1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:02,960
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

2
00:00:03,040 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

3
00:00:07,040 --> 00:00:10,000
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

4
00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:12,960
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield Savings

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,280
Speaker 1: account through Apple Card, apply for Applecard in the wallet

6
00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,520
Speaker 1: app subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Apple

7
00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:22,800
Speaker 1: Card owners subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by

8
00:00:22,840 --> 00:00:26,120
Speaker 1: Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City Branch Member FDIC

9
00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:29,280
Speaker 1: terms and more at applecard dot com. When you pop

10
00:00:29,320 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

11
00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,280
Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

12
00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:37,680
Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

13
00:00:37,720 --> 00:00:40,760
Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources,

14
00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:44,360
Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy

15
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,520
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digesters to turn

16
00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:53,080
Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

17
00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,200
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit us dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability

18
00:00:57,280 --> 00:00:58,000
Speaker 1: to learn more.

19
00:01:00,200 --> 00:01:03,440
Speaker 2: And friends and families walking riding on passing the roads

20
00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,800
Speaker 2: every day. Remember they're real people with loved ones who

21
00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:06,319
Speaker 2: need them to.

22
00:01:06,240 --> 00:01:07,040
Speaker 1: Get home safely.

23
00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,640
Speaker 2: Protect our cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely.

24
00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:14,200
Speaker 2: California from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

25
00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:25,240
Speaker 1: Hey or hey, how long do you think life on

26
00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:26,520
Speaker 1: Earth will last?

27
00:01:26,840 --> 00:01:30,039
Speaker 3: You mean human life or just life in general under Earth?

28
00:01:30,280 --> 00:01:33,400
Speaker 1: Oh, let's assume the humanity somehow manages to off itself.

29
00:01:33,640 --> 00:01:35,040
Speaker 1: What do you think is going to survive.

30
00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:37,679
Speaker 3: I'm not sure we can as we have to assume

31
00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:42,760
Speaker 3: that it's looking pretty probable these days. Probably some of

32
00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:44,640
Speaker 3: the stuff in the back of my fridge that looks

33
00:01:44,680 --> 00:01:46,080
Speaker 3: pretty pretty hardy.

34
00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:48,800
Speaker 1: It's been there for thousands and millions of years. Well,

35
00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:51,520
Speaker 1: my wife would like that answer, since she's a microbiologist.

36
00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,400
Speaker 1: They are a tough bunch microbes. But let's think bigger.

37
00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:57,400
Speaker 1: What about multicellular life. You think anything like that could survive?

38
00:01:57,720 --> 00:02:02,680
Speaker 3: Hmmm, like an actual like animal organism. Yeah, don't They

39
00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:06,880
Speaker 3: say cockroaches can survive in nuclear explosion, But I'm not

40
00:02:06,880 --> 00:02:07,480
Speaker 3: sure that's true.

41
00:02:07,600 --> 00:02:09,160
Speaker 1: I'm not sure that's true either. I think it's just

42
00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:12,280
Speaker 1: good pr by the cockroach lobby. But there is something

43
00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:15,000
Speaker 1: on the Earth that is even tougher than the cockroach.

44
00:02:15,160 --> 00:02:16,160
Speaker 3: I hear it's cuter too.

45
00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:18,920
Speaker 1: That's not a very high barre to pass.

46
00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:38,359
Speaker 3: I am Orge, I'm a cartoonism the creator of PhD Comics.

47
00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:41,560
Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist.

48
00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:44,600
Speaker 3: And welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

49
00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:47,280
Speaker 3: a production of iHeartRadio.

50
00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:50,919
Speaker 1: In which we go all around the universe and find interesting, weird, crazy,

51
00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,480
Speaker 1: little creepy crawley stuff to talk to you about and

52
00:02:53,560 --> 00:02:55,560
Speaker 1: explain it to you in a way that hopefully you

53
00:02:55,639 --> 00:02:56,400
Speaker 1: find entertaining.

54
00:02:56,560 --> 00:03:01,200
Speaker 3: Cute little creatures and also horrifyingly scary looking sometimes they're

55
00:03:01,280 --> 00:03:03,000
Speaker 3: even the same organism.

56
00:03:03,240 --> 00:03:05,400
Speaker 1: That's true. You know, there are lots of things which

57
00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:08,119
Speaker 1: look scary when they're big, and then are just cute

58
00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:11,160
Speaker 1: and cuddly when they're small. Like if you walk next

59
00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,360
Speaker 1: to a mountain lion, you'd be freaked out, But everybody's

60
00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:17,360
Speaker 1: housecat is basically a miniaturized mountain lion.

61
00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:18,359
Speaker 3: It's all about the scale.

62
00:03:18,360 --> 00:03:20,640
Speaker 1: It's all about the scale. The opposite is true. Also,

63
00:03:20,919 --> 00:03:24,320
Speaker 1: take anything you find cute a dragonfly and make it

64
00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:26,200
Speaker 1: the size of a school bus, and all of a

65
00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:27,320
Speaker 1: sudden it's terrifying.

66
00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:29,480
Speaker 3: It's terrifying.

67
00:03:29,600 --> 00:03:33,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, so some things are cute when they're tiny and

68
00:03:33,160 --> 00:03:34,480
Speaker 1: terrifying when they're huge.

69
00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:37,680
Speaker 3: And one kind of like children too, you grew up

70
00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:43,720
Speaker 3: into teenagers, terrifying, cute as a toddler's terrifying as teens.

71
00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:46,160
Speaker 1: Exactly, and especially terrifying if your toddler grows up to

72
00:03:46,160 --> 00:03:47,280
Speaker 1: be the size of a school bus.

73
00:03:47,320 --> 00:03:48,839
Speaker 3: So do you ever going to talk about something that's

74
00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:51,920
Speaker 3: been on the news lately? Right, Daniel, it's been apparently

75
00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:55,080
Speaker 3: it's now been a colonizing the moon lately.

76
00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:58,160
Speaker 1: That's right. This is a fascinating little creature. It's a

77
00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:00,640
Speaker 1: bit of a departure for us because it's not quite physics,

78
00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:03,480
Speaker 1: but it appeared in the news recently. And also we

79
00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:05,920
Speaker 1: had a listener write in and say this is her

80
00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:08,360
Speaker 1: favorite thing in the whole world and could we please

81
00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:09,760
Speaker 1: talk about it on the podcast?

82
00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:11,680
Speaker 3: Her favorite thing in the world. Is this creature that

83
00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:12,360
Speaker 3: we're going to talk about?

84
00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:15,240
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, is this time little fature that.

85
00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:17,039
Speaker 3: It may now be colonizing the moon?

86
00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:18,400
Speaker 1: Exactly?

87
00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:26,560
Speaker 3: So today on the program we'll be talking about Tardi grades.

88
00:04:27,160 --> 00:04:30,760
Speaker 3: What is the Tarti grade and why are they so interesting?

89
00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:32,400
Speaker 3: And how did they end up on the moon. That's

90
00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:34,159
Speaker 3: the question we'll be talking about today.

91
00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:36,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, it turns out they're a crazy little creature that

92
00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:39,960
Speaker 1: can do things no other creature we know of can do.

93
00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:41,200
Speaker 1: So it's quite amazing.

94
00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:45,720
Speaker 3: Yeah, and it's also a little bit cute slash terrifying

95
00:04:45,839 --> 00:04:49,520
Speaker 3: at the same time. So if you are not driving

96
00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:52,320
Speaker 3: right now and have a moment, yeah, you're welcome to

97
00:04:52,360 --> 00:04:55,320
Speaker 3: post our podcast right now and just go on the

98
00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:58,800
Speaker 3: internet and search for images of Tarti grades and what

99
00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:04,440
Speaker 3: you will find will both make you go awe and oh.

100
00:05:03,279 --> 00:05:05,359
Speaker 1: If you imagine one the size of a school bus.

101
00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:10,080
Speaker 3: So yeah, Tarta grades are these creatures and they look wild,

102
00:05:10,160 --> 00:05:11,840
Speaker 3: right like if you could look at a picture of them,

103
00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:15,119
Speaker 3: they look like monsters from a science fiction movie.

104
00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:17,800
Speaker 1: They do look like crazy little creatures. And you know,

105
00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,080
Speaker 1: usually at this point in the podcast, we go out

106
00:05:20,080 --> 00:05:22,039
Speaker 1: and we ask people on the street what they know

107
00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:24,760
Speaker 1: about the subject. But today we're doing something a little

108
00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:25,240
Speaker 1: bit different.

109
00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:28,080
Speaker 3: Today instead of starting with asking people on the street

110
00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:30,120
Speaker 3: what they think at Tartar Grade is, we're going to

111
00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:34,520
Speaker 3: try a news segment today called Ask the Wrong Expert,

112
00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:38,120
Speaker 3: in which we bring somebody on is a world class

113
00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:41,719
Speaker 3: expert on one topic and ask them about something completely different.

114
00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:43,960
Speaker 1: That's right, And I feel like this is only fair

115
00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,520
Speaker 1: since I'm always springing questions on random people that you

116
00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,200
Speaker 1: see Irvine. They're not experts and what I'm asking them

117
00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,400
Speaker 1: about and we hear them speculate and sometimes struggle and guess.

118
00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,280
Speaker 1: So I thought it might be fun to also hear

119
00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:58,200
Speaker 1: what happens when you ask an expert, a scientist about

120
00:05:58,200 --> 00:05:59,839
Speaker 1: something they don't know anything of.

121
00:06:00,279 --> 00:06:01,760
Speaker 3: And so to the end the program, we have our

122
00:06:01,839 --> 00:06:04,560
Speaker 3: good friend Brian Keating. Welcome Brian, Hi.

123
00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,440
Speaker 4: Guys, great to be with you again virtually through the ether.

124
00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:09,760
Speaker 3: All right. So, Brian is a professor of astrophysics at

125
00:06:09,839 --> 00:06:12,359
Speaker 3: UC San Diego's Department of Physics. He has over one

126
00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:16,240
Speaker 3: hundred scientific publication and holds two US patents. Tell it, Brian,

127
00:06:16,279 --> 00:06:17,960
Speaker 3: what do you what kind of a What are you

128
00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:18,560
Speaker 3: an expert in?

129
00:06:18,800 --> 00:06:24,920
Speaker 4: My specialty is experimental cosmology, So I build new universes,

130
00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:28,200
Speaker 4: and no, I don't do that. I build telescopes that

131
00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:32,839
Speaker 4: can see invisible radiation known as the cosmic microwave background radiation.

132
00:06:33,640 --> 00:06:35,880
Speaker 4: And my number one project now is going to be

133
00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:39,880
Speaker 4: one of the world's highest altitude observatories on Earth. Called

134
00:06:39,880 --> 00:06:42,640
Speaker 4: the Simon's Observatory. I'm the director of it, and it's

135
00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:45,240
Speaker 4: a collaboration of about two hundred and sixty scientists on

136
00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:47,719
Speaker 4: all seven continents on planet Earth.

137
00:06:47,839 --> 00:06:50,920
Speaker 3: Wow. Brian, you're also the author of a book called

138
00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:52,640
Speaker 3: Losing the Noble Prize.

139
00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:55,839
Speaker 4: That book was published in twenty eighteen, and the pipe

140
00:06:55,839 --> 00:06:59,719
Speaker 4: paperback edition, the new and improved paperback edition, is about

141
00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:00,920
Speaker 4: to come out any day now.

142
00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:03,000
Speaker 1: It's a really fun book for those of you who

143
00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:07,640
Speaker 1: haven't checked it out. It chronicles Brian's adventures and misadventures

144
00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,880
Speaker 1: in physics, which I think is really fascinating. I think

145
00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:13,440
Speaker 1: it's really brave of you to talk all about how

146
00:07:14,040 --> 00:07:16,760
Speaker 1: your experiment thought they saw something and then turns out

147
00:07:16,800 --> 00:07:17,160
Speaker 1: they didn't.

148
00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:19,640
Speaker 4: This is two part memoir, really well, part of it's

149
00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:23,160
Speaker 4: a story about what it's like to actually do experimental science.

150
00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:25,280
Speaker 4: You know, a lot of our colleagues, you know, Daniel

151
00:07:25,400 --> 00:07:29,000
Speaker 4: youwit excluded, but a lot of our colleagues brainiac scientists

152
00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:31,480
Speaker 4: as they are, are theoreticians, which means that they deal

153
00:07:31,480 --> 00:07:35,920
Speaker 4: with the esoterica between their ears and perhaps to be

154
00:07:35,960 --> 00:07:40,240
Speaker 4: discovered centuries long after they're gone. And these include you know,

155
00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:44,360
Speaker 4: wonderful writers Stephen Hawking, Brian Green, Lisa Randall, et cetera,

156
00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:47,040
Speaker 4: et cetera. And they're wonderful, as I say, and they

157
00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:50,720
Speaker 4: inspire us. But an experimentalist in some sense has a

158
00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:53,880
Speaker 4: unique vantage point on the process of how science is done.

159
00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,160
Speaker 4: So I want to chronicle what it's like to do

160
00:07:56,240 --> 00:08:00,040
Speaker 4: experimental science at the world's extremes and what it's and

161
00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:02,360
Speaker 4: how it took me from a small telescope as a

162
00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:04,800
Speaker 4: twelve year old kid all the way to the bottom

163
00:08:04,840 --> 00:08:08,240
Speaker 4: of the Earth at the South Pole, Antarctica, where I've

164
00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:10,800
Speaker 4: been several times and done research along with the team

165
00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:14,840
Speaker 4: that thought we had glimpsed the afterglow of what's called inflation.

166
00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:17,840
Speaker 4: I know you guys have done some podcast episodes on that.

167
00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:19,800
Speaker 4: I won't get into too much detail, but suffice it

168
00:08:19,880 --> 00:08:23,160
Speaker 4: to say, inflation is the epoch theorized by theorists, our

169
00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:28,200
Speaker 4: friends Alan Gooth and others to have produced the bang

170
00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:30,520
Speaker 4: in the Big Bang, what caused the expansion of the

171
00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:34,960
Speaker 4: universe to accelerate incredibly rapidly at extremely early times. And

172
00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,000
Speaker 4: when we made this announcement on Saint Patrick's Day, the

173
00:08:38,040 --> 00:08:41,120
Speaker 4: world was really in awe that we had discovered as

174
00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:44,080
Speaker 4: they say, the aftershocks of the Big Bang itself, so

175
00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:48,080
Speaker 4: to speak, This set the world's attention and media on fire,

176
00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:51,240
Speaker 4: with millions and millions of people around the world excited

177
00:08:51,240 --> 00:08:54,280
Speaker 4: about these discoveries, and as every account in the book,

178
00:08:54,320 --> 00:08:57,240
Speaker 4: the extraordinary experience that it was like to be once

179
00:08:57,320 --> 00:08:58,880
Speaker 4: be the leader of this team and then go to

180
00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:01,360
Speaker 4: being kind of on the outstae of it, just as

181
00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:04,240
Speaker 4: we were being positioned to potentially be the recipients of

182
00:09:04,280 --> 00:09:07,320
Speaker 4: the Nobel Prize for the magnitude of this discovery. So

183
00:09:07,360 --> 00:09:10,040
Speaker 4: it's a memoir of that process. And then along the way,

184
00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:14,640
Speaker 4: immediately after the denu month, as they say, of that episode,

185
00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:17,280
Speaker 4: I was asked by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences

186
00:09:17,320 --> 00:09:20,320
Speaker 4: to nominate the winners of the Nobel Prize that I

187
00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:22,600
Speaker 4: potentially could have been eligible for. So it'd be kind

188
00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,080
Speaker 4: of like, you know, somebody coming up to you and saying,

189
00:09:25,120 --> 00:09:27,360
Speaker 4: you know, guys, you guys have a great podcast, but

190
00:09:27,840 --> 00:09:30,200
Speaker 4: can you introduce me to Neil de grasse Tyson because

191
00:09:30,240 --> 00:09:33,280
Speaker 4: I'd really rather be on that show. So it's kind

192
00:09:33,320 --> 00:09:35,959
Speaker 4: of humiliating in a sense, and because I had aspired

193
00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:38,280
Speaker 4: to win a Nobel Prize, for a long time, and

194
00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:40,480
Speaker 4: it really impelled me to look at the Nobel Prize

195
00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,120
Speaker 4: and what it did to me personally and perhaps other

196
00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:45,680
Speaker 4: scientists around the world too. So it was sort of

197
00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:48,240
Speaker 4: cathartic in a way. And many scientists have written to

198
00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:53,080
Speaker 4: say that they agree with the kind of conjectures and

199
00:09:53,160 --> 00:09:56,640
Speaker 4: proposals that I put forth to reform what's arguably not

200
00:09:56,679 --> 00:10:00,560
Speaker 4: just science's highest honor, but humanity's highest honor. There's really,

201
00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:02,960
Speaker 4: you know, nowhere to go from there but down in

202
00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,640
Speaker 4: terms of accolades that a human being can receive. So

203
00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,600
Speaker 4: it's a it's a memoir coupled with a little polemic

204
00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:11,640
Speaker 4: dash side order of polemicism on the side.

205
00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:14,640
Speaker 1: And have you received any feedback from the Nobel Prize

206
00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:17,199
Speaker 1: committee themselves that they opened to reform proposals?

207
00:10:17,480 --> 00:10:20,319
Speaker 4: Oh? Yes, they embrace it wildly. They want to adopt

208
00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:22,319
Speaker 4: them completely, change it to the Keating Prize.

209
00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:23,559
Speaker 3: Do you want to give them a Nobel Prize in

210
00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:25,239
Speaker 3: Literature just for the book.

211
00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:27,480
Speaker 1: Prizes?

212
00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:31,360
Speaker 4: So, being Hausenfelder, I guess you go. I'm sure you

213
00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:33,800
Speaker 4: guys know. She she wrote it kind of a critical

214
00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:35,360
Speaker 4: review of my book, but in the end, she said,

215
00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:37,120
Speaker 4: the writing is so good. You know, maybe he'll win.

216
00:10:37,480 --> 00:10:40,760
Speaker 4: He'll lose the Nobel Prize in Literature next, but no.

217
00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:46,880
Speaker 3: They losing another losing a second Nobel prize exactly, all right, Brian,

218
00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:49,320
Speaker 3: So you are an expert in astrophysics and the Big

219
00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:53,240
Speaker 3: Bang and cosmology and experimental physics. But today we are

220
00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:55,920
Speaker 3: going to be asking you about today's topic, which is

221
00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:59,480
Speaker 3: about party grades. Have you suard of tarty grades before?

222
00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:02,360
Speaker 4: Yes? I used to receive a lot of negative ones

223
00:11:02,400 --> 00:11:06,400
Speaker 4: in school for being late. Get it, get it, that's

224
00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:10,640
Speaker 4: quite good. Yes, I know about tartar grades. I don't

225
00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:13,240
Speaker 4: call them tarte grades. They call them water bears, all right,

226
00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:17,959
Speaker 4: and I understand there's not only plenty of them on Earth,

227
00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:19,760
Speaker 4: but there's also a few in the heavens.

228
00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:22,000
Speaker 1: That's right, they have established it.

229
00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,679
Speaker 3: Maybe you are an expert in tartar grades, then.

230
00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:26,840
Speaker 1: Well let's find out. The point of this game ask

231
00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:30,040
Speaker 1: the wrong expert is to see how scientists think when

232
00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:32,200
Speaker 1: we take them out of their you know, the little

233
00:11:32,280 --> 00:11:34,600
Speaker 1: niche that they've developed expertise in and asked them to

234
00:11:34,640 --> 00:11:38,400
Speaker 1: think carefully about something else. And so that's why, Brian,

235
00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:40,560
Speaker 1: we wanted to ask you questions about something that wasn't

236
00:11:40,600 --> 00:11:43,280
Speaker 1: your field, so feel free to answer wildly and share

237
00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:43,840
Speaker 1: your thoughts.

238
00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:47,160
Speaker 3: Good, and you haven't had time to look this up

239
00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:48,920
Speaker 3: in Google or anything right right now.

240
00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:49,800
Speaker 1: I promise I'm not.

241
00:11:50,840 --> 00:11:53,120
Speaker 4: I'm not looking on what the right now, I promise you.

242
00:11:57,559 --> 00:12:00,600
Speaker 1: First question is true or false? Tartar grades are sometimes

243
00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:02,400
Speaker 1: called moss piglets.

244
00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:05,680
Speaker 4: Moss piglets, I'll say, true.

245
00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:09,200
Speaker 1: All right? True or false? The name tartar grade means

246
00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:10,360
Speaker 1: slow moving.

247
00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:11,719
Speaker 4: That sounds about right.

248
00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:15,040
Speaker 1: True, all right? True or false? Daniel named one of

249
00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:16,800
Speaker 1: his children after tartar grades.

250
00:12:17,240 --> 00:12:19,560
Speaker 4: No, but I know that you have some rats in

251
00:12:19,559 --> 00:12:21,480
Speaker 4: the house, so maybe you named a rat after.

252
00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:22,400
Speaker 1: A tartar grade.

253
00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:26,720
Speaker 3: You have water bears in your house, has water rats,

254
00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:27,240
Speaker 3: and I'm.

255
00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,560
Speaker 1: Sure actually everybody does have water bears in their house.

256
00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:31,720
Speaker 5: True?

257
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, all right, Well you are three for three on

258
00:12:34,640 --> 00:12:36,200
Speaker 1: that one, Brian. I'm very impressed.

259
00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:38,079
Speaker 3: Wow, thank you.

260
00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:40,439
Speaker 4: I'd like to thank the Academy, the Nobel Academy.

261
00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:43,240
Speaker 1: Oh you're not done yet. We got more.

262
00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:46,200
Speaker 3: There is a Nobel Prize for podcast guessing.

263
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:48,840
Speaker 1: Podcast guessing.

264
00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,319
Speaker 3: All right. Second question, Brian, is which involves first tartar

265
00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:56,880
Speaker 3: grades or dinosaurs.

266
00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:00,640
Speaker 4: Oh, that's a good one. You mean which is old

267
00:13:00,679 --> 00:13:03,760
Speaker 4: or not coming there presumably co evolved at.

268
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:07,480
Speaker 3: Some point, the war or the dinosaur.

269
00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:10,280
Speaker 4: I'm going to say some form of dinosaur, some form

270
00:13:10,320 --> 00:13:13,000
Speaker 4: of creature would have free dated them.

271
00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:15,760
Speaker 3: Maybe, So you're going with dinosaurs, I'll go with some.

272
00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:23,119
Speaker 4: Form of Well, actually, you're making any condgehogging. I'm also pigleting.

273
00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:26,319
Speaker 1: Well. I appreciate your change direction there. You were correct

274
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:29,160
Speaker 1: in your final answer. They're not your preliminary one. Tartar

275
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,160
Speaker 1: grade do outdate the dinosaurs?

276
00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:35,319
Speaker 4: Wow, they don't look a day over sixty eight Maine

277
00:13:35,360 --> 00:13:37,000
Speaker 4: means all right.

278
00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:40,960
Speaker 1: Next question, Tartar grades can live almost anywhere, But where

279
00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:46,880
Speaker 1: do they like to live? A volcanoes, b under vending machines,

280
00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:51,280
Speaker 1: c A two bedroom condo in Hollywood, or d any

281
00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:52,240
Speaker 1: place damp.

282
00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:53,719
Speaker 4: I'm going to go with the last one.

283
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:53,959
Speaker 5: Date.

284
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,040
Speaker 1: I think lots of two bedroom condos in Hollywood are

285
00:13:57,040 --> 00:13:57,760
Speaker 1: probably pretty damp.

286
00:13:57,840 --> 00:14:01,160
Speaker 4: Also, that's true too, Yeah, maybe, yeah, that's true. They

287
00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:03,600
Speaker 4: can live wherever they want. Probably they can live in space.

288
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,079
Speaker 4: They don't need water. So I'm gonna gonna revise my answer.

289
00:14:06,160 --> 00:14:06,719
Speaker 4: Let's see them.

290
00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:09,160
Speaker 1: No, your first answer is right, it's a damn place

291
00:14:10,280 --> 00:14:11,280
Speaker 1: all right right.

292
00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:15,280
Speaker 3: Next question is what's the highest temperature a Tardi grade

293
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:19,760
Speaker 3: can tolerate? Is it A one hundred degrees fahrenheit, B

294
00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:25,640
Speaker 3: three hundred degrees fahrenheit, see one million degrees fahrenheit or

295
00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:29,200
Speaker 3: D They have hun survived LHC collisions at five point

296
00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:31,120
Speaker 3: five million degrees.

297
00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:31,960
Speaker 4: I'm gonna go with B.

298
00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:34,800
Speaker 1: You are a good guesser, Brian. That way, you have

299
00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,160
Speaker 1: a very very deep knowledge.

300
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,720
Speaker 4: Our fast internet connection. Just kidding, I don't.

301
00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:42,920
Speaker 1: Are you feeding all these questions into Siri? Is she

302
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,800
Speaker 1: listening in and packing answers? All right? Last question, which

303
00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:49,280
Speaker 1: of the two scenarios is more likely in your opinion?

304
00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:53,200
Speaker 1: A A robot revolution in which we all become slaves

305
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:57,480
Speaker 1: to artificial intelligence or B Tartar grades building a civilization

306
00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:00,200
Speaker 1: on the moon and becoming our lunar overlord.

307
00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,320
Speaker 4: Well, we know that they're living there now. They got

308
00:15:03,360 --> 00:15:08,040
Speaker 4: their courtesy of an Israeli spacecraft. I'll say A. This

309
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,360
Speaker 4: more likely because these little Tartar grades are you know

310
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:12,840
Speaker 4: we're gonna keep them at bay on the moon.

311
00:15:12,960 --> 00:15:14,720
Speaker 1: All right, Well, it's good to know that you worry

312
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,880
Speaker 1: more about AI revolution than the coming of our lunar apocalypse.

313
00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:21,720
Speaker 3: I want to see that movie where we become slaves

314
00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:25,000
Speaker 3: to the artificial intelligence robots, but then the Tarti grades

315
00:15:25,040 --> 00:15:27,760
Speaker 3: come down from the moon to save us. Ah. Just

316
00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:32,280
Speaker 3: this great giant battle between water bears and robots, maybe

317
00:15:32,280 --> 00:15:33,800
Speaker 3: even some dinosaurs you get thrown in.

318
00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:35,840
Speaker 4: This is giving me an idea for a new book,

319
00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:37,720
Speaker 4: the Tartar Grade Hypothesis.

320
00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:39,440
Speaker 3: That's a ligature Nobel prize right there.

321
00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:41,400
Speaker 1: That's right, yea team up with Michael Bay. I'm sure

322
00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:42,160
Speaker 1: that'll be a big hit.

323
00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:45,240
Speaker 4: That's right. I'll share you share the opening credits with.

324
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:47,480
Speaker 1: You, guys. All right, thank you very much for playing

325
00:15:47,520 --> 00:15:50,080
Speaker 1: our silly game and doing so well. We need to

326
00:15:50,120 --> 00:15:52,240
Speaker 1: come up with some sort of prize. How about ten

327
00:15:52,320 --> 00:15:52,920
Speaker 1: Tartet grades.

328
00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:57,359
Speaker 3: Are you going to record his answering machine, Daniel or maybe?

329
00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:00,440
Speaker 1: All right, well, thanks very much for being guest on

330
00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:03,320
Speaker 1: the podcast. And folks, check out Brian's book tell us again,

331
00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:04,200
Speaker 1: Brian what it's called.

332
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,360
Speaker 4: It's called Losing the Nobel Prize and it is available

333
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:10,960
Speaker 4: in paperback as we speak.

334
00:16:10,680 --> 00:16:12,800
Speaker 1: Hopefully, all right, So check that out and you can

335
00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:15,800
Speaker 1: lose your own Nobel prize. All right, So Brian did

336
00:16:15,880 --> 00:16:18,640
Speaker 1: pretty well on our quiz I was impressed with how

337
00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:20,840
Speaker 1: well he was able to answer questions about something he

338
00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:22,200
Speaker 1: does not have a PhD in.

339
00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:24,600
Speaker 3: And so we'll get into what a TRD grade is,

340
00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:27,360
Speaker 3: where can it survive, and where can you find them?

341
00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:29,360
Speaker 3: But first let's take a quick break.

342
00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:36,720
Speaker 1: With big wireless providers, what you see is never what

343
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,480
Speaker 1: you get. Somewhere between the store and your first month's bill,

344
00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:42,560
Speaker 1: the price you thought you were paying magically skyrockets. With

345
00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:46,120
Speaker 1: mint Mobile, You'll never have to worry about gotcha's ever again.

346
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:48,440
Speaker 1: When Mint Mobile says fifteen dollars a month for a

347
00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,280
Speaker 1: three month plan, they really mean it. I've used mint

348
00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:53,720
Speaker 1: Mobile and the call quality is always so crisp and

349
00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:56,240
Speaker 1: so clear. I can recommend it to you. So say

350
00:16:56,280 --> 00:16:59,520
Speaker 1: bye bye to your overpriced wireless plans, jaw dropping monthly

351
00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:02,680
Speaker 1: bills and unexpected overages. You can use your own phone

352
00:17:02,760 --> 00:17:05,240
Speaker 1: with any Mint Mobile plan and bring your phone number

353
00:17:05,359 --> 00:17:08,640
Speaker 1: along with your existing contacts. So dit your overpriced wireless

354
00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:11,040
Speaker 1: with Mint Mobiles deal and get three months a premium

355
00:17:11,080 --> 00:17:13,520
Speaker 1: wireless service for fifteen bucks a month. To get this

356
00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:16,000
Speaker 1: new customer offer and your new three month premium wireless

357
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,040
Speaker 1: plan for just fifteen bucks a month, go to mintmobile

358
00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:21,560
Speaker 1: dot com slash universe. That's mintmobile dot com slash universe.

359
00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:23,560
Speaker 1: Cut your wireless build a fifteen bucks a month at

360
00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,720
Speaker 1: mintmobile dot com slash Universe. Forty five dollars upfront payment

361
00:17:26,720 --> 00:17:29,439
Speaker 1: required equivalent to fifteen dollars per month new customers on

362
00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:32,320
Speaker 1: first three month plan only speeds slower about forty gigabytes

363
00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:35,080
Speaker 1: on unlimited plan. Additional taxi spees and restrictions apply. See

364
00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:36,320
Speaker 1: mint mobile for details.

365
00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:39,520
Speaker 5: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.

366
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,000
Speaker 5: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are

367
00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:47,240
Speaker 5: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI

368
00:17:47,359 --> 00:17:50,200
Speaker 5: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how

369
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,360
Speaker 5: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's

370
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:55,679
Speaker 5: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud.

371
00:17:56,040 --> 00:18:01,240
Speaker 5: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OHCI OCI is a single platform

372
00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:06,119
Speaker 5: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI

373
00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:08,640
Speaker 5: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds,

374
00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:12,600
Speaker 5: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and

375
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:15,760
Speaker 5: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now

376
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,000
Speaker 5: you can train your AI models at twice the speed

377
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,560
Speaker 5: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If

378
00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:22,800
Speaker 5: you want to do more and spend less like Uber

379
00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:25,560
Speaker 5: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic. Take a free

380
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:29,520
Speaker 5: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic.

381
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:35,080
Speaker 5: That's Oracle dot com slash Strategic. Oracle dot com slash Strategic.

382
00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:38,240
Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It's the

383
00:18:38,320 --> 00:18:42,200
Speaker 1: credit card designed for iPhone. It gives you unlimited daily

384
00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,280
Speaker 1: cash back that can earn four point four zero percent

385
00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:48,240
Speaker 1: annual percentage yield. When you open a high Yield savings

386
00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:51,840
Speaker 1: account through Applecard, apply for Applecard in the wallet app,

387
00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:55,439
Speaker 1: subject to credit approval. Savings is available to Applecard owners

388
00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:59,359
Speaker 1: subject to eligibility. Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank, USA,

389
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,200
Speaker 1: Salt Lakesit Branch Member FDIC terms and more at applecar

390
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:12,879
Speaker 1: dot com.

391
00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:15,480
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about Tarti grades. What are they?

392
00:19:16,359 --> 00:19:18,800
Speaker 3: Why are they so funny looking? Why are they so

393
00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:20,639
Speaker 3: cute and scary at the same time?

394
00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:23,760
Speaker 1: They are crazy little creatures. And so for those of

395
00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:26,320
Speaker 1: you who don't have a Google image in front of you,

396
00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:28,639
Speaker 1: let's try to sketch it out for you in your mind.

397
00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:31,720
Speaker 3: Oh man, let's tread to paint the nightmare.

398
00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And remember they're tiny all right. So first

399
00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:37,600
Speaker 1: of all, these things are tiny. They range from point

400
00:19:37,640 --> 00:19:41,840
Speaker 1: three to one point two millimeters, so they're absolutely microscopic.

401
00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:44,720
Speaker 1: But they do look a little bit like bears, I mean,

402
00:19:44,760 --> 00:19:46,399
Speaker 1: except that they have eight eggs.

403
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,720
Speaker 3: Yeah. I think if anyone's not not seen in these before,

404
00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:54,000
Speaker 3: I would describe them as like little plush teddy bear

405
00:19:54,200 --> 00:19:59,960
Speaker 3: animals with like giant claws and horrifying mouths with teeth.

406
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:01,200
Speaker 3: That's kind of.

407
00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:03,680
Speaker 1: Yes, it's the face. The face is horrifying, right. You

408
00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:05,560
Speaker 1: got the legs, so there's got eight legs, four on

409
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,560
Speaker 1: each side, with little claws in them, and they're sort

410
00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,080
Speaker 1: of poofy like a pillow, you say. But the mouth,

411
00:20:10,320 --> 00:20:13,199
Speaker 1: the face, that's the part that's terrifying because there's no

412
00:20:13,320 --> 00:20:16,600
Speaker 1: discernible eyes. It's just like this sucking thing in the.

413
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:18,240
Speaker 3: Front, relying with teeth all around.

414
00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:18,399
Speaker 5: Right.

415
00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:18,680
Speaker 6: Yeah.

416
00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:20,639
Speaker 1: Have you are you a watcher of Stranger Things?

417
00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:22,200
Speaker 3: I am? Yeah, I'm a huge fan.

418
00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,320
Speaker 1: Yeah. I think that these things might have been the

419
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,280
Speaker 1: inspiration for the demagorg or whatever that thing is that

420
00:20:27,359 --> 00:20:30,800
Speaker 1: comes out of the upside down, because it also has

421
00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:33,480
Speaker 1: this eyeless face that's featuring just a big mouth.

422
00:20:33,640 --> 00:20:35,439
Speaker 3: Yeah, line with a bunch of teeth.

423
00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. So, I think this thing would be really terrifying.

424
00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:40,600
Speaker 1: If it was the size of a school bus or

425
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:43,000
Speaker 1: you know, even like a red wagon, it would be

426
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,959
Speaker 1: pretty scary. But the fact that this microscopic means that

427
00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:47,840
Speaker 1: you know, it can't really do you any harm.

428
00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:50,320
Speaker 3: But still it's pretty scary. And even though I know

429
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,160
Speaker 3: that they're only like a millimeter or less than a

430
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,240
Speaker 3: millimeter in length, it's scary. Do you think that those

431
00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:59,000
Speaker 3: things are out there? It could be on me, inside

432
00:20:59,000 --> 00:20:59,879
Speaker 3: of me. Maybe, I don't know.

433
00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:02,280
Speaker 1: Can you tell me there are almost certainly some on you.

434
00:21:02,359 --> 00:21:05,240
Speaker 1: I mean, these things are found everywhere. There are in

435
00:21:05,359 --> 00:21:07,840
Speaker 1: sand dunes, they're in soil, they're in leaf litter, they're

436
00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:11,280
Speaker 1: in water, especially like any sort of damp place at all,

437
00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:13,959
Speaker 1: you'll find them. And if you scoop up, like you know,

438
00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:16,920
Speaker 1: a leader of sort of gunky water near the edge

439
00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:20,760
Speaker 1: of a pond, you probably get about twenty five thousand

440
00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:22,200
Speaker 1: of them in a leader.

441
00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:23,439
Speaker 3: Like any old pond.

442
00:21:23,760 --> 00:21:26,280
Speaker 1: All over the world, from the tops of mountains to

443
00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:31,440
Speaker 1: you know, wet goofy places to basically everywhere, these things

444
00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:34,320
Speaker 1: have adapted to live in almost every environment on Earth.

445
00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:37,960
Speaker 3: And just to be clear, are they insects? Are they bugs?

446
00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:42,760
Speaker 3: Are they like bacteria? Are what do they officially classify under?

447
00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:46,160
Speaker 1: Well, they are not bacteria, right, they're multicellular. Theyre actually

448
00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:49,879
Speaker 1: are an animal. They're officially categorized as an micro animal.

449
00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:52,400
Speaker 1: But they're in the Kingdom animalia. They're not an insect,

450
00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,480
Speaker 1: they're not bacteria, they're not a microbe. But they are

451
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:59,240
Speaker 1: just a tiny, tiny, tiny little animal. And genetically people

452
00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:02,159
Speaker 1: think that they have evolved to be tiny from something larger.

453
00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:06,040
Speaker 3: Oh no, kidding, they started out bigger. Yeah, that's not

454
00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:08,840
Speaker 3: scary at all exactly. It's an example of miniaturization. And

455
00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:10,520
Speaker 3: you know, I love when this thing, when this happens

456
00:22:10,560 --> 00:22:14,399
Speaker 3: in evolution, when things like change dramatically in scale, you know,

457
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,520
Speaker 3: like horses used to be much smaller and whales evolved

458
00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,840
Speaker 3: from something much smaller, and these tartar grades are all

459
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:22,680
Speaker 3: from something larger. Like we don't know exactly how much

460
00:22:22,760 --> 00:22:25,560
Speaker 3: larger that there are some fossilized versions, but it's a

461
00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:27,600
Speaker 3: bit of speculation. But imagine, like, you know, there could

462
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:29,520
Speaker 3: have been like a time when there were big tartar

463
00:22:29,560 --> 00:22:32,240
Speaker 3: grades roaming the earth. Yeah, like a hand sized tartar

464
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:33,840
Speaker 3: grade or maybe even bigger.

465
00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:36,440
Speaker 1: But yeah, these are one of the tiniest little animals

466
00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:36,840
Speaker 1: on Earth.

467
00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:40,240
Speaker 3: And they've been on the news lately because apparently they've

468
00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:42,600
Speaker 3: made it all the way to the Moon. Somehow. There

469
00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:43,880
Speaker 3: is now life on the Moon.

470
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,360
Speaker 1: There is now life on the moon. Yes, this Israeli

471
00:22:46,480 --> 00:22:49,360
Speaker 1: lander they sent up to the Moon had this project

472
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,760
Speaker 1: on it to sort of record human and Earth DNA,

473
00:22:53,080 --> 00:22:55,480
Speaker 1: and they said, you know, if something goes wrong on

474
00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:57,280
Speaker 1: their Earth, it might be good to have sort of

475
00:22:57,320 --> 00:23:00,399
Speaker 1: like a backup copy of people and all sorts of

476
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,720
Speaker 1: other stuff somewhere else that's protected. So they were flying

477
00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:05,400
Speaker 1: to the Moon and they thought, oh, let's put some

478
00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:08,920
Speaker 1: human DNA to bring up the Moon, and while we're

479
00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:10,399
Speaker 1: at it, we'll bring some tartar grades.

480
00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:12,560
Speaker 3: What could go wrong?

481
00:23:12,640 --> 00:23:13,399
Speaker 4: You go wrong?

482
00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:16,280
Speaker 1: And then of course it crash landed right, and a

483
00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:19,000
Speaker 1: lot of it was vaporized, and people think that nothing

484
00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:22,840
Speaker 1: survived except maybe the tartar grades, because they are really

485
00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:25,960
Speaker 1: tough little critters. They are really really hard to kill.

486
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:28,440
Speaker 3: Yeah, so that's kind of what they're known for, right,

487
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,399
Speaker 3: is their heartiness and their ability to survive even the

488
00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:34,000
Speaker 3: craziest of environments.

489
00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:36,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, they are really hard to kill, and people have

490
00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:39,119
Speaker 1: found them in all sorts of places on Earth, Like

491
00:23:39,359 --> 00:23:41,399
Speaker 1: they've found them in hot springs, they find them in

492
00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,440
Speaker 1: the Himalayas, they found them on the bottom of the ocean,

493
00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:47,120
Speaker 1: they find them in layers of solid ice, and they've

494
00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:49,520
Speaker 1: done all sorts of crazy experiments on them just to

495
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:52,200
Speaker 1: sort of test how far they can push the survival

496
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:53,040
Speaker 1: of a tartar grade.

497
00:23:53,080 --> 00:23:55,600
Speaker 3: Wow. So what are some of the most extreme conditions

498
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:57,080
Speaker 3: that we know that they can survive.

499
00:23:57,640 --> 00:23:59,679
Speaker 1: Well, one thing they've done is just like dose them

500
00:23:59,720 --> 00:24:02,919
Speaker 1: with radiation, because you know, radiation is one thing that

501
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,880
Speaker 1: kills people, and it kills people when you're an outer

502
00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:06,720
Speaker 1: space or when you're on the surface of the Earth.

503
00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:08,120
Speaker 1: And so what they've done is.

504
00:24:08,080 --> 00:24:10,720
Speaker 3: Just like stick them in the microwave. See what happens

505
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:13,160
Speaker 3: with some grapes, which is more exciting.

506
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:16,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Know, they just like blasted them with gamma rays,

507
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:19,800
Speaker 1: you know. And it turns out that tartar grades can

508
00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:24,679
Speaker 1: survive radiation doses that would kill humans, and even more like,

509
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,840
Speaker 1: they can survive radiation doses that are hundreds of times

510
00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,520
Speaker 1: the radiation dose that would be deadly to a human being.

511
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:33,760
Speaker 3: Wow. But my question is how can they do that?

512
00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,440
Speaker 3: How can they survive all of that radiation?

513
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:36,760
Speaker 1: Is it?

514
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:40,400
Speaker 3: Are they just made out of like tougher materials or

515
00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:45,199
Speaker 3: the DNA is just more I don't know, more like

516
00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:47,320
Speaker 3: redundant or what's what's your secret?

517
00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:50,199
Speaker 1: There are some organisms that are called extremophiles that are

518
00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:53,639
Speaker 1: adapted to live in crazy environments like high radiation, et cetera.

519
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,600
Speaker 1: And some of those bacteria, for example, they have extra

520
00:24:56,640 --> 00:24:59,119
Speaker 1: copies of their DNA and just in case one of

521
00:24:59,160 --> 00:25:02,359
Speaker 1: them gets blasted, they can recopy them, right, And so

522
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:05,720
Speaker 1: that's adapting for living in those environments. Tartar grades aren't

523
00:25:05,760 --> 00:25:08,119
Speaker 1: like that. They're not adapted to live in these environments.

524
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:11,240
Speaker 1: They just sort of can survive because they're extra tough.

525
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:14,080
Speaker 1: And and the way they do is they have this

526
00:25:14,119 --> 00:25:18,760
Speaker 1: special protein inside their body that protects them. And these

527
00:25:18,760 --> 00:25:22,160
Speaker 1: proteins can turn into glass and help them survive when

528
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:24,359
Speaker 1: it gets really really dry, or when there's a lot

529
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:29,200
Speaker 1: of radiation, or basically when anything happens. They have armor, yeah, exactly,

530
00:25:29,280 --> 00:25:32,440
Speaker 1: but it's armor inside. It's not like a shell. It's

531
00:25:32,440 --> 00:25:34,680
Speaker 1: something inside the body. Because the thing that happens when

532
00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:37,680
Speaker 1: you get hit by radiation is that the stuff inside

533
00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,720
Speaker 1: your body gets torn apart. Right, it's the same problem

534
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,520
Speaker 1: that when you freeze, for example, why can you not

535
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,480
Speaker 1: freeze the human being and then thaw them out. The

536
00:25:46,560 --> 00:25:50,280
Speaker 1: reason is that when water freezes, it gets bigger, right,

537
00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:53,720
Speaker 1: Ice is bigger than liquid water. And so each of

538
00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:56,240
Speaker 1: your cells, for example, is a little bag of water,

539
00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:58,520
Speaker 1: and when it freezes, it turns into ice, which is

540
00:25:58,560 --> 00:26:01,200
Speaker 1: bigger than the cell membraneasically bursts the cell.

541
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:04,480
Speaker 3: And so wait, wait, wait, wait you mean Captain America

542
00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:07,760
Speaker 3: could not have survived being frozen in the art.

543
00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,000
Speaker 1: The Marble Cinematic Universe, not a documentary. Sorry to break

544
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:16,040
Speaker 1: to you, that's right.

545
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,880
Speaker 3: But somehow these little animals they can survive being frozen,

546
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:23,280
Speaker 3: and they can survive super high temperatures and pressures and radiation.

547
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:27,000
Speaker 3: And you're saying it's all because they something in like

548
00:26:27,080 --> 00:26:30,080
Speaker 3: the liquid of their cells or something surrounding their cells

549
00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:31,400
Speaker 3: kind of gives them that protection.

550
00:26:31,560 --> 00:26:34,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like the liquid that's inside their cells is

551
00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:37,560
Speaker 1: different from the liquid that's inside our cells, and it's hardier.

552
00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:40,880
Speaker 1: And that's not hardier like you make a better soup,

553
00:26:40,920 --> 00:26:42,560
Speaker 1: though maybe it would. I don't know what tartar grade

554
00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,640
Speaker 1: soup tastes like but it's hardier, Like it's more robust.

555
00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:47,520
Speaker 3: What chances are you are probably eating a couple of

556
00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:49,640
Speaker 3: tartar grapes when you drink your soup, right, I mean

557
00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:54,520
Speaker 3: every soup is sing every soup ever.

558
00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:58,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's the soup of the inside their cells

559
00:26:58,560 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: that's more robust. So, for example, when they freeze, these

560
00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:06,040
Speaker 1: proteins inside their cells turn into a kind of glass

561
00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:08,200
Speaker 1: that protects the cell right from the.

562
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:12,600
Speaker 3: Inside, Like like it crystallizes into something unbreakable.

563
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's described as turning into glass. And I know

564
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:17,240
Speaker 1: the glass is not a crystal, so I'm not sure

565
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,080
Speaker 1: if crystallizing is exactly correct, but essentially, yeah, it's instead

566
00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:23,560
Speaker 1: of turning into an ice cube, which is bigger than

567
00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:26,280
Speaker 1: the drop of water it originated from, it turns into

568
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:28,639
Speaker 1: this little bit of glass. And they call this it

569
00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:33,080
Speaker 1: has this awesome name. They call it cryptobiosis, right, ah man.

570
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:37,119
Speaker 1: And so to survive these environments, the tartar grades, you know,

571
00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:39,439
Speaker 1: these proteins turn into glass, and then they can do

572
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,880
Speaker 1: crazy stuff, like they can survive outer space. You can

573
00:27:43,960 --> 00:27:47,280
Speaker 1: just like throw tarta grades into space, collect them again

574
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:49,639
Speaker 1: and add water and they wake up.

575
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:50,760
Speaker 3: Put them in the microwave.

576
00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:54,800
Speaker 1: What we haven't done is put them in the LHC.

577
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,679
Speaker 1: That was a funny suggestion, but it's not something I'm

578
00:27:57,720 --> 00:27:58,840
Speaker 1: aware that we've actually done.

579
00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:01,600
Speaker 3: Is like, well, put it in the next proposal, Daniel,

580
00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:05,360
Speaker 3: you could, you could make a cryptobiotic breakthrough.

581
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,480
Speaker 1: I'm gonna build a tartar grade collider. I want to

582
00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:10,000
Speaker 1: see what happens when you accelerate tartar grades to the

583
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:11,720
Speaker 1: speed of light and collide them against each other.

584
00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:14,040
Speaker 3: So it's kind of almost the opposite when they freeze.

585
00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:16,600
Speaker 3: Instead of forming crystals that might break the cells, you're

586
00:28:16,640 --> 00:28:18,720
Speaker 3: saying that it has some sort of something in there

587
00:28:19,280 --> 00:28:22,240
Speaker 3: in the inside of their bodies that somehow hold it together,

588
00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:24,480
Speaker 3: so that you maybe don't get those crystals.

589
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:26,600
Speaker 1: That's right, You don't get sort of ice crystals exactly.

590
00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:29,119
Speaker 1: You get this other stuff which doesn't expand because remember

591
00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:31,280
Speaker 1: ice is sort of special, right. Ice is one of

592
00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,119
Speaker 1: the few things that when you freeze it, it gets bigger.

593
00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:36,639
Speaker 1: It's a special property of water. Most things in the

594
00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:38,960
Speaker 1: universe when you freeze and they get smaller. And so

595
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,040
Speaker 1: this has some other stuff inside it cell. So when

596
00:28:42,080 --> 00:28:44,920
Speaker 1: it freezes, it doesn't get bigger and sot of avoids

597
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:46,840
Speaker 1: popping even though we are mostly water.

598
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:49,080
Speaker 3: And then how do they survive the high temperatures? Then?

599
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:51,720
Speaker 3: Is it just like a thick skin or like a

600
00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:54,320
Speaker 3: like everything's just held together better or what.

601
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:57,240
Speaker 1: They're just held together better? And so they can survive

602
00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,920
Speaker 1: these high temperatures, they can survive these super low temper

603
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,479
Speaker 1: They can even be dried out and you can you

604
00:29:04,480 --> 00:29:07,120
Speaker 1: can suck all the water out of these tartar grades,

605
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:10,440
Speaker 1: and it doesn't again, it doesn't like rearrange what's inside

606
00:29:10,480 --> 00:29:12,960
Speaker 1: them in a way that breaks them. It like naturally

607
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:16,320
Speaker 1: zips it up. And so they've seen these tartar grades.

608
00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:19,239
Speaker 1: They can get down to like one percent of the

609
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:22,000
Speaker 1: normal moisture they have. You know, it's like beef jerk.

610
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,600
Speaker 1: It's like tartar grade jerky. And then you add water

611
00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:26,880
Speaker 1: back and it just like flips up and goes about

612
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:28,440
Speaker 1: his business happily jumping away.

613
00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:30,200
Speaker 3: Do you think it remember, like, do you think it's

614
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:31,920
Speaker 3: still thinking when it's dehydrated.

615
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,200
Speaker 1: I think we need to have one on the podcast

616
00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:36,400
Speaker 1: so we can ask it these kind of questions. Yeah,

617
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:38,080
Speaker 1: what is it like to be It's.

618
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:40,120
Speaker 3: Way for them to evolve in the moon and then

619
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:42,520
Speaker 3: we'll ask him a question. So they can survive, and

620
00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:46,240
Speaker 3: you're saying volcanoes even like hot springs kind of up

621
00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:48,480
Speaker 3: in the mountains, Yeah, the bottom of the sea.

622
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, they can survive outer space. Four hundred and twenty

623
00:29:51,480 --> 00:29:55,360
Speaker 1: degrees kelvin. What, Yeah, it's pretty crazy, down to one

624
00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:57,920
Speaker 1: degree kelvin all the way up to four hundred and

625
00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,520
Speaker 1: twenty degrees calvin. It's really hard to get these things.

626
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:03,200
Speaker 3: What is four hundred and twenty degrees kelling relatives little

627
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,240
Speaker 3: to like water boiling or a fire.

628
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:07,800
Speaker 1: Four hundred and twenty degrees kelvin is about one hundred

629
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:10,880
Speaker 1: and fifty degrees celsius, which is higher than the boiling

630
00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:13,680
Speaker 1: point of water. So you can make tartar grade soup

631
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,320
Speaker 1: and the tartar grades will still be happily swimming around inside.

632
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:22,600
Speaker 3: Swimming around drinking. You're drinking it with their horrifying mouth.

633
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:24,920
Speaker 1: Well, that's right. So when you eat tartar grade soup,

634
00:30:24,920 --> 00:30:27,640
Speaker 1: are you eating the tartar grades or are they eating you?

635
00:30:28,040 --> 00:30:30,320
Speaker 3: All right, And so they somehow ended up in space

636
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:32,800
Speaker 3: because the Israelis put them there as an experiment to

637
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:35,400
Speaker 3: see if they would survive. The moon trip or or

638
00:30:35,480 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 3: in the moon. Is that kind of so they were

639
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:39,480
Speaker 3: kind of thinking about landing these things on the moon

640
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:39,720
Speaker 3: or not.

641
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:41,640
Speaker 1: They intended to land these things on the moon, that

642
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,040
Speaker 1: was the idea, right, But they had them sort of

643
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:47,320
Speaker 1: contained in a special little device, and they were of

644
00:30:47,320 --> 00:30:51,760
Speaker 1: course in their cryptobiotic state. But when it crash landed,

645
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,000
Speaker 1: you know, all that whole thing got ruptured and they

646
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,240
Speaker 1: got you know, tossed out and they're tumbling along on

647
00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:58,720
Speaker 1: the surface of the Moon now, and so you know,

648
00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:01,000
Speaker 1: if the right drop of water hits them, then they

649
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,400
Speaker 1: could wake up. And you might think, well, there's no

650
00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:06,080
Speaker 1: chance you're gonna get water on the Moon, right, But

651
00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,400
Speaker 1: that's not that unlikely because the surface of the Moon

652
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:11,680
Speaker 1: is pelted constantly by a rubble from outer space, and

653
00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 1: some of that is ice, right, A huge bracket of

654
00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,000
Speaker 1: the stuff that's out there, and the Solar system is ice.

655
00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,280
Speaker 1: So you have this momentary impact of basically high speed

656
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:22,320
Speaker 1: ice on the surface of the Moon. If it just

657
00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,040
Speaker 1: happens to hit a tartar grade, it could melt turn

658
00:31:25,080 --> 00:31:28,680
Speaker 1: into water. Wake up that tartar grade. Hello, you're on

659
00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:29,120
Speaker 1: the moon.

660
00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,360
Speaker 3: What what's going on? Where am I? What I'm on

661
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:36,360
Speaker 3: the moon. Last thing I knew I was in Israel.

662
00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:39,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, because when they go into this cryptobiotic state, they're

663
00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:43,160
Speaker 1: not dead right there, and they're not totally paused. Their

664
00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,400
Speaker 1: metabolism is actually still going, but it goes down to

665
00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:50,080
Speaker 1: point oh one percent of its normal metabolism, so it's

666
00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:52,680
Speaker 1: like one in a thousand. So it's like your body

667
00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:55,160
Speaker 1: is running at one to one thousands of its normal speed.

668
00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:56,680
Speaker 3: Whoa's amazing.

669
00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:58,280
Speaker 1: I don't know what that's like, though, but I'd love

670
00:31:58,320 --> 00:31:58,560
Speaker 1: to know.

671
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:00,400
Speaker 3: All right, let's get into what it means to have

672
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:03,200
Speaker 3: tardigrades in the moon. But first, let's take a quick break.

673
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:09,560
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

674
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:12,800
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

675
00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:16,880
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

676
00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:19,560
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US. Dairy

677
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:23,880
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

678
00:32:23,920 --> 00:32:26,480
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

679
00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:28,840
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

680
00:32:28,920 --> 00:32:33,160
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

681
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:36,760
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

682
00:32:36,840 --> 00:32:40,200
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

683
00:32:40,280 --> 00:32:44,000
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US Dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

684
00:32:44,040 --> 00:32:47,040
Speaker 1: Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn the methane from

685
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:50,480
Speaker 1: maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and

686
00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:52,760
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

687
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:54,640
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

688
00:32:54,720 --> 00:32:57,360
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

689
00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:01,200
Speaker 1: latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense dairy

690
00:33:01,240 --> 00:33:03,920
Speaker 1: products we love with less of an impact. Visit us

691
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,520
Speaker 1: dairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

692
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:11,000
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

693
00:33:11,040 --> 00:33:13,480
Speaker 2: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

694
00:33:13,520 --> 00:33:15,719
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

695
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:19,280
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too, Go safely, California

696
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:22,200
Speaker 2: From the California Office of Traffic Safety and caltrans.

697
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:25,480
Speaker 6: It's time for today's Lucky Land horoscope with Victoria Cash.

698
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:28,600
Speaker 6: Life's gotten mundane, So shake up the daily routine and

699
00:33:28,640 --> 00:33:31,320
Speaker 6: be adventurous with a trip to lucky land. You know

700
00:33:31,360 --> 00:33:34,280
Speaker 6: what they say. Your chance to win starts with a spin.

701
00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:36,920
Speaker 6: So go to Lucky landslots dot com to play over

702
00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,520
Speaker 6: one hundred social casino style games for free for your

703
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:44,840
Speaker 6: chance to redeem some serious prizes. Get lucky today at

704
00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:48,760
Speaker 6: Lucky landslots dot com. No purchase necessary. BGW group void

705
00:33:48,760 --> 00:33:51,160
Speaker 6: were prohibited by Law eighteen plus. Terms of conditions apply.

706
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:02,200
Speaker 3: All right, we're talking about Tarti grades on the moon,

707
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:04,440
Speaker 3: and so there are now Tarti grades on the moon,

708
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 3: kind of on purpose, but kind of by accident. Also, right,

709
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:09,640
Speaker 3: I mean you meant to send them to the moon,

710
00:34:09,719 --> 00:34:12,719
Speaker 3: but they got out. That's right, Like in a bad

711
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:14,080
Speaker 3: science fiction movie.

712
00:34:15,239 --> 00:34:17,400
Speaker 1: Nobody can imagine this stuff, and if they did, nobody

713
00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:20,120
Speaker 1: would believe it. Right, But it is our life, this

714
00:34:20,200 --> 00:34:22,560
Speaker 1: is our universe. There are Tartar grades on the moon.

715
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:24,480
Speaker 1: We don't know if they're walking around, we don't know

716
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:27,560
Speaker 1: if they're munching on stuff, but they are there.

717
00:34:27,520 --> 00:34:29,960
Speaker 3: And can they survive? Is there stuff for them to eat?

718
00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:31,479
Speaker 3: What did Tarti grades eat?

719
00:34:31,840 --> 00:34:35,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's a great question. A Tartar grade they eat plants,

720
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:37,800
Speaker 1: and they eat little bacteria because remember they're super tiny

721
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:40,400
Speaker 1: and sometimes they also eat tartar grades.

722
00:34:40,560 --> 00:34:42,640
Speaker 3: So maybe there's only one tartar grade on the Moon

723
00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:43,160
Speaker 3: right now.

724
00:34:43,520 --> 00:34:46,880
Speaker 1: It's one big tartar grade now, and it's hungry.

725
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:48,680
Speaker 3: It hit all the other ones.

726
00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:51,560
Speaker 1: It's a grumpy tartar grade and it's looking to come

727
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:52,680
Speaker 1: back to Earth for lunch.

728
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:57,080
Speaker 3: All right, Well, good job humans, you've now colonized the Moon.

729
00:34:57,280 --> 00:35:00,680
Speaker 1: That's right, or our little allies, hopefully, our friendly little

730
00:35:00,680 --> 00:35:03,440
Speaker 1: allies have colonized the Moon. And you know, it's funny

731
00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:07,160
Speaker 1: to joke about like tartar grades on the Moon surviving

732
00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:11,040
Speaker 1: of some sort of global apocalypse or catastrophe the humans

733
00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:14,280
Speaker 1: bring on. But you know, tartar grades have already survived

734
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:16,080
Speaker 1: a lot of global catastrophes.

735
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:18,399
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's try. They've been around. I mean, we've said

736
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:22,319
Speaker 3: it before. They've been around longer than the dinosaurs, which

737
00:35:22,360 --> 00:35:25,520
Speaker 3: means they've seen it all. They've seen it all. They've

738
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 3: seen everything that all come and go.

739
00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:31,200
Speaker 1: They're bored, right, They're not interested in climate change and

740
00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:33,919
Speaker 1: nuclear apocalypse. To them, that's no big deal. They've seen

741
00:35:33,960 --> 00:35:36,720
Speaker 1: crazier stuff. You know, in the history of our planet,

742
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,960
Speaker 1: we've had five of these things we call mass extinctions

743
00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:43,840
Speaker 1: where something happens that changes the climate or the environment,

744
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,919
Speaker 1: and a lot of species die. And we've had five

745
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:51,319
Speaker 1: of those so far, and tartar grades pre date even

746
00:35:51,320 --> 00:35:54,440
Speaker 1: the first one. They evolved before the first mass extinction,

747
00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:57,759
Speaker 1: and they're still here, which means they've survived all five

748
00:35:57,800 --> 00:35:58,080
Speaker 1: of them.

749
00:35:58,239 --> 00:35:59,920
Speaker 3: Right, they's a lit us suspicious if you ask me,

750
00:36:00,160 --> 00:36:02,040
Speaker 3: if you think about it, isn't it.

751
00:36:02,760 --> 00:36:05,200
Speaker 1: That makes them suspect number one?

752
00:36:05,719 --> 00:36:08,040
Speaker 3: I mean, there isn't any other suspect.

753
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,520
Speaker 1: I think it's pretty awesome. I'm amazed. I love these

754
00:36:10,560 --> 00:36:12,560
Speaker 1: little creatures. I mean, I don't want to see one

755
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:15,840
Speaker 1: the size of a school bus walking into my backyard.

756
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:17,839
Speaker 1: And they are a little creepy, but they're also sort

757
00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:21,439
Speaker 1: of awesome. Like what evolutionary path led to them? Could

758
00:36:21,440 --> 00:36:24,640
Speaker 1: we survive this way? Like could we copy this technology

759
00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:28,960
Speaker 1: somehow to become more radioactive, more protective from radiation. It

760
00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:32,000
Speaker 1: just it seems so awesome when evolution finds a little

761
00:36:32,080 --> 00:36:33,400
Speaker 1: niche to reveal secrets to you.

762
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,600
Speaker 3: And it's amazing to think about what we must look

763
00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:39,800
Speaker 3: like to them, you know, imagine being such a hearty

764
00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,920
Speaker 3: being and seeing all these other animals around you that

765
00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:46,560
Speaker 3: are really if you think about it Compared to them,

766
00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:50,799
Speaker 3: we're super fragile and really vulnerable.

767
00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:54,239
Speaker 1: That's right. We're these huge squishy meatbags. Right. All you

768
00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:56,080
Speaker 1: have to do is poke us and boom it's over.

769
00:36:56,680 --> 00:36:57,799
Speaker 3: Yeah, just a little poke.

770
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,719
Speaker 1: These are crazy little creatures. There's also a lot of

771
00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:03,120
Speaker 1: really other fun little facts you can learn about them,

772
00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:06,520
Speaker 1: Like they actually molt like snakes. Do you know they

773
00:37:06,560 --> 00:37:07,320
Speaker 1: shed their skin?

774
00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:07,720
Speaker 3: What?

775
00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:10,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, they really are tiny little creatures. I mean, they're

776
00:37:10,719 --> 00:37:14,239
Speaker 1: the size of microbes, but they really are animals. It's

777
00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:16,720
Speaker 1: sort of like ant Man, you know, like actually getting

778
00:37:17,480 --> 00:37:21,080
Speaker 1: shrunk down to the microscopic world and living among these creatures.

779
00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,000
Speaker 3: Like they have organs inside and everything.

780
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:25,239
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, no, they poop and everything, Like they eat,

781
00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:27,440
Speaker 1: they poop. They they are little creatures.

782
00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:29,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, absolutely, there's tardy poop.

783
00:37:30,560 --> 00:37:32,719
Speaker 1: They might be target podcasts for all we know.

784
00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:34,320
Speaker 3: So they molt like snakes.

785
00:37:34,680 --> 00:37:36,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, they molt like snakes. And there's lots of little

786
00:37:36,719 --> 00:37:39,880
Speaker 1: versions of them. There's one that I find particularly hilarious

787
00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:44,200
Speaker 1: that doesn't poop except when it molts. It's like it

788
00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:46,520
Speaker 1: holds it in for months and then it gets rid

789
00:37:46,520 --> 00:37:50,560
Speaker 1: of its skin and just leaves it all behind. So

790
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,719
Speaker 1: I'm not sure we really want to adopt, like all

791
00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:54,759
Speaker 1: of the culture of these tartar grads. You know, there's

792
00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:56,960
Speaker 1: some things we just want to pick and choose. It's

793
00:37:56,960 --> 00:37:57,560
Speaker 1: like a buffet.

794
00:37:57,800 --> 00:37:59,880
Speaker 3: Well, I don't know. You know, if you only have

795
00:37:59,920 --> 00:38:02,800
Speaker 3: to go to the bathroom once every couple of months,

796
00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:06,000
Speaker 3: that would save you a lot of time and conserve

797
00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:09,000
Speaker 3: water which might be in low supply in the future.

798
00:38:09,080 --> 00:38:11,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. If you're holding that all in, you

799
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,200
Speaker 1: might also want to leave that skin behind because it

800
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:14,160
Speaker 1: seems kind of soiled.

801
00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:18,040
Speaker 3: All right. So those are tartar grades, little tiny actual animals,

802
00:38:18,040 --> 00:38:22,920
Speaker 3: not insects, not bugs, not bacteria, but actual little animals

803
00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:25,640
Speaker 3: that will probably outlive all of.

804
00:38:25,640 --> 00:38:28,319
Speaker 1: Us, almost certainly outlive all of us. And you know,

805
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:31,319
Speaker 1: each individual tartar grade doesn't actually live that long. They

806
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,360
Speaker 1: only live for like three months, maybe up to two years,

807
00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:36,840
Speaker 1: but it really of course, yeah, they reproduce.

808
00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:38,600
Speaker 3: I mean, unless they get frozen in space or something.

809
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Yeah, then they can live longer, but

810
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:44,840
Speaker 1: sort of like a live time, unfrozen time is not

811
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:47,560
Speaker 1: that long. So it's not like there are like thousand

812
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:50,160
Speaker 1: year old tartar grades combing the earth, you know, with

813
00:38:50,280 --> 00:38:52,040
Speaker 1: ancient wisdom in them or anything.

814
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:56,000
Speaker 3: Oh man, they're busy. They're busy, getting busy.

815
00:38:56,120 --> 00:38:59,560
Speaker 1: They are. Their male tartar grades, their female tartar grades

816
00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:02,520
Speaker 1: is a whole society. You know. They probably have dating apps.

817
00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:04,839
Speaker 1: They've been around a lot longer than us, so they've

818
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:05,359
Speaker 1: got this thing.

819
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:08,600
Speaker 3: For gore on. Oh wow. Yeah. To survive at that

820
00:39:09,840 --> 00:39:12,520
Speaker 3: scale and that, they must be pretty busy and reproducing.

821
00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:15,880
Speaker 1: Right, they're definitely more. Tartar grades are unearth than people.

822
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,480
Speaker 3: All right, I'm just gonna go have some nightmares right now.

823
00:39:18,560 --> 00:39:20,840
Speaker 3: And well, thank you, Daniel.

824
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:23,920
Speaker 1: Just like your housecat would be terrifying if it was larger,

825
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:25,680
Speaker 1: these things are tiny and though you don't have to

826
00:39:25,680 --> 00:39:28,440
Speaker 1: worry about that. Well, thanks to Jazl for writing in

827
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:30,640
Speaker 1: and asking us to talk about tartar grades. They're a

828
00:39:30,680 --> 00:39:32,600
Speaker 1: really fun subject. I hope you enjoyed it.

829
00:39:32,719 --> 00:39:34,319
Speaker 3: And when next time you look up at the moon,

830
00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 3: you can know that we have some neighbors out there.

831
00:39:37,640 --> 00:39:39,719
Speaker 1: And wave to the moon and be friendly because we

832
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:41,520
Speaker 1: don't know what their intentions are.

833
00:39:41,680 --> 00:39:43,640
Speaker 3: You hope you enjoyed that. See you next time.

834
00:39:51,360 --> 00:39:53,680
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

835
00:39:53,719 --> 00:39:56,920
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line we'd love to

836
00:39:56,960 --> 00:39:59,400
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

837
00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:03,160
Speaker 1: and ins at Daniel and Jorge That's one Word, or

838
00:40:03,239 --> 00:40:07,560
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. Thanks for

839
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:10,560
Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

840
00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:15,000
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

841
00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:19,280
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

842
00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:31,360
Speaker 1: to your favorite shows. When you pop a piece of

843
00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,759
Speaker 1: cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about the

844
00:40:33,880 --> 00:40:37,240
Speaker 1: environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are.

845
00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:40,000
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new

846
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,359
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down

847
00:40:43,440 --> 00:40:48,080
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many

848
00:40:48,120 --> 00:40:51,320
Speaker 1: farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure

849
00:40:51,560 --> 00:40:55,920
Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.

850
00:40:56,360 --> 00:40:59,719
Speaker 1: Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

851
00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:04,719
Speaker 2: There are children, friends, and families walking riding on paths

852
00:41:04,760 --> 00:41:07,239
Speaker 2: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

853
00:41:07,239 --> 00:41:09,440
Speaker 2: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

854
00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:13,000
Speaker 2: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go Safely, California

855
00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:15,320
Speaker 2: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

856
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:18,759
Speaker 3: You slept through your alarm, missed the train, and your

857
00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:19,560
Speaker 3: breakfast sandwich.

858
00:41:19,880 --> 00:41:20,040
Speaker 6: Ugh.

859
00:41:20,239 --> 00:41:23,000
Speaker 3: Cool, sounds like you could use some luck.

860
00:41:23,719 --> 00:41:26,640
Speaker 6: I'm Victoria Cash and Lucky Land is where people go

861
00:41:26,719 --> 00:41:29,640
Speaker 6: every day to get lucky. At Lucky Land, you can

862
00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:32,200
Speaker 6: play over one hundred casino style games for free for

863
00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:35,399
Speaker 6: your chance to redeem some serious prizes. Go to Lucky

864
00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:41,080
Speaker 6: landslots dot com and get lucky today. No purchase necessary.

865
00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:43,959
Speaker 6: PGW Group COOID. We're prohibited by Law eighteen plus. Terms

866
00:41:43,960 --> 00:41:44,719
Speaker 6: and conditions apply.