1 00:00:01,200 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Welcome to steph you missed in history Class from how 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:13,680 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:17,840 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Today we 4 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:20,400 Speaker 1: are returning to the story of the Wilmington's que of 5 00:00:21,560 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 1: and Part one of this episode, which aired on Monday, 6 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:28,360 Speaker 1: had a lot of the social and political framework for this. 7 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:34,320 Speaker 1: And while the basic chronology of the election in Wilmington's 8 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:36,560 Speaker 1: and what happened afterwards like that will make sense without 9 00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:39,279 Speaker 1: Part one, here's a lot of context in part one, 10 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:41,479 Speaker 1: and we're also going to be referring back to things 11 00:00:41,560 --> 00:00:44,480 Speaker 1: that we talked about in part one, so much better 12 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:48,160 Speaker 1: to listen to that one if you have not already. 13 00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:52,680 Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety eight, Wilmington's, North Carolina was the state's 14 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: largest city, with a population of about twenty thousand. It 15 00:00:56,720 --> 00:01:00,000 Speaker 1: was also majority black, with a sizeable black working class 16 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: us and a significant black middle class, with numerous black 17 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:07,400 Speaker 1: owned businesses as well, and more than of the city's 18 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:10,480 Speaker 1: restaurants were owned and run by black residents, along with 19 00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,360 Speaker 1: virtually all of the barbershops. The city also had an 20 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:17,360 Speaker 1: all black Board of health, to black fire departments, and 21 00:01:17,440 --> 00:01:20,920 Speaker 1: multiple black police officers, and although they weren't nearly as 22 00:01:20,920 --> 00:01:23,400 Speaker 1: well funded as the schools for white students, so there 23 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:26,800 Speaker 1: were still some disparities there. It's schools for black students 24 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:30,520 Speaker 1: were really well respected within the community thanks to Wilmington's 25 00:01:30,520 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: busy sport jobs were plentiful, and all this together made 26 00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:37,319 Speaker 1: Wilmington's an attractive place for black residents to live. It 27 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: became a really popular destination for people immigrating from elsewhere 28 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: in the state, as well as from South Carolina. Numerous 29 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:49,000 Speaker 1: accounts described race relations in Wilmington's in the years leading 30 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:51,680 Speaker 1: up to the riot that we're talking about as quote, 31 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:55,320 Speaker 1: pretty good as long as white Democrats stayed in charge 32 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:58,160 Speaker 1: of the local government. It would be more accurate to 33 00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,720 Speaker 1: say that there wasn't much racist islands in Wilmington's as 34 00:02:01,720 --> 00:02:05,320 Speaker 1: long as Democrats stayed in charge. As we discussed in 35 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:08,560 Speaker 1: Part one, Democrats in the state capital of Raleigh actively 36 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,559 Speaker 1: kept Republicans and black citizens out of office in Wilmington's, 37 00:02:12,919 --> 00:02:16,720 Speaker 1: so race relations may have been good by the definition 38 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: of not violent, but Wilmington's didn't have home rule. The 39 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:23,639 Speaker 1: party in charge actively opposed the civil rights to the 40 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:27,080 Speaker 1: majority of its citizens, and those citizens had no way 41 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:30,760 Speaker 1: to remove that party from office. Yeah, the whole concept 42 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:34,800 Speaker 1: of race relations, it's kind of fraught because a lot 43 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:37,959 Speaker 1: of people use it to mean like our our minorities 44 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:42,919 Speaker 1: keeping quiet, like how much how much uh, how much 45 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:45,640 Speaker 1: of a fuss is being raised like and that while 46 00:02:45,680 --> 00:02:49,320 Speaker 1: there wasn't a bunch of fuss, they're also was not 47 00:02:49,480 --> 00:02:54,120 Speaker 1: self government by Wilmington's city in terms of its city government. 48 00:02:55,520 --> 00:02:58,359 Speaker 1: All of this, with the so called good race relations 49 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:03,760 Speaker 1: relations shifted after the March municipal election that we talked 50 00:03:03,760 --> 00:03:06,799 Speaker 1: about in our previous episode, which had been pretty contentious 51 00:03:06,840 --> 00:03:09,520 Speaker 1: and then led to three competing boards of aldermen, all 52 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: claiming to be the real one. And and then after 53 00:03:12,440 --> 00:03:15,760 Speaker 1: that the race relations were no longer good. In fact, 54 00:03:15,760 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: white Democrats were planning a conspiracy to overthrow the government 55 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:24,639 Speaker 1: that was elected on March. While this campaign was focused 56 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:29,240 Speaker 1: on removing Wilmington's duly elected government and replacing it, it 57 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:31,720 Speaker 1: also had a secondary goal, which is to make an 58 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:34,960 Speaker 1: example of Wilmington's in order to keep the rest of 59 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:39,960 Speaker 1: North Carolina's black population in line. It is not clear 60 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:43,640 Speaker 1: exactly when the plan to do this was hatched. Later on, 61 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 1: Thomas W. Clawson, who was editor of the Wilmington's Messenger 62 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:51,000 Speaker 1: and was involved with the Coupe said that white citizens 63 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,600 Speaker 1: of Wilmington's had started formulating a plan six to twelve 64 00:03:54,680 --> 00:03:59,320 Speaker 1: months ahead of the election. A group of nine white 65 00:03:59,360 --> 00:04:02,720 Speaker 1: citizens of the ringleaders and became known as the Secret Nine. 66 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:09,480 Speaker 1: They were J. Allen Taylor, Hardy Fennel, W. A. Johnson, LB. Sasser, 67 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:16,640 Speaker 1: William Gilchrist, Pierre B. Manning, Edward S. Lathrop, Walter Parsley, 68 00:04:16,800 --> 00:04:21,080 Speaker 1: Hugh McCrae also involved in the conspiracy, where the Democratic 69 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:25,159 Speaker 1: Party Campaign Committee of New Hanover County, the Wilmington's Chamber 70 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,719 Speaker 1: of Commerce, and another informal group known as the Group 71 00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: of Six. A lot of people involved. One of the 72 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: most visible players in the conspiracy was Alfred Moore Waddell, 73 00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:39,719 Speaker 1: who we quoted at the end of part one. What 74 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:42,360 Speaker 1: l had been a Confederate officer during the Civil War, 75 00:04:42,480 --> 00:04:45,200 Speaker 1: and he had served in Congress from eighteen seventy one 76 00:04:45,240 --> 00:04:49,000 Speaker 1: to eighteen seventy nine. After being defeated in the eighteen 77 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:52,240 Speaker 1: seventy eight election, he had remained active in the Democratic 78 00:04:52,279 --> 00:04:54,440 Speaker 1: Party and he spent some time out of the state 79 00:04:54,839 --> 00:04:59,000 Speaker 1: campaigning on behalf of Democratic candidates He returned to Wilmington 80 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: in eighteen eighty three, ostensibly to practice law, but by 81 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,279 Speaker 1: eight ninety eight he was unemployed. So during this time 82 00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: he really devoted his energies to the party. He became 83 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:12,760 Speaker 1: a fiery and compelling speaker who had a knack for 84 00:05:12,839 --> 00:05:17,400 Speaker 1: stoking racist fears among whites. The Wilmington's two of eight 85 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:22,040 Speaker 1: was part of the coordinated statewide white supremacy campaign that 86 00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:26,320 Speaker 1: we talked about in Part one. Democrats used that campaign 87 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: to set the stage for what they were planning in Wilmington's, 88 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:34,479 Speaker 1: aggravating white citizens racial animosity as much as possible and 89 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 1: Wilmington's specifically. As part of this campaign, members of the 90 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 1: state's Democratic leadership visited the city and they started establishing 91 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:45,960 Speaker 1: white supremacy clubs, encouraging all white men to publicly announced 92 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,320 Speaker 1: their membership in these clubs. The clubs operated under the 93 00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:53,040 Speaker 1: banner of the White Government Union. The White Government Union 94 00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:56,840 Speaker 1: also organized a racist labor movement in the city. This 95 00:05:57,040 --> 00:06:00,520 Speaker 1: labor movement stated purpose was to replace blackly were within 96 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:03,880 Speaker 1: the city with white labor, and this project was endorsed 97 00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:08,280 Speaker 1: by Wilmington's Chamber of Commerce. Another aspect of the White 98 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:12,400 Speaker 1: supremacy campaign was essentially a show of force. The Red 99 00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:16,839 Speaker 1: Shirts were the Democratic Party's intimidation and terrorism wing. They 100 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:20,520 Speaker 1: marched in parades all across the state, often leading groups 101 00:06:20,560 --> 00:06:23,839 Speaker 1: of attractive white women to symbolically show that their role 102 00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:27,720 Speaker 1: was to protect white feminine virtue. They also served as 103 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:30,760 Speaker 1: an honor guard for political leaders when they held rallies 104 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:34,600 Speaker 1: and gave speeches. But it wasn't just marching and guarding. 105 00:06:34,839 --> 00:06:38,600 Speaker 1: The Red Shirts also terrorized black citizens, fired weapons into 106 00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: people's homes, and forcibly broke up meetings and rallies of 107 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:47,239 Speaker 1: Republican and Fusionist politicians. They threatened black voters away from polls, 108 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:50,360 Speaker 1: and they threatened fusion political leaders to try to intimidate 109 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:53,400 Speaker 1: them out of office. At one point, they even robbed 110 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:58,120 Speaker 1: the train of Republican Governor Daniel L. Russell. The Red 111 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:00,840 Speaker 1: Shirts were active in other states as well, and they 112 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:04,839 Speaker 1: had a major presence in Wilmington's And of course, anytime 113 00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: a black person reacted angrily or violently to being harassed, threatened, 114 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: or otherwise abused by the Red Shirts or anyone else 115 00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:16,760 Speaker 1: in Wilmington's white supremacists used that as evidence that Negro 116 00:07:16,920 --> 00:07:20,680 Speaker 1: rule of the city needed to be put down. Meanwhile, 117 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 1: in most quarters of the white community, the Red Shirts 118 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: were praised for their ongoing violent harassment of black people 119 00:07:27,560 --> 00:07:32,240 Speaker 1: and their white allies. I want to clarify that Negro 120 00:07:32,400 --> 00:07:35,440 Speaker 1: rule here, like they made it sound like black people 121 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:39,880 Speaker 1: had just taken over the government totally. Black people were 122 00:07:39,880 --> 00:07:42,600 Speaker 1: still a significant minority in the government. Like that. The 123 00:07:42,680 --> 00:07:46,040 Speaker 1: government of Wilmington's did not reflect the racial demographics of 124 00:07:46,040 --> 00:07:49,080 Speaker 1: the city itself, which was majority black, like the city 125 00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,240 Speaker 1: government was still majority white. But they had this whole 126 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: scare lore campaign of like negro rule and how awful 127 00:07:56,240 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: it was the ultimate focus for the campaign. And Wilmington's 128 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: was Election Day of eight, so there were only a 129 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:08,600 Speaker 1: few races that were being voted on that day. They 130 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:13,560 Speaker 1: were all statewide and national elections. Wilmington's municipal elections, like 131 00:08:13,720 --> 00:08:15,800 Speaker 1: said last time, they were to be held every two years. 132 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:19,680 Speaker 1: That wasn't for another year, but Democrats were not willing 133 00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: to wait until the municipal election to retake control of 134 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: the city. So this election, although it was not from 135 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,800 Speaker 1: municipal offices, was the opportunity they took to do that. 136 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:36,239 Speaker 1: By Election Day of eight, pretty much all of Wilmington's 137 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:40,200 Speaker 1: white citizens knew what was coming. The Democratic Party's white 138 00:08:40,240 --> 00:08:43,440 Speaker 1: supremacy campaign was extremely public that had been going on 139 00:08:43,559 --> 00:08:47,319 Speaker 1: for months, and although it wasn't nearly so overt, word 140 00:08:47,320 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: of the coup had been spreading among white citizenry as well. 141 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:54,560 Speaker 1: Black and white residents alike expected some kind of violence. 142 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: Hoping that sober men would have cooler heads, the Board 143 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:03,000 Speaker 1: of Aldermen ordered the city's loons to close around election day. 144 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:07,080 Speaker 1: Rumors also started to spread that Wilmington's black population was 145 00:09:07,120 --> 00:09:10,440 Speaker 1: planning some kind of a violent resistance on election day. 146 00:09:10,760 --> 00:09:14,360 Speaker 1: The Democratic campaign committee hired a black detective to investigate 147 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:17,400 Speaker 1: these rumors. He concluded that there was nothing to them 148 00:09:17,600 --> 00:09:20,439 Speaker 1: but to Pinkerton agents, so that they had found servants 149 00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:23,520 Speaker 1: who were planning to burn down their employers houses if 150 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,760 Speaker 1: the Democrats won. Rumors that the black community might turn 151 00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,160 Speaker 1: to arson may have stemmed from the fact that they 152 00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: didn't really have access to firearms to use for their 153 00:09:33,240 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 1: own defense. Black residents in Wilmington's who did try to 154 00:09:36,920 --> 00:09:39,520 Speaker 1: buy a gun ahead of election day had little success. 155 00:09:40,360 --> 00:09:43,040 Speaker 1: The only people in town who sold guns were white, 156 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:46,240 Speaker 1: and since they already knew what was happening, they refused 157 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:49,480 Speaker 1: to sell guns to black people, so the only weapons 158 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:52,120 Speaker 1: in the hands of Wilmington's black residents were a few 159 00:09:52,240 --> 00:09:55,760 Speaker 1: old muskets and pistols, mostly belonging to men who had 160 00:09:55,760 --> 00:09:58,840 Speaker 1: served in the Civil War after the Union started accepting 161 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: black soldiers back in eighteen sixty three. Conversely, white Democrats 162 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:09,199 Speaker 1: were definitely armed, They were definitely planning for violence, so 163 00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:11,400 Speaker 1: they were raising a lot of fears that the black 164 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:14,720 Speaker 1: community was set doing something that they definitely were doing. 165 00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:18,520 Speaker 1: Aside from people's personal firearms and other weapons, the white 166 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:22,720 Speaker 1: citizenry had access to the Wilmington's Light Infantry armory. City 167 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:25,840 Speaker 1: business leaders had also spent twelve hundred dollars on a 168 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 1: Gatling gun. Armed patrols were organized for every black of 169 00:10:30,200 --> 00:10:32,320 Speaker 1: the city on election day, with the Red Shirts and 170 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:35,400 Speaker 1: others being stationed outside of polling places to warn black 171 00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:39,720 Speaker 1: voters away. The Red Shirts also encouraged and quotation marks 172 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:42,520 Speaker 1: white voters who were ambivalent to get at them vote. 173 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,520 Speaker 1: They basically come to your house and be like, dude, 174 00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: your voting now, I have a gun if you don't 175 00:10:47,480 --> 00:10:52,720 Speaker 1: really want to do it. White Democrats also made real 176 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,800 Speaker 1: and explicit calls for violence. The night before the election, 177 00:10:56,920 --> 00:11:01,040 Speaker 1: Alfred Moore Wadell spoke at a rally and proclaim aimed quote, 178 00:11:01,080 --> 00:11:04,360 Speaker 1: you are Anglo Saxons. You are armed and prepared, and 179 00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:07,720 Speaker 1: you will do your duty. Be ready at a moment's notice. 180 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:10,760 Speaker 1: Go to the polls tomorrow, and if you find the 181 00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:13,960 Speaker 1: Negro out voting, tell him to leave the polls. And 182 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:17,960 Speaker 1: if he refuses, kill him, shoot him down in his tracks. 183 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,920 Speaker 1: We shall win tomorrow if we have to do it 184 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:26,080 Speaker 1: with guns. Within the Black community, advice on what to 185 00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: do in the face of all this was really mixed. 186 00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:31,320 Speaker 1: Some leaders and clergy advised people to stay home for 187 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: the sake of keeping the peace, while others insisted that 188 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:36,600 Speaker 1: they take a stand by exercising their right to vote. 189 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: Women in North Carolina could not vote, and a coalition 190 00:11:40,040 --> 00:11:42,560 Speaker 1: of black women published a piece in the Wilmington Daily 191 00:11:42,640 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: Record urging black men to get out to the polls 192 00:11:45,240 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: and vote. So we're gonna talk about election day after 193 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:52,439 Speaker 1: we first pause, have a breather and a little sponsor break. 194 00:11:57,840 --> 00:12:00,920 Speaker 1: Election day was November eight, d eight, and the day 195 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:04,840 Speaker 1: itself came with plenty of rumors and fear, but not 196 00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:09,200 Speaker 1: a lot of actual violence. In the final count Democrats 197 00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:12,560 Speaker 1: gained more than eleven thousand votes over the previous election. 198 00:12:13,280 --> 00:12:15,760 Speaker 1: Some of this game came from low turnout among black 199 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,600 Speaker 1: voters due to intimidation and threats, including employers who threatened 200 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:23,440 Speaker 1: to fire any black person who voted, but some of 201 00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:26,920 Speaker 1: it was due to fraud. For example, the first Wards 202 00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:31,559 Speaker 1: fifth precinct had three hundred forty three total registered voters, 203 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:35,480 Speaker 1: three hundred thirteen of whom were black, but six hundred 204 00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:38,200 Speaker 1: and seven votes were counted four hundred and fifty six 205 00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: for Democrats. This was in a precinct that, according to 206 00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:46,360 Speaker 1: registrar Abram Fulton, there were no black Democrats. The count 207 00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:48,800 Speaker 1: in this precinct was also interrupted when a crowd of 208 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:53,000 Speaker 1: men described as strangers showed up and put out all 209 00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:57,400 Speaker 1: the lights. Yeah once uh once the people who have 210 00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:01,079 Speaker 1: been counting votes got back inside, one of whom went 211 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:04,920 Speaker 1: home because he was terrified. Uh Like, obviously the votes 212 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:07,719 Speaker 1: had been tampered with. So like the there were way 213 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:11,160 Speaker 1: more votes cast than people in the precinct, and specifically 214 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: way more votes for Democrats. Then there were black registered 215 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:18,839 Speaker 1: voters who were overwhelmingly Republican. So this kind of stuff 216 00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:23,319 Speaker 1: that's going on On November nine, The Wilmington's Messenger published 217 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: the election returns that morning, along with a notice that 218 00:13:26,720 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: ran under the heading Attention White Men. This notice summoned 219 00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:33,520 Speaker 1: white men to the Wilmington's court House. At eleven o'clock 220 00:13:33,559 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 1: that morning, a large group gathered there as instructed, and 221 00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:41,760 Speaker 1: Alfred Waddell read a document known as the White Declaration 222 00:13:41,800 --> 00:13:44,439 Speaker 1: of Independence. Sometimes you will see it as the White 223 00:13:44,480 --> 00:13:48,240 Speaker 1: Men's or the white Man's Declaration of Independence. This document 224 00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 1: had been drafted by the Secret Nine as a component 225 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:55,600 Speaker 1: of their coup. This White Declaration of Independence began quote 226 00:13:55,920 --> 00:13:59,080 Speaker 1: believing that the Constitution of the United States contemplated a 227 00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:01,800 Speaker 1: government to be care ead on by an enlightened people, 228 00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:05,800 Speaker 1: believing that its framers did not anticipate the enfranchisement of 229 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:09,720 Speaker 1: an ignorant population of African origin, and believing that those 230 00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:12,560 Speaker 1: men of the state of North Carolina who joined informing 231 00:14:12,559 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: the Union did not contemplate for their descendants subjection to 232 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:20,440 Speaker 1: an inferior race. We, the undersigned citizens of the City 233 00:14:20,440 --> 00:14:23,920 Speaker 1: of Wilmington's and County of New Hanover, do hereby declare 234 00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: that we will no longer be ruled, and we will 235 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:30,880 Speaker 1: never again be ruled by men of African origin. This 236 00:14:31,040 --> 00:14:34,000 Speaker 1: document went on to outline a series of points boiling 237 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:36,360 Speaker 1: down to the idea that white citizens should not and 238 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: would not be subject to a black government. This last 239 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:43,680 Speaker 1: point specifically condemned Alex Manly's editorial that had run in 240 00:14:43,680 --> 00:14:46,480 Speaker 1: the Wilmington's Daily Record that was printed earlier that year. 241 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:49,160 Speaker 1: We talked about that a lot. In part one. It 242 00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,320 Speaker 1: said that the paper itself should cease operations, and that 243 00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 1: Manly should be banished, and that the press should be 244 00:14:55,080 --> 00:14:58,800 Speaker 1: packed up and shipped away. What l and the rest 245 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:01,800 Speaker 1: of the men then established committee known as the Committee 246 00:15:01,840 --> 00:15:04,760 Speaker 1: of twenty five to make sure these points were carried out. 247 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,560 Speaker 1: Their first step was to summon thirty two of Wilmington's 248 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,000 Speaker 1: most prominent black citizens, known as the Committee of Colored 249 00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,360 Speaker 1: Citizens or c c C. They instructed the c c 250 00:15:15,520 --> 00:15:18,960 Speaker 1: C to appear at the courthouse at six pm that night. 251 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,680 Speaker 1: When the c c C arrived that evening, Wodel read 252 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,840 Speaker 1: them the White Declaration of Independence and told them that 253 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 1: they had until seven thirty the following morning to go 254 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,520 Speaker 1: to Alex Manly, shut down his newspaper and expel him 255 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:36,080 Speaker 1: from the city. The c c C retired to a 256 00:15:36,120 --> 00:15:39,000 Speaker 1: nearby barbershop that one of them owned to figure out 257 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:42,600 Speaker 1: what to do. They ultimately wrote up a reply saying 258 00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,240 Speaker 1: that they did not condone Manly's editorial, calling it obnoxious. 259 00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,760 Speaker 1: This wasn't a new sentiment within the black community. After 260 00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: that our editorial was published. Multiple black leaders and clergy 261 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:56,280 Speaker 1: had told Manly that he should retract it, and they 262 00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:00,880 Speaker 1: had criticized it as deliberately inflammatory. The c cc response 263 00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,160 Speaker 1: went on to say that it wasn't within their authority 264 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:05,560 Speaker 1: to do what was being asked of them, but that 265 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:10,160 Speaker 1: in the interest of the piece, they would try armand 266 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,840 Speaker 1: Scott was tasked with hand delivering the CCC's response back 267 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: to what l But as he was on his way 268 00:16:16,360 --> 00:16:18,960 Speaker 1: to make his hand delivery, he ran into a large 269 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:21,440 Speaker 1: group of armed white men who were blocking his path, 270 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:24,240 Speaker 1: so he took it to the post office to be 271 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:28,720 Speaker 1: delivered instead. Also, there's some some discrepancy about what this 272 00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,720 Speaker 1: letter actually said. Scott stated later on that the letter 273 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 1: that was eventually reprinted in the papers, which is what 274 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:40,040 Speaker 1: we just summarized, was not what he was delivering. By 275 00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: the time the c c C met Alex Manley had 276 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:44,880 Speaker 1: already left town due to the threats on his life, 277 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:47,920 Speaker 1: so Scott said that this letter had made it clear 278 00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,640 Speaker 1: that Many was already gone, and that the record hadn't 279 00:16:50,680 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: been published for two weeks. Other members of the c 280 00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: c C cross paths with George Rowntree that evening, who 281 00:16:57,760 --> 00:17:00,880 Speaker 1: was another member of the Committee of twenty five. They 282 00:17:00,960 --> 00:17:02,920 Speaker 1: let him know that Manly was gone and that the 283 00:17:02,920 --> 00:17:06,359 Speaker 1: press was shut down. But Roundtree did not go to 284 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:08,919 Speaker 1: the Committee of twenty five meeting the next morning, and 285 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,720 Speaker 1: neither did anyone else who had heard that Manly had 286 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:16,679 Speaker 1: already left town. So when Alfred Weddell had not gotten 287 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:19,200 Speaker 1: a response from the c c C by seven thirty 288 00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:22,800 Speaker 1: the next morning, he assumed that they just weren't answering 289 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:26,840 Speaker 1: his demands. He went to the Wilmington's Light Infantry Armory, 290 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:29,560 Speaker 1: where he found a mob of about five hundred white 291 00:17:29,560 --> 00:17:34,080 Speaker 1: men already gathered there by eight fifteen. They were getting restless, 292 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:36,119 Speaker 1: and when he told them that he had not gotten 293 00:17:36,119 --> 00:17:38,920 Speaker 1: a response from the Committee of Colored Citizens, they started 294 00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:42,600 Speaker 1: discussing who should lead a march to the offices of 295 00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:47,399 Speaker 1: the Wilmington's Daily News. The Wilmington's Light Infantry was on 296 00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:51,160 Speaker 1: hand that day, but officers couldn't lead a civilian mob 297 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,919 Speaker 1: to a business in order to burn it down. They 298 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 1: could only get involved through direct order from the governor 299 00:17:56,840 --> 00:18:01,320 Speaker 1: or if the situation became violent. Eventually, Waddell offered to 300 00:18:01,359 --> 00:18:05,159 Speaker 1: take the lead. By then the mob had swelled to 301 00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:09,359 Speaker 1: between a thousand and men. They marched to Love and 302 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:12,639 Speaker 1: Charity Hall and they pounded on the door, but since 303 00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:15,320 Speaker 1: Manly had already left, they didn't get an answer, so 304 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,040 Speaker 1: the mob broke down the door. They destroyed as much 305 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:21,200 Speaker 1: of the office as they could. They shattered the office's 306 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: kerosene lamps, and then they set it on fire. Although 307 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,880 Speaker 1: some people did try to extinguish blowing cinders that spread 308 00:18:29,920 --> 00:18:33,440 Speaker 1: from Love and Charity Hall to neighboring buildings. The fire 309 00:18:33,520 --> 00:18:37,000 Speaker 1: chief kept the fire department from fighting the fire until 310 00:18:37,040 --> 00:18:40,120 Speaker 1: it was clear that the building was damaged beyond all repair. 311 00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:44,199 Speaker 1: Once an all black fire crew was finally allowed to 312 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,359 Speaker 1: approach the fire, they had to fight it while surrounded 313 00:18:47,359 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: by armed, angry white men who harassed and threatened them 314 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:56,320 Speaker 1: the entire time. Meanwhile, Colonel Walker Taylor of the Wilmington 315 00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:59,160 Speaker 1: Light Infantry sent a telegram to the governor which read, 316 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:03,280 Speaker 1: quote situation and here serious I hold military awaiting your 317 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:06,960 Speaker 1: prompt orders. After the mob that had burned down Love 318 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:10,439 Speaker 1: and Charity Hall returned to the armory, Alfred Waddell claimed 319 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: he dismissed them to go back to their homes. They 320 00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:16,679 Speaker 1: had done what they set out to do. However, he 321 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,040 Speaker 1: made that claim as part of an article in which 322 00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:21,960 Speaker 1: he described the events that followed as having been carried 323 00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:24,840 Speaker 1: out with the utmost restraint, and this was of course 324 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:33,560 Speaker 1: far from the truth. So after the after this mob 325 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,679 Speaker 1: went back to the Infantry Armory, a small group of 326 00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: armed black men started to gather not far away. Rumors 327 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:44,119 Speaker 1: started to spread that they were planning some kind of 328 00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:48,200 Speaker 1: counter attack, so the white mob moved to intercept them. 329 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:50,680 Speaker 1: This led to a brief standoff and at some point 330 00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:54,199 Speaker 1: it is really not clear by whom a shot was fired. 331 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:57,720 Speaker 1: More shots followed, and then things really came to a 332 00:19:57,760 --> 00:20:00,560 Speaker 1: head when a white man named William Mayo was struck 333 00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 1: with a life threatening injury, and this sparked a riot 334 00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:07,199 Speaker 1: that spread through Wilmington's, which we are going to talk 335 00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:12,000 Speaker 1: about in more detail after we first have a sponsor break. 336 00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:23,119 Speaker 1: So on November, after William Mayo had been shot, a 337 00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: heavily armed white mob started moving through Wilmington's terrorizing and 338 00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 1: murdering the black population. Word of what was happening spread 339 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:34,680 Speaker 1: through the city and then beyond via telegraph. Other cities, 340 00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:37,480 Speaker 1: including those as far away as Atlanta and New Orleans, 341 00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:40,440 Speaker 1: started offering the aid of their own troops to Wilmington's 342 00:20:40,440 --> 00:20:42,439 Speaker 1: and to be clear, these troops were being offered to 343 00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:46,200 Speaker 1: assist the white mob, not to protect the black citizens. 344 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: When the governor replied to Colonel Taylor's telegram, his instructions 345 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,280 Speaker 1: were to use Wilmington's Light Infantry troops to preserve the peace. 346 00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:58,160 Speaker 1: The city's riot alarm was sounded, which was a signal 347 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:02,239 Speaker 1: to the Red Shirts and other parramiditary groups to mobilize. 348 00:21:02,680 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: All of these armed men moved in on the predominantly 349 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:09,680 Speaker 1: black neighborhood of Brooklyn. In addition to the gatling gun 350 00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:12,520 Speaker 1: that we mentioned earlier, a second machine gun unit was 351 00:21:12,560 --> 00:21:17,119 Speaker 1: deployed by naval reserves. The mob that progressed through the 352 00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:19,919 Speaker 1: neighborhood of Brooklyn was made up of white civilians, the 353 00:21:19,920 --> 00:21:22,679 Speaker 1: Wilmington's Light Infantry, the Red Shirts, and others, and they 354 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:27,600 Speaker 1: made violent, terrifying progress. The machine gun units aimed into 355 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:30,880 Speaker 1: Black churches which had been rumored as secret hiding places 356 00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:34,680 Speaker 1: for armories, which they were not. Black women were strip 357 00:21:34,720 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: searched on the street, supposedly under suspicion of having been 358 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: carrying weapons. The civilian mob and military and paramilitary units 359 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:47,119 Speaker 1: fired indiscriminately into homes, and they killed black citizens who resisted. 360 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:51,000 Speaker 1: At one point, the Red Shirts started a man hunt 361 00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:53,840 Speaker 1: for Daniel Wright, who was accused of having fired the 362 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:57,280 Speaker 1: shot that hit William Mayo. Right took up a position 363 00:21:57,320 --> 00:21:59,680 Speaker 1: in his attic and fired at the Red Shirts before 364 00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:03,200 Speaker 1: being captured, temporarily tied to a light post, and then 365 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 1: released and told to run while the white mobs shot 366 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:09,720 Speaker 1: him repeatedly. They left him lying in the street, and 367 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: someone took him to the hospital. More than an hour later. 368 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:17,480 Speaker 1: He died. The next day, the governor dispatched more troops 369 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:21,080 Speaker 1: to Wilmington's that did not stop the violence, though these 370 00:22:21,080 --> 00:22:23,159 Speaker 1: troops had a lot of the same idea as the 371 00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,000 Speaker 1: Wilmington's Light Infantry in terms of how to keep the peace, 372 00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: It's not by protecting the black population. Word of the 373 00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:33,400 Speaker 1: situation also made its way to Washington, d C. However, 374 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,520 Speaker 1: President McKinley didn't dispatch federal troops because there wasn't an 375 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:41,560 Speaker 1: official request from the governor. Later he would get multiple 376 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,679 Speaker 1: letters from Wilmington's black residence asking for help, but he 377 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:48,439 Speaker 1: did not intervene since the governor reported that the situation 378 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:53,480 Speaker 1: was under control. As this mob moved through Wilmington's, many 379 00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:57,040 Speaker 1: of its black population fled. They took refuge and swamps 380 00:22:57,040 --> 00:23:00,240 Speaker 1: and a cemetery outside of town. At first, most of 381 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:02,960 Speaker 1: the refugees were women and children, and men joined them 382 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:05,320 Speaker 1: later as they were able to escape from the city. 383 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,639 Speaker 1: Those who fled into the swamps mostly stayed there without food, shelter, 384 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,600 Speaker 1: or warm clothing through the ninth of November tenth and eleventh. 385 00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:16,320 Speaker 1: Even though Wilmington's is a coastal city, this was not 386 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,480 Speaker 1: a warm experience. It was cold and damp, and they 387 00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: had nothing to eat and nowhere to take cover. Meanwhile, 388 00:23:23,560 --> 00:23:26,960 Speaker 1: Wilmington's white political and business leaders got to work on 389 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: their coup. De Eta. George Rowntree and W. H. Chadburne 390 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:33,960 Speaker 1: were both a big part of this, although many other 391 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:38,680 Speaker 1: men were involved as well. They encouraged the mayor, his staff, 392 00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,520 Speaker 1: the non Democrats on the board of Aldermen, and the 393 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,840 Speaker 1: chief of police to resign Fusionist government. Leaders and their 394 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:49,760 Speaker 1: supporters were forcibly run out of town, sometimes at gunpoint 395 00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:53,920 Speaker 1: or under threat of death. The Committee of twenty five 396 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,239 Speaker 1: then went to city Hall to elect replacements for all 397 00:23:57,280 --> 00:24:01,440 Speaker 1: the people they had just ousted. They voted on them 398 00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:04,840 Speaker 1: to like maintain this this illusion that this was an 399 00:24:04,840 --> 00:24:08,080 Speaker 1: elected body, and their replacements for the Board of Aldermen 400 00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:10,760 Speaker 1: were an all white group of Democrats, who then elected 401 00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:16,000 Speaker 1: elected Alfred Morrawaddell as the mayor. The newly instituted city 402 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:18,760 Speaker 1: government then put together a list of prominent black citizens 403 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:21,320 Speaker 1: who should be run out of town, including the entirety 404 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:24,399 Speaker 1: of the c c C. A few people were allowed 405 00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:26,680 Speaker 1: to stay if they quote knew their place, and some 406 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:32,199 Speaker 1: were placed under arrest, reportedly for their own safety. The 407 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:36,160 Speaker 1: final death toll of this riot isn't clear. The coroner 408 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:39,600 Speaker 1: held fourteen inquests, all of which were ruled as having 409 00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:44,600 Speaker 1: died from gunshot wounds inflicted by parties. Unknown estimates are 410 00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,680 Speaker 1: as high as one hundred black citizens killed, with many 411 00:24:47,720 --> 00:24:51,400 Speaker 1: more injured. A few white men were injured, one critically 412 00:24:52,040 --> 00:24:57,119 Speaker 1: none were killed. Aside from those who were killed or wounded, 413 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: more than two thousand black citizens left Wilmington's in the 414 00:25:00,920 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: wake of the riot and que, prominent white Republicans left 415 00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:08,560 Speaker 1: as well, and soon the city had lost its black majority. 416 00:25:08,760 --> 00:25:11,840 Speaker 1: The Republican Party lost its support in both Wilmington's and 417 00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:15,040 Speaker 1: elsewhere in North Carolina, with its white members being branded 418 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:19,960 Speaker 1: as race traders. The riot and coup affected Wilmington's black 419 00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,119 Speaker 1: community in a number of ways, in addition to the death's, 420 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,960 Speaker 1: injuries and trauma. For the most part, black property owners 421 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:29,480 Speaker 1: in Wilmington's were able to keep their property after the 422 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:34,719 Speaker 1: riot and coup, but black business owners disproportionately lost their businesses. 423 00:25:35,560 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: In seven before the riot, there had been two hundred 424 00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:43,240 Speaker 1: sixteen black owned businesses and seven hundred eighty nine white 425 00:25:43,240 --> 00:25:47,479 Speaker 1: owned businesses in the Wilmington's city directory. In the nineteen 426 00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:50,640 Speaker 1: hundred directory, there were only one hundred sixty two black 427 00:25:50,640 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: owned businesses, a decrease of Meanwhile, the number of white 428 00:25:55,760 --> 00:26:01,120 Speaker 1: owned businesses dropped by only two percent. All so, Wilmington's 429 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:04,080 Speaker 1: working class Black residents, who either chose to stay or 430 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: didn't have the means to go, were increasingly shuttled into 431 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:12,080 Speaker 1: lower status and lower paying jobs. One of the refrains 432 00:26:12,119 --> 00:26:15,000 Speaker 1: of the white supremacy campaign that had been going on 433 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:19,560 Speaker 1: throughout North Carolina had been returning jobs to white citizens 434 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:24,080 Speaker 1: and these newly vacated jobs as as black citizens were 435 00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:29,000 Speaker 1: moved into less advantageous jobs. Newly vacated jobs were indeed 436 00:26:29,160 --> 00:26:33,320 Speaker 1: filled by white workers, but employers had been paying black 437 00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:36,959 Speaker 1: employees much less than they would typically pay a white person. 438 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,000 Speaker 1: The pay did not increase when the race of the 439 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:45,000 Speaker 1: workers changed. After the riot was over, the response among 440 00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,360 Speaker 1: the black community within an outside of Wilmington's was divided 441 00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,040 Speaker 1: about how to live in light of what had just happened. 442 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:54,600 Speaker 1: In Wilmington's. Many church leaders took to the pulpit to 443 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:58,240 Speaker 1: advise compliance and appeasement for the sake of just keeping 444 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 1: the peace outs I had the state. The incident provoked 445 00:27:01,640 --> 00:27:05,439 Speaker 1: outrage among black civic and political leaders. A number of 446 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:09,680 Speaker 1: meetings and demonstrations protested what had happened and proposed ways 447 00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:13,760 Speaker 1: to try to prevent a future recurrence, but these efforts 448 00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: were lampooned and criticized among white democratic presses, in some 449 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:21,840 Speaker 1: cases turning into even more fuel for more racist propaganda. 450 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:25,080 Speaker 1: It was clear to the black community that anything other 451 00:27:25,119 --> 00:27:27,639 Speaker 1: than total deference and appeasement was just going to be 452 00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 1: met with more violence, so Ultimately, efforts at resistance and 453 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:35,320 Speaker 1: the immediate aftermath of this riot fell apart. The riot 454 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:39,439 Speaker 1: received favorable coverage in the white press overwhelmingly. I mean, 455 00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:42,639 Speaker 1: of course, there were there were detractors, but for the 456 00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:45,480 Speaker 1: most part this this was viewed as like a necessary 457 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:51,480 Speaker 1: retaking of Wilmington's Robert Bunting, a federally appointed commissioner, reported 458 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:54,600 Speaker 1: in Washington that he had been forcibly removed from office 459 00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:58,080 Speaker 1: and run out of the city. In response, the U. S. 460 00:27:58,119 --> 00:28:00,439 Speaker 1: Attorney General told the U. S Attorne me for the 461 00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:04,480 Speaker 1: Eastern District of North Carolina to investigate, and while the U. S. 462 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,960 Speaker 1: Attorney said he would, he never did himming and hawing 463 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,080 Speaker 1: about it until the federal government just dropped the issue. 464 00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:14,400 Speaker 1: The matter was closed in nineteen hundred with no indictments 465 00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:17,760 Speaker 1: or arrests. No one was ever prosecuted for their role 466 00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: in the riot or the coup. After the coup, Wilmington's 467 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:26,720 Speaker 1: new government rewrote the city charter again to legitimize their positions. 468 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:30,520 Speaker 1: Then they all ran for re election in one with 469 00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:35,520 Speaker 1: the Republican Party offering no opposing candidates. The Wilmington's coup 470 00:28:35,560 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 1: and the white supremacy campaign leading up to it affected 471 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:43,200 Speaker 1: politics throughout North Carolina. As the Democratic Party had hoped 472 00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:46,600 Speaker 1: after what happened in Wilmington's it wasn't necessary to do 473 00:28:46,680 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: the same thing elsewhere in the state. Democrats regained control 474 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: of the state's General Assembly. Afterward, North Carolina passed a 475 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: suffrage amendment to the constitution. This amendment required literacy tests 476 00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:04,280 Speaker 1: and poll taxes, but it included a grandfather clause, exempting 477 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,680 Speaker 1: anyone descended from someone who was eligible to vote in 478 00:29:07,760 --> 00:29:11,840 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven. This meant that the new requirements applied 479 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:15,320 Speaker 1: almost exclusively to black people who did not have the 480 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,840 Speaker 1: right to vote in eighteen sixty seven. This law actually 481 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:23,480 Speaker 1: remained in place until the Civil rights movement. Democrats and 482 00:29:23,520 --> 00:29:27,000 Speaker 1: the General Assembly also rolled back the Fusion government's most 483 00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:31,520 Speaker 1: progressive progressive election laws, and on March sixth, the General 484 00:29:31,560 --> 00:29:34,720 Speaker 1: Assembly ratified Quote an Act to Restore Good Government to 485 00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:38,640 Speaker 1: the Counties of North Carolina, which once again gave legislators 486 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: and Raleigh control of the local government of thirteen cities. 487 00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:46,680 Speaker 1: These cities were all either majority black or close to it. Together. 488 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 1: All of this once again solidified Democrats power in North 489 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,760 Speaker 1: Carolina even beyond what it had been before. The success 490 00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:58,160 Speaker 1: of the Fusion Coalition. When Democrat Charles Acock, who had 491 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:02,160 Speaker 1: actively participated in the white supremacy campaign, was elected governor 492 00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,800 Speaker 1: in nine hundred, the party had control of both houses 493 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:10,280 Speaker 1: of the state legislature and the governorship. North Carolina essentially 494 00:30:10,320 --> 00:30:15,280 Speaker 1: had a one party government for decades afterward. After it 495 00:30:15,320 --> 00:30:19,120 Speaker 1: was all over, the riot was generally something that black 496 00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:23,880 Speaker 1: residents of North Carolina, especially in Wilmington's, heard about from parents, grandparents, 497 00:30:23,880 --> 00:30:27,720 Speaker 1: and peers. Two black writers also published works of historical 498 00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:31,360 Speaker 1: fiction about it, really in those early years afterwards. One 499 00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:34,880 Speaker 1: was nineteen hundreds Hanover or The Persecution of the Lowly 500 00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 1: Story of the Wilmington Massacre, by David Bryan Fulton, who 501 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: was writing under the pseudonym Jack Thorne. The other was 502 00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: Charles wood l That's a different Woodell. The other was 503 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:49,640 Speaker 1: Charles wood l One The Marrow of Tradition. But the 504 00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:54,760 Speaker 1: riot mostly disappeared from white collective memory for decades. It 505 00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:57,600 Speaker 1: was not part of North Carolina history classes, and when 506 00:30:57,640 --> 00:30:59,800 Speaker 1: it did come up, it was mostly described as a 507 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:03,320 Speaker 1: ace riot, and in some cases it was praised. That 508 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,480 Speaker 1: started to change in with the publication of Philip Girard's 509 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:11,720 Speaker 1: novel Cape Fear Rising. Yeah, I graduated from North Carolina 510 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:15,000 Speaker 1: Public schools in this was not a thing I ever 511 00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:20,680 Speaker 1: heard about in a North Carolina classroom. Ever, It's also 512 00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:22,240 Speaker 1: not a thing that I heard about in college, although 513 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,280 Speaker 1: I did not have like North Carolina history classes in college. 514 00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,960 Speaker 1: So in two thousand, not long after the centennial of 515 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,680 Speaker 1: this riot, the North Carolina General Assembly enacted legislation to 516 00:31:32,840 --> 00:31:37,360 Speaker 1: create a commission to investigate It was followed similar investigations 517 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,320 Speaker 1: into the Tulsa riot in the nineteen three Rosewood massacre, 518 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:44,440 Speaker 1: both of which have been the subject of previous episodes. 519 00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:49,200 Speaker 1: The North Carolina Commission used the investigations into these incidents 520 00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,920 Speaker 1: as a model, so the commission's purpose was to both 521 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:55,080 Speaker 1: develop a historical record of the incident and to determine 522 00:31:55,080 --> 00:31:59,560 Speaker 1: its impact on North Carolina's black population. The investigations findings 523 00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:02,520 Speaker 1: were really east in a more than four d page 524 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:05,080 Speaker 1: report in two thousand and six, and the findings are 525 00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: clear that it was an armed overthrow of a duly 526 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 1: elected municipal government, that it was an organized conspiracy and 527 00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: not a spur of the moment act of violence, and 528 00:32:15,360 --> 00:32:18,920 Speaker 1: that quote involved in the conspiracy were men prominent in 529 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 1: the Democratic Party, former Confederate officers, former office holders, and 530 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:28,760 Speaker 1: newspaper editors locally and statewide. Rallied by Josephus Daniels of 531 00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:33,240 Speaker 1: the Raleigh News and Observer. The investigation also noted the 532 00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:35,960 Speaker 1: role of Alex Manley's editorial that we talked about in 533 00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:40,040 Speaker 1: part one, which was responding to Rebecca Latimer Felton's speech, 534 00:32:40,360 --> 00:32:42,680 Speaker 1: but they pointed out that this coup would have taken 535 00:32:42,720 --> 00:32:46,280 Speaker 1: place even without that involvement. After all, the coup was 536 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:49,240 Speaker 1: being planned six to twelve months before election day, which 537 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:53,360 Speaker 1: was well before that editorial was ever published. The commission 538 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:56,360 Speaker 1: also made connections between the eight ninety eight riot and 539 00:32:56,480 --> 00:32:59,560 Speaker 1: coup and later incidents of violence in Wilmington's in the 540 00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:03,880 Speaker 1: nineteen seventies. It framed this more recent violence as quote 541 00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:09,320 Speaker 1: directly related to unresolved conflicts of The commission also made 542 00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:15,680 Speaker 1: recommendations for empowerment, economic redevelopment, education, and commemoration. In two 543 00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: thousand and six, the same year as the Commission released 544 00:33:18,160 --> 00:33:21,240 Speaker 1: its findings, the Raleigh News and Observer and the Charlotte 545 00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:24,000 Speaker 1: Observer each apologized for their role in the violence and 546 00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:26,520 Speaker 1: the coupe, and as part of this the two papers, 547 00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,880 Speaker 1: co published a twelve page special report on the riot, 548 00:33:29,920 --> 00:33:34,240 Speaker 1: which was distributed as a special section of both of them. 549 00:33:34,280 --> 00:33:38,479 Speaker 1: The North Carolina Democratic Party apologized a year later. The 550 00:33:38,520 --> 00:33:41,960 Speaker 1: General Assembly passed a resolution acknowledging the Act in two 551 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:44,480 Speaker 1: thousand seven as well, which had been part of the 552 00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:48,760 Speaker 1: commission's recommendations. However, it took some effort to get that 553 00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: acknowledgement through the General Assembly. A bill titled eighteen ninety 554 00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:57,000 Speaker 1: eight Wilmington's Race Riot Acknowledgement was filed in March of 555 00:33:57,040 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: two thousand seven and was ultimately blocked it least, according 556 00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:04,880 Speaker 1: to news reports, because Republican legislators wanted it to include 557 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:07,959 Speaker 1: the fact that white Republican legislators had been working with 558 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:12,000 Speaker 1: black citizens and had opposed the riot. Yeah, a lot 559 00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:15,680 Speaker 1: of the discussion and news media of this riot within 560 00:34:15,719 --> 00:34:21,640 Speaker 1: the last like five years has basically been to try 561 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:28,440 Speaker 1: to to criticize the Democrats by current sitting Republican leaders, which, 562 00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:32,319 Speaker 1: as we've talked about on the podcast before, like it's 563 00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:36,319 Speaker 1: it's it's great that the Democratic Party apologized for this. 564 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,560 Speaker 1: When it comes to your voting decisions, you have to 565 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:41,399 Speaker 1: vote based on what the party is doing right now. 566 00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:46,440 Speaker 1: Not on what the party was doing a hundred years ago, 567 00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:51,839 Speaker 1: like political parties have totally We've talked about that before. Yeah, 568 00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:54,920 Speaker 1: we've talked about the way the platforms have shifted and 569 00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:58,120 Speaker 1: and in some ways they traded places on their positions, um, 570 00:34:58,560 --> 00:35:00,960 Speaker 1: which is important to remember, and I think sometimes that 571 00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:04,839 Speaker 1: gets excluded purposely to try to frame things in a 572 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:09,160 Speaker 1: more positive light. Yeah. So, yeah, but that was a 573 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:12,640 Speaker 1: lot of times that shift of platform gets kind of 574 00:35:12,719 --> 00:35:17,040 Speaker 1: oversimplified as like a light switch that got turned. But 575 00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,759 Speaker 1: like every political party in the country has been continually 576 00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:28,080 Speaker 1: revising it's it's platforms since they've existed. Back to wrapping 577 00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:32,400 Speaker 1: up this story. So after that whole thing when it 578 00:35:32,480 --> 00:35:34,960 Speaker 1: got derailed because apparently people wanted to talk about how 579 00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:40,560 Speaker 1: the Republicans helped, a Senate joint resolution acknowledging the events 580 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,279 Speaker 1: was introduced on July thirty one of that year and 581 00:35:43,280 --> 00:35:47,440 Speaker 1: then ultimately ratified on August two. But this joint resolution 582 00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,400 Speaker 1: is a lot milder and its language than the original 583 00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: bill was. It leaves out things from the original bill, 584 00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:57,400 Speaker 1: like the words white supremacy, as well as the earlier 585 00:35:57,480 --> 00:36:00,279 Speaker 1: bill's acknowledgement that it was quote a conspirat see of 586 00:36:00,320 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 1: a white elite that used intimidation and force. Also removed 587 00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:09,200 Speaker 1: from what eventually was ratified was quote government at all 588 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:13,160 Speaker 1: levels failed to protect that citizens, which was replaced with 589 00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:19,680 Speaker 1: the much less UH firm quote government was unsuccessful in 590 00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:24,880 Speaker 1: protecting its citizens during that time. In more recent updates, 591 00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:28,920 Speaker 1: the state's Highway Historical Marker Committee approved a plaque that 592 00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:31,879 Speaker 1: will be installed in March of two thousand eighteen, so 593 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:34,239 Speaker 1: in just a couple of months. UH. This plaque will 594 00:36:34,280 --> 00:36:37,280 Speaker 1: be placed at Market Street between Fourth Street and Fifth Street, 595 00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,920 Speaker 1: which is the site of the old Armory building and 596 00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:44,959 Speaker 1: in a busy part of Wilmington's downtown. There have been 597 00:36:45,080 --> 00:36:48,239 Speaker 1: slash our other markers and memorials, but that one is 598 00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:52,400 Speaker 1: the most recent one and also the one that clearly 599 00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:55,720 Speaker 1: frames that as having been a coup that involved burning 600 00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:59,480 Speaker 1: down this newspaper. To circle back around, so what the 601 00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:01,960 Speaker 1: party doing right now for just a second, we should 602 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:04,440 Speaker 1: also note that a lot of the background stuff that 603 00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:07,239 Speaker 1: we talked about through these two episodes is still going on. 604 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,880 Speaker 1: So race obviously is still used as a political wedge 605 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:14,359 Speaker 1: in the country as a whole. In North Carolina, now 606 00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:17,520 Speaker 1: it's the Republican party that has turned to jerrymandering and 607 00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:22,360 Speaker 1: racially discriminatory voting laws to influence election outcomes. In North Carolina, 608 00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:26,600 Speaker 1: the Republican Party controlled both houses of the States General 609 00:37:26,640 --> 00:37:31,080 Speaker 1: Assembly and the governorship from until the end of twenty sixteen, 610 00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:33,320 Speaker 1: and during that time they passed a voter i d 611 00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:36,399 Speaker 1: law that the Fourth U. S. Circuit Court struck down 612 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:41,680 Speaker 1: in saying it's ruled quote target African Americans with almost 613 00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,400 Speaker 1: surgical precision. Today, as in the day we are recording 614 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:49,799 Speaker 1: this podcast, a panel of federal judges ruled that the 615 00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:54,480 Speaker 1: congressional district lines that the Republican controlled state legislature drew 616 00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:58,880 Speaker 1: in ten where jerrymandered to give them an unfair advantage, 617 00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:04,880 Speaker 1: calling the um quote motivated by invidious partisan intent. On 618 00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,160 Speaker 1: top of that, there continues to be a theme of 619 00:38:07,160 --> 00:38:11,239 Speaker 1: the state government and Raleigh over ruling municipal government decisions. 620 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:14,719 Speaker 1: As one example, the now notorious House Bill Too that 621 00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:19,200 Speaker 1: made national headlines in was passed in an emergency session 622 00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:23,400 Speaker 1: that was convened specifically to prevent an anti discrimination ordinance 623 00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:27,520 Speaker 1: that protected transgender people's access to bathrooms, which was passed 624 00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:30,879 Speaker 1: by the Charlotte City Council from going into effect. This 625 00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:34,200 Speaker 1: is such a running theme in North Carolina politics still 626 00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,760 Speaker 1: that a sarcastic Raleigh knows best is a common refrain 627 00:38:37,840 --> 00:38:41,040 Speaker 1: in municipal politics. Do you have a little bit of 628 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:44,920 Speaker 1: listener mail? Again, I'm crossing my fingers for lighter fair, 629 00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:48,680 Speaker 1: but I also don't want to act like, oh, we 630 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:50,680 Speaker 1: shouldn't talk about dark things. But we've had a lot 631 00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:53,560 Speaker 1: of that. It's hard to even read some of the 632 00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:55,799 Speaker 1: quotes in this one, So I would love it if 633 00:38:55,840 --> 00:38:59,920 Speaker 1: we have lighter email. Yeah, yeah, I do have lighter email. 634 00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:04,440 Speaker 1: Is actually from Twitter. This was a great enough thing 635 00:39:04,440 --> 00:39:05,880 Speaker 1: that came in on Twitter that I was able to 636 00:39:05,920 --> 00:39:07,880 Speaker 1: keep up with it because it can be it can 637 00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:10,040 Speaker 1: be tricky when people tweet things at us too. Then 638 00:39:10,719 --> 00:39:13,320 Speaker 1: later on when we're back in the studio, like find 639 00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:16,279 Speaker 1: the tweet again. Uh. And this is from Johan on 640 00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:20,400 Speaker 1: Twitter and it is about our Unearthed when we talked 641 00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:24,520 Speaker 1: about um the collection of artifacts that was just stolen 642 00:39:24,640 --> 00:39:27,320 Speaker 1: from some scaffolding, and we had a whole conversation about 643 00:39:27,320 --> 00:39:30,360 Speaker 1: whether maybe it was an inside job, like did somebody 644 00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:33,400 Speaker 1: know that there were just these easily accessible artifacts that 645 00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:37,239 Speaker 1: could be taken out of the museum and Johan says, 646 00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:39,880 Speaker 1: as in a Norwegian and a history student at the 647 00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:43,400 Speaker 1: University of Bergen, I can sadly put your suspicions of 648 00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:48,160 Speaker 1: inside information in the Bergen heist to rest. The two 649 00:39:48,160 --> 00:39:51,239 Speaker 1: men arrested were known to police as petty criminals, and 650 00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:55,880 Speaker 1: the police described the heist as a crime of opportunity. Uh. 651 00:39:56,440 --> 00:40:00,560 Speaker 1: And then Johan very helpfully sent some sources is on this, 652 00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,760 Speaker 1: noting that they're in Norwegian, and then said, also of note, 653 00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:08,040 Speaker 1: the museum's alarms went off twice that night. The first 654 00:40:08,080 --> 00:40:11,320 Speaker 1: time the security company sent someone who decided, without entering 655 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:13,480 Speaker 1: the building that it was probably the wind shaking the 656 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,719 Speaker 1: scaffolding triggering the sensors. The second time they just disabled 657 00:40:17,719 --> 00:40:23,920 Speaker 1: it remotely. So uh, yeah, that's maybe not not the 658 00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:27,200 Speaker 1: best thing to do. I understand this impulse. I used 659 00:40:27,239 --> 00:40:31,280 Speaker 1: to live in a home that had a burglar alarm 660 00:40:31,520 --> 00:40:34,880 Speaker 1: that was I had some false positive incidents, so I 661 00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:38,560 Speaker 1: understand the impulse to be like, oh, that's probably just 662 00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:42,720 Speaker 1: probably just the cats knocked over the room again. But uh, 663 00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:45,280 Speaker 1: now that that's maybe not the best way to treat 664 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:49,400 Speaker 1: with h to handle a burgler alarm going off at 665 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,520 Speaker 1: the museum anyway, Thank you so much Johan for sending 666 00:40:52,600 --> 00:40:55,800 Speaker 1: us this further information. I definitely would not have found 667 00:40:55,840 --> 00:40:59,200 Speaker 1: that on my own because it was in Norwegian. So 668 00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:02,080 Speaker 1: it's always good to hear from somebody there on the scene. 669 00:41:03,520 --> 00:41:04,960 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this 670 00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:07,880 Speaker 1: or any other podcast Where History podcast that house to 671 00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:10,160 Speaker 1: works dot com. And then we are on social media 672 00:41:10,280 --> 00:41:12,200 Speaker 1: at miss in History. That is where you will find 673 00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:16,239 Speaker 1: our Facebook, our Twitter, our Pinterest, our Instagram. You can 674 00:41:16,280 --> 00:41:18,200 Speaker 1: come to our website, which is missing history dot com, 675 00:41:18,239 --> 00:41:22,200 Speaker 1: where you will find show notes, uh, including in our 676 00:41:22,239 --> 00:41:24,320 Speaker 1: in our show notes for today's episode will be a 677 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:27,880 Speaker 1: link to the entire commission report. That's many hundreds of 678 00:41:27,880 --> 00:41:32,480 Speaker 1: pages on this riot and que Uh. There's also a 679 00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,080 Speaker 1: circle searchable archive of all our past episodes. So you 680 00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:37,040 Speaker 1: can do all the and more at miss and history 681 00:41:37,080 --> 00:41:41,399 Speaker 1: dot com. And you can subscribe to our podcast on 682 00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:44,719 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, people Play, wherever else you might get podcasts 683 00:41:51,520 --> 00:41:54,319 Speaker 1: for more on this and thousands of other topics. House 684 00:41:54,320 --> 00:42:01,640 Speaker 1: to works dot com.