1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:01,920 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:08,520 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Welcome to This Day in History Class, where 3 00:00:08,560 --> 00:00:11,480 Speaker 1: we bring you a new tidbit from history every day. 4 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:26,599 Speaker 1: Today is June nineteen. The day it was June sixty three, 5 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:32,960 Speaker 1: the Roman Inquisition sentenced astronomer Galileo galile to imprisonment and 6 00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:36,159 Speaker 1: penance for supporting the idea that the Sun was the 7 00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:39,760 Speaker 1: center of the universe and Earth revolved around it. He 8 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:43,840 Speaker 1: was deemed quote vehemently suspect of heresy, and his book 9 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:49,080 Speaker 1: Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems was banned. Galileo 10 00:00:49,120 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: support of helio centrism and the Galileo Affair, as Galileo's 11 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: controversy with the Catholic Church is known, have become parts 12 00:00:56,640 --> 00:00:59,920 Speaker 1: of his story that are as important as his scientific contribution. 13 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 1: In the sixteenth and seventeenth century, when Galileo was alive, 14 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:07,959 Speaker 1: most people believed that the Earth was at the center 15 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,480 Speaker 1: of the universe and heavenly bodies revolved around it, a 16 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: model known as geocentrism that included the Catholic Church, which 17 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: maintained that the Earth was static, not just out of 18 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: fanatical faith, but because Heliocentrism seemed absurd. Based on scientific 19 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:29,720 Speaker 1: consensus and contrary to its ideas of hierarchy and the cosmos. 20 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:34,960 Speaker 1: Among other reasons, misconceptions about the Church's reasoning for sticking 21 00:01:34,959 --> 00:01:41,200 Speaker 1: to geocentrism aside Galileo promoted astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus's 22 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: heliocentric theory. Galileo's telescopic observations and writings supported the idea 23 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:49,520 Speaker 1: that the Sun was at the center of the universe. 24 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: In sixteen sixteen, the Holy Office appointed a board of 25 00:01:53,840 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 1: theologians called Qualifiers to evaluate the ideas that the Sun 26 00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:00,320 Speaker 1: is at the center of the universe and the Earth 27 00:02:00,440 --> 00:02:02,640 Speaker 1: is not at the center of the universe and has 28 00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:06,760 Speaker 1: a diurnal motion. It concluded that the proposition of the 29 00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:09,559 Speaker 1: Sun being at the center of the universe was absurd 30 00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:14,320 Speaker 1: in false in philosophy, and formally heretical since it was 31 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:19,360 Speaker 1: against scripture and common doctrine. The Holy Office also said 32 00:02:19,400 --> 00:02:21,919 Speaker 1: that the motion of the Earth was quote at least 33 00:02:22,040 --> 00:02:27,400 Speaker 1: erroneous in faith. Cardinal Robert Larmina, the Church's chief theologian, 34 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,440 Speaker 1: advised that Galileo treat heliocentrism as hypothetical rather than treating 35 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: it as a real phenomenon, and Galileo was ordered not 36 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:41,040 Speaker 1: to hold, defend, or teach Heliocentrism, But in sixteen thirty two, 37 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:45,720 Speaker 1: Galileo published the book Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems. 38 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:49,880 Speaker 1: The book pits the Copernican system against the Ptolemaic system, 39 00:02:49,880 --> 00:02:54,919 Speaker 1: framed as discussions among three characters. The Ptolemaic system holds 40 00:02:54,919 --> 00:02:58,200 Speaker 1: that Earth is the stationary center of the universe. The 41 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: character who holds polemic you simply jo is repeatedly shut 42 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:06,040 Speaker 1: down by the other two for his support of geocentrism. 43 00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:09,080 Speaker 1: As the characters made strong arguments in favor of the 44 00:03:09,080 --> 00:03:12,400 Speaker 1: Copernican view, Hope Urban the eighth sent the book to 45 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:16,040 Speaker 1: a special committee for examination. It was determined that the 46 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:20,440 Speaker 1: book defended helio centrism, and so Galileo was suspected of 47 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:25,480 Speaker 1: holding the prohibited doctrine. Galileo loosely admitted his fault, but 48 00:03:25,919 --> 00:03:29,800 Speaker 1: said that he did not intend to support helio centrism. 49 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: In April of sixteen thirty three, he said, I freely 50 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: confessed that a reader, not knowing my mind might understand 51 00:03:36,920 --> 00:03:40,280 Speaker 1: the arguments as supporting the false side, which I intend 52 00:03:40,360 --> 00:03:45,120 Speaker 1: to refute. Galileo's child on May tenth three did not 53 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:50,800 Speaker 1: last long. He appeared before Commissary Vincenzo Makulano, who gave 54 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: him eight days to prepare to present his defenses, but 55 00:03:54,120 --> 00:03:58,480 Speaker 1: he declined the opportunity. On June one, Galileo was forced 56 00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: to confess his beliefs under threat of torture, but Galilea 57 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:05,040 Speaker 1: was not actually tortured, as was typical for people who 58 00:04:05,040 --> 00:04:08,480 Speaker 1: were older and ill. He said that at first he 59 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:12,720 Speaker 1: considered the Ttolemaic and Copernican systems equally possible, but now 60 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:16,720 Speaker 1: he believed in the Ptolemaic system, and on June twenty two, 61 00:04:16,839 --> 00:04:20,279 Speaker 1: the Inquisition declared that Galileo had defended the condemned opinion 62 00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:24,520 Speaker 1: of heliocentrism by presenting it as probable in the book Dialogue. 63 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 1: The Roman Inquisition was an agency the Catholic Church developed 64 00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: to control religious doctrine and practice. The inquisitors mentioned how 65 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,479 Speaker 1: Galileo had failed to bring up his precept not to 66 00:04:36,560 --> 00:04:41,280 Speaker 1: hold defend or helio centrism when publishing his book, and 67 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:44,680 Speaker 1: they noted how he confessed that readers could draw the 68 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:49,400 Speaker 1: conclusion that heliocentrism was probable. For meeting his book. They 69 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,919 Speaker 1: found him vehemently suspect of heresy, as he was suspect 70 00:04:52,960 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: of having held and believed the false doctrine, which is 71 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:59,600 Speaker 1: contrary to scripture, that the Sun was static and at 72 00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: the center of the universe while the Earth orbited around it. 73 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:07,560 Speaker 1: Dialogue was banned. Galileo was sentenced to be imprisoned in 74 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 1: the Holy Office for an indeterminate time, and he was 75 00:05:11,279 --> 00:05:14,599 Speaker 1: ordered to say the penitential Psalms once a week for 76 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:19,599 Speaker 1: three years. He was also required to abjure, curse, and 77 00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:24,560 Speaker 1: detest the error and heresy of Heliocentrism. He said the 78 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:28,680 Speaker 1: following in part in his abjuration, I swear that I 79 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:32,440 Speaker 1: have always believed, I believe now, and with God's help, 80 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,239 Speaker 1: I will in the future believe all which the Holy 81 00:05:35,279 --> 00:05:40,400 Speaker 1: Catholic and Apostolic Church doth hold, preach and teach. He 82 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: admitted to his error and swore not to hold, defend, 83 00:05:43,360 --> 00:05:47,440 Speaker 1: or teach Heliocentrism. The next day he was moved from 84 00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:50,040 Speaker 1: the prisons of the Holy Office to the palace of 85 00:05:50,080 --> 00:05:53,240 Speaker 1: the Grand Duke. Galileo stayed on house arrest in a 86 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:56,120 Speaker 1: villa near Florence for the rest of his life. He 87 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: continued to experiment right and work with a student until 88 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:03,360 Speaker 1: his death in sixty two. I'm Eves Jeff Coo and 89 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 90 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:09,400 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. But if you want to learn more 91 00:06:09,440 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: about Galileo, our episode of Unpopular this week is about 92 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:17,280 Speaker 1: Galileo and the Galileo Affair. You can get it wherever 93 00:06:17,279 --> 00:06:20,679 Speaker 1: you get your podcasts. If there are any upcoming days 94 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:23,159 Speaker 1: in history that you'd really like me to cover on 95 00:06:23,200 --> 00:06:26,120 Speaker 1: the show, give us a shout on social media at 96 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: t d I h C podcast. Thanks again for listening, 97 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from I 98 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:39,960 Speaker 1: Heeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or 99 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:41,560 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.