and gender. This is not a new thing at all. 573 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:04,279 Speaker 1: But if that's the case, we really don't have information 574 00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:07,080 Speaker 1: at all about how Pulaski felt about it or how 575 00:38:07,239 --> 00:38:11,560 Speaker 1: he understood himself. And it's also possible that those are 576 00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:14,759 Speaker 1: just someone else's bones and that the test results that 577 00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:18,919 Speaker 1: were announced on America's Hidden Stories are incorrect. If those 578 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:22,120 Speaker 1: results have been published somewhere and subjected to peer review, 579 00:38:22,239 --> 00:38:25,840 Speaker 1: I sure could not find it, aside from the ongoing 580 00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:29,160 Speaker 1: debates around Pulaski's burial site and whether the bones from 581 00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,520 Speaker 1: the monument are his. As we said, soon after his 582 00:38:32,640 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: death at the Siege of Savannah, he was being hailed 583 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:39,240 Speaker 1: as a hero, and he became a particularly important hero 584 00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:43,160 Speaker 1: to the Polish immigrant community in the US, especially as 585 00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,920 Speaker 1: people fled to North America after a rebellion against Russian 586 00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:51,200 Speaker 1: rules started in Poland in eighteen thirty In eighteen thirty three, 587 00:38:51,360 --> 00:38:54,279 Speaker 1: a fort on Cockspur Island off the coast of Savannah 588 00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:57,799 Speaker 1: was named in his honor. Now it is Fort Pulaski 589 00:38:57,880 --> 00:39:02,560 Speaker 1: National Monument. A lot of cities, town streets, et cetera 590 00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:05,960 Speaker 1: that are named for him. The USS Pulaski was a 591 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,640 Speaker 1: steamship that was in service from eighteen fifty eight to 592 00:39:08,719 --> 00:39:12,880 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, and then the USS Kasimir Pulaski was 593 00:39:12,920 --> 00:39:16,080 Speaker 1: a submarine that was in service from nineteen sixty four 594 00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:20,440 Speaker 1: to nineteen ninety four. During World War One, the stories 595 00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,719 Speaker 1: of Kasimir Pulaski and of Polish engineer today as Kazuko 596 00:39:24,920 --> 00:39:28,320 Speaker 1: were both used as propaganda to try to raise American 597 00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:33,279 Speaker 1: support for Poland. Kuzhuko also fought during the Revolutionary War, 598 00:39:33,560 --> 00:39:36,560 Speaker 1: and he arguably had a bigger impact on the course 599 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,200 Speaker 1: of the war than Pulaski did. He did a lot 600 00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:43,239 Speaker 1: of work that involved things like fortifications. Kashuko returned to 601 00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:46,360 Speaker 1: Poland after the war, and he died there on October fifteenth, 602 00:39:46,360 --> 00:39:51,640 Speaker 1: eighteen seventeen. Today General Pulaski Memorial Day is observed in 603 00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:56,719 Speaker 1: the US on October eleventh. Presidential proclamations about the day 604 00:39:56,840 --> 00:40:00,600 Speaker 1: often referenced Pulaski's sacrifice, as well as that of Polish 605 00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,800 Speaker 1: Americans who have served in the US Armed forces more generally. 606 00:40:04,719 --> 00:40:08,719 Speaker 1: In nineteen seventy seven, after years of advocacy, primarily by 607 00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:12,759 Speaker 1: Chicago's Polish community, the first Monday in March was also 608 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:18,040 Speaker 1: established as Kasimir Pulaski Day in Illinois. Chicago has one 609 00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:21,880 Speaker 1: of the largest concentrations of Polish people outside of Poland, 610 00:40:21,920 --> 00:40:25,480 Speaker 1: and apparently this date was chosen to avoid a collision 611 00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:29,319 Speaker 1: with the observance of Columbus Day. In nineteen eighty five, 612 00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:32,560 Speaker 1: Kasimir Pulaski Day was made a full public holiday in 613 00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:37,239 Speaker 1: Illinois rather than just a commemorative day. This change to 614 00:40:37,320 --> 00:40:41,080 Speaker 1: the holiday's status happened alongside the establishment of Martin Luther 615 00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:44,319 Speaker 1: King Junior Day as a federal holiday in nineteen eighty 616 00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:48,680 Speaker 1: three that went into effect in nineteen eighty six. In 617 00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:51,800 Speaker 1: two thousand and nine, Kasimir Pulaski became one of only 618 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:56,160 Speaker 1: eight people to be given honorary US citizenship. This was 619 00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:59,480 Speaker 1: sponsored by Illinois Senator Richard Durbin with a lot of 620 00:40:59,520 --> 00:41:03,359 Speaker 1: coastbind and it was passed by unanimous consent. It was 621 00:41:03,840 --> 00:41:07,439 Speaker 1: signed by President Barack Obama on November sixth of that year. 622 00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,480 Speaker 1: You're thinking it seems a little odd to give people 623 00:41:10,920 --> 00:41:15,680 Speaker 1: citizenship posthumously. Only a couple of the people who have 624 00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:21,520 Speaker 1: received honorary US citizenship were alive when it happened, So 625 00:41:21,520 --> 00:41:25,320 Speaker 1: that's Casmir Polaski. Do you have some a live listener mail? 626 00:41:25,760 --> 00:41:28,719 Speaker 1: I do have a live listener mail. This is from Rosalie, 627 00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:32,719 Speaker 1: and Rosalie wrote after we were talking about Peter Kerpotkin 628 00:41:32,960 --> 00:41:35,840 Speaker 1: being in prison and getting dark at three o'clock in 629 00:41:35,840 --> 00:41:39,680 Speaker 1: the afternoon, So Rosalie wrote, Hi, Holly and Tracy, I 630 00:41:39,719 --> 00:41:41,719 Speaker 1: saved up maybe a few too many episodes from my 631 00:41:41,840 --> 00:41:45,400 Speaker 1: recent half marathon and now I'm a touch behind. Thanks 632 00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:47,680 Speaker 1: for not making me cry this year with the topics 633 00:41:47,719 --> 00:41:50,799 Speaker 1: while I was racing, which happens sometimes. You're still my 634 00:41:50,880 --> 00:41:53,400 Speaker 1: favorite hang while running long distance, so it's worth the 635 00:41:53,520 --> 00:41:56,719 Speaker 1: risk anyway. All that to say in your behind the 636 00:41:56,719 --> 00:42:00,239 Speaker 1: scenes for Peter Kerpotkin, Tracy mentioned the early sunsets in 637 00:42:00,280 --> 00:42:03,120 Speaker 1: New England. I'm prepping for my summer job at the 638 00:42:03,160 --> 00:42:06,600 Speaker 1: Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Whole, Massachusetts, and I have 639 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:10,360 Speaker 1: to give some hate to the early summer sunrises. Bird 640 00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:13,560 Speaker 1: chorus gets started at four feels like and I am 641 00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:16,120 Speaker 1: never ready, especially after a night up in the lab 642 00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:18,319 Speaker 1: until two am. I tell all the students to bring 643 00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:21,200 Speaker 1: a good imask for the pet section. I'm sad to 644 00:42:21,239 --> 00:42:24,480 Speaker 1: report that my beloved Rufus passed on after about nineteen 645 00:42:24,520 --> 00:42:27,800 Speaker 1: wonderful years. Ed is still a menace, but he's our menace. 646 00:42:28,320 --> 00:42:30,120 Speaker 1: Not sure when I'll be ready for another cat, but 647 00:42:30,160 --> 00:42:32,960 Speaker 1: we had the opportunity to rescue the world's sweetest dog 648 00:42:33,280 --> 00:42:36,200 Speaker 1: and he's actually been helping my heart. Still waiting for 649 00:42:36,239 --> 00:42:39,200 Speaker 1: his name to come to us. Pictured his dog ed 650 00:42:39,280 --> 00:42:42,320 Speaker 1: on his poof and Rufus in one of our last snugs. 651 00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:46,120 Speaker 1: Thanks for all the miles, Rosalie, Well, thank you Rosalie 652 00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:49,279 Speaker 1: for this email, and thank you for these great pet pictures. 653 00:42:49,880 --> 00:42:53,520 Speaker 1: I love them so much. I'm sorry for your loss 654 00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:57,960 Speaker 1: of rufus. I wanted to thank you for the reminder 655 00:42:58,040 --> 00:43:02,480 Speaker 1: that I needed to replace my imasks because I lose them. 656 00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:06,759 Speaker 1: They get lost while traveling, they like fall down and 657 00:43:06,760 --> 00:43:09,120 Speaker 1: get kicked under the bed, and then the cats kick 658 00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:12,239 Speaker 1: them farther under the bed, the various things that I 659 00:43:12,320 --> 00:43:15,799 Speaker 1: just I am great at losing imasks, and they are 660 00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:19,920 Speaker 1: a wonderful, wonderful help. When the sun is coming up 661 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,719 Speaker 1: so early in Massachusetts, and it would be even a 662 00:43:22,760 --> 00:43:25,440 Speaker 1: little bit earlier at woods Hole than at my house, 663 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:27,719 Speaker 1: I would rather deal with the sun coming up with 664 00:43:27,719 --> 00:43:29,680 Speaker 1: it in an emask. It's kind of the same thing 665 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:32,280 Speaker 1: that makes me not like wearing earbuds. I just don't wait, sure, 666 00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:36,040 Speaker 1: it makes me crazy. I can't sleep right. Yeah, yeah, 667 00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:39,400 Speaker 1: I understand. I keep finding imasks and going why do 668 00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:41,880 Speaker 1: I have so many imss? So I should start shipping 669 00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:45,120 Speaker 1: them to you. My best guess is going to be 670 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:50,880 Speaker 1: red eye flights. Sometimes they are handed out exactly. And yeah, 671 00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:54,920 Speaker 1: I I do sleep a whole lot better in the 672 00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:58,000 Speaker 1: summertime in Massachusetts when I have an imask one because 673 00:43:58,040 --> 00:44:02,560 Speaker 1: otherwise the sunlight wakes me up up very early. We 674 00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:04,759 Speaker 1: currently have a cat who is having to wear a 675 00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:06,920 Speaker 1: donut and she cannot. We have a little thing that 676 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:10,160 Speaker 1: keeps the door to the bedroom partially open. She cannot 677 00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:12,239 Speaker 1: get in and out through it with the donut on, 678 00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:14,200 Speaker 1: so we have to leave the door wide open, and 679 00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:18,400 Speaker 1: that just brings another source of sunlight from a window 680 00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:24,239 Speaker 1: into the room and it is like full daylight. Uh yeah, 681 00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:28,680 Speaker 1: even with our even with our lined blinds that keep 682 00:44:28,719 --> 00:44:31,680 Speaker 1: the other windows darker. So thank you again for this 683 00:44:31,840 --> 00:44:35,120 Speaker 1: email and these pictures. If you would like to send 684 00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:38,560 Speaker 1: us a note, we're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com. 685 00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:40,799 Speaker 1: If you would like to see the research that went 686 00:44:40,840 --> 00:44:42,840 Speaker 1: into this episode, all of our show notes, that's on 687 00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:46,080 Speaker 1: our our website which is at missinhistory dot com. And 688 00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:48,600 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app 689 00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:56,640 Speaker 1: and anywhere else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff 690 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:59,440 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 691 00:44:59,719 --> 00:45:04,399 Speaker 1: From podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 692 00:45:04,520 --> 00:45:06,520 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.