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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V.

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Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye.

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Speaker 2: Not long ago, we talked about the Insular Cases, and

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Speaker 2: I mentioned that there was one particular case that I

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Speaker 2: wanted to spend more time on. I'd kind of done

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Speaker 2: the thing where I was like, I wish this whole

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Speaker 2: episode were about this one case that was Gonzalas versus Williams,

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Speaker 2: which the US Supreme Court decided in nineteen oh four.

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Speaker 2: So some scholars consider this to be one of the

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Speaker 2: Insular cases.

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Speaker 1: Others don't.

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Speaker 2: There are just lots of different ways of grouping and

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Speaker 2: looking at all those decisions. There were a couple of

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Speaker 2: reasons why it really caught my attention while I was

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Speaker 2: researching that earlier episode. One is that most of the

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Speaker 2: Insular cases were about goods and tariffs, the first ones

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Speaker 2: to be decided, or some times called the Insular tariff cases.

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Speaker 2: That's how much the focus was on tariffs. This one, though,

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Speaker 2: was not about goods. It was about a person and

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Speaker 2: her family. And this was also the first time that

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Speaker 2: the Supreme Court really looked at the question of Puerto

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Speaker 2: Rican's citizenship status. Although as we were going to talk

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Speaker 2: about they looked at the question, they didn't decide on

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Speaker 2: an answer to it.

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Speaker 1: So we're not going to go back over the entirety

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Speaker 1: of the insular cases since our episode on those came

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Speaker 1: out just a few weeks ago, but just for a

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Speaker 1: brief refresher, this was a collection of US Supreme Court

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Speaker 1: cases decided after the Spanish American War related to territory

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Speaker 1: that the US had acquired in the Caribbean and the

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Speaker 1: Pacific at the time. That included Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam, Hawaii,

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Speaker 1: and part of the Samoan Archipelago.

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Speaker 2: Prior to this, whenever the United States acquired new territory,

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Speaker 2: it was just taken for granted that that territory would

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Speaker 2: ultimately become one or more states. But these court decisions

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Speaker 2: established the idea that, unlike all the other territory that

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Speaker 2: the US had acquired before these islands were unincorporated, their

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Speaker 2: status as a territory was not a temporary stop on

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Speaker 2: the way to becoming a state. They could remain territories indefinitely.

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Speaker 2: They belonged to the United States, but were not fully

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Speaker 2: part of it, The Court described these territories as home

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Speaker 2: to quote, alien races, and their citizens were not considered

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Speaker 2: US citizens or entitled to all the same constitutional rights

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Speaker 2: that US citizens were.

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Speaker 1: The first batch of insular cases was decided in nineteen

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Speaker 1: oh one, and the cases that followed continued to revise

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Speaker 1: and clarify how the Court interpreted the status of these

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Speaker 1: territories and the people who lived there. Gonzales versus Williams

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Speaker 1: was decided in nineteen oh four and it involved the

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Speaker 1: case of Isabelle Gonzalez, who had been born in Puerto

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Speaker 1: Rico in eighteen eighty two. When Isabel was born, Puerto

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Speaker 1: Rico was under Spanish control, and Spain made a distinction

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Speaker 1: between peninsulares or people born on the Iberian Peninsula, and creolos,

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Speaker 1: or people of Spanish descent born in its colonies. People

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Speaker 1: born in Puerto Rico were considered Spanish subjects unless their

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Speaker 1: father was a Spanish citizen, either born on the peninsula

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Speaker 1: or nationalized.

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Speaker 2: The Spanish American War took place when Isabel Gonzalez was

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Speaker 2: about sixteen, and after the war ended, Spain seeded Puerto

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Speaker 2: Rico to the United States. The US also gained control

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Speaker 2: of Guam and the Philippines, and Cuba became an independent nation,

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Speaker 2: although it was initially occupied by the United States. The

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Speaker 2: Treaty of Peace between Spain and the US that formally

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Speaker 2: ended this war was very careful in how it talked

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Speaker 2: about the people who were living in what had been

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Speaker 2: Spanish territory. Spanish subjects who were native to the peninsula

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Speaker 2: and were living in the seeded territory were allowed to

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Speaker 2: stay and retain all their property in business, and to

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Speaker 2: retain their Spanish citizenship if they declared their intent to

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Speaker 2: do so in court within a year, but quote the

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Speaker 2: civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of

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Speaker 2: the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be

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Speaker 2: determined by the Congress. Congress didn't determine the civil rights

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Speaker 2: and political status of the native inhabitants of those territories

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Speaker 2: right away, though. In terms of Puerto Rico, President William

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Speaker 2: McKinley signed the Forker Act or the Organic Act of

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Speaker 2: nineteen hundred into law on April second of nineteen hundred.

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Speaker 2: The Foriker Act came up in our episode on the

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Speaker 2: Insular Cases because one of its provisions was a tariff

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Speaker 2: on goods moving between Puerto Rico and the United States,

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Speaker 2: so in that case, the Supreme Court was looking at

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Speaker 2: the whether that tariff was constitutional. The Forker Act also

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Speaker 2: set up a civilian government for Puerto Rico, and in

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Speaker 2: section seven the Act read quote, all inhabitants continuing to

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Speaker 2: reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day

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Speaker 2: of April eighteen hundred and ninety nine, and then resided

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Speaker 2: in Puerto Rico, and their children born subsequent there too,

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Speaker 2: shall be deemed and held to be citizens of Puerto Rico,

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Speaker 2: and as such entitled to the protection of the United States.

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Speaker 2: Accept such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance

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Speaker 2: to the Crown of Spain on or before the eleventh

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Speaker 2: day of April nineteen hundred, in accordance with the provisions

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Speaker 2: of the Treaty of Peace between the United States and

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Speaker 2: Spain entered into on the eleventh day of April eighteen

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Speaker 2: hundred and ninety nine, And they, together with such citizens

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Speaker 2: of the United States as may reside in Puerto Rico,

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Speaker 2: shall constitute a body politic under the name of the

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Speaker 2: People of Puerto Rico, with governmental powers as hereafter conferred,

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Speaker 2: and with power to sue and be sued as such.

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Speaker 2: In other words, when the Four Car Act went into effect,

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Speaker 2: Isabelle Gonzalez was legally a citizen of Puerto Rico, but

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Speaker 2: the law didn't actually say that citizens of Puerto Rico

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Speaker 2: were also citizens of the United States, just that they

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Speaker 2: were entitled to the protection of the United States. Like

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Speaker 2: it didn't specifically say they weren't citizens either, there was

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Speaker 2: a vagueness to this. In nineteen hundred, shortly before she

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Speaker 2: turned eighteen, Isabelle Gonzalez married Jose Caballero. They had a

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Speaker 2: daughter together, who they named Dolores. But then in nineteen

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Speaker 2: oh two, Jose died of tuberculosis, and when he died,

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Speaker 2: Isabel was pregnant with their second child. The sequence of

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Speaker 2: events that followed is a little tricky to piece together

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Speaker 2: because there's court testimony and personal documents and family lore

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Speaker 2: that all contradict one another at some points, but it

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Speaker 2: is clear that Isabel Gonzalez didn't think she was going

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Speaker 2: to be able to support herself and her children by herself.

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Speaker 2: Her mother was facing financial hardship as well. Isabel's brother

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Speaker 2: Luis had already gone to New York to try to

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Speaker 2: find better paying work so he could send money back

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Speaker 2: to her. Either Isabel decided to join her brother in

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Speaker 2: Staten Island with the hope of finding a better paying

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Speaker 2: job there, or she was planning to marry a man

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Speaker 2: named Adolfo Vignals, who had moved to New York ahead

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Speaker 2: of her to find a job and a place to

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Speaker 2: live before she arrived. Either way, Isabel left her daughter

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Speaker 2: with her mother and sailed to New York in nineteen

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Speaker 2: oh two, at the age of twenty. When she set sail,

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Speaker 2: Puerto Ricans were generally being allowed to travel freely between

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Speaker 2: Puerto Rico and the United States, but while she was

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Speaker 2: on the way to New York, the US Treasury Department

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Speaker 2: issued new guidelines for arriving Puerto Ricans, specifically that they

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Speaker 2: were quote subject to the same examinations as are enforced

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Speaker 2: against people from countries over which the United States claims

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Speaker 2: no right of sovereignty, so the examinations being referenced there

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Speaker 2: fell under the Immigration Act of eighteen ninety one. This

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Speaker 2: law had established the office of Superintendent of Immigration, who

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Speaker 2: was an officer of the Treasury Department. If you were thinking,

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Speaker 2: why was the Treasury Department having anything to do with this.

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Speaker 2: That's why this law required the commanding officers of arriving

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Speaker 2: vessels to report the name, nationality, last residence, and destination

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Speaker 2: of any quote aliens on board. The law empowered inspection

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Speaker 2: officers to remove people from the ships for examination and

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Speaker 2: to detain them, and it also made the Marine Hospital

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Speaker 2: Service responsible for any medical examinations. This law stated that

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Speaker 2: quote the following classes of aliens shall be excluded from

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Speaker 2: admission into the United States in accordance with the existing

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Speaker 2: acts regulating immigration, other than those concerning Chinese laborers.

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Speaker 1: These terms are outdated. Heads up all idiots, insane persons,

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Speaker 1: paupers or persons likely to become a public charge, persons

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Speaker 1: suffering from a loathsome or a dangerous contagious disease, persons

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Speaker 1: who have been convicted of a felony or other infamous

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Speaker 1: crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, and polygamists. The law

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Speaker 1: also barred anyone whose passage had been paid for by

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Speaker 1: someone else, with certain exceptions. The law specified that people

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Speaker 1: attempting to enter the US unlawfully would ideally be sent

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Speaker 1: back on the same ship that they had arrived on.

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Speaker 2: As the Bell Gonzalez was refused entry into the United

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Speaker 2: States because officials thought she was likely to become a

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Speaker 2: public charge, and she was detained at Ellis Island. We

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Speaker 2: will have more on that after a sponsor break. In

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Speaker 2: addition to the new policies treating Puerto Ricans as aliens

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Speaker 2: at port, when Isabel Gonzalez arrived in New York in

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Speaker 2: August of nineteen oh two, the Port of New York

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Speaker 2: had a newly appointed Commissioner of Immigration that was William Williams.

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Speaker 2: Williams was aggressive about turning people away, and in his

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Speaker 2: first year in office, he doubled the number of people

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Speaker 2: who were excluded at Ellis Island. In particular, he was

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Speaker 2: really focused on people he deemed likely to become a

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Speaker 2: public charge. He ordered that anyone who was found to

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Speaker 2: be traveling with less than ten dollars should face additional scrutiny.

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Speaker 2: Women who were pregnant and unmarried faced additional scrutiny as well,

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Speaker 2: and single women were allowed entry only if a family

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Speaker 2: member came to the port to get them. A lot

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Speaker 2: of accounts say that Isabel Gonzalez tried to avoid problems

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Speaker 2: at port by making sure that she had eleven dollars

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Speaker 2: with her and making arrangements ahead of time for her

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Speaker 2: family to pick her up when she arrived. It is

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Speaker 2: certainly possible that she did both of those things, but

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Speaker 2: since Puerto Ricans weren't being treated as aliens at port

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Speaker 2: when she left, it's not as clear that she made

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Speaker 2: these arrangements because she was anticipating potential problems. Regardless, even

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Speaker 2: if she did this, these steps were not enough to

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Speaker 2: offset the fact that she was Puerto Rican, unmarried, and

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Speaker 2: visibly pregnant, and she was detained when she arrived at

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Speaker 2: Ellis Island on August fourth, nineteen oh two. Her case

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Speaker 2: was sent to the Board of Special Inquiry, which held

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Speaker 2: hearings for people whose immigration status was ambiguous or complicated

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Speaker 2: in some way. The board usually held these hearings really quickly,

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Speaker 2: but they were not public and most people didn't have

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Speaker 2: any kind of opportunity for legal representation. Gonzalez's first hearing

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Speaker 2: was the next day, and her uncle, Domingo Coyazzo and

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Speaker 2: her brother Luis Gonzalez were both there. Coaso had married

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Speaker 2: the Gonzalez aunt, Armina, and he had a long history

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Speaker 2: as an activist prior to the Spanish American War. Puerto

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Speaker 2: Ricans and Cubans had come together to advocate for greater

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Speaker 2: autonomy from Spain, and Coyoso had been one of those activists,

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Speaker 2: including working in Cuba as a publisher and organizer and

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Speaker 2: joining the Cuban Revolutionary Party. After the Spanish American War,

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Speaker 2: Cuba had become independent, and many Puerto Rican activists, like

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Speaker 2: Cyazo had turned their focus toward advocating for Puerto Rican statehood,

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Speaker 2: believing that was the best way to secure more political autonomy.

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Speaker 2: Coyaso's work as an activist had also connected him to

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Speaker 2: Afro Puerto Rican activist and collector Arturo Alfonso Schomberg. We

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Speaker 2: covered him on the show in twenty twenty one. Gonzalez's

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Speaker 2: hearing on August fifth was the first of several, and

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Speaker 2: there were some patterns among all of them. US investigators

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Speaker 2: based a lot of their questions and their conclusions on

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Speaker 2: stereotypes and racist assumptions about Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans.

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Speaker 2: Like a lot of Americans saw Puerto Ricans as lazy

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Speaker 2: and promiscuous, so there was a big focus on Gonzalez's

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Speaker 2: marital status and whether or not she was capable of

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Speaker 2: being a good mother. Also, a lot of focus on

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Speaker 2: whether her male relatives could or would support her. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 2: Gonzales and her family saw her attention at Ellis Island

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Speaker 2: as an insult to her honor. Some of their statements

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Speaker 2: that these hearings come across as trying to say whatever

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Speaker 2: they thought would work to get her released and back

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Speaker 2: with her family, even if they were stretching the truth

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Speaker 2: a bit to do it. Another thing to note here

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Speaker 2: is that Isabel gave birth less than two weeks after

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Speaker 2: she was released, so it's also likely that her family

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Speaker 2: so her pregnancy as a motivation to just get her

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Speaker 2: out of detention as quickly as possible. In that first hearing,

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Speaker 2: Gonzalez's uncle and brother focused on the reason she had

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Speaker 2: been given for being detained, that she was likely to

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Speaker 2: become a public charge. They explained that the father of

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Speaker 2: her first child had died, and they described Adolpho Vignal's

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Speaker 2: not as her fiance, but as her husband. They said

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Speaker 2: he wasn't at this hearing because he had to work,

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Speaker 2: so there's a reason for us not to be there,

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Speaker 2: and also that he had a job. Koyazo said that

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Speaker 2: he would take care of Gonzalez if for some reason

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Speaker 2: Vinals could not Koyazo was a printer and made twenty

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Speaker 2: five dollars a week, But the board didn't really seem

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Speaker 2: to believe any of these arguments, and they really insisted

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Speaker 2: that if Gonzalez was married, her husband should be the

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Speaker 2: person to come for her. Two days later, Isabel's aunt

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Speaker 2: Ermina testified before the board, once again saying that her husband, Domingoko,

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Speaker 2: was making twenty five dollars a week and that they

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Speaker 2: would make sure that Isabel was taken care of. This time,

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Speaker 2: the board criticized Ermina for coming by herself. Ermina also

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Speaker 2: had a job, but.

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Speaker 1: The investigators didn't seem to care about her financial contributions

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Speaker 1: to the household or how it could help make sure

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Speaker 1: Isabel did not become a public charge. Then Isabel's brother

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Speaker 1: Luis made another appearance before the board, and this time

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Speaker 1: he tried to make an argument that was based on

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Speaker 1: an established idea in Spanish law, but which American investigators

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Speaker 1: did not find convincing at all. That's the idea of rapto,

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Speaker 1: which could encompass both seduction and abandonment under the Spanish

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Speaker 1: laws that had previously applied in Puerto Rico. If a

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Speaker 1: man seduced a woman under the promise of marriage but

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Speaker 1: then did not marry her, her family could press charges,

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Speaker 1: and that if he was convicted, he could be ordered

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Speaker 1: to either marry her or to pay a fine and

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Speaker 1: serve prison sentence. Luis said that as soon as his

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Speaker 1: sister was released, their family was going to take her

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Speaker 1: to the church to be married, but the board was

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Speaker 1: really opposed to this idea, that there was a man

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Speaker 1: who was going to be forced to get married without

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Speaker 1: his consent. Finally, on August eighteenth, nineteen oh two, Domingo

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Speaker 1: Cuyazzo swore out a petition of habeas corpus, which attorney

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Speaker 1: Charles E. Labarbier filed with the US Circuit Court for

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Speaker 1: the Southern District of New York. Isabel Gonzalez was paroled

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Speaker 1: pending the Circuit Court's decision, and on September one, nineteen

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Speaker 1: oh two, she gave birth to a daughter named Ava.

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Speaker 1: On the birth certificate, Isabel's name is listed as Isabel

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Speaker 1: Vignal's and Ava's father is listed as Adolpho Vignal's, a mechanic.

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Speaker 1: On October seventh, nineteen oh two, a judge issued the

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Speaker 1: Circuit Court's decision regarding Isabel Gonzalez's status that she was

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Speaker 1: quote by birth, an alien, and since she had not

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Speaker 1: been naturalized, she was still an alien. This meant that

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Speaker 1: the Treasury Department could continue to treat Puerto Ricans as

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Speaker 1: aliens at port. That's something that the Department also applied

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Speaker 1: to Filipinos shortly after this decision came out. But since

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Speaker 1: she was now married to Adolpho Vignal's immigration officials really

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Speaker 1: no longer had any cause to refuse her entry into

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Speaker 1: the United States. A lot of the writing about these

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Speaker 1: hearings and the Supreme Court case that followed make Isabel

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Speaker 1: Gonzalez sound sort of like a passive participant, with various

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Speaker 1: officials trying to keep her out of the US and

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00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:46,159
Speaker 1: lawyers and family members making arguments on her behalf. But

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Speaker 1: at this point she could have dropped this whole issue

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Speaker 1: since she was now in the US. Instead, she tried

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Speaker 1: to use her experience to prove that all Puerto Ricans

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00:17:56,080 --> 00:17:59,760
Speaker 1: should be considered US citizens, and that meant taking this

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Speaker 1: to the Supreme Court.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, we don't have like a lot of personal reflections

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00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:06,119
Speaker 2: from her that I know of, but there is a

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00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,160
Speaker 2: lot of evidence that she was like the active instigator

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Speaker 2: of this effort to bring citizenship to everyone in Puerto Rico,

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00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:16,119
Speaker 2: and we will have more on that after a sponsor break.

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00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,600
Speaker 2: Isabelle Gonzalez's detention and the Circuit court decision about her

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00:18:29,640 --> 00:18:34,080
Speaker 2: citizenship status caught the attention of Federico Degata, a Gonzalez

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00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:36,680
Speaker 2: who was born in Puerto Rico and then studied law

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Speaker 2: in Madrid. Like Isabelle's uncle Domingo Cliazzo, Degato had been

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00:18:42,560 --> 00:18:46,439
Speaker 2: an advocate for Puerto Rican self government and autonomy prior

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Speaker 2: to the Spanish American War that included traveling back to

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00:18:50,359 --> 00:18:54,440
Speaker 2: Spain in pursuit of that goal. The Fouricker Act had

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00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:59,000
Speaker 2: granted Puerto Rico one non voting representative in Congress that

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Speaker 2: was a Commissioner to the House. Federico Degato was the

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00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:06,119
Speaker 2: first person elected to that role, and he was serving

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00:19:06,160 --> 00:19:10,120
Speaker 2: as commissioner as all of this was happening. One part

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00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:13,840
Speaker 2: of Degato's campaign platform had been the idea that Puerto

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00:19:13,920 --> 00:19:17,480
Speaker 2: Ricans were already US citizens and needed to be acknowledged

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00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:20,840
Speaker 2: as such. Once he was in Washington, d C. He

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00:19:20,880 --> 00:19:24,280
Speaker 2: had started aggressively looking for ways to push this issue.

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00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:27,360
Speaker 2: He kept an eye out for court cases or other

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Speaker 2: legal action involving Puerto Ricans, and his office fielded calls

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Speaker 2: from Puerto Ricans in the Caribbean and in North America

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00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:38,960
Speaker 2: about issues related to their civil rights. For his own part,

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00:19:39,080 --> 00:19:42,719
Speaker 2: he tried to apply for a US passport, which in theory,

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Speaker 2: would have identified him as a US citizen once it

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00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:50,520
Speaker 2: was issued. Ultimately, the US passed legislation allowing residents of

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Speaker 2: the insular territories to be issued US passports, but ones

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Speaker 2: that did not identify them as US citizens.

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Speaker 1: During his efforts to get a passport, Degato had been

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00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:05,800
Speaker 1: connected to the law firm of Frederick R. Kudair Junior,

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00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:10,600
Speaker 1: who specialized in international law. Kudair's father was also a

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00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:13,480
Speaker 1: prominent lawyer, and both of them were really well connected

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Speaker 1: in Washington, d c. And New York. Kudair had been

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Speaker 1: one of the attorneys on two of the first insular cases,

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Speaker 1: Delima versus Bidwell and Downs versus Bidwell. He had been

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Speaker 1: representing people who were suing George R. Bidwell, collector of

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Speaker 1: the Port of New York, for charging import duties on

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00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:36,159
Speaker 1: goods that had been imported from Puerto Rico. So it

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00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:39,720
Speaker 1: makes total sense that both Kudair and Degato would be

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Speaker 1: interested in Gonzalez's case and in the possibility of taking

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Speaker 1: it to the Supreme Court. Degato had even been protesting

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Speaker 1: against the treatment of Puerto Ricans's aliens at US ports

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00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:55,680
Speaker 1: of entry while Gonzalez was being detained. Kudair and Degato

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Speaker 1: joined Paul Fuller and Charles E. Labarbier, who had been

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Speaker 1: involved in the Corpus petition.

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Speaker 2: Briefs in the case of Isabel Gonzales versus William Williams,

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00:21:05,840 --> 00:21:08,800
Speaker 2: United States Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York,

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00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,160
Speaker 2: were submitted to the Supreme Court in late nineteen oh three.

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Speaker 2: By that point, Isabel's brother Luis had brought their mother

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00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,359
Speaker 2: and their younger sisters to New York from Puerto Rico,

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00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:22,800
Speaker 2: and they had also brought Isabel's youngest daughter, Dolores.

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Speaker 1: Gonzalez's legal team did not try to argue that Puerto

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00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:30,520
Speaker 1: Ricans were fundamentally entitled to the same constitutional rights as

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00:21:30,560 --> 00:21:35,199
Speaker 1: white male citizens of the continental United States. Instead, they

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00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:39,360
Speaker 1: cited a whole array of previous decisions related to citizenship

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Speaker 1: and who was entitled to it, and cases that upheld

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00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:47,160
Speaker 1: limits on the rights of citizenship, including dread Scott versus Sandford,

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00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:51,120
Speaker 1: which had decided that enslaved Africans and their descendants were

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00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:55,520
Speaker 1: not and could not be citizens. That decision was overturned

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00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:59,119
Speaker 1: by the fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, and they also

349
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:04,160
Speaker 1: argued that their could not be an American alien. We

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00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,119
Speaker 1: should note that this legal team was not arguing broadly

351
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Speaker 1: on behalf of all the residents of all the insular territories.

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Speaker 1: They were focused only on the citizenship status of Puerto Ricans.

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Speaker 1: This was in part because the idea of citizenship for

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00:22:19,359 --> 00:22:22,760
Speaker 1: Filipinos was incredibly contentious. As we talked about in our

355
00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:26,560
Speaker 1: episode on the insular cases, if Filipinos became US citizens,

356
00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:30,439
Speaker 1: roughly ten percent of the US population would then be Filipino,

357
00:22:31,240 --> 00:22:34,600
Speaker 1: where a lot of people found that idea incredibly threatening,

358
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:39,920
Speaker 1: largely because of racism and prejudice. Gonzalez's lawyers also did

359
00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:42,480
Speaker 1: not try to argue that all citizens were entitled to

360
00:22:42,520 --> 00:22:47,080
Speaker 1: the same rights and status through citizenship. For example, women

361
00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:50,200
Speaker 1: could be US citizens but did not have a constitutional

362
00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:53,880
Speaker 1: right to vote. Children were citizens but had very few

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00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:57,680
Speaker 1: political rights. They were basically building an argument that there

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00:22:57,760 --> 00:23:00,640
Speaker 1: was already room for Puerto Ricans to be city within

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00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:04,320
Speaker 1: the definitions of citizen that the United States was already using,

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00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:08,320
Speaker 1: but then making Puerto Rican citizens would not necessarily confer

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00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:11,160
Speaker 1: any rights beyond what they were already considered to have.

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00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:15,880
Speaker 1: They made comparisons to other imperial powers that similarly had

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00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:20,280
Speaker 1: different classes of citizenship for different groups of people. I

370
00:23:20,359 --> 00:23:23,879
Speaker 1: found a lot of this really hard to read. Of course,

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00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:29,919
Speaker 1: just as one example, Kud's treatment of indigenous people in

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00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:33,200
Speaker 1: these arguments could be really dismissive and inaccurate. He sort

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00:23:33,240 --> 00:23:37,320
Speaker 1: of portrayed them as scattered bands whose disappearance in the

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00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:41,320
Speaker 1: face of westward expansion was inevitable, and then compared that

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00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:45,080
Speaker 1: to Puerto Rico's established population of almost a million people.

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00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:48,480
Speaker 1: So the argument was, of course Puerto.

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00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,080
Speaker 2: Ricans should become citizens, there were hundreds of thousands of

378
00:23:52,119 --> 00:23:56,000
Speaker 2: them in Puerto Rico, but indigenous people in the continental

379
00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:59,000
Speaker 2: US didn't need to be citizens in this argument because

380
00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:01,800
Speaker 2: they were part of other sovereign nations and kind of

381
00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:05,040
Speaker 2: disappearing anyway. It was just there's just a thread through

382
00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:07,800
Speaker 2: a lot of it that's like, yeah, it's fine for

383
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:12,160
Speaker 2: citizens to not actually be equal. Here's all the ways

384
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:17,040
Speaker 2: that were already not treating all citizens equally at this point,

385
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:20,080
Speaker 2: most indigenous people were not considered citizens.

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Speaker 1: And that's fine. Yeah, it hurt me a little. Yeah.

387
00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:29,159
Speaker 1: In an amicus brief, Federico Digato approached the idea of

388
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:33,520
Speaker 1: citizenship for Puerto Ricans from a broader and more personal level.

389
00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:37,439
Speaker 1: He walked through the transfer of Puerto Rico from Spain

390
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,920
Speaker 1: to the United States and argued that by the passage

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00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:44,800
Speaker 1: of the Foricker Act, Puerto Ricans had acquired citizenship and

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00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,480
Speaker 1: been incorporated into the same body politic as those who

393
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:53,200
Speaker 1: were already American citizens. He referenced his own role representing

394
00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:55,919
Speaker 1: Puerto Rico in the House, noting that he could not

395
00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:59,320
Speaker 1: represent the US citizens living in Puerto Rico if he

396
00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:03,240
Speaker 1: were in alien. He also referenced his own admission to

397
00:25:03,280 --> 00:25:07,200
Speaker 1: the Supreme Court Bar, something that was at least theoretically

398
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:11,879
Speaker 1: only open to US citizens. Yeah, he's sort of like,

399
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:14,920
Speaker 1: you admitted me to the Supreme Court bar. You only

400
00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:17,440
Speaker 1: do that for citizens, So I must be a citizen.

401
00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:21,760
Speaker 1: Solicitor General Henry M. Hoyt argued on behalf of the

402
00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:25,320
Speaker 1: United States, and his argument as summed up as quote,

403
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,919
Speaker 1: a pellant is not a citizen and is to be

404
00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:31,280
Speaker 1: regarded as an alien within the meaning of the immigration laws.

405
00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:34,359
Speaker 1: It is conceded that the people of Puerto Rico are

406
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,280
Speaker 1: connected with this government by a certain tie distinguishing them

407
00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:43,000
Speaker 1: from other ordinary foreigners, that they may be nationals. But

408
00:25:43,080 --> 00:25:47,560
Speaker 1: this does not operate to confer citizenship. Must Congress have

409
00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:50,840
Speaker 1: intended that all who were not aliens in the strict

410
00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:54,960
Speaker 1: and unrelieved sense should escape the immigration laws, or all

411
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:57,960
Speaker 1: that who were not citizens should be subject to them.

412
00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:01,600
Speaker 1: The solution of the controversy is dependent solely upon the

413
00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:06,040
Speaker 1: proper construction of the law. The Supreme Court heard oral

414
00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:09,280
Speaker 1: arguments in December of nineteen oh three and issued its

415
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:14,639
Speaker 1: unanimous decision on January fourth, nineteen oh four. The opinion,

416
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:18,400
Speaker 1: authored by Chief Justice Melville Fuller, read, in part quote,

417
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,000
Speaker 1: Gonzalez was a native inhabitant of Puerto Rico and a

418
00:26:22,040 --> 00:26:25,560
Speaker 1: Spanish subject, though not of the peninsula when the Session

419
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:29,159
Speaker 1: transferred her allegiance to the United States, and she was

420
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,360
Speaker 1: a citizen of Puerto Rico under the Act. And there

421
00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:35,639
Speaker 1: was nothing expressed in the Act, nor reasonably to be

422
00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:40,159
Speaker 1: implied therefrom to indicate the intention of Congress that citizens

423
00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:43,280
Speaker 1: of Puerto Rico should be considered as aliens and the

424
00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:47,159
Speaker 1: right of free access denied to them, But the Court

425
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:50,200
Speaker 1: didn't offer an answer to the question of whether Puerto

426
00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:54,000
Speaker 1: Ricans were US citizens, going on to say, quote, we

427
00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:57,280
Speaker 1: are not required to discuss the power of Congress in

428
00:26:57,320 --> 00:27:00,919
Speaker 1: the premises or the contention of Gonzalez's council that the

429
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:04,959
Speaker 1: Session of Puerto Rico accomplished the naturalization of its people,

430
00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:09,200
Speaker 1: or that of Commissioner Degeto in his excellent argument as

431
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:12,040
Speaker 1: amicus curia that a citizen of Puerto Rico under the

432
00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:15,000
Speaker 1: Act of nineteen hundred is necessarily a citizen of the

433
00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:20,000
Speaker 1: United States. The question is the narrow one whether Gonzales

434
00:27:20,119 --> 00:27:22,600
Speaker 1: was an alien within the meaning of that term as

435
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,080
Speaker 1: used in the Act of eighteen ninety one. At the

436
00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:28,920
Speaker 1: same time, the Court noted that the Immigration Act of

437
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:31,600
Speaker 1: eighteen ninety one did not apply to the people of

438
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,760
Speaker 1: Puerto Rico. Quote, we think it clear that the Act

439
00:27:34,840 --> 00:27:38,879
Speaker 1: relates to foreigners as respects this country, to persons owing

440
00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,600
Speaker 1: allegiance to a foreign government and citizens or subjects thereof,

441
00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:46,359
Speaker 1: and that citizens of Puerto Rico whose permanent allegiance is

442
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:49,320
Speaker 1: due to the United States, who live in the peace

443
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:52,720
Speaker 1: of the dominion of the United States, the organic law

444
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,080
Speaker 1: of whose domicile was enacted by the United States and

445
00:27:56,240 --> 00:27:59,760
Speaker 1: is in force through officials sworn to support the Constitution

446
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,440
Speaker 1: of the United States, are not aliens, and upon their

447
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,680
Speaker 1: arrival by water at the ports of our mainland, are

448
00:28:06,760 --> 00:28:10,399
Speaker 1: not alien immigrants. Within the intent and meaning of the

449
00:28:10,440 --> 00:28:15,160
Speaker 1: Act of eighteen ninety one, this meant that the Immigration

450
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:20,000
Speaker 1: Commissioner had no jurisdiction to detain Isabel Gonzales at port,

451
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:23,439
Speaker 1: and it meant that she had not been obligated to

452
00:28:23,480 --> 00:28:26,920
Speaker 1: pursue her objections through the Superintendent of the Treasury, as

453
00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:31,560
Speaker 1: immigration issues were required to do. The court also noted

454
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:34,520
Speaker 1: that quote, in order to dispose of the case in hand,

455
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:37,840
Speaker 1: we do not find it necessary to review the Chinese

456
00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:42,400
Speaker 1: Exclusion Acts and the decisions of this Court thereunder. That

457
00:28:42,440 --> 00:28:45,840
Speaker 1: Act was originally passed in eighteen eighty two and implemented

458
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:49,320
Speaker 1: a ten year ban of all immigration from China with

459
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:52,880
Speaker 1: a few exceptions, was renewed in eighteen ninety two and

460
00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:57,480
Speaker 1: made permanent in nineteen oh two. So this ruling did

461
00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:01,160
Speaker 1: not extend citizenship to Puerto Rican like Gonzales and her

462
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:05,080
Speaker 1: attorneys had hoped that it would, but Gonzales did continue

463
00:29:05,080 --> 00:29:08,479
Speaker 1: to advocate for Puerto Ricans in both Puerto Rico and

464
00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:12,120
Speaker 1: the United States after this point. Among other things, both

465
00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:15,080
Speaker 1: she and her uncle Domingo Coyazzo wrote a number of

466
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:17,280
Speaker 1: letters to the editor that were published in the New

467
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,880
Speaker 1: York Daily Tribute and in the New York Times. In

468
00:29:20,920 --> 00:29:23,760
Speaker 1: a nineteen oh five letter to the editor at the Times,

469
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,600
Speaker 1: Gonzalez asked why the US used tariffs to protect its

470
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,360
Speaker 1: rice exports from Louisiana but not coffee exports from Puerto Rico.

471
00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:36,120
Speaker 1: In another letter that year, she described the United States

472
00:29:36,120 --> 00:29:40,600
Speaker 1: as violently forcing Puerto Rico to abandon customs and traditions

473
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:43,400
Speaker 1: that had come about from being a Spanish colony for

474
00:29:43,560 --> 00:29:48,320
Speaker 1: hundreds of years, including cock fighting, bullfighting, and relaxing during

475
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:52,240
Speaker 1: the Sunday Sabbath. She suggested that the US should instead

476
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:55,680
Speaker 1: follow Britain's model of settling matters related to Hindus and

477
00:29:55,800 --> 00:30:00,560
Speaker 1: Muslims in India through their own respective religious laws. This

478
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,520
Speaker 1: is a pretty optimistic view of Britain's direct rule over India,

479
00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:07,960
Speaker 1: but her point was that the United States was forcibly

480
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:11,920
Speaker 1: imposing its own laws and customs onto Puerto Rico rather

481
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 1: than respecting the laws and customs that were already in

482
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:18,480
Speaker 1: place there. In August of nineteen oh five, Gonzales wrote

483
00:30:18,480 --> 00:30:20,800
Speaker 1: a letter to The Times in which she described loving

484
00:30:20,840 --> 00:30:24,000
Speaker 1: astronomy and how when she lived in Puerto Rico, she

485
00:30:24,080 --> 00:30:27,360
Speaker 1: thought that in the US, the equipment and machinery needed

486
00:30:27,400 --> 00:30:31,360
Speaker 1: to study astronomy would be available to everyone. After coming

487
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,640
Speaker 1: to the US, she was disappointed to find that this

488
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,880
Speaker 1: was not the case, but hoped that a philanthropist in

489
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,160
Speaker 1: the vein of Andrew Carnegie might fund such an endeavor.

490
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,840
Speaker 2: One day in November of nineteen oh six, Gonzales wrote

491
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:46,920
Speaker 2: a letter to the New York Tribune correcting its earlier

492
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:51,320
Speaker 2: reporting on Puerto Rican citizenship. This letter read quote, Sir,

493
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,960
Speaker 2: permit me to congratulate you upon your article under the

494
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:59,080
Speaker 2: caption citizenship for Puerto Ricans. It is indeed encouraging and

495
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 2: refreshing to see an influential paper like the New York

496
00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:05,800
Speaker 2: Daily Tribune advocating the reforms which will lift Puerto Rico

497
00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:09,000
Speaker 2: from its present anonymous political status to that of a

498
00:31:09,120 --> 00:31:11,960
Speaker 2: robust child with a proud name and standing under the

499
00:31:11,960 --> 00:31:15,880
Speaker 2: American flag. It is not true, however, as you state

500
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:19,200
Speaker 2: in your leader, that the Puerto Ricans quote are subjected

501
00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,200
Speaker 2: to our immigration laws as aliens. I happen to be

502
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:25,800
Speaker 2: the cause of the removal of that law as it

503
00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:29,280
Speaker 2: was applied to Puerto Rico and Filipinos. The Supreme Court

504
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,920
Speaker 2: of the United States declared it unconstitutional in my case

505
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,680
Speaker 2: Gonzales versus Williams in nineteen oh four, two years after

506
00:31:36,720 --> 00:31:39,760
Speaker 2: I was detained at Ellis Island as an alien libel

507
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,880
Speaker 2: to become a public charge. Four years have elapsed since then,

508
00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:46,840
Speaker 2: and the forecast of my jailers has not as yet

509
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:50,600
Speaker 2: been fulfilled. On the contrary, I am a useful member

510
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:53,080
Speaker 2: of the Puerto Rican colony of New York, and I

511
00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:56,640
Speaker 2: have lived long enough to see your patriotic tribune pleading

512
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:59,640
Speaker 2: for the hard working and loyal Puerto Rican New York.

513
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,080
Speaker 2: November twenty third, nineteen oh six. Is the Belle Gonzales.

514
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,240
Speaker 2: Most of Gonzalez's letters to newspaper editors seem to have

515
00:32:07,280 --> 00:32:09,920
Speaker 2: been printed in nineteen oh five. In nineteen oh six,

516
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:14,200
Speaker 2: it's possible that changes to her personal and financial situation

517
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,200
Speaker 2: played a part in that she and Adolpho Vignals had

518
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,280
Speaker 2: a son together, Adolpho Junior, as well as a daughter,

519
00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:26,240
Speaker 2: who died in infancy, but eventually Vignal's returned to Puerto Rico,

520
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:32,360
Speaker 2: apparently abandoning Gonzalez and his son and stepchildren. Isabella's daughter

521
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,520
Speaker 2: Ava started living with the Coyazzos and seems to have

522
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:40,440
Speaker 2: eventually been informally adopted into that family. Dolores was placed

523
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:41,320
Speaker 2: in an orphanage.

524
00:32:42,520 --> 00:32:45,720
Speaker 1: Her financial situation does seem to have turned around, though,

525
00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:49,840
Speaker 1: and when Isabelle married Juan Torres in nineteen fifteen, their

526
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:53,960
Speaker 1: marriage documents described each of them as widowed. They eventually

527
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,280
Speaker 1: moved to New Jersey, where she lived until her death

528
00:32:56,320 --> 00:33:00,400
Speaker 1: on June eleventh, nineteen seventy one. There's probably a lot

529
00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:03,840
Speaker 1: more to be discovered about her life outside of this case.

530
00:33:04,120 --> 00:33:06,320
Speaker 1: A lot of what's out there today is thanks to

531
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,080
Speaker 1: the work of historians Sam Erman and Gonzalez's great granddaughter

532
00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:13,560
Speaker 1: Belinda Torres Mary. In twenty eighteen, Ermin.

533
00:33:13,440 --> 00:33:17,120
Speaker 2: Published a book called Almost Citizens Puerto Rico, the US

534
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:20,400
Speaker 2: Constitution and Empire and that looks at this case in

535
00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:23,520
Speaker 2: the broader context of Puerto Rican and US history.

536
00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:29,160
Speaker 1: In nineteen seventeen, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones Schaffroth Act.

537
00:33:29,680 --> 00:33:32,200
Speaker 1: It outlined a bill of Rights for Puerto Rico and

538
00:33:32,320 --> 00:33:36,760
Speaker 1: established a bicameral legislature with a governor appointed by the President.

539
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,280
Speaker 1: This act gave both the Puerto Rican governor and the

540
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:45,160
Speaker 1: US executive branch veto power over the Puerto Rican legislature's decisions.

541
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:50,480
Speaker 1: This law also extended statutory citizenship to Puerto Ricans, meaning

542
00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:54,000
Speaker 1: that citizenship came from a law and not from the Constitution.

543
00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:57,720
Speaker 1: So while this law made most people born in Puerto

544
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,240
Speaker 1: Rico citizens of the United States, they still did not

545
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,280
Speaker 1: have all the same constitutional rights and protections as citizens

546
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:08,520
Speaker 1: born in one of the states. Puerto Rico was also

547
00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:12,600
Speaker 1: still a territory without all the constitutional protections or autonomy

548
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:14,160
Speaker 1: that applied to the States.

549
00:34:15,080 --> 00:34:18,920
Speaker 2: Two months later, the US passed the Selective Service Act,

550
00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:22,080
Speaker 2: was as World War One was happening. This established a

551
00:34:22,120 --> 00:34:25,280
Speaker 2: military draft, and that draft also applied to Puerto Ricans,

552
00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:28,239
Speaker 2: and the fact that these two things happened one right

553
00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:31,520
Speaker 2: after the other led to an almost conspiracy theory, which

554
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,560
Speaker 2: was that the United States had extended citizenship to Puerto

555
00:34:34,640 --> 00:34:38,359
Speaker 2: Rico in order to get access to more soldiers as

556
00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:41,440
Speaker 2: it prepared to enter the First World War. There are

557
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:44,799
Speaker 2: several problems with that idea, though a big one is

558
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:49,840
Speaker 2: this Act required all men, not just citizens, to register

559
00:34:49,960 --> 00:34:52,719
Speaker 2: for the draft, and it ultimately applied to the US

560
00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:56,359
Speaker 2: territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, so Puerto Rican

561
00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:59,880
Speaker 2: men would have been required to register for the draft,

562
00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:03,719
Speaker 2: regardless of whether Puerto Ricans had first been made citizens.

563
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:07,080
Speaker 2: If you are wondering why that draft did not apply

564
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,040
Speaker 2: to the Philippines, the status of the Philippines was a

565
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:13,640
Speaker 2: little bit different from other territories. Thanks to the Philippine

566
00:35:13,680 --> 00:35:18,480
Speaker 2: Autonomy Act of nineteen sixteen, the Philippines established a National

567
00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,719
Speaker 2: Guard with the intent of its becoming part of the

568
00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:25,600
Speaker 2: American Expeditionary Force, and more than fourteen thousand people volunteered,

569
00:35:26,360 --> 00:35:29,480
Speaker 2: but the US was reluctant to accept this proposal, and

570
00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:33,120
Speaker 2: the war ended before the Philippine National Guard could be federalized.

571
00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:39,120
Speaker 2: And this whole topic of Filipino and Puerto Rican soldiers

572
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:41,440
Speaker 2: during World War One is like a whole other topic.

573
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:44,640
Speaker 2: I feel like there was clearly, like some of the

574
00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:47,920
Speaker 2: reluctance of the US to accept these soldiers into the

575
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,080
Speaker 2: US Armed Forces was clearly motivated by racism.

576
00:35:52,160 --> 00:35:56,120
Speaker 1: But that's like sort of a whole other thing. There

577
00:35:56,160 --> 00:36:01,600
Speaker 1: were definitely wartime factors involved with extending citizenship to Puerto Ricans,

578
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:04,400
Speaker 1: including the fact that after the opening of the Panama Canal,

579
00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:09,120
Speaker 1: Puerto Rico lay along major shipping routes. But advocates, including

580
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,839
Speaker 1: Domingo Cuiazo, had been trying to get a citizenship law

581
00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,040
Speaker 1: passed for years. There was political wrangling over this through

582
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:20,880
Speaker 1: multiple presidential administrations and sessions of Congress, so it was

583
00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,440
Speaker 1: just it was not something that just sort of happened

584
00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:26,680
Speaker 1: out of the blue. Immediately before the passage of the

585
00:36:26,719 --> 00:36:31,200
Speaker 1: Selective Service Act, other laws continued to refine who was

586
00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:35,439
Speaker 1: eligible for citizenship in Puerto Rico until the Nationality Act

587
00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:39,040
Speaker 1: of nineteen fifty two, which declared that all people born

588
00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:43,000
Speaker 1: in Puerto Rico on or after January thirteenth, nineteen forty

589
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:48,160
Speaker 1: one were US citizens at birth. Today, Puerto Rico is

590
00:36:48,200 --> 00:36:53,080
Speaker 1: still considered an unincorporated US territory with one non voting

591
00:36:53,080 --> 00:36:56,759
Speaker 1: commissioner in the House of Representatives, and Puerto Rico does

592
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:00,759
Speaker 1: not have delegates in the Electoral College during presidential life elections.

593
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:03,920
Speaker 1: As we talked about in that Insular Cases episode, this

594
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,040
Speaker 1: applies to just like so many things involving just daily

595
00:37:07,120 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: life in Puerto Rico. And as a final note, in

596
00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:13,880
Speaker 1: that episode on the Insular Cases, we talked about Fittisimanu

597
00:37:13,960 --> 00:37:16,880
Speaker 1: versus United States, which was a case on the question

598
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:21,400
Speaker 1: of birthright citizenship for American Samoans which the US Supreme

599
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:25,400
Speaker 1: Court declined to hear in twenty twenty two. Descendants of

600
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:29,319
Speaker 1: Dred Scott and Isabelle Gonzalez filed an amicus brief in

601
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaker 1: this case. Specifically that was Lynn M. Jackson, great great

602
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,759
Speaker 1: granddaughter of Dredd and Harriet Scott, and Belinda trres Mary,

603
00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:40,520
Speaker 1: great granddaughter of isabel Gonzalez, who we mentioned earlier. Their

604
00:37:40,560 --> 00:37:44,040
Speaker 1: petition was in support of the American Samoan petitioners who

605
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:47,560
Speaker 1: were calling for birthright citizenship and the overturning of the

606
00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:54,400
Speaker 1: Insular cases. Oh so much legal doings. Uh huh. Do

607
00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:57,000
Speaker 1: you have listener mail to take us out? I do. First,

608
00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:58,919
Speaker 1: I have a super quick correction. A couple of people

609
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:01,040
Speaker 1: have pointed out that at the end of our episode

610
00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:03,759
Speaker 1: on Lcoricia of Winchester, when we were talking about the

611
00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:07,160
Speaker 1: unveiling of her statue. Mm hmmm, we were talking about

612
00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:11,920
Speaker 1: how the current King of the UK, King Charles the Third,

613
00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:14,160
Speaker 1: was supposed to be there for that unveiling, but was

614
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:19,120
Speaker 1: not there because he had COVID. I called him Charles

615
00:38:19,120 --> 00:38:24,120
Speaker 1: the second It's right in the outline, and I didn't

616
00:38:24,160 --> 00:38:26,399
Speaker 1: catch it, and neither of us caught it.

617
00:38:26,480 --> 00:38:30,400
Speaker 2: I had a particularly hard time saying the correct words

618
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:36,440
Speaker 2: during the recording of that episode, and later realized that

619
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:42,480
Speaker 2: I also had COVID. I feel like like my mind

620
00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:45,719
Speaker 2: and body were just sort of like slowly coming offline

621
00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:47,840
Speaker 2: as we were recording that. So thank you to the

622
00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:49,880
Speaker 2: people who pointed that out. I just like said the

623
00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:54,680
Speaker 2: totally wrong thing. And also we have email from Marci.

624
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,280
Speaker 2: Marcy says, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I'm a teacher spending

625
00:38:57,280 --> 00:38:59,480
Speaker 2: my summer break getting caught up on past episodes I

626
00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:02,400
Speaker 2: missed during school year. Today, while fixing dinner, I was

627
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:04,600
Speaker 2: listening to the Scott Joplin episode.

628
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:08,520
Speaker 1: I found the inclusion of the maple leaf rags so charming. However,

629
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:10,480
Speaker 1: when I listened to the pod, I listened at one

630
00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:13,320
Speaker 1: point five x speed. The effect on the pace of

631
00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:16,320
Speaker 1: the music caused me to giggle and brought a Charlie

632
00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:19,040
Speaker 1: Chaplin esque scene to mind. I had to stop cooking,

633
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,479
Speaker 1: turn the speed back to one X and then listen

634
00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:23,839
Speaker 1: again to really take it in. Thank you for all

635
00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:25,799
Speaker 1: of your hard work and research. As I teach, I

636
00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:28,400
Speaker 1: find myself telling my middle school students. I listened to

637
00:39:28,440 --> 00:39:31,120
Speaker 1: a podcast about that once. It sort of turned into

638
00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:33,000
Speaker 1: a great way to get the whole class to roll

639
00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:36,360
Speaker 1: their eyes simultaneously. When I geek out over history or

640
00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:39,040
Speaker 1: science during class discussions, the kids asked if I learned

641
00:39:39,040 --> 00:39:42,840
Speaker 1: factoids I share in a podcast. Anyway, here's my offering

642
00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:45,439
Speaker 1: of our furry family member, Stella. She is a mini

643
00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:48,600
Speaker 1: satin rabbit and spends summer's home with me in the

644
00:39:48,640 --> 00:39:51,360
Speaker 1: school year in my classroom, hopping around between desks and

645
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:54,360
Speaker 1: over the feet of teenagers. The summer, she has tested

646
00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:58,280
Speaker 1: her athletic prowess by jumping on top of various furniture pieces.

647
00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:02,080
Speaker 1: Today she contemplated jumping to the top of my children's bookshelf.

648
00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:06,200
Speaker 1: She thought better of it. Anyhow, keep up the excellent work.

649
00:40:06,239 --> 00:40:07,880
Speaker 1: I can't wait to see what topics come up with

650
00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:10,000
Speaker 1: my class discussions this year that allow me to pull

651
00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:13,160
Speaker 1: out my catchphrase and get the eyes rolling. Marcie number one,

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00:40:13,920 --> 00:40:15,800
Speaker 1: what a beautiful bunny rabbit.

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00:40:16,960 --> 00:40:19,960
Speaker 2: Buddies are so sweet. I want a pet stella so

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00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:25,000
Speaker 2: much she looks so so soft. Also, this act or

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00:40:25,120 --> 00:40:28,360
Speaker 2: intentionally listened at one point five speed really cracked me

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00:40:28,480 --> 00:40:31,080
Speaker 2: up for two reasons. One is that we talked uh

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00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:34,040
Speaker 2: in that episode about Scott Joplin's strong feelings that his

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00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,440
Speaker 2: music not be played too fast, and so the idea

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00:40:37,440 --> 00:40:39,000
Speaker 2: of listening to it at one and a half speed

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00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:40,920
Speaker 2: made me laugh. And then also I was listening to

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00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:43,200
Speaker 2: an old episode recently to make sure it was going

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00:40:43,280 --> 00:40:46,239
Speaker 2: to be okay to use as a Saturday classic, and

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00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:49,080
Speaker 2: somehow my phone, which was in my pocket with the

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00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:53,840
Speaker 2: screen off, suddenly shifted into one point twenty five speed,

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00:40:54,480 --> 00:40:58,360
Speaker 2: which was just enough that I thought I was like

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00:40:58,560 --> 00:41:01,560
Speaker 2: I did, did we drink too much coffee?

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00:41:01,560 --> 00:41:04,240
Speaker 1: Like what's happening? It took me a second to realize

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00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:04,840
Speaker 1: what had happened.

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00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:09,000
Speaker 2: So anyway, there's no such thing as too much coffee, Trasa.

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00:41:10,480 --> 00:41:13,360
Speaker 2: So thank you so much, Marci, thank you for these pictures.

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00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:15,920
Speaker 2: I love the story. Thanks again to the folks who

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00:41:15,960 --> 00:41:18,560
Speaker 2: corrected us about saying Charles the second instead of Charles

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00:41:18,640 --> 00:41:21,600
Speaker 2: the third. If you'd like to send us a note,

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00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,680
Speaker 2: we're at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com.

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00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:25,880
Speaker 1: And we're all over social media.

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00:41:26,080 --> 00:41:29,800
Speaker 2: Miss in History You can subscribe to our show also

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00:41:29,880 --> 00:41:34,239
Speaker 2: on the iHeartRadio app, or wherever you like to get podcasts.

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00:41:38,120 --> 00:41:41,240
Speaker 2: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio.

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00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:46,160
Speaker 2: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

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00:41:46,280 --> 00:41:48,320
Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.