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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from hot

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Speaker 1: works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast coun

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Speaker 1: Tray c V. Wilson and I'm Polly Frying Today. A

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Speaker 1: lot of people called the Stonewall Riots, which started on

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Speaker 1: June nineteen sixty nine, the beginning of the LGBT rights

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Speaker 1: movement in the United States, and is, as is really

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Speaker 1: often the case, kind of an oversimplification. The stone Wall

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Speaker 1: Uprising was more like the event that made people who

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Speaker 1: were not already fighting for LGBT rights aware that there

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Speaker 1: was a fight going on at all. In reality, gay

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Speaker 1: rights organizations, which at that point we're called homophile organizations,

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Speaker 1: had been actively working towards gay rights and legal protections

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Speaker 1: for well over a decade before Stonewall. Some of the

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Speaker 1: most well known examples are the Machine Society and the

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Speaker 1: Daughters of Belidas, which were focused on the rights of

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Speaker 1: gay men and lesbians are respectively. And there were also

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Speaker 1: other violent uprisings in the years before Stonewall, and the

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Speaker 1: names of these uprisings are not nearly as well known

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Speaker 1: as Stonewall is today. One of those was a riot

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Speaker 1: at Gene Compton's cafeteria in nineteen sixty six, in which

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Speaker 1: the restaurant's patrons, who were predominantly gay men, drag queens

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Speaker 1: and transgender women, fought back against police. And that's what

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Speaker 1: we're going to talk about today, and I do need

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Speaker 1: to give a couple of notes before we start. The

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Speaker 1: concept of gender identity and the language that we used

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Speaker 1: to talk about it has really evolved a lot since

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Speaker 1: the time that we are talking about. The word transgender

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Speaker 1: wasn't coined until nineteen seventy nine, after this story was

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Speaker 1: long over, and today it's an umbrella term that describes

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Speaker 1: a range of ways in which a person's gender identity

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Speaker 1: or expression doesn't match up with the sex that they

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Speaker 1: were assigned when they were born. So our use of

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Speaker 1: this term in this episode is a little bit anachronistic,

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Speaker 1: but it's how many, but definitely not all, of the

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Speaker 1: people in this story went on to identify later in

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Speaker 1: their lives after that word had come into common usage. Also,

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Speaker 1: because three distinctly different groups of people were all involved

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Speaker 1: in this event, and those were cross dressers, transgender women,

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Speaker 1: and gay men, we're not going to try to specifically

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Speaker 1: name every one of those every single time that it

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Speaker 1: might be relevant, because that becomes extremely wordy and convoluted.

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Speaker 1: We do want to make clear though, that although there

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Speaker 1: can be some overlap within these groups, such as gay

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Speaker 1: men who cross dress or transgender people who also who

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Speaker 1: are also gay as examples, these terms have specific meanings

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Speaker 1: and they refer to specific traits and behaviors. So transgender

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Speaker 1: refers to gender identity, cross dressing refers to a person's clothing,

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Speaker 1: and gay refers to a person's physical or emotional attractions

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Speaker 1: to other people. This episode also does include some parts

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Speaker 1: that parents and teachers might want to avoid for younger listeners,

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Speaker 1: particularly some discussion that's related to sex and sex work.

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Speaker 1: So those are our notes before we start the contents.

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Speaker 1: Cafeteria riot was definitely a product of its time and place,

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Speaker 1: so we have to do some stage setting on this one.

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Speaker 1: In the mid to late nineteenth century, many cities around

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Speaker 1: the United States started passing laws to make it illegal

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Speaker 1: for people to cross dress. At this point, homosexual acts

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Speaker 1: were already illegal in most places, so it's not entirely

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Speaker 1: clear exactly what sparked this need to regulate this type

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Speaker 1: of dress at this particular time. One theory is that

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Speaker 1: as people moved into cities and found communities of like

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Speaker 1: minded people and began to more outwardly and publicly practiced

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Speaker 1: cross dressing. The majority found this behavior quite threatening, regardless

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Speaker 1: of what the precise reasons were. Columbus, Ohio, passed such

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Speaker 1: a law in eighteen forty, Chicago, Illinois, did in eighteen

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Speaker 1: fifty one, and more cities followed, including San Francisco, California,

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Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty three. These laws were generally written to

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Speaker 1: forbid all cross dressing, but in practice enforcement was a

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Speaker 1: lot more focused on people with a masculine appearance or

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Speaker 1: a physically male body who were wearing women's clothing. It

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Speaker 1: also means that these laws were applied to both straight

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Speaker 1: and gay people who cross dressed, and to transgender people

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Speaker 1: whose dress was typical for their gender identity. Magnus Hirschfield

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Speaker 1: coined the word transvestite in nineteen and today most of

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Speaker 1: us think of this in terms of cross dressing, but

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Speaker 1: at the time it applied to a much broader range

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Speaker 1: of gender identities and not just a clothing. In nineteen nineteen,

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Speaker 1: Hershield would go on to found the Institute for Sexual

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Speaker 1: Science in Berlin, which was dedicated to studying sex and gender.

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Speaker 1: Through his work and the work of others. Around the

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Speaker 1: same time, people gradually developed a vocabulary to describe and

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Speaker 1: talk about the nuances of sexual orientation and gender identity.

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Speaker 1: During World War Two, members of the United States military

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Speaker 1: who were found to be in violation of various standards

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Speaker 1: forbidding homosexual behavior were given what was colloquially known as

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Speaker 1: a blue discharge. For those who were serving in the Pacific,

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Speaker 1: this usually meant that they were processed out of the

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Speaker 1: military in San Francisco. This pattern was definitely not unique

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Speaker 1: to San Francisco or to World War Two. It happened

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Speaker 1: in other port cities and other wars as well, but

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Speaker 1: the LGBT population of San Francisco grew tremendously during the

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Speaker 1: war years, as people who had been discharged because of

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Speaker 1: their sexual orientation were processed out of the army there

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Speaker 1: and then stayed in that area. A number of researchers

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Speaker 1: also started studying gender and sex during the nineteen forties

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Speaker 1: and nineteen fifties, including famously Alfred Kinzie at the Kinzie

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Speaker 1: Institute for Sex, Gender and Reproduction, and also Carl Bowman

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Speaker 1: at the Langley Porter Psychiatric Clinic at the University of California,

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Speaker 1: San Francisco. And while some of this research definitely did

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Speaker 1: not follow today's ethical standards, it did begin to give

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Speaker 1: at least some doctors a better idea of how to

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Speaker 1: work with lesbian, gay, and transgender patients. In nine fifty two,

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Speaker 1: Christine Jorgensen became a household name after having had a

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Speaker 1: series of surgeries in Copenhagen which were widely described in

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Speaker 1: the press as a sex change. Today, that's really not

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Speaker 1: the term that we would use to talk about these procedures.

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Speaker 1: We would call them uh, sex reassignment surgeries or gender

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Speaker 1: confirmation surgeries. Although these procedures had been available in Europe

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Speaker 1: for a while, they were really pretty widely unknown in

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Speaker 1: the United States before this point. Jorgensen became an instant celebrity,

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Speaker 1: and her story gave a lot of transgender people hope

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Speaker 1: that their bodies could be made to match their gender

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Speaker 1: idea identity. I want to be very clear though not

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Speaker 1: every transgender person chooses to or is able to have surgery,

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Speaker 1: but at this point in history, Jorgensen's story and the

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Speaker 1: subsequent media coverage she received were earth shattering for a

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Speaker 1: lot of transgender people. It raised a lot of awareness

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Speaker 1: on the subject, and she received letters from all over

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Speaker 1: from people who basically thanked her for helping them understand

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Speaker 1: their own identity and be able to talk about it

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Speaker 1: with other people. Later in the nineteen fifties, the word

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Speaker 1: transsexual came into use to describe people who wanted to

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Speaker 1: change or had changed their physical body from the sex

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Speaker 1: that they were assigned at birth. A number of mass

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Speaker 1: market novels that related to ideas of cross dressing and

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Speaker 1: gender identity were published in In nineteen sixty, Virginia Prince

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Speaker 1: launched Transvestia, which was the first periodical in the US

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Speaker 1: that was intended for a transgender market. Subscribers to the

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Speaker 1: magazine also formed the first known organization for transgender people

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Speaker 1: in the US. Not long after this, in nineteen sixty six,

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Speaker 1: Dr Harry Benjamin published The Transsexual Phenomenon, which described patients

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Speaker 1: he had been working with creating a course of treatment

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Speaker 1: to help them transition from the sex they had been

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Speaker 1: assigned at birth to the gender that they felt themselves

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Speaker 1: intrinsically to be. And all of this brings us to

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Speaker 1: what happened at Compton's Cafeteria in nineteen sixty six. Although

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Speaker 1: California had repealed its law against cross dressing in nineteen

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Speaker 1: sixty two, people were still being arrested for it. Homosexuality

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Speaker 1: was also illegal. San Francisco itself had a growing LGBT population,

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Speaker 1: thanks in part to the military discharges during World War

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Speaker 1: Two that we discussed, and awareness of transgendering gay rights

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Speaker 1: issues was starting to grow thanks to the work of

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Speaker 1: various social movement organizations. There were also high profile stories

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Speaker 1: like Christine Jorgensen's and the work of doctors and psychologists

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Speaker 1: such as Dr Harry Benjamin. So all of these things

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Speaker 1: really came together and led to what has become known

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Speaker 1: as the Compton's Cafeteria Riot. And we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: about this riot specifically after a brieford from a sponsor,

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Speaker 1: so to get to specifically the neighborhood where Compton's Cafeteria

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Speaker 1: was located and what happened there. In nineteen sixty six.

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Speaker 1: San Francisco's Tenderloin district was home to many of the

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Speaker 1: city's trag queens, transgender people, gay men, and others who

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Speaker 1: didn't fit into conventional ideas of gender expression and sexual orientation.

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Speaker 1: And it wasn't a particularly nice place to live. This

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Speaker 1: was a red light district, run down c D with

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Speaker 1: hotels that advertised transient rooms. There were high crime rates

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Speaker 1: and a thriving and not particularly safe industry of vice. Often,

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Speaker 1: the police force and the Tenderloin seemed more interested in

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Speaker 1: taking advantage of the situation than actually helping to protect

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Speaker 1: the community, and a lot of the people who were

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Speaker 1: living in the Tenderloin just didn't have other options. As

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Speaker 1: people were turned away from jobs and housing and cleaner,

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Speaker 1: safer parts of the city, the Tenderloin effectively became a

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Speaker 1: gay ghetto. Police would even direct gay and transgender people

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Speaker 1: who were arrested in other parts of town to the Tenderloin,

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Speaker 1: where they might actually be able to find a place

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Speaker 1: to live, and some of its residents were unable to

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Speaker 1: find work due to their sexual orientation or gender expression,

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Speaker 1: and as a result, they turned to sex work as

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Speaker 1: a last resort, and for many many reasons, this was

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Speaker 1: inherently dangerous. In addition to the risks of sexually transmitted

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Speaker 1: disease or being arrested or jailed, the people soliciting prostitutes

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Speaker 1: in the Tenderloin weren't necessarily looking for someone whose outward

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Speaker 1: appearance when clothed did not match up with their physical sex.

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Speaker 1: Transgender sex workers consequently became the targets of violence and harassment.

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Speaker 1: This also led to gay and transgender people in the

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Speaker 1: Tenderloin being arrested on suspicion of prostitution, regardless of whether

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Speaker 1: they were prostitutes or whether they were engaged in any

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Speaker 1: activity that could even resemble prostitution at the time, and

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Speaker 1: being arrested tended to be a whole lot worse for

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Speaker 1: gay men and transgender people than for everyone else. People

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Speaker 1: who were physically male but were dressed in women women's

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Speaker 1: clothing would be sent to the men's jail, where they

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Speaker 1: were often at risk for being assaulted, rate or murdered

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Speaker 1: because of how they behaved and how they were dressed.

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Speaker 1: Conditions were bad enough that in nineteen sixty five, Tenderloin

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Speaker 1: residents launched a grassroots campaign to try to improve the

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Speaker 1: neighborhood and the economic conditions there, and their goals were

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Speaker 1: to bring in much needed social services and to qualify

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Speaker 1: for anti poverty funding. That last part was challenging because

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Speaker 1: many anti poverty programs were targeted towards racial and ethnic minorities,

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Speaker 1: but the population of the Tenderloin district was predominantly white.

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Speaker 1: There were gay activists, neighborhood organizers, and ministers at the

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Speaker 1: forefront of this effort, and it also spawned a youth

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Speaker 1: organization for gay and transgender street kids, which was known

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Speaker 1: as Vanguard. Vanguard held its meetings at Gene Compton's Cafeteria,

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Speaker 1: which is a popular gathering place for the gay community,

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Speaker 1: drag queens, and transgender people in the Tenderloin. It was

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Speaker 1: a twenty four hour cafeteria that was part of a

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Speaker 1: local restaurant chain. It sat at the corner of Turk

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Speaker 1: and Taylor Streets, and it was next to a gay

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Speaker 1: bathhouse and down the street from a Woolworths. Also nearby

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Speaker 1: were a bar and the airport bus terminal that many

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Speaker 1: trans people and drag queens used to change their clothes.

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Speaker 1: So it's basically a convenient, centralized, and relatively safe location

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Speaker 1: for people to congregate twenty four hours a day. As

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Speaker 1: one of the patrons who was interviewed in the documentary

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Speaker 1: Screaming Queens, the riot at Compton's Cafeteria quote, it was

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Speaker 1: beautiful because it was clean, as was the case for

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Speaker 1: the Tenderloin in general. Many of the regulars at Compton's

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Speaker 1: cafeteria were there because they had nowhere else to go.

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Speaker 1: Other restaurants, clubs, and hotels wouldn't serve them because of

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Speaker 1: their sexual orientation, their gender expression, or their dress, but

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Speaker 1: comptons would let them in. It was a place where

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Speaker 1: people routinely went to make sure their friends knew that

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Speaker 1: they were still alive. But the management at the cafeteria

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Speaker 1: basically a hangout for this particular crowd. Staff started trying

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Speaker 1: charge to make up for the fact that people were

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Speaker 1: taking up table space but not buying food. However, they

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Speaker 1: tended to charge this service charge kind of selective. The

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Speaker 1: people who sawed on their bills were mostly the most

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Speaker 1: obvious gay and transgender people who frequented the establishment. In

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Speaker 1: the summer of nineteen sixty six, management and staff at

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Speaker 1: eating or spending money. Regulars responded by picketing, and this

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Speaker 1: was an effort that was led by the group of Vanguard.

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Speaker 1: In July of nineteen sixty six. By this point, most

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Speaker 1: of the nighttime regulars at the cafeteria were really used

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Speaker 1: to being hassled by police. Police activity in general had

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Speaker 1: really been increasing because of the number of military recruits

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Speaker 1: but the cafeteria had become a safe spot where people

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Speaker 1: for what they were wearing, where they were standing, being

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Speaker 1: for any reason that somebody felt like hassling them. So

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Speaker 1: tensions really grew as police became more and more present

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Speaker 1: inside the restaurant. The exact date of the riot at

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Speaker 1: the cafeteria is not known today. The newspapers didn't cover

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Speaker 1: this event, and no police reports from the evening have

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Speaker 1: survived until today, although there are definitely enough eye witnesses

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Speaker 1: UH and their eyewitness reports to corroborate that this did happen,

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Speaker 1: and we know that it happened in August of nineteen

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Speaker 1: sixty six. The restaurant that night was packed. Staff at

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Speaker 1: the cafeteria decided to call the police to have some

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Speaker 1: of the patrons who were there removed and an officer

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Speaker 1: put his hand on somebody from the crowd. This person

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Speaker 1: is most frequently described as a drag queen, and that

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Speaker 1: person threw a cup of coffee into the police officer's face.

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Speaker 1: As more people began throwing glasses, silverware, and plates, the

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Speaker 1: police left the cafeteria to call for backup. While they

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Speaker 1: were gone, the crowd broke windows and turned over tables,

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Speaker 1: and fights broke out both in and around the restaurant.

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Speaker 1: The police returned and started making arrests and filling the

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Speaker 1: patti wagons. Prop Damage followed, including a vandalized police car

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Speaker 1: in a news stand that was burned down. So if

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Speaker 1: the riot at Compton's Cafeteria had taken place somewhere else

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Speaker 1: or at a different time, it's entirely possible that it

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Speaker 1: wouldn't have led to any kind of meaningful change for

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Speaker 1: the lives of the gay and transgender people who participated

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Speaker 1: in and afterward. But this was San Francisco. It was

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Speaker 1: during the nineteen sixties when a number of social movements

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Speaker 1: were all concurrently striving for change on a number of

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Speaker 1: different fronts. So it did actually lead to some things

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Speaker 1: getting better, and we'll talk about that after a brief

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Speaker 1: break for another word from a sponsor, so to get

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Speaker 1: back to what happened after the riot. These grassroots efforts

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Speaker 1: for change in the Tenderloin, which had started in the

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Speaker 1: weeks and months before the riot, grew stronger in the

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Speaker 1: wake of it. A few months later, the Central City

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Speaker 1: Anti Poverty Office opened, and one of its goals was

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Speaker 1: to improve relations between the gay and transgender communities and

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Speaker 1: the police. Police started at Elliott Blackstone had been named

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Speaker 1: a liaison between the police force and homophile organizations as

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Speaker 1: well as the greater gay community back in nineteen sixty two.

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Speaker 1: This focus also expanded to include transgender people following the riot.

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Speaker 1: At first, the transgender community, still at that point described

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Speaker 1: as drag queens and transsexual since the term transgender had

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Speaker 1: yet to be coined, was largely left out of this mission.

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Speaker 1: But Louise Ergestras, a transgender resident of the Tenderloin district,

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Speaker 1: gave Blackstone a copy of The Transsexual Phenomenon and insisted

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Speaker 1: that he read it. After he did, he played a

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Speaker 1: key role in shifting the police force's treatment of the

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Speaker 1: transgender community, in addition to working towards implementing programs and

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Speaker 1: services that helped and protected transgender people. He worked to

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Speaker 1: change the attitudes of the police force. Another program that

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Speaker 1: started after the riot was the Center for Special Problems,

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Speaker 1: which was part of the San Francisco Public Health Department.

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Speaker 1: The Center for Special Problems started a support group, and

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Speaker 1: it started working towards connecting transgender people with medical care

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Speaker 1: and other services that they needed. The center also started

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Speaker 1: issuing identification cards for transgender people, and this sounds minor,

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Speaker 1: but it was actually a huge deal. Before this, driver's

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Speaker 1: licenses and other i D could only reflect a person's

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Speaker 1: gender as it was assigned at their birth, so someone

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Speaker 1: who had transitioned could not get an ID card that

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Speaker 1: accurately reflected their identity, and this was not a perfect system.

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Speaker 1: Using a Center for Special Problems i D meant that

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Speaker 1: the person who carried it was publicly identified as transgender,

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Speaker 1: whether he or she wanted to be or not. But

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Speaker 1: it also meant that people could do things like open

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Speaker 1: bank accounts and apply for jobs without trying to use what,

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Speaker 1: by all appearances, looked like someone else's i D card.

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Speaker 1: Although some of the social movement organizations behind these changes

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Speaker 1: gradually fizzled out or split into other groups, or otherwise

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Speaker 1: ended a lot of the programs themselves continued on for

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Speaker 1: years until they were updated or replaced by other social services. However,

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Speaker 1: many of the issues that the transgender community faced in

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Speaker 1: the Tenderloin district in nineteen sixty six persisted, and they

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Speaker 1: still exist today. In most of the United States, being

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Speaker 1: transgender is not a protected class, so people can be

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Speaker 1: fired or refused housing, medical care, or other necessary services

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Speaker 1: because of their gender expression. Transgender people continue to have

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Speaker 1: a vastly higher risk of suicide than the general population,

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Speaker 1: as well as of much greater risk of being the

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Speaker 1: victim of violent crime. In the mid nineteen seventies, there

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Speaker 1: was actually a serial killer in the Tenderloin and other

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Speaker 1: LGBT neighborhoods in San Francisco who killed at least fourteen people,

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Speaker 1: most of them trans women or drag queens, and was

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Speaker 1: never apprehended. According to the Hate Violence Report from the

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Speaker 1: National Coalition of Anti Violence Projects, transgender people are also

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Speaker 1: more than three times more likely to experience police violence

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Speaker 1: than the general population. The cafeteria closed in nine. Elliott Blackstone,

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Speaker 1: who was then retired from the force, was the Grand

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Speaker 1: Marshal of the San Francisco Pride parade in two thousand six.

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Speaker 1: A plaque commemorating the riot was installed that same year. So,

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Speaker 1: as we mentioned at the top of the episode, the

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Speaker 1: Stonewall riots are so frequently pinpointed is like the start

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Speaker 1: of the gay rights movement, and this is one of

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Speaker 1: the violent uprisings that happened before that, when it was

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Speaker 1: not actually the first. There were also a couple of

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Speaker 1: similar ones at one was at Cooper's Donuts, which was

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Speaker 1: a donut shop that was uh uh in a predominantly

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Speaker 1: gay neighborhood and had a number of gay and transgender

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Speaker 1: people as its patrons. And there was also another one

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Speaker 1: that was at a bakery. So several similarly pushing back

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Speaker 1: against police kind of uh kind of events happened in

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Speaker 1: the years immediately le ing up to Stonewall, and then

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Speaker 1: Stonewall is kind of kind of became the big name

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Speaker 1: out of all of them. Yeah, even when there's any

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Speaker 1: big historical event, regardless of sort of what issue or

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Speaker 1: cultural or political thing it's attached to you, it may

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Speaker 1: be like the touchstone and the focus of a certain

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Speaker 1: um aspect of like historical telling, but there are usually

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Speaker 1: a lot of little sort of things leading up to

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Speaker 1: it that maybe don't always get the light shown on them.

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Speaker 1: So do you also have a little bit of listener

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Speaker 1: mail for us today? I do. This is about our

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Speaker 1: recent episode about time capsules, and it is from Alexa,

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Speaker 1: and Alexa says, high ladies, long time listener, longtime fan.

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Speaker 1: Two new history podcasts a week really improved my quality

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Speaker 1: of life. I'm sure I'm not the first to mention this.

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Speaker 1: I'm just going to pause for a second. Alexa was

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Speaker 1: the first and only person to mention conversely to other

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Speaker 1: corrections we have talked about lately. So she says, I'm

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Speaker 1: sure I'm not the first to mention this, but I

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Speaker 1: think I heard a little crossed wires situation in the

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Speaker 1: time capsule episode. The first Boston time capsule was found

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Speaker 1: in the Old State House, built in seventeen thirteen. This

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Speaker 1: building was the seat of colonial government in Massachusetts in

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Speaker 1: the first state house for the state of Massachusetts. Today,

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Speaker 1: the Old State House is a museum. The second Paul

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Speaker 1: Revere time capsule was found in the current Massachusetts State House.

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Speaker 1: That state House is the current home of the Massachusetts government.

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Speaker 1: It was built in sev is located on Boston Common

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Speaker 1: and has the big Gold dome, two different state houses

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Speaker 1: to time capsules. It's something that confuses Bostonians themselves all

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Speaker 1: the time. I happen to know that the Old State

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Speaker 1: House Museum visitors desk often gets calls with people asking

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Speaker 1: to speak to the Governor's office. It's a hoop to

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Speaker 1: tell people that the governor has worked in the other

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Speaker 1: state House since sevent I only mentioned it to be helpful,

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Speaker 1: not to pick apart what I think is an incredibly

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Speaker 1: well done podcast. The Old State House is a fascinating

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Speaker 1: building that often gets overlooked for its more popular Her

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Speaker 1: Freedom Trail cousins. In nineteen seventy six, Queen Elizabeth the

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Speaker 1: Second spoke from the Old State House balcony. It's the

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Speaker 1: side of the Boston massacre and James Otis's argument against

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Speaker 1: the writs of Assistants. In eighteen thirty five, William Lloyd Garrison,

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Speaker 1: being chased by an angry mob, found a safe hiding

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Speaker 1: place in the Old State House. I could go on,

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Speaker 1: thanks so much for everything, love what you do and

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Speaker 1: how you do it. Alexia in Boston. Uh, and then

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Speaker 1: she sends us a very kind note about how having

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Speaker 1: grown up in Massachusetts, Louis and May Alcott was a

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Speaker 1: hugely important part of her sense of self, which tell

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Speaker 1: us talks a little bit about going to Orchard House

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Speaker 1: UM and a friend of hers who this past ball

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Speaker 1: got married on the grounds of Fruitlands Museum. So thank

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Speaker 1: you so much, Alexa for being literally the only person who,

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Speaker 1: uh who told us about this mistake. That was my fault. Like,

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Speaker 1: I absolutely thought that both that both the time capsules

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Speaker 1: were found at the same building, and that that building

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Speaker 1: was the Old State House, which is the one with

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Speaker 1: the statues on top, which rights is right by where

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Speaker 1: the the the massacre happened. Like, I really thought that

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Speaker 1: they were the same place. Um, in part because the

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Speaker 1: uh the other state House UM time capsule was found

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Speaker 1: during a repair and there have just been ongoing repair

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Speaker 1: projects going on at the Old State House. I definitely

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Speaker 1: conflated them both together. Uh. I have even literally stood

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Speaker 1: outside of the Old State House and said to myself,

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Speaker 1: that's where both those time capsules were found. I was

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Speaker 1: super duper wrong. I'm so ignorant of like Boston's layout

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Speaker 1: and it's buildings that no bell rang for me one

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Speaker 1: way or the other. So no, this is me neither

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Speaker 1: a I mean a logically, if there's an old state House,

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Speaker 1: then there is also a new state House. But and yeah,

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Speaker 1: it did not click for me at any point when

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Speaker 1: when reading up on the more details of both of

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Speaker 1: those time castules, it didn't. It never clicked for me

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Speaker 1: that those were they were actually talking about two different buildings. So, uh,

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Speaker 1: thank you, Alexa, that was my error. I did not

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Speaker 1: find this to be nitpicky at all, And I actually loved,

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Speaker 1: uh learning about all these other things from the old

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Speaker 1: State House that I did not know about it. For example,

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Speaker 1: I did not know that it often gets overlooked for

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Speaker 1: the other stuff that's on the Freedom Trail, um because

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00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:32,880
Speaker 1: it seems like with the Boston massacre site right there,

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Speaker 1: that people would be like, oh, let's go look at

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00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:40,760
Speaker 1: this too, because it really is basically at the front door. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: so thank you Alexa for writing to us with that

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00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:47,600
Speaker 1: correction and other cool information. If you would like to

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00:24:47,640 --> 00:24:49,600
Speaker 1: write to us about this or any other episode. Where

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00:24:49,640 --> 00:24:52,000
Speaker 1: at History Podcasts at how Stuff Works dot com. We're

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00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,760
Speaker 1: also on Facebook at Facebook dot com, slash just the History,

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00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:57,600
Speaker 1: and on Twitter at this History are Tumbler is Missing

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00:24:57,680 --> 00:24:59,920
Speaker 1: History dot tumbler dot com. And we're also on Pinterest

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Speaker 1: a spreadshirt store MS Industry at spreadshirt dot com, a

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Speaker 1: would like to learn a little bit more about what

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Speaker 1: we talked about today, you can put the word transgender

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Speaker 1: into our search bar. At our parent company's website, you

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Speaker 1: will find the article ten Things Doctors Have Reconsidered this Century,

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Speaker 1: which talks about how the medical ideas surrounding gender expression

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Speaker 1: and transgender people have changed over the last century. That

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Speaker 1: is at our parent company's website, how stuff Works dot com.

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Speaker 1: You can also come to our website, which is missed

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Speaker 1: in History dot com and find show notes for all

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Speaker 1: our episodes, which is also where we correct stuff when

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Speaker 1: we get it wrong sometimes uh the uh uh an

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Speaker 1: archive of every single episode we've ever done another cool stuff.

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Speaker 1: You can do all that and a whole lot more

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Speaker 1: dot com. We're more on this thousands of other topics

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Speaker 1: because that how stuff works dot com. In