1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,840 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:17,360 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Remember our 4 00:00:17,400 --> 00:00:21,239 Speaker 1: recent episode on Zoe and Theodora. We talked about how 5 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:24,479 Speaker 1: I had some challenging research moments thanks to their being 6 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: so many people in the Macedonian dynasty who had the 7 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:33,280 Speaker 1: same name. I do remember. Yeah, Um, today's episode is 8 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:37,560 Speaker 1: worse from that perspective. We are talking about Ptolemaic queen 9 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,680 Speaker 1: our Sinowa, the second. The Ptolemy's were a Greek dynasty 10 00:00:41,800 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 1: that ruled Egypt during the Hellenistic period, and most of 11 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:49,120 Speaker 1: that dynasty's men were named Ptolemy. For the most part, 12 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:54,120 Speaker 1: the women were named our Sinowa, Baronici or Cleopatra. Sometimes 13 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:57,920 Speaker 1: people say Baronici Bernice, but I understand why they would 14 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: land there, but that's not it, um. Sometimes the women 15 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,800 Speaker 1: were also called Ptolemace, which was a feminine form of Ptolemy. 16 00:01:05,920 --> 00:01:08,720 Speaker 1: So that's that's basically you got four or five names 17 00:01:08,720 --> 00:01:10,679 Speaker 1: to work from for the most part. And then the 18 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:15,240 Speaker 1: dynasty's family tree is also pretty convoluted. Our Sinaway's husbands 19 00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:20,240 Speaker 1: included her half brother Ptolemy Karnos and her full brother 20 00:01:20,319 --> 00:01:22,479 Speaker 1: Ptolemy the Second. Of course, we're gonna be talking more 21 00:01:22,480 --> 00:01:26,240 Speaker 1: about that. Of course, these repetitive names and the challenges 22 00:01:26,280 --> 00:01:29,240 Speaker 1: that they create are not why I chose our sin 23 00:01:29,319 --> 00:01:33,240 Speaker 1: Away for this episode. The Hellenistic period stretched from the 24 00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:36,440 Speaker 1: death of Alexander the Great to the establishment of the 25 00:01:36,520 --> 00:01:39,119 Speaker 1: Roman Empire, and it's just it's not really a period 26 00:01:39,160 --> 00:01:42,559 Speaker 1: we have talked about that often on the show, and 27 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:44,759 Speaker 1: in a lot of ways, are sin Away the Second 28 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:49,840 Speaker 1: really set the standard for the generations of Ptolemaic queens 29 00:01:49,880 --> 00:01:53,400 Speaker 1: that followed her, also just as a heads up, as 30 00:01:53,520 --> 00:01:56,280 Speaker 1: was the case with Zoe and Theodora. There's a lot 31 00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 1: of killing in this episode, including the murders of Chill 32 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:04,440 Speaker 1: written Arsinoways father was Ptolemy the First Soder, meaning savior. 33 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:07,680 Speaker 1: He had been a companion and adviser to Alexander the 34 00:02:07,720 --> 00:02:11,520 Speaker 1: Third of Macedon, later becoming one of Alexander's bodyguards and 35 00:02:11,600 --> 00:02:16,160 Speaker 1: eventually one of his generals. Alexander was of course also 36 00:02:16,280 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 1: known as Alexander the Great. That empire was huge. It 37 00:02:20,960 --> 00:02:23,680 Speaker 1: stretched from Greece and Egypt in the west to the 38 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:27,919 Speaker 1: Indus River and the Himalayan mountains in the east. Alexander's 39 00:02:27,960 --> 00:02:31,679 Speaker 1: empire did not survive his death in three three b C. 40 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:36,440 Speaker 1: Though when Alexander died, his wife Roxanne, was pregnant, but 41 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: she had not given birth yet, and he also had 42 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: a disabled half brother who was still living. But beyond that, 43 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:47,440 Speaker 1: Alexander had no direct successor. He did not name any 44 00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:49,720 Speaker 1: wants to follow him either. He just said that the 45 00:02:49,760 --> 00:02:53,440 Speaker 1: empire should go to the strongest or the fittest, depending 46 00:02:53,639 --> 00:02:57,520 Speaker 1: on the translation that you're reading. Some of Alexander's generals 47 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:00,520 Speaker 1: and advisers wanted to wait for Roxanne to of birth 48 00:03:00,600 --> 00:03:02,799 Speaker 1: to see if she would have a son, and she did, 49 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:06,920 Speaker 1: but soon they were dividing up the empire among themselves, 50 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: becoming satraps, or governors of various territories, although some of 51 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: these satraps were at least ostensibly holding territory on behalf 52 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: of Alexander's surviving kim. His half brother was murdered in 53 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,680 Speaker 1: three seventeen BC, and his son with Roxanne was murdered 54 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,360 Speaker 1: in three d nine. By three oh six, these diata 55 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: key or successors were consolidating territory and presenting themselves as 56 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:37,480 Speaker 1: kings instead of generals or provincial governors. I just want 57 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:43,400 Speaker 1: to say, I have heard at least four different pronunciations 58 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:49,000 Speaker 1: of this of the successors, from from different people who 59 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:51,840 Speaker 1: should know what they're talking about. I've heard diataki, di 60 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:56,320 Speaker 1: ada kidataki, which is more like how it was pronounced 61 00:03:56,320 --> 00:04:00,839 Speaker 1: in Greek. It's really all over the place. For Ptolemy's part, 62 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,520 Speaker 1: after Alexander's death, he became the sattrap of Egypt, and 63 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:08,040 Speaker 1: then he expanded his territory from there through marriages and 64 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:12,920 Speaker 1: through military conquest, including wars against some of the other 65 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:17,960 Speaker 1: Diatic eye And really this whole period was incredibly chaotic. 66 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:20,440 Speaker 1: It was full of all kinds of disagreements and in 67 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:24,159 Speaker 1: fighting in a series of wars that stretched from three 68 00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:27,360 Speaker 1: twenty two to two eighty one BC. Some of those 69 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:31,279 Speaker 1: will come up again later. Ultimately, Ptolemy became king of 70 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: Egypt and Macedonia and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty, which controlled 71 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: Egypt for nearly three hundred years. His public works projects 72 00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: included the Library at Alexandria and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, 73 00:04:43,680 --> 00:04:46,039 Speaker 1: which is described as one of the seven Wonders of 74 00:04:46,040 --> 00:04:51,440 Speaker 1: the ancient world. Ptolemy also stole Alexander's body as it 75 00:04:51,520 --> 00:04:54,599 Speaker 1: was being taken back to Macedonia to be buried. He 76 00:04:54,680 --> 00:04:57,160 Speaker 1: took it to the Egyptian city of Memphis, and then 77 00:04:57,200 --> 00:05:00,279 Speaker 1: eventually to Alexandria, where he had it in two cooms. 78 00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:04,440 Speaker 1: This tomb became a focal point for the cult of Alexander, 79 00:05:04,600 --> 00:05:09,039 Speaker 1: which Ptolemy made into a state cult, and Ptolemy used 80 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:12,520 Speaker 1: the cults, the worship in the cult, the presence of 81 00:05:12,560 --> 00:05:17,160 Speaker 1: Alexander's remains in Alexandria, all of that together to reinforce 82 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:20,599 Speaker 1: the idea that he and his dynasty were the legitimate 83 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,039 Speaker 1: rulers of Egypt. But neither Ptolemy nor the rest of 84 00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:27,640 Speaker 1: his dynasty ever assimilated with the Egyptian population that they 85 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:32,200 Speaker 1: were ruling. Although Ptolemy initially lived in Memphis, which was 86 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:36,239 Speaker 1: one of Egypt's oldest cities, he ultimately moved to Alexandria, 87 00:05:36,400 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: which Alexander had founded and which was culturally more aligned 88 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 1: with Greece. The Ptolemy's kept up a fairly insular existence 89 00:05:44,200 --> 00:05:49,160 Speaker 1: in Alexandria, and they retained their Greek identities throughout the dynasty. 90 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:54,080 Speaker 1: This included generally marrying other Macedonian Greeks, although It's possible, 91 00:05:54,120 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 1: but not conclusively documented, that there may have been high 92 00:05:57,880 --> 00:06:01,480 Speaker 1: ranking Egyptians among the king's wife or concubines towards the 93 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:06,040 Speaker 1: end of the dynasty. This dynasty ended with Cleopatra the Seventh, 94 00:06:06,160 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: who was typically just known as Cleopatra. She was the 95 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,640 Speaker 1: daughter of Ptolemy the twelfth and also married to her 96 00:06:12,640 --> 00:06:17,279 Speaker 1: brother Ptolemy. She was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn 97 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:20,200 Speaker 1: the Egyptian language or to really take any effort at 98 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:23,480 Speaker 1: all to learn about the people she was ruling, especially 99 00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:27,560 Speaker 1: in the first generations after Alexander's death. Hellenistic rulers were 100 00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:33,280 Speaker 1: typically polygamous. Kings had multiple wives simultaneously. Queens, however, did 101 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: not have multiple husbands. Ptolemy was no exception. He had 102 00:06:37,200 --> 00:06:44,320 Speaker 1: four wives. Bias Urticama Euridicy, Baronici Baronci was our Sinoway 103 00:06:44,440 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 1: the seconds mother, and she had two other children with 104 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:50,760 Speaker 1: Ptolemy our sin away sister, Philotera and her brother Ptolemy 105 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:55,120 Speaker 1: the Second. There were also lots of half siblings through 106 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:59,799 Speaker 1: their father's other wives. These multiple marriages caused all kinds 107 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,520 Speaker 1: of chaos within the Ptolemaic dynasty and then elsewhere in 108 00:07:03,560 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: the Hellenistic World and other episodes about royals. We've talked 109 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:10,640 Speaker 1: about men who rose to power, or at least tried 110 00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,480 Speaker 1: to rise to power by marrying a king's widow. But 111 00:07:14,560 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 1: if the king had multiple wives, that meant there were 112 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:21,800 Speaker 1: multiple possible paths to the throne through his surviving widows. 113 00:07:22,520 --> 00:07:25,640 Speaker 1: This is especially true if none of those women were 114 00:07:25,720 --> 00:07:30,040 Speaker 1: recognized as the king's primary or lead wife, which was 115 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,200 Speaker 1: the case in most of these marriages during the Hellenistic period. 116 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:37,240 Speaker 1: Instead of having sort of a formal chief or lead wife, 117 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,840 Speaker 1: there was this more informal, ever shifting set of favorites 118 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:46,160 Speaker 1: and alliances. And that same was true for the king's heirs. 119 00:07:46,200 --> 00:07:49,520 Speaker 1: If he had multiple sons by multiple women, then which 120 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: one was supposed to be first in line for the throne. 121 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:55,560 Speaker 1: What if the king did have a clearly favored wife, 122 00:07:55,600 --> 00:07:58,000 Speaker 1: but his oldest son had been born to one of 123 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:00,520 Speaker 1: the other wives. Or what if the being thought the 124 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:03,840 Speaker 1: best person to rule was not his oldest son or 125 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 1: the son of his favorite wife, but a younger son 126 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:09,560 Speaker 1: born to someone less esteemed. You did see how this 127 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:14,760 Speaker 1: gets very complicated in a hurry. Yes, many of Alexander's 128 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:19,160 Speaker 1: successors addressed this problem by choosing a son to be 129 00:08:19,240 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: their co ruler, they intended that son to eventually take 130 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:27,360 Speaker 1: the throne, but this was really more about smoothing the 131 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 1: transition from one king to the next than like formally 132 00:08:31,920 --> 00:08:36,400 Speaker 1: permanently designating an air and then the process of determining 133 00:08:36,440 --> 00:08:39,600 Speaker 1: who that co ruler would be and keeping him in 134 00:08:39,679 --> 00:08:43,120 Speaker 1: that position. That could all be really fraught. The king's 135 00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:47,079 Speaker 1: wives were continually focused on elevating the status of their 136 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:51,079 Speaker 1: sons over those of the other wives, and also if 137 00:08:51,080 --> 00:08:54,920 Speaker 1: a king died unexpectedly without having chosen a co ruler, 138 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,920 Speaker 1: then that left everything just totally unsettled. In other words, 139 00:08:59,080 --> 00:09:02,280 Speaker 1: there was a lot of chaos within the Ptolemaic dynasty 140 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:05,800 Speaker 1: and outside of it, thanks to infighting among the dead 141 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:09,520 Speaker 1: chi conflicts with kingdoms and administrations that had not been 142 00:09:09,559 --> 00:09:13,920 Speaker 1: part of Alexander's empire, and these multiple marriages and potential 143 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:16,880 Speaker 1: lines of succession, And that brings us back to our 144 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,680 Speaker 1: sin away. She was born sometime between three eighteen and 145 00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:26,600 Speaker 1: three eleven BC. Most sources put it somewhere around three sixteen, 146 00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:29,480 Speaker 1: but there's just no documentation of her birth at all. 147 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:33,320 Speaker 1: This year is really a best guess estimate based on 148 00:09:33,400 --> 00:09:37,040 Speaker 1: the year of her first marriage. She was probably born 149 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: in Memphis, but would have still been a child when 150 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:43,480 Speaker 1: Ptolemy moved the family to Alexandria. That happened around three 151 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,200 Speaker 1: eleven b C. And we're going to get to her life, 152 00:09:46,280 --> 00:09:54,640 Speaker 1: but first we are going to pause for a sponsor break. 153 00:09:56,080 --> 00:09:58,720 Speaker 1: As we said before the break, our sin Away spent 154 00:09:58,840 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: most of her childhood in youth in Alexandria. Her brothers 155 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:07,040 Speaker 1: and half brothers were educated through tutors, and it's possible 156 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:10,760 Speaker 1: that she and her sister and her half sisters shared 157 00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:13,480 Speaker 1: in that education as well, but we don't really know 158 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:16,960 Speaker 1: for sure. Really, we know almost nothing about our sin 159 00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:20,160 Speaker 1: aways childhood or upbringing, but we do know that her 160 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:23,600 Speaker 1: family's position at court was not all that secure. As 161 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,600 Speaker 1: we said earlier, there was a lot of jockeying among 162 00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 1: the king's wives and sons as they tried to establish 163 00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 1: a line of succession among all of those assorted marriages 164 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: and families. While our Sinaway was in Alexandria, her mother 165 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:42,200 Speaker 1: Baronicci wasn't at the top of this hierarchy. Instead, Ptolemy 166 00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:45,560 Speaker 1: the first favorite his first wife Eurydice, and her son 167 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: Ptolemy Karinos was as a consequence the presumed successor to 168 00:10:49,960 --> 00:10:53,880 Speaker 1: the throne. Another source of instability in our sin Away's 169 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,600 Speaker 1: childhood would have been the ongoing warfare among the Dead 170 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:02,480 Speaker 1: Chi and three oh one b C. Ptolemy united with Lysimachus, 171 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: Seleucus the First, Nicator and Cassander against Antigonus the First 172 00:11:07,960 --> 00:11:12,120 Speaker 1: and his son, Demetrius the First. Antigonus and Demetrius ruled 173 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:16,160 Speaker 1: Western Asia. The battle between all these forces took place 174 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:20,080 Speaker 1: at Ipsus, and Ptolemy and his allies were victorious, thanks 175 00:11:20,160 --> 00:11:25,520 Speaker 1: in part two Elephants that were contributed by Marian Emperor Chandragupta. 176 00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:29,600 Speaker 1: We talked about Chandragupta's alliance with Seleucus and our episode 177 00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:33,280 Speaker 1: on Ashoka the Righteous back in May of This victory 178 00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:36,520 Speaker 1: led to a whole string of marriages among the four 179 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:40,559 Speaker 1: victorious dead Chi and their relatives. This included our Sinoways 180 00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:45,520 Speaker 1: marriage to Lysimachus in about three hundred b C. Lycemicus 181 00:11:45,640 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: was king of Thrace and he also took control of 182 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,640 Speaker 1: what had been antigonus territory after the Battle of Ipsus. 183 00:11:52,040 --> 00:11:56,000 Speaker 1: Arsinoe was probably in her teens when this marriage took place, 184 00:11:56,120 --> 00:11:59,880 Speaker 1: and Lysimachus was in his fifties or sixties, and although 185 00:11:59,880 --> 00:12:02,880 Speaker 1: it was pretty common for men to marry younger women, 186 00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:06,600 Speaker 1: this age difference was a lot more dramatic than usual, 187 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:09,480 Speaker 1: and that led to a lot of really derisive jokes 188 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:13,280 Speaker 1: and unflattering depictions of both of them, basically with her 189 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:16,719 Speaker 1: being branded as a gold digging schemer and him as 190 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,800 Speaker 1: a doddering old man, even though really he was still 191 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:22,880 Speaker 1: pretty spry he was an active military leader. When they 192 00:12:22,920 --> 00:12:26,880 Speaker 1: got married, Arsinaway moved to the capital of Lysimacaiah on 193 00:12:26,920 --> 00:12:29,920 Speaker 1: the Gallipoli Peninsula in what is now Turkey. She and 194 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:33,440 Speaker 1: Lysimachus had three sons over the next six years, Ptolemy 195 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:39,560 Speaker 1: born around two, Lismacus born around two, and Philip born 196 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:43,840 Speaker 1: around two. Moving away from her father's court and her 197 00:12:43,920 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: mother's subordinate position there definitely did not free ur sin 198 00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: Away from the kind of rivalries and in fighting that 199 00:12:51,120 --> 00:12:55,000 Speaker 1: she had grown up in. Though Lycemicas already had at 200 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:59,240 Speaker 1: least three other wives, Nicia, a mastress, and a Persian 201 00:12:59,280 --> 00:13:03,040 Speaker 1: woman who's is not recorded. That last marriage had taken 202 00:13:03,080 --> 00:13:06,559 Speaker 1: place during a mass wedding that Alexander the Great arranged 203 00:13:06,559 --> 00:13:09,959 Speaker 1: in Susa in three BC. This is a marriage of 204 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:14,360 Speaker 1: about eighty high ranking Greek men to Persian noble women, 205 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: and it was meant to symbolically unify Greece and Persia 206 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 1: and to create a generation of at least hypothetically loyal 207 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:25,960 Speaker 1: offspring from these marriages. Those children would be considered both 208 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:30,200 Speaker 1: Greek and Persian. Ptolemmy the First had also married his 209 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:33,800 Speaker 1: wife Urticama at this ceremony, although she started out in 210 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:37,440 Speaker 1: a more subordinate position, Our Sineways status during her marriage 211 00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:41,040 Speaker 1: to Lysimachus rose thanks to some events that happened back 212 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:44,240 Speaker 1: in Egypt. One was that her brother Ptolemy the second 213 00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:47,760 Speaker 1: was named Ptolemmy the first co monarch into b C. 214 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:52,480 Speaker 1: There are also records of Bernici's chariot team winning at 215 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: the Olympic Games, and if this was Our Sinaway's mother Baronici, 216 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,559 Speaker 1: she would have shared in the glory as well. It is, however, 217 00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:04,400 Speaker 1: not clear which Baronicci this was or exactly when it happened. 218 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,240 Speaker 1: Darret a whole paper basically which Baronicci one at the 219 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:11,000 Speaker 1: Olympic Games. It sounds like a very weird setup for 220 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,920 Speaker 1: a sitcom. Regardless of whether that really was her mother, 221 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:18,679 Speaker 1: Our sin Away's name comes up and accounts of Lisimacus's 222 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,080 Speaker 1: deeds as king and the names of his other wives don't. 223 00:14:22,520 --> 00:14:26,520 Speaker 1: Lismcas renamed cities after himself and his family, including our 224 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: sin Away. He also gave her control of Cassandrea in 225 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:33,640 Speaker 1: northern Greece, as well as three other smaller cities that 226 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:36,800 Speaker 1: were all along the Black Sea. In two four BC, 227 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:42,480 Speaker 1: lismacus oldest son, Agaskley's son of Nicea, was accused of treason. 228 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:47,960 Speaker 1: Accounts of what happened contradict each other pretty dramatically. In 229 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:52,160 Speaker 1: some are sin Away manipulated Lisimacus into suspecting his son 230 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: of plotting against him, something that she could have done 231 00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:57,840 Speaker 1: to try to secure a future for her own sons. 232 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,640 Speaker 1: But in some accounts are sin Away was infatuated with 233 00:15:01,760 --> 00:15:05,840 Speaker 1: Agaskles and he rejected her, and thus she plotted against 234 00:15:05,960 --> 00:15:09,320 Speaker 1: him to get revenge. There's no actual documentation of that, 235 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: but it kind of ties into the whole idea that 236 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:15,080 Speaker 1: there was this gigantic age difference between her and her husband, 237 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:18,360 Speaker 1: and what if she may bee like this younger closer 238 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,880 Speaker 1: to her own age man at court. Other sources do 239 00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:25,640 Speaker 1: not involve arsen Away in this at all, though they 240 00:15:25,720 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 1: described Lysimachus as coming to the suspicion on his own, 241 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,480 Speaker 1: but then kind of filtering his response through our sin 242 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 1: Away to distance himself from it, or in still other accounts, 243 00:15:36,520 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: agath Okles really was plotting against his father, trying to 244 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: guarantee his own position as the future king, and then 245 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:48,400 Speaker 1: that plot was discovered. Lots of different options here, regardless 246 00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: of what actually happened, agath Okles was tried and executed. 247 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,920 Speaker 1: Here's a moment where the convoluted Ptolemaic family tree really 248 00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:05,880 Speaker 1: comes into play. So just embrace. Agathocles's widow was our 249 00:16:05,920 --> 00:16:10,080 Speaker 1: sinoways half sister Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy the First and Euridessey, 250 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:15,400 Speaker 1: And to recap Ptolemy and Euridessey's son, Ptolemy Kronos had 251 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:19,160 Speaker 1: been Ptolemy's presumed successor before he named our sinus full 252 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,000 Speaker 1: brother Ptolemy the Second as his co ruler into eight five. 253 00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:28,560 Speaker 1: It is possible that this entire accusation against Agathocles was 254 00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: precipitated by Karenos joining his sister at Lysimachus court after 255 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:36,600 Speaker 1: having been displaced from the court of Ptolemy the First. 256 00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:40,800 Speaker 1: If so, this whole incident may have been connected to 257 00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:45,800 Speaker 1: the rivalry between Ptolemy's wives, Baronici and Euridacy, and by extension, 258 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:51,440 Speaker 1: their children. After agath Ocles's death, Lessandra and Karnos, who 259 00:16:51,480 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: were just going to call Karenos because there are too 260 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: many Ptolemy's they went to se Lucas, the first Nicator, 261 00:16:57,560 --> 00:17:00,400 Speaker 1: for aid, and that led to a war between Thrace 262 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:04,359 Speaker 1: and the Seleucid Empire. Although Lycemacus had taken control of 263 00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:08,000 Speaker 1: territory in Western Asia after the Battle of Ipsus, a 264 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,639 Speaker 1: lot of the political leaders and people there sided with Seleucus. 265 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:17,000 Speaker 1: The war between Licemacus and Seleucus finally ended with the 266 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:21,000 Speaker 1: Battle of Corypidium and two eighty one BC. This is 267 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:23,639 Speaker 1: actually the last battle in the wars of the Diadochi, 268 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:26,680 Speaker 1: and Lycemicus, who at this point was almost eighty was 269 00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:30,040 Speaker 1: killed in battle. Our Sinoway was about thirty five at 270 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:33,200 Speaker 1: this point, and she had accompanied Lycemacus to war, but 271 00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:36,440 Speaker 1: not to the actual battle. She stayed behind in Ephesus, 272 00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:40,400 Speaker 1: but that city's residents wound up siding with the Seleucids 273 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:43,720 Speaker 1: and opened the gate for the Seleucid army. Our Sinoway 274 00:17:43,840 --> 00:17:47,800 Speaker 1: is described as escaping the city disguised in rags while 275 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,159 Speaker 1: one of her attendants put on her royal garments and 276 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:54,280 Speaker 1: acted as a decoy. In some accounts, this decoy was killed, 277 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: but in others she survived. Since Our Sinoway had been 278 00:17:58,119 --> 00:18:01,680 Speaker 1: given control of Cassandrea and still had supporters there, she 279 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:04,800 Speaker 1: fled to that city and went into hiding. This is 280 00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:10,359 Speaker 1: already so much drama. But then Ptolemy Karenos turned on Seleucus. 281 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:13,399 Speaker 1: They had been in the process of conquering what was 282 00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,320 Speaker 1: left of our sin Away's late husband's kingdom. They had 283 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:19,439 Speaker 1: crossed the hell of Spot which is now known as 284 00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:25,000 Speaker 1: the Dardanelles, into Thrace when Karenos stabbed Seleucus to death. 285 00:18:25,560 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: This may actually be what earned him the nickname Karenos, 286 00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:33,480 Speaker 1: which means thunderbolt. Then Ptolemmy Karenos turned his attention to 287 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:36,680 Speaker 1: his half sister, our sin Away. We're gonna get into 288 00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:46,879 Speaker 1: that after a sponsor break, just to recap where we 289 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:49,120 Speaker 1: were before the break, because I feel like the situation 290 00:18:49,240 --> 00:18:52,680 Speaker 1: is very tangled. Our sin Away had married Lysimachus, the 291 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:56,080 Speaker 1: king of Thrace, whose son Agathocles was tried for treason 292 00:18:56,240 --> 00:19:01,359 Speaker 1: and executed. Agathocles's widow was our sin aways half sister, Lessandra, 293 00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:05,560 Speaker 1: and after this execution, she and her brother Ptolemy Caronos 294 00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,639 Speaker 1: went to Seleucus, the first nicator, for aid. Seleucas went 295 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:13,359 Speaker 1: to war against our Sinaway's husband, Lycemacus, who was killed 296 00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:18,560 Speaker 1: in battle, but then Stolomy Caronos turned against Seleucus and 297 00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:22,720 Speaker 1: killed him. Meanwhile, our sin Away fled to cass Andrea, 298 00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:26,200 Speaker 1: which her late husband had given to her earlier on 299 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,920 Speaker 1: in that marriage. That is where we left off. Although 300 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: Ptolemy Caronos and Seleucus had taken a lot of the 301 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: territory that Lysimachus had previously held, there were still people 302 00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:40,240 Speaker 1: who were loyal to our sin Away and her late husband. 303 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:43,919 Speaker 1: Kronos probably wanted to protect himself from those people, as 304 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,520 Speaker 1: well as from anyone who had been loyal to Seleucus. 305 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 1: He probably also wanted cass Andrea itself, But whatever his 306 00:19:52,080 --> 00:19:55,200 Speaker 1: exact reasons were, he lay siege to that city, offering 307 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:58,400 Speaker 1: to marry his half sister our sin Away and adopt 308 00:19:58,480 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: her children as his own. He said he would take 309 00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,520 Speaker 1: no other wives and have no other children. Her sons 310 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:08,720 Speaker 1: would be his heirs, are Sineway and Ptolemy Karnos were 311 00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,400 Speaker 1: both in their mid thirties at this point. Are sin 312 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,160 Speaker 1: Away really had no reason to trust her half brother. 313 00:20:15,840 --> 00:20:19,440 Speaker 1: Her full brother, Ptolemmy the Second, had displaced him as 314 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:23,560 Speaker 1: the presumed heir to the Ptolemaic kingdom. He and his 315 00:20:23,720 --> 00:20:27,320 Speaker 1: ally so Lucas, had gone to war with and ultimately 316 00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:31,560 Speaker 1: killed her husband. He was also literally besieging the city 317 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:34,480 Speaker 1: where she had taken refuge. That's how you woo a gal, 318 00:20:34,560 --> 00:20:39,840 Speaker 1: didn't you know. But at the same time, here's the thing. 319 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:42,800 Speaker 1: She really did not have many other options. If she 320 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:46,480 Speaker 1: and her son's managed to escape Cassandrea, there was no 321 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:48,720 Speaker 1: guarantee that they would be able to make it all 322 00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:51,880 Speaker 1: the way to Alexandria and to her brother's protection there 323 00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:56,480 Speaker 1: before being apprehended. If she married someone with enough military 324 00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:59,679 Speaker 1: and political power, she might be able to defend herself 325 00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: again Karenos. But although high ranking women in this era 326 00:21:03,720 --> 00:21:07,320 Speaker 1: weren't generally forced to marry without their consent, they also 327 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:11,840 Speaker 1: were not people who negotiated these unions their male relatives did. That. 328 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:14,879 Speaker 1: You could argue that Karenos kind of did an in 329 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:18,840 Speaker 1: run around that whole thing right by negotiating a marriage 330 00:21:18,880 --> 00:21:22,880 Speaker 1: with his half sister himself. But regardless are sent Away 331 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 1: agreed to marry Ptolemy Karenos. She did the one thing 332 00:21:27,400 --> 00:21:29,920 Speaker 1: that she really could to try to protect herself in 333 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:32,760 Speaker 1: this situation, which was that she demanded that the marriage 334 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:39,399 Speaker 1: ceremony be conducted in public. Karenos agreed, but then immediately 335 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,880 Speaker 1: afterward he murdered her two young sons, Lysimachus and Philip. 336 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: Her oldest son, Ptolemy escaped. It's possible he just was 337 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:51,760 Speaker 1: not there when his younger brothers were murdered. He was 338 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:54,119 Speaker 1: the only one of her sons who had reached adulthood 339 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,879 Speaker 1: by this point, and there is some suggestion that he 340 00:21:57,119 --> 00:22:00,040 Speaker 1: and his mother were estranged in some way are in 341 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,160 Speaker 1: a way was forced to flee once again, this time 342 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:07,680 Speaker 1: taking refuge in same race. Accounts are pretty contradictory about 343 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:12,399 Speaker 1: what Krainosa's motivations were in killing his nephews, whether that 344 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:16,480 Speaker 1: really had been his plan from the beginning, whatever it was, though, 345 00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:18,879 Speaker 1: he did not wind up remaining king of all this 346 00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:22,440 Speaker 1: territory for long. He married our sin away And about 347 00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:25,720 Speaker 1: two a d b c. E. And the following year 348 00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:29,159 Speaker 1: his territory was attacked by the Gauls, and he was 349 00:22:29,240 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: killed in battle. Eventually, some time between two eighty and 350 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:36,159 Speaker 1: two seventy six b c. E Ar Sinoway returned to 351 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:39,600 Speaker 1: Egypt t Froum samith Race, possibly taking her son Ptolemy 352 00:22:39,680 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: with her. It had been at least twenty years at 353 00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:45,400 Speaker 1: that point since Our sin Away had been in Alexandria. 354 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:49,399 Speaker 1: Her brother, Ptolemy the Second was now the king, and 355 00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:52,160 Speaker 1: his court had been through its own allegations of treachery. 356 00:22:52,880 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: His first wife, or sin Away the First, just to 357 00:22:56,160 --> 00:22:59,919 Speaker 1: keep it confusing, had been exiled under suspicion of plotting 358 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,399 Speaker 1: against him. Our sin Away the First was the daughter 359 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:07,280 Speaker 1: of our sin Away the second husband Lysimachus, and although 360 00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:10,040 Speaker 1: it is not clear which of his wives was our 361 00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:13,400 Speaker 1: sin Away the First mother, she was much younger than 362 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:16,400 Speaker 1: our sin Away the Second, and it's possible that elder 363 00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: our sin Away may have even helped raise her. This 364 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:23,080 Speaker 1: timeline is really really fuzzy, but it seems that our 365 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:26,840 Speaker 1: sin Away the First suspicion and exile happened before our 366 00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:30,920 Speaker 1: sin Away the Second returned to Alexandria, although some sources 367 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: still try to pin the whole thing on our sin 368 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,840 Speaker 1: Away the Second. A few years After returning to Egypt 369 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,280 Speaker 1: and about two seventy three b c. Our sin Away 370 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:43,440 Speaker 1: the Second married her brother Ptolemy the Second, and the 371 00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:46,520 Speaker 1: details of this marriage aren't really known. They had no 372 00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:49,880 Speaker 1: children together, although our sin Away the Second did adopt 373 00:23:49,960 --> 00:23:53,320 Speaker 1: our sin Away the first children as her own. Ptolemy 374 00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,119 Speaker 1: did not take any other wives after marrying his sister, 375 00:23:56,359 --> 00:24:00,240 Speaker 1: although he did have several concubines. Are sin Away and 376 00:24:00,359 --> 00:24:04,800 Speaker 1: Ptolemy we're both given the moniker Philadelphoi or sibling loving 377 00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:09,119 Speaker 1: our sinaways earlier marriage to her half brother Ptolemy Karenos 378 00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:12,119 Speaker 1: had been unusual in the Greek world, but such a 379 00:24:12,160 --> 00:24:15,880 Speaker 1: marriage wasn't totally unheard of, and it was legally permitted 380 00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:19,560 Speaker 1: in some places. But marrying her full brother Ptolemy the 381 00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:22,680 Speaker 1: Second would have been far more unusual among the Greeks. 382 00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:27,119 Speaker 1: It wasn't really unusual in the Egyptian society. The Ptolemy's 383 00:24:27,119 --> 00:24:30,879 Speaker 1: were ruling, though at least not for Egyptian royalty. We 384 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:33,800 Speaker 1: talked about this in our episode on hatsup Shot. Back 385 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:38,040 Speaker 1: in an Egyptian king often took a sister or half 386 00:24:38,119 --> 00:24:41,840 Speaker 1: sister as his great royal wife, with that pairing echoing 387 00:24:41,920 --> 00:24:45,159 Speaker 1: back to an Egyptian creation story. In that story, the 388 00:24:45,240 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: god a tomb had no partner and created a pair 389 00:24:47,920 --> 00:24:51,320 Speaker 1: of sibling deities, who in turn created another pair of 390 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:55,640 Speaker 1: sibling deities as their descendants, continuing that line in pairs. 391 00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:00,560 Speaker 1: It doesn't seem like this brother sister marriage was as 392 00:25:00,720 --> 00:25:03,440 Speaker 1: taboo in the ancient Greek world as it would be 393 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 1: in the West today, and there's really almost no surviving 394 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:11,000 Speaker 1: account of the actual Greek response to it at the time. 395 00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:14,520 Speaker 1: Our sin Away and Ptolemy did take some steps to 396 00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:18,200 Speaker 1: try to normalize it, though, including comparing themselves to the 397 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:21,960 Speaker 1: Greek deities Zeus and Hera, who were also married siblings. 398 00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:27,040 Speaker 1: They also made the comparison to Egyptian deities Isis and Osiris, 399 00:25:27,160 --> 00:25:31,119 Speaker 1: who were descendants of that chain of Egyptian sibling partners, 400 00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:33,960 Speaker 1: although this was really one of the few ways that 401 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,440 Speaker 1: they tried to frame themselves as Egyptian at all. We 402 00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,200 Speaker 1: have no documentation of their thought process or reasoning for 403 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 1: this marriage. It's possible that they just wanted to consolidate 404 00:25:44,960 --> 00:25:47,720 Speaker 1: some of their political power, or that they thought they'd 405 00:25:47,720 --> 00:25:50,119 Speaker 1: be a little more protected in a world of perpetual 406 00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:53,639 Speaker 1: dynastic rivalries and in fighting. Our sin Away may have 407 00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,280 Speaker 1: thought that marrying her brother was her last chance to 408 00:25:56,359 --> 00:26:00,600 Speaker 1: secure a political future for her one surviving son. There 409 00:26:00,640 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 1: are several references to various Ptolemy's in the historical record 410 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:07,040 Speaker 1: that may have been him meaning that son, but it 411 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:10,840 Speaker 1: is not clear where he wound up. It was not 412 00:26:11,080 --> 00:26:14,880 Speaker 1: in the primary Ptolemaic line of succession. Though cults were 413 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: a huge part of the religious and political structure of 414 00:26:18,359 --> 00:26:22,840 Speaker 1: the Hellenistic world, with rulers being deified and worshiped sometimes 415 00:26:22,960 --> 00:26:26,320 Speaker 1: during their lifetimes, and this also had some roots in 416 00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 1: the Egyptian tradition of deifying royalty. Our sin Away and 417 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:34,080 Speaker 1: Ptolemy established the theoy Adelphoi, or the cult of the 418 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:39,000 Speaker 1: Royal Couple. Our sin Away herself was also deified individually, 419 00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:42,280 Speaker 1: probably while she was still living. Our sin Away also 420 00:26:42,480 --> 00:26:46,040 Speaker 1: established an annual festival that was held in Alexandria that 421 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:50,400 Speaker 1: honored Adonis, with Ptolemy appearing in the role of Adonis 422 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,919 Speaker 1: and herself appearing in the role of Aphrodite. Our sin 423 00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: Away became highly influential in Ptolemy's government. She appeared on 424 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,040 Speaker 1: its coins, both alone and with him, and on some 425 00:27:01,160 --> 00:27:04,280 Speaker 1: of these coins she appears to be in full foreronic regalia, 426 00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: suggesting that she was regarded not just as the king's wife, 427 00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:11,720 Speaker 1: but also as a pharaoh herself. This includes wearing the 428 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:16,600 Speaker 1: eurus or royal cobra and our sinaways. Cartouche also included 429 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:19,200 Speaker 1: a throne and described her as king of Upper and 430 00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:22,320 Speaker 1: Lower Egypt, but it is not clear if that's an 431 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,560 Speaker 1: honorific from her lifetime or something that was bestowed on 432 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:28,800 Speaker 1: her later as a more honorary title. Are sin Away 433 00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:32,960 Speaker 1: also became a popular public figure during her reign. She 434 00:27:33,119 --> 00:27:36,119 Speaker 1: accompanied Ptolemy on a tour of the Egyptian border and 435 00:27:36,240 --> 00:27:40,680 Speaker 1: its defenses, making public appearances along the way, and one 436 00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:44,040 Speaker 1: year it's not clear which she won a clean sweep 437 00:27:44,080 --> 00:27:48,280 Speaker 1: of the equestrian events at the Olympic Games. Although her father, 438 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,400 Speaker 1: Ptolemy the First was the one who started the construction 439 00:27:51,560 --> 00:27:55,320 Speaker 1: of the library and museum at Alexandria, some sources credit 440 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,240 Speaker 1: are sent Away the Second with actually finishing that. She 441 00:27:58,359 --> 00:28:01,840 Speaker 1: also seems to have influenced or in policy, advocating for 442 00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:05,399 Speaker 1: an alliance with Greek city states that protected their freedom 443 00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:10,000 Speaker 1: from encroachment by Macedonia. This influence continued after her death. 444 00:28:10,359 --> 00:28:13,720 Speaker 1: Ptolemy the second outlived her, and he allied with several 445 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:18,200 Speaker 1: Greek city states against Macedonia in the Criminadian War. Our 446 00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,880 Speaker 1: sinoways memory became sort of a recruitment and public relations 447 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:25,640 Speaker 1: tool to rally support for Egypt's involvement in that war. 448 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,840 Speaker 1: Arsinoe became the standard for future Ptolemaic queens to follow, 449 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:33,959 Speaker 1: and her marriage to her brother also became a template 450 00:28:34,040 --> 00:28:38,320 Speaker 1: for later marriages in the Ptolemaic dynasty. As we've said, 451 00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:42,480 Speaker 1: although the Ptolemy's ruled Egypt, they never really became Egyptian. 452 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:45,520 Speaker 1: They kept their power to themselves and in the hands 453 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: of Greek people. Most of the dynasty's marriages after Arsinoe 454 00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:54,400 Speaker 1: and Ptolemy were between siblings, half siblings, or cousins, and 455 00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: this actually seems to have influenced culture in Egypt after 456 00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:01,440 Speaker 1: the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty as well. There are 457 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:05,800 Speaker 1: sibling marriages that are recorded in Roman census records in Egypt. 458 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:09,840 Speaker 1: After the end of this dynasty. At least two rotundas 459 00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:13,240 Speaker 1: were built in our Sineways honor, one in Alexandria and 460 00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: the other in Samothrace. The rotunda and Samothrace was built 461 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,040 Speaker 1: in her lifetime and It was dedicated by her, but 462 00:29:20,160 --> 00:29:23,160 Speaker 1: the inscription detailing who her husband was at the time 463 00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,600 Speaker 1: has not survived, so it's possible that it was built 464 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:29,600 Speaker 1: during the reign of Lysimachus to commemorate the alliance between 465 00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:33,120 Speaker 1: the Ptolemaic dynasty and Thrace, or during the reign of 466 00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: Ptolemy to commemorate Samothrace having sheltered our Sin away after 467 00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:40,520 Speaker 1: she had to flee from her half brother. There are 468 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:43,280 Speaker 1: also a lot of coins that bear her image, as 469 00:29:43,320 --> 00:29:47,280 Speaker 1: well as carving, statues, statuettes, and other depictions that are 470 00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:50,520 Speaker 1: either of her or believed to be of her. The 471 00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:55,080 Speaker 1: date of Arsinoway the seconds death is uncertain. One Steely 472 00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:58,120 Speaker 1: lists it as in the fifteenth year of Ptolemy the 473 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,720 Speaker 1: Second's reign, which would have been too seventy BC, but 474 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:04,400 Speaker 1: other sources say it was in the seventeenth year or 475 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:06,600 Speaker 1: to sixty eight, so she would have been in our 476 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,120 Speaker 1: mid forties. Both her cults and the cult of the 477 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,840 Speaker 1: Royal Couple continued to worship her after her death. Her 478 00:30:13,920 --> 00:30:17,920 Speaker 1: brother also named streets in Alexandria after her, and renamed 479 00:30:18,040 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: the city of Fayume and its surrounding district for her 480 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:24,480 Speaker 1: as well. Our Sin Away also became a popular name 481 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:28,320 Speaker 1: for daughters of priestly Egyptian families, but after the end 482 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,640 Speaker 1: of the Ptolemaic dynasty, are sin Away the second mostly 483 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:36,560 Speaker 1: vanished from literature and art. Instead, Cleopatra's sister are sin 484 00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:39,160 Speaker 1: Away became the more well known woman with that name. 485 00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:43,440 Speaker 1: Yet you can um accidentally get a whole bunch of 486 00:30:43,480 --> 00:30:46,520 Speaker 1: stuff that you bookmark that turns out to be about 487 00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:51,440 Speaker 1: Cleopatra's sister and not the podcast the wrong Our sin Away. 488 00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: We will end this with a quote from Elizabeth Donnelly 489 00:30:56,040 --> 00:30:59,360 Speaker 1: Carney from the introduction to Our sin Away of Egypt 490 00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:02,480 Speaker 1: and Massadi, a Royal Life. This is really the only 491 00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,520 Speaker 1: modern English language biography of her. It's from an academic press, 492 00:31:06,560 --> 00:31:09,240 Speaker 1: but it's pretty accessible and also quite short, because there's 493 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:11,200 Speaker 1: like not a lot that we actually know about our 494 00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,680 Speaker 1: sin Away. She wrote quote, looking at our sin Away's 495 00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,200 Speaker 1: life is a bit like trying to meet someone at 496 00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:21,240 Speaker 1: a big party but somehow always missing them, though perhaps 497 00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,360 Speaker 1: getting a whiff of their perfume and hearing a lot 498 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:27,680 Speaker 1: of stories about them. In a sense, our sin Away 499 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,320 Speaker 1: is always in the other room. I really liked that quote, 500 00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: and I think it summed up some of my challenges 501 00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: researching this episode. UM, do you have less challenging listener mail? 502 00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,760 Speaker 1: I do so this listener mail posed a question, and UM, 503 00:31:44,920 --> 00:31:47,160 Speaker 1: I don't know that we'll ever tackle the topic that 504 00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:49,720 Speaker 1: they suggested, but it was an interesting enough question to 505 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:53,320 Speaker 1: me that I wanted to read it. And uh, it 506 00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:56,600 Speaker 1: is from Eva. Eva says high Holly and Tracy. I'm 507 00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: a few months late or very early sending this idea 508 00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:01,160 Speaker 1: for a hog of the episode, but here it is. 509 00:32:01,320 --> 00:32:04,440 Speaker 1: Bear with me. Every time I watched that scene in 510 00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,520 Speaker 1: a Christmas story when the father breaks out a hammer 511 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,720 Speaker 1: and pry bar to open the giant wooden crate containing 512 00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,520 Speaker 1: the infamous leg lamp, I think to myself, I have 513 00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,000 Speaker 1: never in my life received a delivery in a wooden crate, 514 00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:22,120 Speaker 1: Not at Christmas, not in a year of pandemic lifestyle 515 00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:26,520 Speaker 1: supply delivery. Not ever. Why is this? Presumably the answer 516 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:30,160 Speaker 1: is corrugated cardboard boxes? And then I wonder weren't corrugated 517 00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,360 Speaker 1: cardboard boxes around in the nineteen sixties when this movie 518 00:32:33,480 --> 00:32:36,080 Speaker 1: was set, to which the answer is, I have no idea. 519 00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:39,280 Speaker 1: It seems like a simple, low tech technology that you'd 520 00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: expect to have been around for a long time. And 521 00:32:42,120 --> 00:32:44,360 Speaker 1: then I go to the liquor store to get boxes 522 00:32:44,440 --> 00:32:46,280 Speaker 1: for moving my books like you do, and I see 523 00:32:46,360 --> 00:32:49,160 Speaker 1: ten dollar bottles of wine, and I wonder how much 524 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:51,720 Speaker 1: that same bottle cost back in the day whenever it was, 525 00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:54,240 Speaker 1: with the extra cost of shipping it around in wooden 526 00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:57,040 Speaker 1: crates presumably built into the cost. And then I get 527 00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:00,400 Speaker 1: into the mental exercise of comparing the environmental pact of 528 00:33:00,520 --> 00:33:04,600 Speaker 1: wooden crates versus cardboard boxes, extra fuel and exhaust ship 529 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:08,120 Speaker 1: wooden crates versus the disposable nature of the cardboard boxes, 530 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:12,280 Speaker 1: and I get stuck, because you can reuse cardboard boxes 531 00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,600 Speaker 1: over and over until they wear out or get damaged. 532 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:17,760 Speaker 1: People just don't reuse them much exactly because they were 533 00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,280 Speaker 1: so wonderfully light and cheap that we take them utterly 534 00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:23,280 Speaker 1: for granted. But if a Christmas story is to be believed, 535 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,640 Speaker 1: they've only been introduced in like my boss's lifetime, So 536 00:33:27,120 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: how is there impact? So invisible to us are corrugated 537 00:33:31,160 --> 00:33:34,400 Speaker 1: cardboard boxes a classic textbook case study that all the 538 00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:36,880 Speaker 1: materials scientists know about and no one else does. Like 539 00:33:37,040 --> 00:33:39,880 Speaker 1: three M Scotch tape is a classic case study in business. 540 00:33:39,920 --> 00:33:44,800 Speaker 1: Ee circles and the snow slash whitehead cholera outbreak is 541 00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:47,760 Speaker 1: the progenitor of infographics? Or is it like the Happy 542 00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:50,640 Speaker 1: Birthday song where it's so elegantly simple that everyone assumes 543 00:33:50,680 --> 00:33:53,880 Speaker 1: it sprang forth from the primordial ooze, fully formed and 544 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:57,160 Speaker 1: ready to ship. Enquiring minds want to know. So that's 545 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,160 Speaker 1: my holiday episode suggestion. The history of core gate did 546 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:06,600 Speaker 1: cardboard boxes? Um? The The email goes on a bit 547 00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:08,680 Speaker 1: from this, but to have time to answer the question, 548 00:34:08,719 --> 00:34:10,640 Speaker 1: I'm going to stop it there. So thank you Eva 549 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:16,960 Speaker 1: for this email. I actually have gotten things shipped in 550 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,279 Speaker 1: boxes like that. One of them. Uh, it was from 551 00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:25,040 Speaker 1: one of those places where you you opened your mail 552 00:34:25,160 --> 00:34:28,160 Speaker 1: and there's a surprising and strange thing there that's part 553 00:34:28,239 --> 00:34:31,480 Speaker 1: of a mystery, and as you solve the mystery and 554 00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,120 Speaker 1: the end, you get something special that's like the sort 555 00:34:34,160 --> 00:34:37,360 Speaker 1: of capstone piece to this mysterious thing that you have 556 00:34:37,680 --> 00:34:41,120 Speaker 1: unfolded through your through the things you've gotten in the mail. 557 00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:44,320 Speaker 1: And the final thing that we got was was in 558 00:34:44,480 --> 00:34:47,440 Speaker 1: a wooden crate, very like that. Um. Also, when I 559 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:52,080 Speaker 1: was a child, my brother and I desperately wanted a playhouse. 560 00:34:53,239 --> 00:34:57,600 Speaker 1: Playhouses are very expensive. What my father did was cut 561 00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:02,319 Speaker 1: a door into a shipping crate that had been used 562 00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:08,239 Speaker 1: for a refrigerator. Um, and that became our playhouse. So um, 563 00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:12,680 Speaker 1: neither of those things would I call a normal shipping circumstance. 564 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:16,040 Speaker 1: What I really think is happening in a Christmas story 565 00:35:16,320 --> 00:35:19,600 Speaker 1: is that that shipping crate which looks like like a 566 00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: museum shipping crate. Like that's part of the joke that 567 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:29,160 Speaker 1: that is, like, here is your box of very carefully 568 00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:35,000 Speaker 1: packed leg lamp. What in the world? Because it is 569 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,759 Speaker 1: a precious artifact tracy, That's why, Yeah, it's a It's 570 00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:42,399 Speaker 1: incredibly important. It looks a lot more like you would 571 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:48,200 Speaker 1: see like an antiquity shipped to a collector than an 572 00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:54,640 Speaker 1: ordinary thing that you would have shipped to your home. Um. Cardboard, however, 573 00:35:55,920 --> 00:35:59,840 Speaker 1: very briefly. Cardboard was developed in the mid nineteenth century. 574 00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,719 Speaker 1: By the early twentie century, cardboard boxes were coming into 575 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,840 Speaker 1: common use. So by the time this um, this film 576 00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:12,320 Speaker 1: takes place, there were plenty of cardboard boxes. UM. I 577 00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,080 Speaker 1: really do think it is that is for comedic effect 578 00:36:15,239 --> 00:36:17,840 Speaker 1: to hype up what is the magical wonder that is 579 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:26,359 Speaker 1: in this box? And it is a leg lamp? Like? Um, 580 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:28,239 Speaker 1: I don't know if you had something you wanted to 581 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,600 Speaker 1: add with that. Ally, No, I'm suddenly thinking about how 582 00:36:31,719 --> 00:36:37,399 Speaker 1: many um, when she mentioned shipping alcohol, how many places? Uh, 583 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:41,640 Speaker 1: we're really just making alcohol for local consumption for a 584 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:45,480 Speaker 1: long time being shipped around. That idea of like sourcing 585 00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:50,040 Speaker 1: alcohol from different magical places as a is a little 586 00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,520 Speaker 1: modern but not entirely Yeah, yeah, that would be an 587 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:57,560 Speaker 1: interesting and fun study rabbit hole to go down. Yeah. Well, 588 00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:59,440 Speaker 1: and that that made me think about like the way 589 00:36:59,560 --> 00:37:05,520 Speaker 1: less happy sounding like the rum trade and how that 590 00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:08,279 Speaker 1: was connected to both sugar and slavery. But that was 591 00:37:08,360 --> 00:37:12,880 Speaker 1: also like a you know, eighteenth and nineteenth century shipping 592 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:16,800 Speaker 1: things a long way on a boat, right, not quite 593 00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:22,799 Speaker 1: the kind of direct to consumer packaging think not at 594 00:37:22,840 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: the hall, although also often distilled locally so that people 595 00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:30,839 Speaker 1: that landed on those islands had been at sea would 596 00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:38,000 Speaker 1: have it as part of their healthy regimen. Um. I've 597 00:37:38,480 --> 00:37:41,279 Speaker 1: it's I don't know. I that suddenly took me down 598 00:37:41,360 --> 00:37:45,719 Speaker 1: the mental rabbit hole of um, the various places near 599 00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:50,560 Speaker 1: me that have started delivering from their uh you know, 600 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:55,480 Speaker 1: their their liquor and beer and wine stores during the pandemic. Um. 601 00:37:56,520 --> 00:38:01,320 Speaker 1: Something I have taken advantage of during these times. So 602 00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:06,680 Speaker 1: thank you again for this delightfully written email. Eva. I 603 00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:11,120 Speaker 1: hope we have you have answered your question satisfactorily. I 604 00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,880 Speaker 1: don't know that we will do an episode on the 605 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,560 Speaker 1: history of cardboard, but um I did think this was 606 00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:19,160 Speaker 1: a fun email to listen, to read and talk about. 607 00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:21,400 Speaker 1: If you would like to write to us about this, 608 00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:24,040 Speaker 1: are any other podcast or at history podcast at i 609 00:38:24,120 --> 00:38:27,000 Speaker 1: heeart radio dot com, and then all over social media 610 00:38:27,160 --> 00:38:30,160 Speaker 1: at miss in History so we'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, 611 00:38:30,280 --> 00:38:34,080 Speaker 1: and Instagram. You can subscribe to our show on the 612 00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:36,879 Speaker 1: i heeart Radio app and Apple Podcasts and anywhere else 613 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:44,799 Speaker 1: that you get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History 614 00:38:44,840 --> 00:38:47,560 Speaker 1: Class is a production of I heart Radio. For more 615 00:38:47,640 --> 00:38:50,680 Speaker 1: podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, 616 00:38:50,760 --> 00:38:53,960 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.