1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,920 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:07,360 Speaker 1: in history in this episode, one from me and one 4 00:00:07,400 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: from Tracy V. Wilson. They're both good, if I do 5 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: say so myself. One with the show, Welcome to this 6 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:16,319 Speaker 1: day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot Com 7 00:00:16,440 --> 00:00:18,920 Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class. 8 00:00:18,920 --> 00:00:21,240 Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day 9 00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:23,320 Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened 10 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 1: today in history. Welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 11 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:34,520 Speaker 1: Wilson and it's August twenty two. The first Geneva Convention 12 00:00:34,680 --> 00:00:36,920 Speaker 1: was signed on this day in eighteen sixty four. The 13 00:00:37,080 --> 00:00:40,280 Speaker 1: Geneva Conventions are a set of rules about how nations 14 00:00:40,280 --> 00:00:42,919 Speaker 1: are supposed to behave during an armed conflict that were 15 00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:45,960 Speaker 1: meant to try to protect people who aren't actually fighting 16 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:49,680 Speaker 1: from the effects of the fighting, so protecting all of 17 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: the civilians who aren't involved in the conflict, protecting people 18 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,640 Speaker 1: who were fighting but aren't anymore, and just trying to 19 00:00:56,680 --> 00:00:59,640 Speaker 1: minimize the impact of the war itself on all the 20 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: non combatants who are in the same place. The first 21 00:01:03,960 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: Geneva convention was the result of a conference that ran 22 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:10,000 Speaker 1: from August eight to twenty two of eighteen sixty four, 23 00:01:10,280 --> 00:01:13,840 Speaker 1: and representatives from sixteen states attended. They all agreed that 24 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:17,800 Speaker 1: during an armed conflict, wounded soldiers should be able to 25 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: receive aid without regard for their nationality. So if you 26 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,360 Speaker 1: were a doctor and you found a wounded soldier who 27 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:26,480 Speaker 1: belonged to the other side of the war, it was 28 00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:31,280 Speaker 1: okay to help that person. Medical personnel should be regarded 29 00:01:31,319 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: as neutral. That was another thing that they all agreed upon, 30 00:01:34,280 --> 00:01:37,160 Speaker 1: and they all agreed that the distinctive symbol of a 31 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:41,440 Speaker 1: red cross on a white background should be the internationally 32 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: recognized symbol for medical care and other relief workers. This 33 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:49,280 Speaker 1: was really important because at the time, all the various 34 00:01:49,440 --> 00:01:53,840 Speaker 1: nations had their own symbols that designated medical teams, and 35 00:01:54,080 --> 00:01:59,000 Speaker 1: soldiers didn't necessarily know what all of these different symbols were, 36 00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:05,120 Speaker 1: so they might, for example, attack field hospital not realizing 37 00:02:05,160 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: it was a field hospital, thinking that it was actually 38 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:12,400 Speaker 1: somewhere that officers were planning their next maneuver. This whole 39 00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:15,320 Speaker 1: convention largely came about thanks to a man named Henry 40 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:17,880 Speaker 1: do Not. He had been born in Geneva in eight 41 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:20,800 Speaker 1: and he and his family were really active in all 42 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: kinds of humanitarian and philanthropic endeavors. During this work, he 43 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,959 Speaker 1: witnessed the Battle of Chaulfurino during the Second Italian War 44 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,919 Speaker 1: of Independence. This has been called one of the bloodiest 45 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:35,080 Speaker 1: battles of the nineteenth century. It was really just devastating 46 00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:38,120 Speaker 1: and it was this experience that really focused his attention 47 00:02:38,560 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: on the needs of people who were wounded in wartime. 48 00:02:41,480 --> 00:02:44,000 Speaker 1: He went on to write a book about this whole experience, 49 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:48,720 Speaker 1: which described the battle in just gory detail and described 50 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:52,720 Speaker 1: the aftermath and the colossal efforts of local people to 51 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:57,040 Speaker 1: care for literally tens of thousands of wounded soldiers. In 52 00:02:57,040 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 1: this book, he also made the case for all nations 53 00:02:59,240 --> 00:03:02,760 Speaker 1: to have some kind of voluntary relief force that would 54 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: help during this kind of situation, both during wartime with 55 00:03:06,560 --> 00:03:11,240 Speaker 1: war casualties and also during things like natural disasters. After 56 00:03:11,480 --> 00:03:14,640 Speaker 1: this book came out, the Geneva Society for Public Welfare 57 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:17,639 Speaker 1: established a five man committee to look into the whole issue. 58 00:03:17,960 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: They made plans for an international conference, which did meet 59 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:23,760 Speaker 1: from October twenty six to twenty nine of eighteen sixty three, 60 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 1: and at that conference, they laid out plans for these 61 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,840 Speaker 1: sorts of relief societies that then led to the August 62 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 1: of eighteen sixty four conference and the signing of the 63 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:36,320 Speaker 1: first Geneva Convention. Although not everyone signed the convention on 64 00:03:36,360 --> 00:03:39,600 Speaker 1: the twenty two ultimately all the major European powers and 65 00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:43,000 Speaker 1: several other states did agree to it. The Geneva Conventions 66 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:46,080 Speaker 1: have been amended several times since then, including in nineteen 67 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:49,200 Speaker 1: o six, ninety nine, and nineteen forty nine. The third 68 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: Convention in nineteen twenty nine included humane treatment of prisoners 69 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: of war, and the nineteen forty nine convention followed human 70 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:01,120 Speaker 1: rights abuses during World War Two. The four conventions that 71 00:04:01,160 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: were adopted in ninety nine are the Convention for the 72 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:08,120 Speaker 1: Amelioration or the Condition of the Wounded and Sick and 73 00:04:08,280 --> 00:04:11,760 Speaker 1: Armed Forces in the Field, the Convention for the Amelioration 74 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:15,280 Speaker 1: of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members 75 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,599 Speaker 1: of the Armed Forces at Sea, the Convention relative to 76 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:21,400 Speaker 1: the Treatment of Prisoners of War, and the Convention relative 77 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:24,839 Speaker 1: to the Protection of Civilian Persons in the Time of War. 78 00:04:25,279 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: Two more protocols were also added in nineteen seventy seven 79 00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:31,840 Speaker 1: to apply to wars of self determination and civil conflicts. 80 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 1: Can also learn more about all this in the January nine, 81 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:38,600 Speaker 1: seventeen episode of Stuffy miss and History Class, which was 82 00:04:38,640 --> 00:04:41,200 Speaker 1: on Henry Dunott, who was also known as the founder 83 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: of the Red Cross. Thanks to Terry Harrison for her 84 00:04:44,120 --> 00:04:47,560 Speaker 1: audio work on these podcasts. You can subscribe to This 85 00:04:47,680 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and 86 00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:54,320 Speaker 1: wherever else do you get podcasts. Tomorrow, we'll take a 87 00:04:54,320 --> 00:05:06,840 Speaker 1: look at an infamous execution. M Welcome to This Day 88 00:05:06,880 --> 00:05:10,040 Speaker 1: in History Class, where we bring you a new tidbit 89 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: from history every day. The day was August two, nineteen ten. 90 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:28,240 Speaker 1: The Japan Korea Treaty of nineteen ten was signed in 91 00:05:28,320 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: Japan formally annexed Korea. Five years prior. A treaty struck 92 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:37,159 Speaker 1: between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 93 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:40,680 Speaker 1: the wake of the Russo Japanese War made Korea a 94 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:45,119 Speaker 1: protectorate of Japan, and the Japan Korea Treaty of nineteen 95 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:49,640 Speaker 1: oh seven shifted Korea's administration of internal affairs to Japan. 96 00:05:50,839 --> 00:05:54,159 Speaker 1: But under the nineteen Tin Treaty, the Emperor of Korea 97 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 1: gave sovereign power over Korea to the Japanese Emperor. The 98 00:05:59,040 --> 00:06:02,960 Speaker 1: legality of the treaty was disputed, though, since Emperor Song 99 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:07,080 Speaker 1: Jong of Korea refused to sign it as was required 100 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:12,080 Speaker 1: under Korean law, Korea's Prime Minister iv Wa Young and 101 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:16,919 Speaker 1: Japan's Resident General Count to the Uchi Masatake signed the treaty. 102 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:22,479 Speaker 1: The treaty became effective on August twenty nine. The proclamation 103 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:26,119 Speaker 1: in the treaty said the following, in part, in order 104 00:06:26,160 --> 00:06:29,719 Speaker 1: to maintain peace and stability in Korea, to promote the 105 00:06:29,760 --> 00:06:33,119 Speaker 1: prosperity and welfare of Koreans, and at the same time, 106 00:06:33,160 --> 00:06:36,880 Speaker 1: to ensure the safety and repose of foreign residents, it 107 00:06:36,960 --> 00:06:40,479 Speaker 1: has been made abundantly clear that fundamental changes in the 108 00:06:40,520 --> 00:06:45,120 Speaker 1: actual regime of government are absolutely essential. The governments of 109 00:06:45,200 --> 00:06:49,039 Speaker 1: Japan and Korea, being convinced of the urgent necessity of 110 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,520 Speaker 1: introducing reforms responsive to the requirements of the situation and 111 00:06:53,880 --> 00:06:57,640 Speaker 1: of furnishing sufficient guarantee for the future, have with the 112 00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,760 Speaker 1: approval of His Majesty, the Emperor of Japan in and 113 00:07:00,880 --> 00:07:05,599 Speaker 1: his Majesty the Emperor of Korea, concluded through their Planta potentiaries, 114 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:09,320 Speaker 1: a treaty providing for complete annexation of Korea to the 115 00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: Empire of Japan. Japanese rule in Korea was marked by 116 00:07:14,760 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 1: urban growth, expansion of commerce, proliferation of arts and culture, 117 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:24,880 Speaker 1: and improvements in areas such as infrastructure, agriculture, and education, 118 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,720 Speaker 1: but that cannot overshadow the fact that Japanese rule in 119 00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: Korea was harsh and exploitative. Industrial development was largely for 120 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:40,320 Speaker 1: the benefit of Japan. Japan ruled through the military, and 121 00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:46,240 Speaker 1: Korean descent was suppressed. Korean history and culture were also suppressed. 122 00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: Thousands of Korean historical documents were destroyed, Schools forbade people 123 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:56,480 Speaker 1: from speaking Korean, and other public places adopted the Japanese language. 124 00:07:57,520 --> 00:08:01,600 Speaker 1: Many Japanese families moved to Korea and exploited the land 125 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 1: by clearing trees and planting non native species. Loyalty to 126 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:11,080 Speaker 1: the Japanese emperor was emphasized, and Korean customs and culture 127 00:08:11,160 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: were disparaged. The Japanese forced assimilation on Koreans through religion, education, 128 00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: and language, making them go to Shinto shrines and change 129 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:27,720 Speaker 1: their family names, and the Imperial Japanese Army forced girls 130 00:08:27,720 --> 00:08:32,640 Speaker 1: and women into sexual slavery. The Japanese also forced Korean 131 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:36,680 Speaker 1: labors to work in Japan during World War Two. Since 132 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:42,040 Speaker 1: there were labor shortages, Koreans did resist Japan's oppressive rule, 133 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:46,200 Speaker 1: forming movements that fought for independence, like the March First 134 00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:51,360 Speaker 1: Movement of nineteen nineteen. Japanese colonial rule in Korea ended 135 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:55,080 Speaker 1: in nineteen forty five when Japan surrendered in World War 136 00:08:55,120 --> 00:08:59,199 Speaker 1: Two after the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 137 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:04,320 Speaker 1: Korea then divided into Soviet occupied North Korea and U 138 00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,400 Speaker 1: S occupied South Korea, and the Korean War broke out 139 00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:12,480 Speaker 1: between the North and the South in nineteen fifty. The 140 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty five Treaty on Basic Relations, which established diplomatic 141 00:09:17,240 --> 00:09:21,240 Speaker 1: relations between South Korea and Japan, declared that the Treaty 142 00:09:21,240 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: of nineteen ten was already null and void. Today, the 143 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: history of Japanese role over Korea is still a point 144 00:09:29,720 --> 00:09:33,200 Speaker 1: of contention, and the period from nineteen ten to nineteen 145 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:38,120 Speaker 1: forty five is known in South Korea as Japanese First Occupation. 146 00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:42,160 Speaker 1: I'm each Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little 147 00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:46,320 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If there's 148 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 1: something that I missed in an episode, you can share 149 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:53,600 Speaker 1: on Twitter, Instagram or Facebook at t D I H 150 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:59,200 Speaker 1: b Podcast. Thank you for joining me today. See you 151 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:14,080 Speaker 1: same play, same time tomorrow. For more podcasts from my 152 00:10:14,120 --> 00:10:16,760 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 153 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:18,600 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.