1 00:00:00,680 --> 00:00:05,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grimm 2 00:00:05,080 --> 00:00:15,200 Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Manky listener discretion advised. In nineteen 3 00:00:15,320 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: twenty two, Howard Carter had achieved what most archaeologists can 4 00:00:20,440 --> 00:00:26,240 Speaker 1: only dream of. After over two decades of methodically exploring 5 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:30,520 Speaker 1: and excavating Egypt's Valley of the Kings, a region in 6 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:35,320 Speaker 1: Thebes where pharaohs of ancient Egypt built their tombs, he 7 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:40,080 Speaker 1: made a discovery that would change the field of archaeology forever. 8 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:47,320 Speaker 1: Carter happened upon a pharaoh's tomb virtually untouched for millennia. 9 00:00:48,080 --> 00:00:53,040 Speaker 1: Pharaoh tutin common was relatively inconsequential as a ruler, but 10 00:00:53,280 --> 00:00:57,600 Speaker 1: thousands of years later, as King Tut, he became the 11 00:00:57,760 --> 00:01:02,640 Speaker 1: most famous ancient Egyptian pharaoh of modern times thanks to 12 00:01:02,680 --> 00:01:06,000 Speaker 1: the fact that, unlike the tombs of many other pharaohs, 13 00:01:06,280 --> 00:01:10,360 Speaker 1: it hadn't already been ransacked by robbers, which meant it 14 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: was filled with dazzling artifacts. King Tut and Howard Carter 15 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:22,560 Speaker 1: both shot to stardom, but twenty years before Carter's career 16 00:01:22,640 --> 00:01:26,840 Speaker 1: defining discovery. Back in his very first season in the 17 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: Valley of the Kings, Carter had actually com tantalizingly close 18 00:01:32,360 --> 00:01:38,320 Speaker 1: to making another spectacular find. Only three days into his expedition, 19 00:01:38,720 --> 00:01:43,160 Speaker 1: while exploring the southeast wall of the basin, he discovered 20 00:01:43,440 --> 00:01:48,440 Speaker 1: steps the stone staircase led to the tomb of Tutmos 21 00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:52,840 Speaker 1: the Fourth, a pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty. The tomb 22 00:01:52,880 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: itself was almost entirely empty, having been ransacked by ancient 23 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:03,280 Speaker 1: tomb raiders, but didn't walk away completely empty handed. He 24 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:08,960 Speaker 1: found two artifacts, an alabaster cup and a blue scarab 25 00:02:09,080 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: beetle carving, both bearing the name Hot Chipsoot. Later that 26 00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:19,680 Speaker 1: same season, Carter found another tomb, one that was relatively 27 00:02:19,840 --> 00:02:24,200 Speaker 1: simple compared to the ornate burial chambers of the valley. 28 00:02:24,720 --> 00:02:28,760 Speaker 1: After climbing down the rough steps and creeping down a passageway, 29 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:32,639 Speaker 1: he came to a chamber which looked to be ransacked. 30 00:02:33,240 --> 00:02:39,239 Speaker 1: All that remained were two mummified women and some mummified geese. 31 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: Carter was unimpressed. He took the geese, resealed the tomb, 32 00:02:43,760 --> 00:02:48,079 Speaker 1: and moved on to his next find. Another archaeologist came 33 00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:52,920 Speaker 1: upon that tomb just three years later, Edward Arton. He 34 00:02:53,040 --> 00:02:56,280 Speaker 1: removed one of the two mummies, the one in an 35 00:02:56,360 --> 00:03:01,359 Speaker 1: actual coffin, and he resealed the tomb again. Neither Carter 36 00:03:01,639 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 1: nor Arton thought that the tomb was important enough to 37 00:03:05,400 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: warrant even cataloging. Until the tomb's rediscovery in nineteen eighty nine, 38 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:15,960 Speaker 1: the remaining female mummy had lain alone on the cold 39 00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:20,720 Speaker 1: floor of the dark tomb for over three thousand years. 40 00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:25,400 Speaker 1: If only Howard Carter had known that this unimportant looking 41 00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:30,040 Speaker 1: female mummy, which he came upon decades before King Tut 42 00:03:30,280 --> 00:03:34,760 Speaker 1: and left behind in favor of mummified geese, was likely 43 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:41,280 Speaker 1: one of ancient Egypt's greatest pharaohs. I'm Dana Schwartz, and 44 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:48,800 Speaker 1: this is noble blood from the beginning of Hotschips That's reign. 45 00:03:49,080 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: She was exceptional, both in the sense of her rulership 46 00:03:53,200 --> 00:03:56,080 Speaker 1: and in the sense that she was in almost every 47 00:03:56,160 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 1: way an anomaly. Before we get into hutch Its life, 48 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,400 Speaker 1: I think it'll be a little helpful first to understand 49 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:09,880 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptian royal families and their systems of inheritance. Like 50 00:04:10,080 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 1: many monarchies throughout history, the Egyptian monarchy was organized around 51 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:21,120 Speaker 1: male preferen primogeniture. In other words, firstborn sons and their 52 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:25,560 Speaker 1: offspring took privilege over their siblings in matters of succession. 53 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:31,760 Speaker 1: Speaking of siblings, ancient Egyptian royal families also practiced incest 54 00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:36,919 Speaker 1: that might count as this episode's Lord Byron cameo. In 55 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:42,160 Speaker 1: ancient Egypt, brothers and sisters regularly married each other and 56 00:04:42,279 --> 00:04:45,400 Speaker 1: had children, who would then often go on to marry 57 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: their siblings. Ancient Egyptians believed that pharaohs were the physical 58 00:04:50,560 --> 00:04:55,279 Speaker 1: embodiment of gods, and since incest was integral to the 59 00:04:55,360 --> 00:04:59,720 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptian creation myth, this practice within the royal family 60 00:05:00,120 --> 00:05:05,920 Speaker 1: seen as divinely inspired. Another marital tradition that ancient Egyptian 61 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:10,800 Speaker 1: royals practiced was polygamy. While polygamy was not the norm 62 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:14,800 Speaker 1: in everyday life in ancient Egypt, pharaohs were able to 63 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:19,320 Speaker 1: have multiple wives. Their primary wife was ideally a sibling, 64 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:23,320 Speaker 1: but they were not necessarily related to their lesser wives. 65 00:05:23,720 --> 00:05:26,760 Speaker 1: If a pharaoh didn't have any male offspring by their 66 00:05:26,800 --> 00:05:30,719 Speaker 1: primary wife, the sons of lesser wives could ascend to 67 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:37,520 Speaker 1: the throne. Importantly, Egyptian succession almost never included women, and 68 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:41,919 Speaker 1: few women were pharaohs in their own right. That being said, 69 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:46,679 Speaker 1: royal women were not shut out of power entirely Within 70 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:51,120 Speaker 1: their system of government, there was an institutional structure set 71 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:55,320 Speaker 1: up to bestow power upon select women. Given the many 72 00:05:55,400 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 1: health problems royalty faced due to their family's incest, as 73 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:04,000 Speaker 1: well as the decadent lifestyles they led, it was common 74 00:06:04,080 --> 00:06:07,799 Speaker 1: for pharaohs to die young, with only a young child 75 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:12,280 Speaker 1: to succeed them. When that happened, the new pharaoh's mother, 76 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:16,880 Speaker 1: usually the primary wife of the former pharaoh, acted as 77 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:21,839 Speaker 1: her son's regent. The phenomenon of mother as regent was 78 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: so common that king's mother was an official title that 79 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:29,359 Speaker 1: one could hold. In fact, there was no term in 80 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:34,600 Speaker 1: their language that translates to regent, but king's mother appears 81 00:06:34,640 --> 00:06:39,680 Speaker 1: to have functioned as the equivalent term. Exercising power as 82 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:44,880 Speaker 1: king's mother was entirely accepted, even celebrated, and if you 83 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:48,440 Speaker 1: think about it, it makes sense why in a strict 84 00:06:48,480 --> 00:06:52,480 Speaker 1: system of patriarchal rule, if an adult man was acting 85 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:55,680 Speaker 1: as regent to a younger pharaoh, he might be tempted 86 00:06:55,720 --> 00:06:59,760 Speaker 1: to usurp power for himself, But women who had no 87 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,920 Speaker 1: way to take the throne would act in their son's 88 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:07,159 Speaker 1: best interests and gladly step aside once their sons came 89 00:07:07,240 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: of age. A monument erected by Amos the First, the 90 00:07:11,480 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: first pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty, offers just one example 91 00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:20,680 Speaker 1: of the celebration of king mothers. Almost the First had 92 00:07:20,720 --> 00:07:25,800 Speaker 1: a stella, or stone similar to a tombstone engraved at Karnak, 93 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:30,400 Speaker 1: which honored his mother, his former regent, Ajotep the First. 94 00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:35,960 Speaker 1: The engravings describe her as quote one who pulled Egypt together, 95 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:40,120 Speaker 1: having cared for its army, having guarded it, having brought 96 00:07:40,240 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 1: back those who fled it, gathering up its deserters, having 97 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:48,600 Speaker 1: quieted the south, subduing those who defy her end quote. 98 00:07:49,280 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 1: I don't know about you, but just reading that, it 99 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: definitely doesn't sound like she was a toothless regent. For 100 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:58,280 Speaker 1: a woman's power to be celebrated in such a way 101 00:07:58,520 --> 00:08:04,200 Speaker 1: so early is kind of remarkable. Notable, too, is just 102 00:08:04,360 --> 00:08:08,760 Speaker 1: how many king's mothers there were in the few generations 103 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:15,080 Speaker 1: before Hotchipsut during the Otset of the eighteenth dynasty, And importantly, 104 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: these women were not exclusively the mothers of the pharaohs 105 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: for whom they were acting as regent. Excuse all of 106 00:08:22,480 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: the names that I am about to throw your way, 107 00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:27,240 Speaker 1: no need to remember them, and I will do my 108 00:08:27,280 --> 00:08:30,000 Speaker 1: best not to mispronounce them, but just to get the 109 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:36,240 Speaker 1: point across. For example, Hotchepsut's grandmother, amis Nefertari, had been 110 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:40,600 Speaker 1: the king's mother and ruled as regent for her daughter's husband. 111 00:08:41,200 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: Because amis Nefertari's husband, Pharaoh Almost the First, hadn't had 112 00:08:46,080 --> 00:08:50,400 Speaker 1: any male heirs, the throne passed to their daughter's husband, 113 00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:55,000 Speaker 1: a distant relative, But that husband was young when he 114 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:59,640 Speaker 1: ascended the throne, so amus Nefertari, despite not being her 115 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:04,160 Speaker 1: son in law's biological mother, shepherded the country while he 116 00:09:04,440 --> 00:09:09,800 Speaker 1: learned the ropes. This tradition of female regency later helped 117 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:13,959 Speaker 1: hot Chipsut legitimize her reign, but more on that later. 118 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,120 Speaker 1: Like his predecessor, that son in law, I'menhotep the I 119 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,960 Speaker 1: didn't have any male heirs, so the throne passed to 120 00:09:24,120 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: his sister's husband, Tutmost the First. And finally we get 121 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:32,760 Speaker 1: to hot Chipsut. She was the daughter of Futmost the 122 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 1: First and his primary wife, Ahms. Thutmos and Alms did 123 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: not have any sons, but that Moost had a son 124 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:45,640 Speaker 1: by his secondary wife, so Thutmost the second That son 125 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: was his father's successor. Following tradition, half siblings, that Most 126 00:09:51,280 --> 00:09:55,440 Speaker 1: the Second and hot Chipsut wed, thus making hot Chipsut 127 00:09:55,520 --> 00:09:58,960 Speaker 1: the daughter of the pharaoh, the sister of the pharaoh, 128 00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: and the wife life of the pharaoh. Quite the collection 129 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: of titles. At this point, Hotschipsut's life and trajectory was 130 00:10:07,760 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: pretty standard for someone of her background. What her everyday 131 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: life looked like we can't exactly know, but her general 132 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 1: responsibilities were to perform religious rituals and, like many queens 133 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:24,960 Speaker 1: before and after her, to provide the pharaoh with a 134 00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:30,400 Speaker 1: male heir. But everything changed when her husband, slash half 135 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:34,840 Speaker 1: brother that Most the Second died in fourteen seventy nine 136 00:10:35,240 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: b C. Okay, this is the last of the very 137 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:43,840 Speaker 1: very confusing family tree, I promise. Hotschipsut and Thutmost the 138 00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:47,600 Speaker 1: Second hadn't had any sons, and so when Thutmost the 139 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:51,320 Speaker 1: Second died, the throne passed to his son by his 140 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:56,960 Speaker 1: secondary wife, Isis a son named Thutmost the Third, but 141 00:10:57,360 --> 00:11:01,200 Speaker 1: like many of the pharaohs before him, the Third was 142 00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:04,760 Speaker 1: a young boy when he ascended to the throne. Instead 143 00:11:04,800 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: of his mother, Isis, who had been a secondary wife, 144 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:12,240 Speaker 1: acting as his regent, Hot Chipsut, as the closest person 145 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:17,199 Speaker 1: of royal blood, assumed the role of king mother. This 146 00:11:17,320 --> 00:11:21,559 Speaker 1: transition was the stepping stone for Hotschipsut between life as 147 00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:27,120 Speaker 1: a royal wife and life as a pharaoh. As king's mother, 148 00:11:27,320 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: Hotschipsut basically ruled Egypt with little to no input from 149 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:36,480 Speaker 1: Futmost the Third. However, instead of stepping aside ont Thatutmost 150 00:11:36,559 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: the Third came of age, Hotschipsut took another quite unusual path. 151 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:48,960 Speaker 1: Seven years into young Thutmos's reign, Hotschipsut crowned herself along 152 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:53,080 Speaker 1: with her step son, co Pharaoh of Egypt. She was 153 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:56,840 Speaker 1: no longer ruler on behalf of someone else, but now 154 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,240 Speaker 1: acted in her own name. And even though she was 155 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:04,000 Speaker 1: technically of equal power to Most the Third, and even 156 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:07,720 Speaker 1: though both of their courts got along, hot Chipsut became 157 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:14,960 Speaker 1: the primary leader of Egypt. In becoming pharaoh, hot Chipsut 158 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:19,160 Speaker 1: went from king's mother to daughter of Ray, Lady of 159 00:12:19,280 --> 00:12:23,040 Speaker 1: the Two Lands, king of Upper and Lower Egypt. Hot 160 00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:27,520 Speaker 1: Chipsut united with Ammun as pharaoh. She was successful in 161 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:31,600 Speaker 1: maintaining peace and order within the state. Even better, she 162 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:37,359 Speaker 1: helped Egypt prosper financially and artistically. It's clear that Hotchepsut's 163 00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,600 Speaker 1: rise to the throne was a positive force in ancient Egypt. 164 00:12:42,559 --> 00:12:47,000 Speaker 1: Will never know why exactly Hotchepsut chose to elevate herself 165 00:12:47,280 --> 00:12:52,079 Speaker 1: to becoming pharaoh. Unfortunately, the kinds of records or stories 166 00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:55,840 Speaker 1: needed to know that information have been lost to history. 167 00:12:56,559 --> 00:12:59,959 Speaker 1: Perhaps she felt she needed to become co pharaoh in 168 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:04,400 Speaker 1: order to secure the sun for Thutmost, her stepson, or 169 00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:07,920 Speaker 1: perhaps she believed this promotion would be the best way 170 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: for her to maintain her own legitimacy as a ruler. 171 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:15,679 Speaker 1: Maybe Thutmost was unqualified as a pharaoh and she thought 172 00:13:15,679 --> 00:13:20,640 Speaker 1: she was doing what was best for Egypt. We can't know. Luckily, However, 173 00:13:20,720 --> 00:13:23,840 Speaker 1: there is quite a lot that we can know about 174 00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:27,920 Speaker 1: how hotships That legitimized herself as a pharaoh to the public, 175 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: and we can thank hot ships At herself for that. 176 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:36,280 Speaker 1: During her reign, she sponsored an impressive number of artistic 177 00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:42,480 Speaker 1: and architectural projects. Many of these commissions featured engravings, paintings, 178 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:46,000 Speaker 1: and sculptures that tell her story, or at least the 179 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:51,439 Speaker 1: story she wanted told. The type and volume of art 180 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:55,839 Speaker 1: created during hot ships AT's reign was markedly different from 181 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,840 Speaker 1: that of her predecessors. First, facilitated by the trade routes 182 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:04,599 Speaker 1: that Hotschipsut had helped to open up, artists began to 183 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:09,440 Speaker 1: draw inspiration from neighboring kingdoms, and Egyptian art began to 184 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:14,640 Speaker 1: feature new motifs and techniques. Not only were artists creating 185 00:14:14,840 --> 00:14:18,600 Speaker 1: new visions of Egyptian art, but now hot Chipsut was 186 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:22,840 Speaker 1: paying them to do so. The pharaoh commissioned an impressive 187 00:14:23,040 --> 00:14:27,680 Speaker 1: number of buildings and monuments during her reign, and in 188 00:14:27,720 --> 00:14:32,120 Speaker 1: the interest of keeping this episode relatively short, i'll name 189 00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:36,520 Speaker 1: just a few. Following in the footsteps of previous pharaohs, 190 00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:41,360 Speaker 1: hot Chipsut sponsored various projects at the Karnak Temple complex 191 00:14:41,440 --> 00:14:45,000 Speaker 1: in Luxor, like what is now known as the Chapel 192 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:49,840 Speaker 1: Rouge Temple. The most outstanding of these projects at Karnak 193 00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:54,440 Speaker 1: are twin obelisks that once flanked the entrance to a temple. 194 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: Measuring just under thirty meters almost one hundred feet tall, 195 00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:03,400 Speaker 1: the obelisks were the tallest buildings in the world when 196 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:09,040 Speaker 1: they were constructed. Unfortunately, only one of these obelisks remains upright, 197 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:14,080 Speaker 1: but it has stayed upright for over thirty five hundred years, 198 00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: which is amazing, and that remaining obelisk is the tallest 199 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:23,480 Speaker 1: obelisk in Egypt to this day. The gem in all 200 00:15:23,520 --> 00:15:27,760 Speaker 1: of ancient Egyptian architecture really is her mortuary Temple at 201 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: Deir el Barrie. The temple, which was meant to serve 202 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:34,560 Speaker 1: as a place to worship the pharaoh after her death, 203 00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:39,760 Speaker 1: sits on top of a series of colonnaded terraces. Sloping 204 00:15:39,960 --> 00:15:44,240 Speaker 1: walkways allow visitors to scale the many stories with ease. 205 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,840 Speaker 1: The monument was built into a steep cliff face, which 206 00:15:48,880 --> 00:15:53,960 Speaker 1: makes for a striking backdrop. Despite how awe inspiring it is, 207 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,320 Speaker 1: today the temple is less impressive than it once was. 208 00:15:57,840 --> 00:16:02,119 Speaker 1: Many sculptures, including ones of the gods of Cyris and Sphinxes, 209 00:16:02,520 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: were looted over the years by other pharaohs for their 210 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: own projects, and although a bit hard to imagine based 211 00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:15,480 Speaker 1: on today's arid landscape, the entire complex was once surrounded 212 00:16:15,520 --> 00:16:18,960 Speaker 1: by lush gardens. I urge you to look up photos 213 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:22,000 Speaker 1: of the temple, as it certainly deserves its title as 214 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:25,120 Speaker 1: a masterpiece of the ancient world, and I'll put up 215 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:30,600 Speaker 1: photos on the Patreon. Within the episode script it's on 216 00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:36,920 Speaker 1: these buildings that Hotschipsut solidified justification for her reign. At 217 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:40,960 Speaker 1: all of these different sites there remain engravings and paintings 218 00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: which tell stories of Hotchipsut's origins and her accolades and 219 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:50,680 Speaker 1: many accomplishments. For example, on the walls of her mortuary temple, 220 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: we can still find engravings telling about her successful expedition 221 00:16:55,640 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: to the kingdom of punt or the region south of 222 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:02,600 Speaker 1: the Nile around the mouth of the Red Sea. These 223 00:17:02,680 --> 00:17:06,600 Speaker 1: inscriptions and images also tell us how the pharaoh used 224 00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:12,040 Speaker 1: religion and gender to justify her reign. As I previously mentioned, 225 00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,280 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptians saw pharaohs as physical embodiments of their gods. 226 00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: Not only were pharaohs ordained by the gods to rule, 227 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,959 Speaker 1: but they were the beings that connected the physical and 228 00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:29,520 Speaker 1: spiritual worlds and held the two in balance. If the 229 00:17:29,640 --> 00:17:33,800 Speaker 1: king wasn't appeasing the gods properly, the world as the 230 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:38,360 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptians knew, would cease to exist. The Nile would 231 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:42,480 Speaker 1: dry up, disease would descend upon the population, or their 232 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:46,719 Speaker 1: neighbors would invade. As such, being a pharaoh involved a 233 00:17:46,960 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: panoply of religious responsibilities Accomplishing all of those religious tasks 234 00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:58,480 Speaker 1: were not difficult for Hotshipsut. She had already trained to 235 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:03,160 Speaker 1: be God's wife or the highest priestess in the state religion. 236 00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:07,879 Speaker 1: The pharaoh's religious rituals were no more difficult or demanding 237 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: than those of the pharaoh's wife. The task Hotschipsut did 238 00:18:12,119 --> 00:18:17,160 Speaker 1: face was to communicate the divine justification for her rule, 239 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:22,760 Speaker 1: and to do that, hot Chipsut made herself divine at 240 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:27,320 Speaker 1: both her temple in Karnak and her mortuary temple. Inscriptions 241 00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:33,199 Speaker 1: tell the supposed story of Hotschipsut's divine birth. According to 242 00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: the inscriptions, Amun, the principal god during the eighteenth dynasty, 243 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: visited and impregnated Hotchipsut's mother in the form of Hotchipsut's father, 244 00:18:45,119 --> 00:18:49,119 Speaker 1: the pharaoh that most the first. This way, Hotchipsut is 245 00:18:49,280 --> 00:18:54,280 Speaker 1: simultaneously the daughter of a previous pharaoh but also sired 246 00:18:54,440 --> 00:19:00,359 Speaker 1: by a god. Hotchepsut's birth itself was also sacred, as 247 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,119 Speaker 1: her mother was tended to in labor by Hecket, the 248 00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: goddess of life, and Khnum, the god in charge of 249 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:13,280 Speaker 1: shaping humans. On top of all that, according to her story, 250 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:17,360 Speaker 1: hot Chipsut was also endorsed by the oracle of a moon, 251 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:21,680 Speaker 1: who proclaimed that it was his will that Hotchepsut be pharaoh. 252 00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:26,840 Speaker 1: With those stories and proclamations, hotschipsu It covered all of 253 00:19:26,880 --> 00:19:33,120 Speaker 1: her bases. Whether or not she truly believed that narrative 254 00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:37,240 Speaker 1: is something else, we'll never know. But like many later 255 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:41,159 Speaker 1: monarchs who bought into their own divine mandate to rule, 256 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: Hotchepsut very well could have believed that the gods predetermined 257 00:19:46,080 --> 00:19:50,240 Speaker 1: her birth and fate as a pharaoh. But more importantly, 258 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:54,639 Speaker 1: the general public and future generations needed to believe it, 259 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: and by inscribing that tale on her temples, Hotschepsut woild, 260 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:05,640 Speaker 1: cementing her claim to the throne in perpetuity. Another key 261 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:11,439 Speaker 1: way that Hotchipsut legitimized her rule was by deliberately masculinizing 262 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:16,359 Speaker 1: her image. In ancient Egyptian art, there were customary and 263 00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: distinct representations of men and women. The main difference between 264 00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: genders was that men were drawn wearing short kilts and 265 00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:29,680 Speaker 1: with their feet spread apart, and women had ankle length 266 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:34,520 Speaker 1: dresses and a shorter stride. Given that Egyptian pharaohs were 267 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:39,560 Speaker 1: almost always men, the standard depiction of a pharaoh included 268 00:20:39,760 --> 00:20:44,959 Speaker 1: standard male dress and stance. Pharaohs were also depicted wearing 269 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:49,719 Speaker 1: a variety of crowns and a fake beard. During the 270 00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:55,159 Speaker 1: early years of her regency, Hotchipsut was depicted femininely. She 271 00:20:55,280 --> 00:20:59,200 Speaker 1: had a smaller stride and wore a long dress. I mean, 272 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:02,000 Speaker 1: she was the wife of the former pharaoh and not 273 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:05,360 Speaker 1: yet claiming the throne beside her stepson, there was no 274 00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:10,080 Speaker 1: need for her to portray herself as anything but the norm. However, 275 00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: once she crowned herself pharaoh in the seventh year of 276 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:18,000 Speaker 1: that Most the Third's reign, her depictions started to feature 277 00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:23,199 Speaker 1: both masculine and feminine traits. For example, the engraving of 278 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:26,879 Speaker 1: Hotchepsuit at Chappelle Rouge shows her with a long dress, 279 00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:31,520 Speaker 1: but also with a crown adorned by ramshorns, an accessory 280 00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:36,320 Speaker 1: worn by pharaohs. Over time, her depictions became more and 281 00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:40,720 Speaker 1: more masculine. For example, some of the statues that we 282 00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:44,359 Speaker 1: still have of her today feature the fake beard that 283 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:49,399 Speaker 1: all pharaohs donned. Other engravings that depict both hot Chepsu 284 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,800 Speaker 1: and her co ruler that Most the Third appear to 285 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:57,200 Speaker 1: show two male pharaohs. We only know that it's this 286 00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:02,280 Speaker 1: particular pair. Because of the inscription that accompany the engravings, 287 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:07,679 Speaker 1: it's clear that Hotschipsut was meticulous in crafting her image. 288 00:22:08,040 --> 00:22:11,119 Speaker 1: She even went so far as to have altered depictions 289 00:22:11,160 --> 00:22:14,840 Speaker 1: of herself from her years as queen and king mother 290 00:22:15,280 --> 00:22:22,160 Speaker 1: to eliminate the queenly attributes and add in more masculine traits. Now, 291 00:22:22,240 --> 00:22:26,480 Speaker 1: this topic has been controversial over the years. For a while, 292 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:32,439 Speaker 1: many scholars believed that Hotchipsut's masculine appearance in art reflected 293 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:38,040 Speaker 1: a queer identity or perhaps an androgynous wardrobe. However, that 294 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:42,720 Speaker 1: view has largely fallen out of fashion, particularly because of 295 00:22:42,760 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 1: the feminine grammar that was used in writing Hotschipsut's names 296 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:52,120 Speaker 1: and epithets. Accompanying many of those masculine depictions of hotship 297 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:57,840 Speaker 1: Sut are inscriptions using feminine versions of titles and feminine 298 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:02,480 Speaker 1: endings for words. While the image appears to depict a man, 299 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:07,200 Speaker 1: the inscriptions communicate that we are looking at a female pharaoh. 300 00:23:07,840 --> 00:23:12,320 Speaker 1: Scholars now mostly believe that Hotshepsut did not try to 301 00:23:12,480 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: hide her sex, but rather assumed these masculine traits in 302 00:23:16,720 --> 00:23:22,080 Speaker 1: portraiture in order to associate herself with kingship, and considering 303 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:25,280 Speaker 1: that we still consider her not just a pharaoh, but 304 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:29,359 Speaker 1: one of Egypt's most impactful pharaohs. She seems to have 305 00:23:29,520 --> 00:23:35,440 Speaker 1: achieved her goal about twenty two years after Thutmost the 306 00:23:35,560 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: Third was crowned pharaoh and about fifteen years after hotships 307 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:45,520 Speaker 1: crowned herself. Co pharaoh. Hotchepsut died sometime around fourteen fifty 308 00:23:45,560 --> 00:23:49,720 Speaker 1: eight BC. She was likely around fifty when she passed. 309 00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:53,399 Speaker 1: Based on the mummy that is believed to be hotship Sut, 310 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:58,280 Speaker 1: she likely died of bone cancer. Her co ruler and stepson, 311 00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:02,120 Speaker 1: Thutmost the Third, when to rule for about thirty three 312 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:06,720 Speaker 1: more years that I'm telling. The story of Hotschipset itself 313 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:10,960 Speaker 1: is pretty remarkable, given the measures taken after her death 314 00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:15,840 Speaker 1: to erase her from history. Across the many monuments that 315 00:24:15,880 --> 00:24:21,080 Speaker 1: Hotschipsut commissioned, archaeologists have found evidence that most the Third 316 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:25,160 Speaker 1: and perhaps his son the next pharaoh, tried to destroy 317 00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: statues and engravings featuring hot chip Sut. One of the 318 00:24:29,840 --> 00:24:34,040 Speaker 1: biggest examples of that erasure was found at d'ar l Baris, 319 00:24:34,359 --> 00:24:39,280 Speaker 1: not far from Hotshipsut's mortuary temple. In the twentieth century, 320 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:45,800 Speaker 1: archaeologists found two pits filled with destroyed statues just yards 321 00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:51,879 Speaker 1: away from Hotschipsut's temple. After reassembling the fractured stone, it 322 00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:56,400 Speaker 1: became clear that the broken statues were all of hotship Set. 323 00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:01,120 Speaker 1: Some featured her as a sphinx, others depicted her sitting, 324 00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:05,640 Speaker 1: and some were enormous statues of the pharaoh standing upright. 325 00:25:06,280 --> 00:25:10,359 Speaker 1: These works of art had previously adorned her mortuary temple, 326 00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:15,320 Speaker 1: but at some point they were removed, destroyed, and thrown 327 00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:19,679 Speaker 1: into pits. It seems that Most the third wanted to 328 00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: erase Hotchipsut's image so completely that he hid some of 329 00:25:24,680 --> 00:25:29,080 Speaker 1: the rubble underneath a ramp leading to his own mortuary temple. 330 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:32,520 Speaker 1: But that wasn't the only form of erasure that that 331 00:25:32,680 --> 00:25:36,679 Speaker 1: Most the third demanded. Artisans on the orders of the 332 00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:41,200 Speaker 1: pharaoh chipped away at images of the previous pharaoh, as 333 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:46,200 Speaker 1: well as inscriptions bearing her name. Buttmost the Third literally 334 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:53,560 Speaker 1: tried to remove Hotschipsut from ancient Egyptian historical records. Although 335 00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:57,960 Speaker 1: this act might feel pretty personal, the destructive mission was 336 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:01,600 Speaker 1: likely not an act of retro on the part of 337 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 1: Moost the Third against his stepmom. Evidence suggests that This 338 00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:10,840 Speaker 1: work didn't begin immediately after Hotshipsut died, but close to 339 00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:15,600 Speaker 1: twenty years after. Why wait so long to take revenge 340 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:22,600 Speaker 1: If it's personal? Historians hypothesize that actually that Moost the Third, 341 00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:26,399 Speaker 1: removing his former co ruler from the records, was trying 342 00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:31,719 Speaker 1: to gradually subsume his stepmom's achievements as his own in 343 00:26:31,880 --> 00:26:35,520 Speaker 1: order to appear all powerful. He wouldn't want to share 344 00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:40,080 Speaker 1: credit for various achievements during their co rulership. He wanted 345 00:26:40,119 --> 00:26:44,840 Speaker 1: to claim those achievements for himself. Additionally, the idea of 346 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:49,600 Speaker 1: female leadership complicated the male led form of government that 347 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:54,159 Speaker 1: the ancient Egyptians subscribed to. Since it was the pharaoh's 348 00:26:54,240 --> 00:26:58,200 Speaker 1: job to maintain order and ward off chaos, it's possible 349 00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:02,920 Speaker 1: erasing Hotships from their history was an attempt to erase 350 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,879 Speaker 1: the reality of female leadership and any of the chaos 351 00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:10,159 Speaker 1: that it might cause. So, even though it might be 352 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:13,680 Speaker 1: easy to assume that that most Third attempted to erase 353 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: Hotship Suit from history because of personal contempt for his 354 00:27:18,119 --> 00:27:22,760 Speaker 1: stepmom slash Aunt, the motivation was much more likely political. 355 00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:30,200 Speaker 1: Despite this campaign of erasure, evidence of Hotshipsut's reign remains. 356 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:33,080 Speaker 1: I mean how else would we know about her. But 357 00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:37,520 Speaker 1: between her death and the archaeological excavations of the nineteenth 358 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:43,280 Speaker 1: and twentieth centuries, hot Chipsut largely disappeared from history. It 359 00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:48,280 Speaker 1: was only after archaeologists deciphered the inscriptions at Dar l 360 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:53,760 Speaker 1: Bari that Hotschipsut, the female pharaoh, reappeared. And that is 361 00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: part of why I'm telling her story today. This woman 362 00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 1: was one of the most successful and prolific pharaohs of 363 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:06,119 Speaker 1: ancient Egypt. Despite centuries of silence, were now able to 364 00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:10,720 Speaker 1: share her story and her achievements. Her reign complicated the 365 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:14,919 Speaker 1: patriarchal system of governance of her time and complicates our 366 00:28:15,080 --> 00:28:18,879 Speaker 1: current understanding of gender and power in the ancient world. 367 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:23,679 Speaker 1: But still she existed and her story is worth telling. 368 00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,359 Speaker 1: That's the story of hot chipst But keep listening after 369 00:28:33,440 --> 00:28:36,680 Speaker 1: a brief sponsor break for a little bit on her 370 00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:56,600 Speaker 1: beauty secrets. Nowadays, skincare and beauty are all the rage. 371 00:28:56,800 --> 00:29:01,600 Speaker 1: Influencers are touting the newest creams and ointment mascara's and lipsticks, 372 00:29:01,840 --> 00:29:04,880 Speaker 1: obviously the solution to any and all of your problems. 373 00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:10,320 Speaker 1: Despite the distinctly postmodern capitalists spin on beauty that we're 374 00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:15,720 Speaker 1: currently experiencing. Emphasis on one's appearance is as ancient as 375 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:21,640 Speaker 1: the pharaoh's. One of Hotschipsut's notable accomplishments is her successful 376 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:25,720 Speaker 1: expedition to the Kingdom of punt, which I spoke briefly 377 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:30,560 Speaker 1: about earlier. That kingdom was known for its luxury goods 378 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: like aromatic resins, ivory gold. Hotschipsut's royally sponsored expedition came 379 00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:42,080 Speaker 1: back to Egypt with live mrh trees, with frankencen and 380 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: with gold. This trio of items pre dating the Three 381 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:49,840 Speaker 1: Wise Men of the Bible. Hot Chipsut brought them first. 382 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:55,360 Speaker 1: Hotchipsut took the frankincense from this expedition, charred it, and 383 00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 1: ground it to a paste. She then took the paste 384 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: and added it to a galina based eye cosmetic now 385 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:07,719 Speaker 1: known as coal. While she was almost certainly not the 386 00:30:07,760 --> 00:30:11,280 Speaker 1: first person to ever do it, Hotchipsut is the first 387 00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:16,200 Speaker 1: person to have been recorded using frankincense's resin as eyeliner. 388 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:21,760 Speaker 1: Archaeologists also think they found the skin cream Hotschipsut used. 389 00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:25,560 Speaker 1: The Egyptian Museum at the University of Bonn in Germany 390 00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:29,760 Speaker 1: has in its permanent collection a vessel shaped like a 391 00:30:29,760 --> 00:30:34,440 Speaker 1: falcon that, based on an inscription on the vessel, likely 392 00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:39,560 Speaker 1: belonged to Hotschipsut. Originally, scholars believed that the falcon might 393 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,880 Speaker 1: have once held her perfume, but after breaking through the 394 00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,120 Speaker 1: seal into the body of the falcon, they were able 395 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560 Speaker 1: to test what was once inside. Based on the chemical 396 00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 1: components of the remaining ancient residue, the vessel likely contained 397 00:30:55,840 --> 00:31:00,840 Speaker 1: skin lotion, and not just any lotion, but body or 398 00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:06,240 Speaker 1: even medication for irritated skin. The sample contained lots of 399 00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,360 Speaker 1: fatty acids that are known to provide relief to people 400 00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:16,160 Speaker 1: with skin conditions. Further, scientists found a number of hydrocarbons, 401 00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,800 Speaker 1: which are used today to treat chronic conditions like egzema. 402 00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:26,240 Speaker 1: Scholars know that skin diseases ran in Hotchipsut's family, so 403 00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:30,880 Speaker 1: it is very likely that Hotchipsut herself suffered from something 404 00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:35,680 Speaker 1: like psoriasis and used that cream in that falcon to 405 00:31:35,880 --> 00:31:40,240 Speaker 1: help calm her skin. While this cream might have been 406 00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:45,400 Speaker 1: a temporary salve for Hotschipsut, it also might have killed her. 407 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:49,200 Speaker 1: One of the hydrocarbons that the scientists found in the 408 00:31:49,240 --> 00:31:55,200 Speaker 1: falcon was a benzopyrene, one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. 409 00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:59,920 Speaker 1: This is the compound in cigarettes that causes lung cancer. 410 00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: So essentially, hot Chipsut probably exposed herself to cancerous lotion regularly. 411 00:32:08,160 --> 00:32:12,600 Speaker 1: Scholars knew for years that Hotschipsud had cancer. Now we 412 00:32:12,680 --> 00:32:18,440 Speaker 1: have a potential cause. People have always said beauty is pain. 413 00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:33,800 Speaker 1: Noble Blood is a production of iHeartRadio and Grimm and 414 00:32:33,880 --> 00:32:37,680 Speaker 1: Mild from Aaron Mankey. Noble Blood is hosted by me 415 00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:42,880 Speaker 1: Danish Forts, with additional writing and researching by Hannah Johnston, 416 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:48,680 Speaker 1: Hannah Zwick, Courtney Sender, Julia Milani, and Armand Cassam. The 417 00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:52,920 Speaker 1: show is edited and produced by Noemi Griffin and rima 418 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:58,760 Speaker 1: il Kaali, with supervising producer Josh Thain and executive producers 419 00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:03,400 Speaker 1: Aaron Mankey, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick. For more podcasts 420 00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:08,960 Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 421 00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:10,400 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.