1 00:00:00,320 --> 00:00:03,320 Speaker 1: Hey there, history fans. We're taking the next two weeks 2 00:00:03,320 --> 00:00:06,400 Speaker 1: off so that I can move across country. But don't worry. 3 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:09,280 Speaker 1: We've got plenty of classic shows to tide you over, 4 00:00:09,680 --> 00:00:12,200 Speaker 1: and be sure to tune in on September eleventh for 5 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:14,880 Speaker 1: a brand new episode. 6 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:18,479 Speaker 2: Welcome to This Day in History Class from HowStuffWorks dot 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,439 Speaker 2: com and from the desk of Stuff you Missed in 8 00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:23,040 Speaker 2: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past 9 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:25,240 Speaker 2: one day at a time with a quick look at 10 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:32,680 Speaker 2: what happened today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 11 00:00:32,720 --> 00:00:38,199 Speaker 2: I'm Tracy V. Wilson. In its August thirtieth, England's greatest gardener, 12 00:00:38,360 --> 00:00:43,080 Speaker 2: Lancelot Capability Brown was baptized on this day in seventeen sixteen, 13 00:00:43,120 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 2: although we don't know exactly his date of birth. If 14 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:49,440 Speaker 2: you have ever watched Dalton Abbey, or even just seen 15 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:53,760 Speaker 2: a picture of the abbey in Dalton Abbey, That's High 16 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:59,440 Speaker 2: Clearcastle its gardens were designed by Lancelot Brown. That nickname 17 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,160 Speaker 2: of capable Ability is said to be because he liked 18 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:05,760 Speaker 2: to tell his clients that their landscapes had great capability 19 00:01:05,760 --> 00:01:10,720 Speaker 2: for improvement. He was colossally influential in the eighteenth century 20 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 2: in England and Wales, designing gardens and grounds of the 21 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 2: mansions and the country estates, basically creating the look of England. 22 00:01:20,560 --> 00:01:23,119 Speaker 2: His style was a huge break away from the idea 23 00:01:23,160 --> 00:01:26,680 Speaker 2: of formal gardens, which obviously looked like somebody planned them 24 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:31,160 Speaker 2: out and planted specific things in specific places, and said 25 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:35,880 Speaker 2: he was carefully crafting landscapes that looked deceptively natural. They 26 00:01:35,920 --> 00:01:38,720 Speaker 2: looked like they just grew that way. He had trees 27 00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:42,959 Speaker 2: and curving ponds and streams and expansive lawns that all 28 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,480 Speaker 2: just looked like they were supposed to be there. This 29 00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 2: earned him some criticism for designing estates that look like 30 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,160 Speaker 2: that was just how they happened, instead of looking like 31 00:01:52,280 --> 00:01:56,160 Speaker 2: somebody put effort into it. His whole philosophy was all 32 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:59,120 Speaker 2: about being both comfortable and elegant, and it was also 33 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 2: very proud. These landscapes around these estates were not just 34 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 2: gardens to walk through and be observed. They had different uses. 35 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,200 Speaker 2: They were home to different types of animals, different livestock 36 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:16,080 Speaker 2: that was being raised on the property. Brown's gardens were 37 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:18,960 Speaker 2: supposed to serve the needs of the estate, not just 38 00:02:19,120 --> 00:02:22,760 Speaker 2: exist for the sake of looking at them. A hallmark 39 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:26,799 Speaker 2: of capability Browns designs was the ha ha. Instead of 40 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 2: a raised fence that very obviously and visibly cut one 41 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:33,160 Speaker 2: part of the state off from another, he'd sink the 42 00:02:33,400 --> 00:02:36,639 Speaker 2: land on one side of a wall, creating a barrier 43 00:02:36,680 --> 00:02:39,160 Speaker 2: that couldn't be seen at all from the house, while 44 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:42,680 Speaker 2: still keeping the sheep pastured with the sheep instead of 45 00:02:42,720 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 2: wandering around eating whatever they wanted in other parts of 46 00:02:45,600 --> 00:02:49,519 Speaker 2: the estate. Jane Austen fans may remember that ha has 47 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:53,880 Speaker 2: make several appearances in the book Mansfield Park. Obviously, a 48 00:02:53,919 --> 00:02:56,760 Speaker 2: sunken wall that is made on purpose to not be 49 00:02:56,960 --> 00:03:00,920 Speaker 2: visible isn't necessarily safe to walk around owned near, and 50 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 2: the term haja supposedly comes from a person's surprise at 51 00:03:04,639 --> 00:03:09,360 Speaker 2: accidentally tripping over one. Capability Brown's work was very expensive 52 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,440 Speaker 2: because the estates that he was designing had enormous grounds. 53 00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,000 Speaker 2: He wasn't just making a little garden path around to 54 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 2: the side of the house. He was designing the entire 55 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:22,160 Speaker 2: property that he took years to complete and hundreds of 56 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 2: laborers worked on them. Over his career. He designed about 57 00:03:26,080 --> 00:03:29,720 Speaker 2: two hundred and fifty estates all over England, but he 58 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:32,600 Speaker 2: didn't really grow wealthy from all of that work. He 59 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:35,800 Speaker 2: had asthma, which affected his health, and he traveled a 60 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 2: lot doing his work. He just was always on the 61 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 2: road from one client to another, and travel at the 62 00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 2: time was exhausting and difficult. All of this had an 63 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 2: effect on his overall health, and he also didn't always 64 00:03:48,440 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 2: charge people for the work that he did. He might 65 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:53,720 Speaker 2: submit an invoice but never really push to collect on it, 66 00:03:54,240 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 2: or he might go into the project without a very 67 00:03:56,040 --> 00:03:59,520 Speaker 2: clear set of expectations or a budget about how much 68 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:01,600 Speaker 2: he was going to be spending on it. He died 69 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:04,320 Speaker 2: suddenly on February sixth of seventeen eighty three, at the 70 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:06,840 Speaker 2: age of sixty six, having worked all the way up 71 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:09,600 Speaker 2: until the end. In a lot of ways, he set 72 00:04:09,680 --> 00:04:12,880 Speaker 2: standards for the look of English manor houses and estates 73 00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 2: that continue to influence British aesthetics today. And you can 74 00:04:16,640 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 2: still visit a lot of estates that Brown designed and 75 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:23,240 Speaker 2: walk through gardens that are still pretty much as he 76 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:25,919 Speaker 2: left them, although of course all of the trees that 77 00:04:25,960 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 2: he planted are bigger now than they were where they 78 00:04:29,440 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 2: still survive. Thanks to Christopher Hasiotis for his research work 79 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:35,720 Speaker 2: on today's episode and Atari Harrison for her audio work 80 00:04:35,839 --> 00:04:38,560 Speaker 2: on this podcast. You can subscribe to This Day in 81 00:04:38,680 --> 00:04:42,240 Speaker 2: History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else 82 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 2: you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for a much 83 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:55,600 Speaker 2: gorrier tale, although it's still set in England. 84 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:00,680 Speaker 3: Hello, Welcome to This Day in History Class, where we 85 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:03,120 Speaker 3: flip through the book of History and bring you a 86 00:05:03,160 --> 00:05:14,800 Speaker 3: new page every day. The day was August thirtieth, eighteen 87 00:05:14,880 --> 00:05:19,920 Speaker 3: ninety two. The steamship Moravia arrived in New York Harbor 88 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 3: late in the evening. By this point, twenty two of 89 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 3: the ship's three hundred and fifty eight passengers who had 90 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:32,520 Speaker 3: traveled from Hamburg, Germany, had died from cholera. Cholera is 91 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:36,440 Speaker 3: an infectious disease of the small intestine, usually caused by 92 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 3: contaminated food or water, and it can lead to severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, 93 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 3: and even death. In the late nineteenth century, there was 94 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:52,680 Speaker 3: a cholera pandemic in Asia and Africa that made it 95 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:57,159 Speaker 3: to parts of Europe and South America. A cholera epidemic 96 00:05:57,240 --> 00:06:00,719 Speaker 3: broke out in Hamborg in eighteen ninety two because of 97 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:04,440 Speaker 3: contaminated drinking water, and more than half of the people 98 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:09,640 Speaker 3: who were infected died. Americans worried that the epidemic would 99 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:14,960 Speaker 3: reach the United States. Unrestricted and so called undesirable immigration 100 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:19,039 Speaker 3: was already a hot button issue in the country. For 101 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 3: context on the fears and prejudices surrounding immigration at the 102 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:27,880 Speaker 3: time the Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed in eighteen ninety two, 103 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:31,839 Speaker 3: those fears extended to immigration from places that were affected 104 00:06:31,880 --> 00:06:36,160 Speaker 3: by cholera. Though Jewish people in Russia were not the 105 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:40,800 Speaker 3: only ones getting cholera or fleeing epidemics, many newspapers and 106 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:45,240 Speaker 3: public health establishments pegged them as the likely carriers of 107 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:50,039 Speaker 3: cholera to the US. One August twenty ninth article in 108 00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:53,920 Speaker 3: The New York Times said the following about Hungarians and 109 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,800 Speaker 3: Jewish people in Russia, even should they pass the quarantine officials, 110 00:06:59,200 --> 00:07:02,279 Speaker 3: their mode of life life when they settled down makes 111 00:07:02,320 --> 00:07:07,039 Speaker 3: them always a source of danger. Cholera, it must be remembered, 112 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:12,440 Speaker 3: originates in the homes of this human refraf. Journalists, working 113 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:16,880 Speaker 3: class Americans, and medical professionals called for a suspension of 114 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:21,080 Speaker 3: immigration to keep cholera from spreading to the US, but 115 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:24,720 Speaker 3: by mid August of eighteen ninety two, many ships from 116 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:27,080 Speaker 3: the Port of Hamburg were en route to New York. 117 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:33,000 Speaker 3: Steamships continued carrying steerage immigrants out of Hamburg even after 118 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 3: health officials admitted that there was a cholera epidemic. The 119 00:07:37,360 --> 00:07:40,440 Speaker 3: people aboard those ships were coming from places that had 120 00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 3: been widely affected by cholera. One of those ships was 121 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:49,480 Speaker 3: the Moravia, which left Homborg on August seventeenth. Only a 122 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 3: couple of days after the trip began, Russian and Polish 123 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:57,320 Speaker 3: Jewish people, as well as German and French folks, began 124 00:07:57,440 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 3: getting symptoms of cramping, thom and diarrhea, which progressed to 125 00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 3: coma and death. Between August nineteenth and twenty ninth, twenty 126 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:12,000 Speaker 3: two people died and two more were ill. Upon arrival 127 00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:15,680 Speaker 3: in the New York Quarantine Station on the night of Tuesday, 128 00:08:15,760 --> 00:08:21,200 Speaker 3: August thirtieth, one correspondent reported that people who died were 129 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:26,240 Speaker 3: wrapped in canvas and thrown overboard with their belongings. The 130 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 3: Health officer of the Port of New York, members of 131 00:08:29,320 --> 00:08:32,439 Speaker 3: the New York City Board of Health, and physicians from 132 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:36,560 Speaker 3: the US Marine Hospital Service dealt with the cholera affected 133 00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 3: ships that arrived in New York Harbor from Hamburg. A 134 00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:43,439 Speaker 3: quarantine had been placed over the port of New York, 135 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:47,160 Speaker 3: which led to the poor treatment of immigrants and the 136 00:08:47,200 --> 00:08:52,439 Speaker 3: confinement of thousands of people on steamships and islands, including 137 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:56,080 Speaker 3: those who did not have cholera. The same day that 138 00:08:56,080 --> 00:09:00,240 Speaker 3: the Moravia arrived in New York, Health Officer William Jenkins 139 00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:04,800 Speaker 3: announced that only steerage passengers, as opposed to first and 140 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:10,360 Speaker 3: second class passengers, would be inspected, disinfected, and detained for 141 00:09:10,559 --> 00:09:15,840 Speaker 3: about five days for observation, and the US Treasury Department's 142 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:19,920 Speaker 3: Immigration Bureau let people into New York from Hamburg as 143 00:09:19,960 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 3: long as steamship companies put steerage passengers in slower, older 144 00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 3: ships and cabin class passengers in faster, newer ships. This 145 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:34,520 Speaker 3: separation allowed cabin class passengers to be quickly inspected, and 146 00:09:34,720 --> 00:09:38,720 Speaker 3: it allowed the fast detention of immigrant passengers aboard the 147 00:09:38,760 --> 00:09:43,640 Speaker 3: slower ships. The Moravia was the first slow moving pest 148 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:47,439 Speaker 3: ship to arrive in New York from Hamburg. Its passengers 149 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 3: were sent to Hoffman Island, where they were bathed and 150 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:55,360 Speaker 3: their clothes were fumigated. Jenkins ordered that they be quarantined 151 00:09:55,440 --> 00:10:00,120 Speaker 3: for as long as necessary. As they remained in quarantine 152 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 3: more ships arrived and were quarantined. US President Benjamin Harrison 153 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:10,200 Speaker 3: issued in order for a nationwide twenty day quarantine of 154 00:10:10,280 --> 00:10:14,440 Speaker 3: ships from foreign ports carrying immigrants. The twenty day period 155 00:10:14,559 --> 00:10:19,280 Speaker 3: applied to steerage immigrant passengers, but not cabin passengers, and 156 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 3: state authorities could decide to keep people in quarantine for 157 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 3: more time in special cases. But by early September, there 158 00:10:28,400 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 3: were no new cases of cholera on the Moravia, and 159 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:35,240 Speaker 3: the cholera epidemic was over by the end of September, 160 00:10:36,360 --> 00:10:40,200 Speaker 3: But all the conflicts that had arisen among state and 161 00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:44,400 Speaker 3: federal officials over management of the epidemic led to a 162 00:10:44,480 --> 00:10:49,600 Speaker 3: desire for changes in public health and immigration laws. In 163 00:10:49,640 --> 00:10:53,920 Speaker 3: eighteen ninety three, President Harrison signed into law the National 164 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,679 Speaker 3: Quarantine Act, which created a national system of quarantine while 165 00:10:58,800 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 3: still allowing for state run quarantines. It also puts standards 166 00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 3: in place for medically inspecting immigrants, ships and cargoes. I'm Eaves, Jeffcote, 167 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:13,600 Speaker 3: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 168 00:11:13,840 --> 00:11:18,079 Speaker 3: than you did yesterday. Tune in tomorrow for another Day 169 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:18,600 Speaker 3: in History. 170 00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app. Apple 171 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:28,400 Speaker 1: Podcasts or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.