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Speaker 1: Dear let you know USA listener.

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Speaker 2: Before we start, you should know that if you want

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Speaker 2: the episode description and after you do that, then click play.

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Speaker 1: Let's go to the show.

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Speaker 2: In just a few days, we are going to honor

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Speaker 2: the twenty fourth anniversary of the September eleventh terrorist attacks.

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Speaker 2: Almost three thousand people for more than ninety countries died

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Speaker 2: on that day. Thousands more are still dealing with lasting injuries, depression,

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Speaker 2: and like me, still PTSD. Nine to eleven was an

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Speaker 2: event that would go on to have reverberating effects in

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Speaker 2: ways we could have never imagined. And so what are

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Speaker 2: some of the biggest after effects from nine to eleven

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Speaker 2: that we are witnessing today. Well, ice raids, ramped up

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Speaker 2: immigration enforcement, travel bands, even that pesky real ID requirement

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Speaker 2: that is causing a lot of confusion at airports. It

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Speaker 2: all ties back to nine to eleven. So, dear listener,

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Speaker 2: we're going to bring you an episode that we first

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Speaker 2: aired in twenty twenty one that feels more relevant today

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Speaker 2: than we could have ever possibly imagined from futro media.

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Speaker 1: It's Latino Usa. I'm Mariao Hosa today.

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Speaker 2: The legacy of nine to eleven we look at how

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Speaker 2: one catastrophic day permanently altered the US stance towards immigration.

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Speaker 2: It led to the creation of the Department of Homeland

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Speaker 2: Security and an inforce system that continues to wreak havoc

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Speaker 2: in immigrant communities today. One thing that we all immediately

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Speaker 2: knew on September eleventh was that this event was going

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Speaker 2: to resonate across time and borders very quickly. A new

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Speaker 2: political reality emerged from fear. In that moment. People found

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Speaker 2: themselves willing to grant the government control over just about

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Speaker 2: anything that could be tied back to national security, believing

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Speaker 2: that was the way to keep Americans safe from terrorism.

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Speaker 2: And soon after that, the panic over keeping the country

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Speaker 2: safe evolved into an ugly ongoing debate over yes immigration.

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Speaker 2: But to really understand just how much nine to eleven

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Speaker 2: changed the entire narrative around immigration in the United States,

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Speaker 2: we've got to go back a bit further. Our producer

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Speaker 2: Alejandra Sata said, is going to take it from here.

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Speaker 3: The first year of the New millennium was one for

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Speaker 3: the history books. After surviving the Y two K computer scare,

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Speaker 3: we had the Sydney Summer Olympics, the first crew to

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Speaker 3: live on the International Space Station, And in November, following

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Speaker 3: a historically close and contentious election, just no longer is

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Speaker 3: Evin three four or Vice President Gore.

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Speaker 1: Thirty seven days after Americans went to the polls, and

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Speaker 1: now we have a winner, President elect Bush.

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Speaker 3: Bush was elected with thirty five percent of the Latino vote,

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Speaker 3: the highest LATINX turnout for a Republican since Ronald Reagan

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Speaker 3: in nineteen eighty four. Latinos represented a rapidly growing voter

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Speaker 3: block that couldn't be easily ignored anymore. Capitalizing on this

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Speaker 3: political moment, the Bush administration introduced an agenda that indicated

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Speaker 3: pro immigration reform was in the works, especially to help

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Speaker 3: and benefit Mexicans. In February two thousand and one, a

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Speaker 3: joint US Mexico panel released recommendations for future immigration policy,

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Speaker 3: including streamlining the process for Mexicans to attain visas and

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Speaker 3: legal status in the US.

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Speaker 4: We exchanged ideas about safe and orderly migration, a policy

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Speaker 4: that respects individuals on both sides of the.

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Speaker 3: Border, and according to reports from July two thousand and one,

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Speaker 3: the White House was even considering offering permanent residency to

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Speaker 3: undocumented Mexicans. In the US Congress was deliberating several bills

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Speaker 3: to offer protections and citizenship opportunities to immigrant farm workers,

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Speaker 3: but come fall, the bills were shelved nine to eleven.

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Speaker 3: Had ushered in a new political atmosphere where pro immigrant

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Speaker 3: legislation just didn't stand a chance. Instead, issues like securing

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Speaker 3: borders and gathering intelligence became top priorities. For example, the

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Speaker 3: Transportation Security Administration was created TSA. The US Patriot Act

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Speaker 3: was passed only forty five days after the attacks. It

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Speaker 3: gave the government power to monitor your phone records and

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Speaker 3: your Internet use, and access your personal records like individual finances.

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Speaker 3: This was all done in the name of fighting terrorism.

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Speaker 3: The idea that people born outside of this country could

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Speaker 3: become its biggest threat turned into a mainstream policy priority

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Speaker 3: almost overnight.

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Speaker 5: Donald J. Trump is calling for a total and complete

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Speaker 5: shutdown of.

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Speaker 2: Muslims entering the United States until our countries represent.

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Speaker 3: Remember Donald Trump's Muslim ban. One of the most obvious

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Speaker 3: precedents for it was the Bush Administration's National Security Entry

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Speaker 3: Exit Registration System end SEERS for short. It was established

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Speaker 3: within a year of nine to eleven.

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Speaker 4: It was a special registration program for certain individuals that

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Speaker 4: came from countries that had historic tie to terrorism.

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Speaker 3: For nearly a decade, non citizens entering the US had

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Speaker 3: to register with the federal government. All men sixteen years

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Speaker 3: in older from a list of twenty five countries were

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Speaker 3: forced to participate in the NCIERS program. Twenty four of

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Speaker 3: those countries were a majority Muslim. Over eighty thousand men

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Speaker 3: and boys were registered, and more than thirteen thousand were

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Speaker 3: put in the pipeline for deportation. Now, this endeavor ultimately failed.

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Speaker 3: The program didn't result in a single terrorism related conviction,

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Speaker 3: not one. ENSEERS was suspended in twenty eleven and ended

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Speaker 3: in twenty sixteen. Under the Obama administration, for the past

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Speaker 3: twenty years, immigration and terrorism have been handled within the

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Speaker 3: same federal organization. Not even a month after nine to eleven,

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Speaker 3: the Bush administration created the Office of Homeland Security. It

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Speaker 3: became a cabinet leveled apartment a year later with the

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Speaker 3: passage of the Homeland Security Act.

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Speaker 2: The Homeland Security Act of two thousand and two takes

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Speaker 2: the next critical steps in defending our country.

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Speaker 3: DHS is in charge of national cybersecurity, the Coast Guard,

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Speaker 3: the Secret Service, and the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office,

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Speaker 3: just to name a few. But this is also the

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Speaker 3: same department that processes and polices new immigrants to the

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Speaker 3: United States. Immigration and Customs Enforcement aka ICE didn't exist

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Speaker 3: until two thousand and two. It's also a part of DHS.

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Speaker 3: The agency's responsibilities include enforcing border security, regulating immigration, and

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Speaker 3: removing quote criminal non citizens from the United States. This

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Speaker 3: isn't to say that immigration enforcement wasn't happening before nine

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Speaker 3: to eleven, but with all these new security policies and agents,

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Speaker 3: immigrants became obvious mainstream targets.

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Speaker 6: ICE will attack thousands of families, separating children from parents.

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Speaker 3: Passionate protesters today in Chicago joined those in cities around

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Speaker 3: the nation. ICE has only become more powerful over the years,

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Speaker 3: with record level detainments and deportations over the past decade

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Speaker 3: under the Obama and Trump administrations, and the entire reason

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Speaker 3: for its existence is based on a single idea that

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Speaker 3: immigrants pose an ongoing threat to this country, an idea

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Speaker 3: that was crystallized after nine to eleven and that we're

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Speaker 3: still grappling with to this day.

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Speaker 2: Coming up on that, you say more on the repercussions

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Speaker 2: of the nine to eleven attacks on immigrant communities, and

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Speaker 2: we learn about real ID, a seemingly innocuous federal legislation

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Speaker 2: that risks pushing hundreds of thousands of undocumented drivers into

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Speaker 2: a colliding path with ice. Stay with us, Yes, hey,

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Speaker 2: we're back. Before the break, we heard about the creation

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Speaker 2: of the Department of Homeland Security, but that was just

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Speaker 2: the beginning. At the other end of the new quote

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Speaker 2: unquote anti terrorism policies, the people most affected would once

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Speaker 2: again be immigrant families. So how did September eleventh pave

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Speaker 2: the way for something known as the real ID? Let

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Speaker 2: you know, USA producer Julieta Martinelli is going to pick

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Speaker 2: up the story from here.

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Speaker 6: In August two thousand and eight, Sulema, my mom received

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Speaker 6: a letter in the mail.

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Speaker 5: My friend Chui had got a letter before me, so

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Speaker 5: I knew that it might happen to me too.

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Speaker 6: The letter came from the Department of Drivers Services in Georgia,

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Speaker 6: where we had lived since nineteen ninety seven, when my mom,

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Speaker 6: my older brother, and I immigrated from Argentina. We knew

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Speaker 6: immediately it was bad news. The letter said that her

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Speaker 6: license was about to expire. Georgia at the time granted

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Speaker 6: driver's licenses for ten years. My mom had gotten hers

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Speaker 6: in ninety eight when she still had a tourist visa,

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Speaker 6: just months after arriving. The letter said in order to

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Speaker 6: renew it, she would need to go to the DMB

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Speaker 6: and provide documents proving that she was living legally in

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Speaker 6: the US.

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Speaker 5: It was like the end of the world because I

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Speaker 5: knew that there was no way I could provide that number.

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Speaker 6: The problem was, for nearly eleven years we've lived in

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Speaker 6: the US undocumented.

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Speaker 5: You feel like the will is opening on your feet

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Speaker 5: because you know they're on since we were going to

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Speaker 5: be different, and I felt really very bad.

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Speaker 6: Now being undocumented affected our daily lives in endless ways.

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Speaker 6: We couldn't travel, We hadn't seen our family in years,

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Speaker 6: and just a couple of years earlier, my mom had

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Speaker 6: gotten laid off. But my mom being able to drive

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Speaker 6: in suburban Georgia was huge and necessary. A driver's license

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Speaker 6: meant that she could drive to clean houses daily, that

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Speaker 6: she could go and get groceries. She was a lifeline

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Speaker 6: for our family.

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Speaker 5: It was a risk that we had to run. There

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Speaker 5: was no other way if it was like put your

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Speaker 5: life in an a permanent stop if you couldn't drive.

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Speaker 6: Like my mom, non citizen drivers all over the state

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Speaker 6: with licenses set to expire that year received similar letters.

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Speaker 6: In two thousand and three, Georgia had started to verify

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Speaker 6: the legal status of all applicants by requiring immigration paperwork

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Speaker 6: and running it through various databases. That's why my brother

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Speaker 6: and I had never been able to apply for a license.

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Speaker 6: We were just too young before the cutoff. But my

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Speaker 6: mom was one of the last holdouts people who had

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Speaker 6: received their driver's licenses before the state's more stringent policies.

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Speaker 6: Plus Georgia was streamlining. On January first, two thousand and eight,

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Speaker 6: the Georgia Department of Drivers' Services officially began using a

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Speaker 6: program called safe. It was used to confirm people's identities

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Speaker 6: and lawful presence in the country in order to grant

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Speaker 6: driver's licenses. Around the same time, the Georgia legislature began

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Speaker 6: considering a bill to make driving while unlicensed a felony

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Speaker 6: a felony. Any felony would later need to be disclosed

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Speaker 6: to Uscis. If an opportunity ever arose to legalize status,

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Speaker 6: it was scary.

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Speaker 5: It was really scary, and we were running like playing

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Speaker 5: hide and seek. That was it with the police, with

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Speaker 5: the immigration things. It was very hard time.

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Speaker 6: By the end of two thousand and eight, my mom

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Speaker 6: was on her first of many years driving unlicensed, and

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Speaker 6: so was I, But neither of us realized just how tired.

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Speaker 6: What was happening in our present was through an event

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Speaker 6: that had shaken the whole nation nearly a decade earlier.

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Speaker 6: But how was life before ninety eleven changed it completely?

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Speaker 6: Things weren't all that better. There were thousands of undocumented

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Speaker 6: people like me and my family who were living in

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Speaker 6: states that did not grant driver's licenses. Some of them

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Speaker 6: traveled to states like Washington, North Carolina, or Tennessee, where

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Speaker 6: a proof of legal status was not necessary. There you

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Speaker 6: could get a driver's license and register your vehicle so

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Speaker 6: you had a valid tag. In other places, like Virginia,

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Speaker 6: the state allowed waivers that identified resident drivers as non

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Speaker 6: citizens but still allow them to legally drive. The American

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Speaker 6: Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, which represents the state agencies

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Speaker 6: that issue licenses, had even begun urging Congress to issue

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Speaker 6: uniform rules regarding the granting of licenses to undocumented people

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Speaker 6: instead of leaving it to each state, and there were

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Speaker 6: a lot of good reasons to do it.

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Speaker 7: Advocates say it would make the roads safer and raise

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Speaker 7: millions of dollars in revenue.

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Speaker 4: It would be good for the state, good for the

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Speaker 4: undocumented individuals who could get the licenses, good for safety.

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Speaker 6: And some states for making progress. Undocumented people in places

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Speaker 6: like New York City were close to finally being able

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Speaker 6: to get legal IDs and driver's licenses. September eleven ended

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Speaker 6: those conversations completely. Immediately after the terrorist attacks, as information

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Speaker 6: trickled out slowly, the twenty four hour news cycle was

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Speaker 6: dominated by stories of the terrorists who had been able

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Speaker 6: to do what they did because they had been able

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Speaker 6: to obtain legal identifications. The federal government was under mounting

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Speaker 6: pressure to publicly address this quote vulnerability in the system.

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Speaker 4: All but one of the nine to eleven commission hijackers

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Speaker 4: acquired some form of US identification document, some by fraud.

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Speaker 4: Acquisition of these forms of identification would have assisted them

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Speaker 4: in boarding commercial flights, renting cars, and other necessary activities.

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Speaker 4: That's the commission.

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Speaker 6: Report traumatized nation needed some semblance of security of control,

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Speaker 6: and this was one of the things the government could

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Speaker 6: actually tell citizens that they were trying to reign in.

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Speaker 6: The real ID Act of two thousand and five was

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Speaker 6: passed with bipartisan support. It found a way to force

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Speaker 6: states to update their laws by mandating that DMBs require

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Speaker 6: proof of citizenship to grant real ID driver's licenses and

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Speaker 6: ID cards, among other measures. This was a huge blow

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Speaker 6: to undocumented people because it meant the federal government had

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Speaker 6: succeeded in forcing the hand of states that had at

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Speaker 6: least been friendly, and was empowering the states that hadn't,

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Speaker 6: like Georgia, to restrict access even further.

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Speaker 4: A provision known as real ID passed in the House

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Speaker 4: of Representatives. It would impose federal standards on driver's licenses

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Speaker 4: and also make it harder for emigrats to seek asylument.

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Speaker 6: Real ideas are simply identifications that have passed a quote

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Speaker 6: higher level of security. People's data has been checked against

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Speaker 6: a number of federal databases to house information about the applicants.

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Speaker 6: Any state that did not comply with the minimum regulations

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Speaker 6: could still provide drivers' licenses to their residents, but by

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Speaker 6: a set period of time when the law would go

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Speaker 6: into effect, those citizens would be blocked from accessing federally

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Speaker 6: controlled areas. Of course, the one most people cared about

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Speaker 6: was the ability to fly. This was really what forced

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Speaker 6: all fifty states to start complying with real IDE legislation.

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Speaker 6: But it was hard and expensive. Although there was a

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Speaker 6: lot of pushback from states who did not want the

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Speaker 6: federal government to shape their laws, changes were eminent, and

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Speaker 6: back home something else was happening at the same time.

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Speaker 5: There were tons of police cars, like thirty or forty

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Speaker 5: police cars in a very in the street, and then

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Speaker 5: big buses picking up people from their cars and taking

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Speaker 5: them into the bus to take them to the prison.

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Speaker 5: And that was just because it didn't have a driver's license.

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Speaker 1: We'll be right back, Hey, we're back.

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Speaker 2: Before the break, we learned how the real ID law

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Speaker 2: was passed and a new danger that soon would follow.

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Speaker 2: Senior producer Julia Ta Martinelli continues, there was.

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Speaker 6: A new boogeyman. It was no longer just about dodging

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Speaker 6: police cruisers that hit behind bushes or staked out drivers

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Speaker 6: at the bottom of hills. It was the beginning of

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Speaker 6: the roadblocks.

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Speaker 3: Remember the roadblocks.

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Speaker 5: Yeah, all the time, all the time. That was great.

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Speaker 5: That time was so difficult. But the good thne that

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Speaker 5: I remember is that our people got organized. They we

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Speaker 5: text each other and we knew there was a road

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Speaker 5: block over that area. So I called to my husband

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Speaker 5: and say, Hey, don't go to that street because there

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Speaker 5: is a road block.

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Speaker 6: Two eighty seven G was a new program, a collaboration

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Speaker 6: between local police department and ICE. Anyone who was arrested

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Speaker 6: and booked into a local jail that participated in the

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Speaker 6: program would have their legal status checked immediately. If they

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Speaker 6: were undocumented, they would be referred to ICE, and if

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Speaker 6: ICE confirmed they were not here legally, they could be

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Speaker 6: put into deportation proceedings. In Winnett County, where I grew up,

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Speaker 6: the local sheriff joined to eighty seven G. It effectively

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Speaker 6: granted his deputies the power of ICE agents. The county

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Speaker 6: jail could detain immigrants on federal retainers.

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Speaker 7: A message that's being sent loud and clear in Gennette County.

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Speaker 4: If you are in the country illegally and you commit

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Speaker 4: a crime, you could be reported.

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Speaker 6: So close was that partnership that the Winnett County Detention

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Speaker 6: Center allowed ICE agents to install an office in there.

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Speaker 6: In fact, well ICE holds and when I peaked in

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Speaker 6: twenty twelve, a Mother Jones investigation found that still between

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Speaker 6: twenty seventeen and July twenty nineteen, the primary charge for

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Speaker 6: nearly half of the people held for ICE at the

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Speaker 6: Winnett County Jail was for driving without a license or

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Speaker 6: another minor traffic violation.

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Speaker 5: So it's much scary. We just went to work and

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Speaker 5: we didn't go to the store. And Liz, you really

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Speaker 5: need it, because the most what you wanted to get

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Speaker 5: is just get home. Get home.

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Speaker 6: It was so prevalent that eventually everyone in my household

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Speaker 6: had been booked at the Winnett County Jail at least once.

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Speaker 6: I remember the first time you ever got pulled over,

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Speaker 6: and I remember I.

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Speaker 5: Cried, no, no, that was all. That was an awful day.

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Speaker 5: I was passing next to the lake and I was

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Speaker 5: looking at the lake and I said, what such a

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Speaker 5: beautiful morning. And when I looked, I saw police stopping

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Speaker 5: me because I was a really speeding. I didn't realize

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Speaker 5: it was twenty five that area and it was thirty.

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Speaker 5: They told me, well, I'm sorry, ma'am put your hands

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Speaker 5: behind and I felt so bad at that moment.

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Speaker 6: We were lucky though all of us were out in time,

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Speaker 6: but not everyone in our community could say that. Real ID,

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Speaker 6: which began as a way to tighten IDEA laws, once

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Speaker 6: coupled with other policies, actually opened the path for increased

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Speaker 6: immigration enforcement and deportations. In many places. It turned people

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Speaker 6: into criminals. Moms, dads deals. Now they all had records,

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Speaker 6: their names were in the system. They'd all been in

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Speaker 6: a cell, many undocumented people who otherwise would have never

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Speaker 6: had contact with police or DHS. Nearly a decade after

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Speaker 6: September eleventh, the counseling of driver's licenses and the decision

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Speaker 6: of local police departments across the country to participate in

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Speaker 6: two eighty seven g coused a perfect storm in communities

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Speaker 6: like mine that anxiety in many ways became a baseline.

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Speaker 6: It's just how things were. The fear never really goes away,

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Speaker 6: It just dolls. See, you get choosed to the situation.

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Speaker 6: You feel that everything is normal and until something.

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Speaker 5: Bad happens, and then it's when it comes the end

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Speaker 5: of the world for the family.

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Speaker 6: My older brother, after a number of arrests and exhausted

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Speaker 6: from the constant risk, decided to go back to Argentina

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Speaker 6: in twenty fourteen. My mom, who had experienced the pain

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Speaker 6: of being away from her parents for over a decade,

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Speaker 6: now had to learn to be away from her son

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Speaker 6: and her only grandkids. Couldn't return to the US. It

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Speaker 6: was yet another separation in our family. If nine to

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Speaker 6: eleven was an atomic bomb that caused so much pain

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Speaker 6: and destruction on impact, what came after was the radiation

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Speaker 6: that infested but couldn't be seen, the deadly repercussions that

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Speaker 6: hit the unseen, the law, the persecution, the laws. There

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Speaker 6: was no way to know when it would end, if

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Speaker 6: it would end. Each day the waves kept coming, and

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Speaker 6: most of us just try to stay afloat. Georgia still

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Speaker 6: does not grant licenses to people without legal status, driving

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Speaker 6: without a permit, and the state can land you in

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Speaker 6: jail for up to a year. In twenty seventeen, I

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Speaker 6: became a US citizen, and the following year I was

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Speaker 6: able to petition for my mom. We drive in peace now,

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Speaker 6: but the repercussions in our family are permanent. My brother's gone,

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Speaker 6: my stepfather is at risk. People can and are still

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Speaker 6: persecuted for their legal status, and often it still starts

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Speaker 6: with a driver's license.

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Speaker 5: If you see a neighbor or a friend that you

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Speaker 5: know doesn't have a driver's license, you always tell them

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Speaker 5: call me if you need a drive, because now I

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Speaker 5: am on the other side.

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Speaker 6: That's what happens in our community. The system that could

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Speaker 6: append the lives of our loved ones never rest, and

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Speaker 6: that means neither do the rest of us.

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Speaker 2: Our episode, originally aired in twenty twenty one, was produced

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Speaker 2: by Alejandra Salasad, Julieta Martinelli and Victoria Strava, with help

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Speaker 2: from Rinaldo Leanos Junior, Maria Eskinka and Oscar Leo. It

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Speaker 2: was edited by Andrea Lopez Gruzado and mixed by elba

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Speaker 2: Etou and JJ Carubin. The Latino USA team also includes

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Speaker 2: Roxana Guire, Julia Caruso, Jessica Ellis, Stephanie Lebau, Luis, Luna Firi,

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Speaker 2: mar Marquez, Monica Moreles Garcia, Adriana Rodriguez, and Nancy Trojigo.

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Speaker 2: Fernanda Echavari is our managing editor. Benni Le Ramirez and

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Speaker 2: I are executive producers, and I'm your host. Mariao Josa

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Speaker 2: Latino USA is part of Iheart's Michael Dura podcast Network.

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Speaker 2: Executive producers at iHeart are Leo Gomez and Arlene Santana.

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Speaker 2: Join us again on our next episode. In the meantime,

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Speaker 2: I'll see you on all of our social media. Remember,

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Speaker 2: dear listener, don't forget to join Futuro Plus. You'll get

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Speaker 2: to listen to the episodes. Add Free Plus, you'll get

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Speaker 2: bonus episodes and lots of cheese made behind the scenes.

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Speaker 1: Also, you will support the kind.

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Speaker 2: Of reporting that you love here at Latino USA and

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Speaker 2: Futuro Mediaturo Plus.

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Speaker 1: Do it now, that's not Approxima.

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Speaker 7: Joe Latino USA is made possible in part by the

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Speaker 7: Ford Foundation, working with visionaries on the front lines of

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Speaker 7: social change worldwide, the John D. And Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation,

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Speaker 7: and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for more than

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Speaker 7: fifty years advancing ideas and supporting institutions to promote a

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Speaker 7: better world. At Hewlett dot org.